[2024] 12 S.C.R. 743 : 2024 INSC 1011 Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh (Criminal Appeal No. 815 of 2022) 19 December 2024 [C.T. Ravikumar* and Prashant Kumar Mishra, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Whether concurrent conviction of the appellant u/ss.302, 201 and 498A of the IPC for the murder of his wife is justified. Headnotes† Penal Code, 1860 – ss.302, 201 and 498A – Concurrent conviction – Death of the wife of the appellant-convict, occurred in her matrimonial home – Plea of the appellant-convict that her death was suicidal and not homicidal:

Held: Trial Court and High Court concurrently weighed the circumstances and gave sturdy reasons to conclude that death of the deceased was homicidal in nature and not suicidal – Even after seeing his wife hanged using her dupatta, the appellant did not care to cut the noose then and there and he chose to do so, only after witness(es) were brought to the scene of occurrence – Had it been a bona fide, genuine attempt on his part to save her life, he would have cut the noose of the ligature then and there itself upon seeing her hanged, before going to inform the witness(es) that she had hanged herself – Further, the appellant took up the plea of alibi on the ground that he was in a nearby garden to the place of occurrence at the relevant point of time – DW-1 deposed that the appellant was with him during that period in the nearby garden however, there is no evidence establishing that DW-1 was there in the garden during the said period – Strict proof is required to establish the plea of alibi – It can be applied only if the ‘elsewhere place’ is far away from the place of occurrence so that it was extremely improbable or impossible for the person concerned to reach the place of occurrence and to participate in the crime on the relevant date and time of occurrence – Plea of alibi was rightly rejected by the Courts below – Furthermore, * Author 744 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

non-rupture of hyoid bone of the deceased would not and should not be taken as the sole reason to upturn the concurrent finding that it is a case of strangulation – Therefore, plea of appellant that the death of victim was not homicidal is rejected. [Paras 7, 9, 10, 11, 17] Evidence Act, 1872 – s.106 – Whether the appellant who was bound to offer his version as to how the occurrence had taken place in the circumstances obtained in this case, had discharged his onus by virtue of s.106:

Held: s.106 is an exception to the general rule laid down in s.101, that the burden of proving a fact rest on the party who substantially asserts the affirmative of the issues and that this Section is not intended to relieve any person of that duty or burden – If some occurrence happened inside a residence where the accused is supposed to be, he is bound to offer his version as to how the occurrence had taken place – The prosecution succeeded in establishing, rather it is an attempt and undisputed fact that the deceased and the appellant-convict were residing in the place of occurrence, which is the house of the accused – On the death of the wife, the appellant alone could offer an explanation, though this Section could not be used so as to shift the onus of proving the offence from the prosecution to the accused – In the absence of explanation when other circumstances fasten the culpability on the appellant’s failure to offer satisfactory explanation as to the occurrence, the only possible inference could be that the accused had participated in the crime. [Paras 18, 19] Case Law Cited

Binay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar [1996] Supp. 8 SCR 225 : AIR 1997 SC 322; Babudas v. State of M.P. (2003) 9 SCC 86; G. Parshwanath v. State of Karnataka, 2010 INSC 525 : [2010] 10 SCR 377 : (2010) 8 SCC 593; Paramjeet Singh v. State of Uttarakhand, 2010 INSC 647 : [2010] 11 SCR 1064 : (2010) 10 SCC 439; Satish Nirankari v. State of Rajasthan, 2017 INSC 479 : [2017] 4 SCR 298 : (2017) 8 SCC 497 – relied on. Dnyaneshwar v. State of Maharashtra, 2007 INSC 323 : [2007] 4 SCR 248 : (2007) 10 SCC 445; Raj Kumar Prasad Tamarkar v. State of Bihar and Anr., 2007 INSC 3 : [2007] 1 SCR 13 : (2007) 10 SCC 433 – referred to. [2024] 12 S.C.R. 745 Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh Books and Periodicals Cited Modi’s Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology; Taylor’s Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence, 13th Edn., Pp 307- 08. List of Acts Penal Code, 1860; Evidence Act, 1872. List of Keywords Concurrent conviction; Concurrent finding; Murder; Matrimonial home; Death suicidal and not homicidal; Hanged; Dupatta; Noose; Ligature; False plea of alibi; Garden; ‘elsewhere place’; Far away from the place of occurrence; Non-rupture of hyoid bone; Strangulation; Satisfactory explanation. Case Arising From CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 815 of 2022 From the Judgment and Order dated 01.02.2019 of the High Court of Chhattisgarh at Bilaspur in CRA No. 845 of 2013 Appearances for Parties

