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Case law
Find cases by citation, principle, judge or linked provision, then read the available judgment and its source.
Case law
Find cases by citation, principle, judge or linked provision, then read the available judgment and its source.
(2017) 10 SCC 1
Unanimously affirmed that the right to privacy is a fundamental right emanating from Article 21 and the right to personal liberty, protecting spatial, decisional, and informational privacy.
(2005) 4 SCC 649
BCCI is not 'State' under Article 12 as it lacks government monopoly, financial dominance, or pervasive administrative control; however, it discharges public functions amenable to Article 226 writ jurisdiction.
Read case(2002) 5 SCC 111
Overruled Sabhajit Tewary; held that an entity is 'State' under Article 12 only if it is functionally, financially, and administratively dominated by or under the pervasive control of the Government.
Read case1992 Supp (3) SCC 217
Mandal: reservations capped at 50%, creamy layer excluded, no reservation in promotions (later modified by 77th Amendment).
Read case(1987) 1 SCC 395
Right to live in a clean and healthy environment is an integral facet of Article 21; evolved the doctrine of absolute liability for hazardous industrial enterprises.
Read case(1981) 1 SCC 722
Laid down the definitive six-factor cumulative test to determine whether a corporation or registered society is an instrumentality or agency of the State, regardless of whether it is created by statute or incorporated under general law.
Read case(1980) 3 SCC 625
Limited amending power is itself basic; clauses excluding judicial review of amendments struck down; harmony between Parts III and IV.
Read case(1979) 3 SCC 489
Formulated the classic 5-factor test to determine an agency or instrumentality of State: financial assistance, deep state control, monopoly status, public importance of functions, and government department transfer.
Read caseAIR 1978 SC 597
Article 14 strikes at arbitrariness in State action and ensures fairness and equality of treatment; the principle of reasonableness pervades Article 14 like a brooding omnipresence. | Procedure established by law under Article 21 must be just, fair, and reasonable, not arbitrary or fanciful. Established the Golden Triangle connecting Articles 14, 19, and 21.
Read case(1975) 1 SCC 421
Statutory corporations such as ONGC, IFC, and LIC created by statutes with statutory rules/regulations having the force of law are 'authorities' and instrumentalities of the State under Article 12.
Read case(1973) 4 SCC 225
Established Basic Structure Doctrine; Parliament has wide power to amend any part of the Constitution under Article 368, but cannot alter, damage, or destroy its Basic Structure.
Read caseAIR 1967 SC 1857
The expression 'other authorities' in Article 12 is wide enough to include all authorities created by the Constitution or statute on whom powers are conferred by law, including bodies carrying out commercial activities.
Read case(2017) 10 SCC 1
Unanimously affirmed that the right to privacy is a fundamental right emanating from Article 21 and the right to personal liberty, protecting spatial, decisional, and informational privacy.
(2005) 4 SCC 649
BCCI is not 'State' under Article 12 as it lacks government monopoly, financial dominance, or pervasive administrative control; however, it discharges public functions amenable to Article 226 writ jurisdiction.
Read case(2002) 5 SCC 111
Overruled Sabhajit Tewary; held that an entity is 'State' under Article 12 only if it is functionally, financially, and administratively dominated by or under the pervasive control of the Government.
Read case1992 Supp (3) SCC 217
Mandal: reservations capped at 50%, creamy layer excluded, no reservation in promotions (later modified by 77th Amendment).
Read case(1987) 1 SCC 395
Right to live in a clean and healthy environment is an integral facet of Article 21; evolved the doctrine of absolute liability for hazardous industrial enterprises.
Read case(1981) 1 SCC 722
Laid down the definitive six-factor cumulative test to determine whether a corporation or registered society is an instrumentality or agency of the State, regardless of whether it is created by statute or incorporated under general law.
Read case(1980) 3 SCC 625
Limited amending power is itself basic; clauses excluding judicial review of amendments struck down; harmony between Parts III and IV.
Read case(1979) 3 SCC 489
Formulated the classic 5-factor test to determine an agency or instrumentality of State: financial assistance, deep state control, monopoly status, public importance of functions, and government department transfer.
Read caseAIR 1978 SC 597
Article 14 strikes at arbitrariness in State action and ensures fairness and equality of treatment; the principle of reasonableness pervades Article 14 like a brooding omnipresence. | Procedure established by law under Article 21 must be just, fair, and reasonable, not arbitrary or fanciful. Established the Golden Triangle connecting Articles 14, 19, and 21.
Read case(1975) 1 SCC 421
Statutory corporations such as ONGC, IFC, and LIC created by statutes with statutory rules/regulations having the force of law are 'authorities' and instrumentalities of the State under Article 12.
Read case(1973) 4 SCC 225
Established Basic Structure Doctrine; Parliament has wide power to amend any part of the Constitution under Article 368, but cannot alter, damage, or destroy its Basic Structure.
Read caseAIR 1967 SC 1857
The expression 'other authorities' in Article 12 is wide enough to include all authorities created by the Constitution or statute on whom powers are conferred by law, including bodies carrying out commercial activities.
Read case