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Indian case law by case name, citation, provision or legal issue, with the case summary, the judgment text where we hold it and the provisions it applies.
1–20 · Page 1 of 3
Including decisions recorded as applying Article 21 of the Constitution. Show only those
Supreme Court of India29 Oct 2020Full text
2020 INSC 620 · [2020] 12 S.C.R. 583
personal choices. For instance, we can ground physical privacy or privacy relating E to the body in Articles
Indian case law by case name, citation, provision or legal issue, with the case summary, the judgment text where we hold it and the provisions it applies.
1–20 · Page 1 of 3
Including decisions recorded as applying Article 21 of the Constitution. Show only those
Supreme Court of India29 Oct 2020Full text
2020 INSC 620 · [2020] 12 S.C.R. 583
personal choices. For instance, we can ground physical privacy or privacy relating E to the body in Articles
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India10 Nov 2025Full text
2025 INSC 1304 · [2025] 12 S.C.R. 123
personal liberty under Article 21, privacy is not an absolute right. A law which encroaches upon privacy will have to withstand the touchstone of permissible restrictions on fundamental rights. In the context of Article 21 an invasion … reasonable. The law must also be valid with reference to the encroachment on life and personal liberty under Article 21. An invasion of life or personal liberty must meet the threefold requirement of (i) legality, which postulates the
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India10 Nov 2025Full text
2025 INSC 1304 · [2025] 12 S.C.R. 123
personal liberty under Article 21, privacy is not an absolute right. A law which encroaches upon privacy will have to withstand the touchstone of permissible restrictions on fundamental rights. In the context of Article 21 an invasion … reasonable. The law must also be valid with reference to the encroachment on life and personal liberty under Article 21. An invasion of life or personal liberty must meet the threefold requirement of (i) legality, which postulates the
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India27 Oct 2021Full text
2021 INSC 682 · [2021] 6 S.C.R. 1066
liberty under Article 21, privacy is not an absolute right. A law which encroaches upon privacy will have to withstand the touchstone of permissible restrictions on fundamental C rights. In the context of Article 21 an invasion … reasonable. The law must also be valid with reference to the encroachment on life and personal liberty under Article 21. An invasion of life or personal liberty must meet the threefold requirement of (i) D legality, which postulates
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India14 Jul 2025Full text
2025 INSC 829 · [2025] 7 S.C.R. 611
one of the spouses to corroborate the contention as being in violation of the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Hence, it is necessary to dilate upon the contours of the right … reported in (2017) 10 SCC 1, (“Puttaswamy”), Chelameswar and Bobde JJ. enunciated that the constitutional right to privacy under Article 21 is limited to the relationship between the citizen and the State. Bobde J. (as he then was
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India28 Jan 2025Full text
2025 INSC 115 · [2025] 1 S.C.R. 1009
core, the preservation of personal intimacies, the sanctity of family life, marriage, procreation, the home, and sexual orientation. Privacy also connotes a right to be left alone, as a corollary to the safeguarding of individual autonomy and the … the fundamental freedoms protected by Part III, including the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21, privacy is not an 33 Sharda, supra note 1. 34 K.S. Puttaswamy (Privacy-9J.) v. Union of India
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India21 Jul 2022Full text
2022 INSC 740 · [2022] 12 S.C.R. 246
recognized as a facet of her right to lead a life with dignity and the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution: “298. [p]rivacy of the body entitles an individual to the integrity of the
Matched in judgment text
Karnataka High Court18 Sep 2026Full text
2026:KHC:51044 · WP/31335/2025
role where these proceedings would bear upon any legitimate public assessment of him. The right to informational privacy under Article 21 entitles the petitioner to relief. Accordingly, the concerned respondents/search engine operators/legal database platforms are directed
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India9 Nov 2023Full text
2023 INSC 1018 · [2023] 16 S.C.R. 562
his duty to keep such information confidential meets the proportionality test which this court has devised for privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution. The nature of the resolution professional’s role, the powers, and its nexus with
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India29 Sep 2022Full text
2022 INSC 740 · [2022] 7 S.C.R. 686
invidious classifications and excludes groups based on their personal circumstances. The rights of reproductive autonomy, dignity, and privacy under Article 21 give an unmarried woman the right of H X v. PR. SECY., HEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE DEPTT., GNCT
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India13 Oct 2022Full text
2022 INSC 1085 · [2022] 5 S.C.R. 426
AISHAT SHIFA v. THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. 431 expression under Article 19(1)(a) and of privacy under Article 21 A are complementary to each other and not mutually exclusive and does meet the injunction of reasonableness
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India17 Oct 2024Full text
2024 INSC 789 · [2024] 10 S.C.R. 961
laundry list encompassing a myriad of conditions to which Article 21 would be applicable, the ramifications would have been substantial. Any interpretation of the right to privacy would have required a constitutional amendment. Therefore, it may often
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India8 Jul 2024Full text
2024 INSC 479 · [2024] 7 S.C.R. 97
