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Case law
Find cases by citation, principle, judge or linked provision, then read the available judgment and its source.
Case law
Find cases by citation, principle, judge or linked provision, then read the available judgment and its source.
(2017) 10 SCC 1
Unanimously affirmed that the right to privacy is a fundamental right emanating from Article 21 and the right to personal liberty, protecting spatial, decisional, and informational privacy.
(2015) 5 SCC 1
Established clear distinction between discussion, advocacy, and incitement; Section 66A of IT Act struck down for being unconstitutionally vague, overbroad, and causing a chilling effect on speech.
Read case(2014) 2 SCC 1
Registration of FIR is mandatory under Section 154 if information discloses cognizable offence; preliminary enquiry allowed only in 5 exceptions (matrimonial, commercial, medical, corruption, abnormal delay) within 7 days. | Mandatory registration of FIR for cognizable offences applied directly under Section 173 BNSS.
Read case(1997) 6 SCC 241
Gender equality and freedom from sexual harassment at the workplace are guaranteed under Articles 14, 19, and 21; formulated Vishaka Guidelines in the absence of enacted legislation.
Read case(1997) 3 SCC 261
The power of judicial review vested in High Courts under Article 226 and Supreme Court under Article 32 is an integral part of the Basic Structure; tribunal decisions remain subject to writ jurisdiction.
Read case(1997) 1 SCC 416
Formulated 11 mandatory guidelines to prevent custodial torture and deaths; arrest memo, medical examination, and notification to relatives are mandatory Article 21 protections.
Read case(1994) 3 SCC 1
Secularism is an essential feature of the Basic Structure of the Constitution; mixing politics with religion is impermissible and justifies imposition of President's Rule under Article 356.
Read case1992 Supp (3) SCC 217
Mandal: reservations capped at 50%, creamy layer excluded, no reservation in promotions (later modified by 77th Amendment).
Read case(1987) 1 SCC 395
Right to live in a clean and healthy environment is an integral facet of Article 21; evolved the doctrine of absolute liability for hazardous industrial enterprises.
Read caseAIR 1986 SC 180
Right to life includes the right to livelihood, as no person can live without means of sustenance; procedural fairness and natural justice required prior to eviction of pavement dwellers.
Read case(1984) 3 SCC 161
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) under Article 32 to liberate bonded laborers; liberalized procedural rules of standing and appointed socio-legal commissions of inquiry.
Read case(1983) 4 SCC 141
Compensation can be granted under Article 32 for unlawful detention.
Read caseAIR 1982 SC 149
Broadened locus standi for PILs; any public-spirited citizen or NGO can approach the court under Article 32/226 for redressing public wrongs against underprivileged sections.
Read case(1980) 3 SCC 488
Epistolary jurisdiction established; dynamic writ of Habeas Corpus to protect prisoners against custodial violence, cruel treatment, and solitary confinement.
Read case(1980) 3 SCC 625
Limited amending power is itself basic; clauses excluding judicial review of amendments struck down; harmony between Parts III and IV.
Read case(1980) 2 SCC 684
Death penalty under Section 302 IPC can only be awarded in the 'rarest of rare' cases when alternative option of life imprisonment is unquestionably foreclosed; balance sheet of aggravating and mitigating factors. | Rarest of rare doctrine governing capital punishment applied to Section 103 BNS (punishment for murder).
Read caseAIR 1978 SC 597
Article 14 strikes at arbitrariness in State action and ensures fairness and equality of treatment; the principle of reasonableness pervades Article 14 like a brooding omnipresence. | Procedure established by law under Article 21 must be just, fair, and reasonable, not arbitrary or fanciful. Established the Golden Triangle connecting Articles 14, 19, and 21.
Read case(1976) 2 SCC 521
Majority upheld suspension of habeas corpus during Emergency; famously overruled in Puttaswamy (2017).
Read case(2017) 10 SCC 1
Unanimously affirmed that the right to privacy is a fundamental right emanating from Article 21 and the right to personal liberty, protecting spatial, decisional, and informational privacy.
(2015) 5 SCC 1
Established clear distinction between discussion, advocacy, and incitement; Section 66A of IT Act struck down for being unconstitutionally vague, overbroad, and causing a chilling effect on speech.
Read case(2014) 2 SCC 1
Registration of FIR is mandatory under Section 154 if information discloses cognizable offence; preliminary enquiry allowed only in 5 exceptions (matrimonial, commercial, medical, corruption, abnormal delay) within 7 days. | Mandatory registration of FIR for cognizable offences applied directly under Section 173 BNSS.
Read case(1997) 6 SCC 241
Gender equality and freedom from sexual harassment at the workplace are guaranteed under Articles 14, 19, and 21; formulated Vishaka Guidelines in the absence of enacted legislation.
Read case(1997) 3 SCC 261
The power of judicial review vested in High Courts under Article 226 and Supreme Court under Article 32 is an integral part of the Basic Structure; tribunal decisions remain subject to writ jurisdiction.
Read case(1997) 1 SCC 416
Formulated 11 mandatory guidelines to prevent custodial torture and deaths; arrest memo, medical examination, and notification to relatives are mandatory Article 21 protections.
Read case(1994) 3 SCC 1
Secularism is an essential feature of the Basic Structure of the Constitution; mixing politics with religion is impermissible and justifies imposition of President's Rule under Article 356.
Read case1992 Supp (3) SCC 217
Mandal: reservations capped at 50%, creamy layer excluded, no reservation in promotions (later modified by 77th Amendment).
Read case(1987) 1 SCC 395
Right to live in a clean and healthy environment is an integral facet of Article 21; evolved the doctrine of absolute liability for hazardous industrial enterprises.
Read caseAIR 1986 SC 180
Right to life includes the right to livelihood, as no person can live without means of sustenance; procedural fairness and natural justice required prior to eviction of pavement dwellers.
Read case(1984) 3 SCC 161
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) under Article 32 to liberate bonded laborers; liberalized procedural rules of standing and appointed socio-legal commissions of inquiry.
Read case(1983) 4 SCC 141
Compensation can be granted under Article 32 for unlawful detention.
Read caseAIR 1982 SC 149
Broadened locus standi for PILs; any public-spirited citizen or NGO can approach the court under Article 32/226 for redressing public wrongs against underprivileged sections.
Read case(1980) 3 SCC 488
Epistolary jurisdiction established; dynamic writ of Habeas Corpus to protect prisoners against custodial violence, cruel treatment, and solitary confinement.
Read case(1980) 3 SCC 625
Limited amending power is itself basic; clauses excluding judicial review of amendments struck down; harmony between Parts III and IV.
Read case(1980) 2 SCC 684
Death penalty under Section 302 IPC can only be awarded in the 'rarest of rare' cases when alternative option of life imprisonment is unquestionably foreclosed; balance sheet of aggravating and mitigating factors. | Rarest of rare doctrine governing capital punishment applied to Section 103 BNS (punishment for murder).
Read caseAIR 1978 SC 597
Article 14 strikes at arbitrariness in State action and ensures fairness and equality of treatment; the principle of reasonableness pervades Article 14 like a brooding omnipresence. | Procedure established by law under Article 21 must be just, fair, and reasonable, not arbitrary or fanciful. Established the Golden Triangle connecting Articles 14, 19, and 21.
Read case(1976) 2 SCC 521
Majority upheld suspension of habeas corpus during Emergency; famously overruled in Puttaswamy (2017).
Read case