A Sirajudeen, Sr. Adv., Ms. Manjeet Chawla, Mrs. Usha Pant Kukreti, Advs. for the Appellant. Prashant Singh, Mrs. Prerna Dhall, Piyush Yadav, Alok Sahay, Advs. for the Respondent. Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Judgment C.T. Ravikumar, J. 1. This appeal is directed against the judgment of the High Court of Chhattisgarh in Criminal Appeal No.845 of 2013 whereby and whereunder it confirmed the conviction of the appellant under Sections 300 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short the “IPC”) punishable under Section 302, IPC, 201 and 498A of the IPC, in Sessions Trial No. 147 of 2012 and the sentences imposed therefor. 746 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

2. Shortly stated, the prosecution case is as hereunder: -The marriage between the appellant-convict and the deceased Smt. Pushpa was solemnised in the year 2006. The incident which led to the conviction of the appellant in connection with the death of Smt. Pushpa occurred on 26.01.2012 at his house, which is the matrimonial home of the deceased. The paternal home of the deceased is also proximately situated viz., around 50 meters from her matrimonial home. The appellant is addicted to gambling and to lash out money therefor, he used to torture her physically and mentally. He had even mortgaged the jewellery of the deceased for the said purpose. The deceased used to share such sorrowful incidents with PW-8 Aarti, who is her own sister. On 26.01.2012, also when PW-8 went to the house of the deceased she told that she was thrashed by the appellant-husband. At about quarter to 7 pm on 26.01.2012, the appellant went to his in-laws’ house and informed them that Pushpa hanged herself and thereupon, he along with her parents gone back home where Pushpa was seen on bed on her knees and still knotted by dupatta around the neck, which in turn, was tied to a piece of wood near the ceiling fan. Despite the opposition, the appellant cut the noose and took her in a vehicle to Sector-9 Hospital, where the doctor checked and declared her as dead. Autopsy on her body was conducted by PW-11, Dr. P. Akhtar. In fact, initially a case was registered only under Section 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short the “Cr.P.C.”) but, later FIR No.269/12 was registered on 07.04.2012 under Sections 302, 201 and 498A, IPC against the appellant. On being tried, the trial Court convicted him as noted above and for the conviction under Section 300, IPC, he was sentenced under Section 302, IPC, to undergo life imprisonment and also with a fine of Rs.1000/-, for the conviction under Section 201, IPC, he was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for three years with fine of Rs.500/- and for the conviction under Section 498A, IPC, he was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one year with a fine of Rs.500/-. Default sentences were also passed in case of payment of fine imposed for the conviction under the aforesaid sections. The corporeal sentences were ordered to be run concurrently. In the appeal viz., in Criminal Appeal No.845 of 2013, the High Court confirmed the conviction under the aforesaid sections and also the sentences imposed therefor.

[2024] 12 S.C.R. 747 Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh 3. Heard the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant and the learned counsel appearing for the respondent-State. 4. The facts expatiated earlier would reveal that the appellant was convicted concurrently for the aforesaid offences and there is concurrency even with respect to the sentences imposed therefor. In such circumstances, there is, in fact, very little scope for interference in an appeal by Special Leave. In such cases, overlooking of a vital piece of evidence which would tilt the balance in favour of the convict-appellant or that the finding is based and built on inadmissible evidence, which if eschewed from evidence, the prosecution case would be substantially discredited or it would impair the prosecution case, are some such situations where this Court may interfere with. When the contentions raised are pitted against the evidence on record, they would reveal no such circumstances. Still, we will proceed to consider the contentions raised to find out any other tenable grounds are raised by the appellant which may persuade us to entertain this appeal against the concurrent conviction.

5. The learned counsel for the appellant contended that the plea of ‘alibi’ was not properly appreciated and considered, especially with reference to the oral testimony of DW-1. Despite the non-rupture of the hyoid bone the Courts wrongly concluded that the nature of the death was homicide. It is also contended that no circumstances which irresistibly pointing to the guilt of the appellant-convict were established by the prosecution though the conviction was based on circumstantial evidence. 6. Per contra, the learned counsel appearing for the respondent-State would submit that the circumstances that led to the finding of guilt against the appellant were discussed in detail by the trial Court and the High Court as the Appellate Court reappreciated and concurred with them besides adding additional reasons for confirming the conviction as also the sentence. In short, it is submitted that the cumulative effect of such circumstances relied on by the Courts do not brook any hypothesis other than the one irresistibly leading to the guilt of the appellant-convict, no interference with the concurrent conviction as also sentence, is invited in this case. 7. In view of the rival contentions, we have bestowed careful consideration of the said contentions with reference to the materials on record. As noted earlier, the incident which led to the death of Smt. 748 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