enlarged on bail, by imposing arbitrary conditions since that will violate the right of privacy of the accused, as guaranteed by Article 21. If a constant vigil is kept on every movement of the accused released on bail … use of technology or otherwise, it will infringe the rights of the accused guaranteed under Article 21, including the right to privacy. The reason is that the effect of keeping such constant vigil on the accused by imposing
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India18 Jul 2024Full text
2024 INSC 534 · [2024] 7 S.C.R. 1054
enlarged on bail, by imposing arbitrary conditions since that will violate the right of privacy of the accused, as guaranteed by Article 21. If a constant vigil is kept on every movement of the accused released on bail … use of technology or otherwise, it will infringe the rights of the accused guaranteed under Article 21, including the right to privacy. The reason is that the effect of keeping such constant vigil on the accused by imposing
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India22 Jan 2025Full text
2025 INSC 100 · [2025] 1 S.C.R. 911
accused released on bail by using any technology or otherwise would undoubtedly violate the right to privacy guaranteed under Article 21. In this case, the condition of dropping a PIN on Google Maps has been incorporated without even
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India5 Apr 2023Full text
2023 INSC 324 · [2023] 10 S.C.R. 595
standard to only test the infringement of C a substantive right such as the right to privacy protected under Article 21, and the freedoms protected under Article19. Courts have been using a vague and unstructured standard of the
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India2 May 2022Full text
2022 INSC 503 · [2022] 3 S.C.R. 471
vaccinated as it would result in bodily intrusion and violation of the individual’s right to privacy, protected under Article 21 of the Constitution D of India. Personal autonomy was read into Article 21 by this Court
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India5 Nov 2024Full text
2024 INSC 835 · [2024] 11 S.C.R. 1
rights to equality, life, and liberty under Articles 14, 15, and 21. 7. In K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 this Court affirmed right to privacy as a fundamental right under the … Constitution, which was read as a right and a part of ‘life and liberty’ under Article 21. It was held that privacy encompasses autonomy, dignity, and the freedom to control their own personality
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India9 Oct 2025Full text
2025 INSC 1209 · [2025] 11 S.C.R. 136
Article 21 of the Constitution of India. It is important to recognise that reproductive choices can be exercised to procreate as well as to abstain from procreating. The crucial consideration is that a woman’s right to privacy … Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1, which a recognised a right to privacy within the contours of Article 21, Dr. D.Y. Chandrachud, J. (as he then was), observed as follows: “248. Privacy has distinct connotations including
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India23 May 2025Full text
2025 INSC 781 · [2025] 5 S.C.R. 2704
right to privacy, right to equality and non-discrimination and the right to dignity. [Para 28] Constitution of India – Art.21 – Judicial Interpretation: Held: By judicial interpretation, it has been held that life under Article 21 means life … includes the right to health – Right to live with human dignity and the right to privacy are now acknowledged facets of Article 21. [Para 13.1] Constitution of India – Arts. 21, 42, 51(c) – Maternity leave – Maternity benefit – Reproductive
Matched in judgment text
Also on Law on Tips: Bare Acts · Legal news and analysis
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India10 Nov 2025Full text
2025 INSC 1304 · [2025] 12 S.C.R. 123
personal liberty under Article 21, privacy is not an absolute right. A law which encroaches upon privacy will have to withstand the touchstone of permissible restrictions on fundamental rights. In the context of Article 21 an invasion … reasonable. The law must also be valid with reference to the encroachment on life and personal liberty under Article 21. An invasion of life or personal liberty must meet the threefold requirement of (i) legality, which postulates the
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India10 Nov 2025Full text
2025 INSC 1304 · [2025] 12 S.C.R. 123
personal liberty under Article 21, privacy is not an absolute right. A law which encroaches upon privacy will have to withstand the touchstone of permissible restrictions on fundamental rights. In the context of Article 21 an invasion … reasonable. The law must also be valid with reference to the encroachment on life and personal liberty under Article 21. An invasion of life or personal liberty must meet the threefold requirement of (i) legality, which postulates the
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India27 Oct 2021Full text
2021 INSC 682 · [2021] 6 S.C.R. 1066
liberty under Article 21, privacy is not an absolute right. A law which encroaches upon privacy will have to withstand the touchstone of permissible restrictions on fundamental C rights. In the context of Article 21 an invasion … reasonable. The law must also be valid with reference to the encroachment on life and personal liberty under Article 21. An invasion of life or personal liberty must meet the threefold requirement of (i) D legality, which postulates
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India14 Jul 2025Full text
2025 INSC 829 · [2025] 7 S.C.R. 611
one of the spouses to corroborate the contention as being in violation of the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Hence, it is necessary to dilate upon the contours of the right … reported in (2017) 10 SCC 1, (“Puttaswamy”), Chelameswar and Bobde JJ. enunciated that the constitutional right to privacy under Article 21 is limited to the relationship between the citizen and the State. Bobde J. (as he then was
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India28 Jan 2025Full text
2025 INSC 115 · [2025] 1 S.C.R. 1009
core, the preservation of personal intimacies, the sanctity of family life, marriage, procreation, the home, and sexual orientation. Privacy also connotes a right to be left alone, as a corollary to the safeguarding of individual autonomy and the … the fundamental freedoms protected by Part III, including the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21, privacy is not an 33 Sharda, supra note 1. 34 K.S. Puttaswamy (Privacy-9J.) v. Union of India
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India21 Jul 2022Full text
2022 INSC 740 · [2022] 12 S.C.R. 246
recognized as a facet of her right to lead a life with dignity and the right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution: “298. [p]rivacy of the body entitles an individual to the integrity of the
Matched in judgment text
Karnataka High Court18 Sep 2026Full text
2026:KHC:51044 · WP/31335/2025
role where these proceedings would bear upon any legitimate public assessment of him. The right to informational privacy under Article 21 entitles the petitioner to relief. Accordingly, the concerned respondents/search engine operators/legal database platforms are directed
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India9 Nov 2023Full text
2023 INSC 1018 · [2023] 16 S.C.R. 562
his duty to keep such information confidential meets the proportionality test which this court has devised for privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution. The nature of the resolution professional’s role, the powers, and its nexus with
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India29 Sep 2022Full text
2022 INSC 740 · [2022] 7 S.C.R. 686
invidious classifications and excludes groups based on their personal circumstances. The rights of reproductive autonomy, dignity, and privacy under Article 21 give an unmarried woman the right of H X v. PR. SECY., HEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE DEPTT., GNCT
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India13 Oct 2022Full text
2022 INSC 1085 · [2022] 5 S.C.R. 426
AISHAT SHIFA v. THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. 431 expression under Article 19(1)(a) and of privacy under Article 21 A are complementary to each other and not mutually exclusive and does meet the injunction of reasonableness
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India17 Oct 2024Full text
2024 INSC 789 · [2024] 10 S.C.R. 961
laundry list encompassing a myriad of conditions to which Article 21 would be applicable, the ramifications would have been substantial. Any interpretation of the right to privacy would have required a constitutional amendment. Therefore, it may often
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India8 Jul 2024Full text
2024 INSC 479 · [2024] 7 S.C.R. 97
enlarged on bail, by imposing arbitrary conditions since that will violate the right of privacy of the accused, as guaranteed by Article 21. If a constant vigil is kept on every movement of the accused released on bail … use of technology or otherwise, it will infringe the rights of the accused guaranteed under Article 21, including the right to privacy. The reason is that the effect of keeping such constant vigil on the accused by imposing
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India18 Jul 2024Full text
2024 INSC 534 · [2024] 7 S.C.R. 1054
enlarged on bail, by imposing arbitrary conditions since that will violate the right of privacy of the accused, as guaranteed by Article 21. If a constant vigil is kept on every movement of the accused released on bail … use of technology or otherwise, it will infringe the rights of the accused guaranteed under Article 21, including the right to privacy. The reason is that the effect of keeping such constant vigil on the accused by imposing
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India22 Jan 2025Full text
2025 INSC 100 · [2025] 1 S.C.R. 911
accused released on bail by using any technology or otherwise would undoubtedly violate the right to privacy guaranteed under Article 21. In this case, the condition of dropping a PIN on Google Maps has been incorporated without even
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India5 Apr 2023Full text
2023 INSC 324 · [2023] 10 S.C.R. 595
standard to only test the infringement of C a substantive right such as the right to privacy protected under Article 21, and the freedoms protected under Article19. Courts have been using a vague and unstructured standard of the
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India2 May 2022Full text
2022 INSC 503 · [2022] 3 S.C.R. 471
vaccinated as it would result in bodily intrusion and violation of the individual’s right to privacy, protected under Article 21 of the Constitution D of India. Personal autonomy was read into Article 21 by this Court
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India5 Nov 2024Full text
2024 INSC 835 · [2024] 11 S.C.R. 1
rights to equality, life, and liberty under Articles 14, 15, and 21. 7. In K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 this Court affirmed right to privacy as a fundamental right under the … Constitution, which was read as a right and a part of ‘life and liberty’ under Article 21. It was held that privacy encompasses autonomy, dignity, and the freedom to control their own personality
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India9 Oct 2025Full text
2025 INSC 1209 · [2025] 11 S.C.R. 136
Article 21 of the Constitution of India. It is important to recognise that reproductive choices can be exercised to procreate as well as to abstain from procreating. The crucial consideration is that a woman’s right to privacy … Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1, which a recognised a right to privacy within the contours of Article 21, Dr. D.Y. Chandrachud, J. (as he then was), observed as follows: “248. Privacy has distinct connotations including
Matched in judgment text
Supreme Court of India23 May 2025Full text
2025 INSC 781 · [2025] 5 S.C.R. 2704
right to privacy, right to equality and non-discrimination and the right to dignity. [Para 28] Constitution of India – Art.21 – Judicial Interpretation: Held: By judicial interpretation, it has been held that life under Article 21 means life … includes the right to health – Right to live with human dignity and the right to privacy are now acknowledged facets of Article 21. [Para 13.1] Constitution of India – Arts. 21, 42, 51(c) – Maternity leave – Maternity benefit – Reproductive
Matched in judgment text
Also on Law on Tips: Bare Acts · Legal news and analysis