Pushpa, the wife of the appellant-convict, had occurred admittedly in her matrimonial home. The case of the appellant-convict is that a careful scanning of the evidence on record would reveal that the prosecution had failed to establish that it is a case of homicide and in fact, it is a case of suicide. Adding to the above contentions, the learned counsel for the appellant would submit that the appellant was implicated in this case and was convicted without any satisfactory evidence much less any clinching evidence and also disregarding the fact that it was he who attempted to save her life and in that regard after cutting the noose of the ligature he took her to the hospital. While considering the contention, we shall not lose sight of the fact that more often criminals would try to dub a murder as suicidal or accidental death. The identification of the nature of the death is, therefore, always an important medico-legal problem. In that regard, the Courts concerned have to study the total evidence to discern whether death is a case of homicide or suicide or accidental. The concurrent finding in the case on hand with reference to the evidence on record is that it is a case of homicide. Presumption is only a rule in the realm of burden of proof and the trial Court and the High Court concurrently weighed the circumstances and gave sturdy reasons to conclude that death of Pushpa is homicidal in nature and not suicidal. In such circumstances, we are not persuaded to entertain the concurrently repelled contention of the appellant that the death of Pushpa was not homicidal.

8. Now, the question is about the sustainability of the concurrent finding on the culpability of the appellant. Of course, various contentions have been raised by the appellant to assail the finding of guilt against him concurrently referred to in the judgments of the trial Court and the High Court. There can be no doubt that while dealing with the such a question creation of fake scene by the appellant, absence of explanation by the accused despite being bound by virtue of Section 106 of the Evidence Act are also to be taken into consideration. In the context of the case on hand, the case established by the oral testimony of PW-8, Arti who is the own sister of the deceased would show that at about 7 pm on the fateful day the appellant came to the paternal home of the deceased and informed that Smt. Pushpa hanged herself and immediately thereupon, herself, her mother and sister went along with him to his house viz., matrimonial home of the deceased. The further fact established through the mouth of [2024] 12 S.C.R. 749

Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh the said prosecution witness is that upon reaching there Pushpa was seen on her knees on bed and still knotted by dupatta around the neck which, in turn, tied to a wood near the ceiling fan. As per PW-8, despite the opposition of their mother when he attempted to cut the noose of the ligature and request to wait for the arrival of their relatives, he cut it immediately and took her to a nearby hospital at Sector 9. Soon on check-up, the doctor declared that she was dead. In this context, it is also worthy to note the oral evidence of DW-1, Subhash Rao. DW-1 had deposed that on that day, he along with the appellant went to Maitri Garden and from there returned home between 6 pm and 7 pm and he got down near the lane leading to his house. Thereafter, the appellant came to him and informed that Pushpa had hanged herself. According to him, thereupon, he along with the appellant went to the latter’s house and thereafter, he cut the noose of the ligature and took Pushpa to the hospital where she was checked and declared as dead. In this context it is also relevant to note that there is no scintilla of evidence suggesting that she was alive when the noose was cut or that she breathed her last enroute to the hospital. We have referred to the evidence of DW-1 to show that the cutting of the noose of the ligature, as per the version of prosecution witness as also that of DW-1 was done only after the appellant went to the witness(es) and informed of seeing Pushpa hanged herself. In short, going by the case of the prosecution or that of the defence even after seeing Pushpa hanged using her dupatta, he did not care to cut the noose then and there and had chosen to do so, only after witness(es) were brought to the scene of occurrence.

9. In the above context, it is also relevant to note the absence of self-inflicted injuries like scratches on the body of the deceased, going by the necroscopical evidence consisting of the oral evidence of PW-11, Dr. P. Akhtar with his report. When this be the evidence on record how can the appellant contend that he made a bid to save the life of the deceased wife Pushpa and in that regard cut the noose of the ligature and took her to the hospital. Had it been a bona fide, genuine attempt on his part to save her life, he would have cut the noose of the ligature then and there itself upon seeing her hanged, before going to inform the aforesaid witness(es) that she had hanged herself. We are of the considered opinion that the contention of the counsel for the appellant as aforesaid regarding the 750 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports lifesaving attempt, will be of no assistance in the face of evidence of the facts established.

10. We will now consider the question whether the contention of the appellant that the plea of alibi was considered perversely, especially without properly appreciating the evidence of DW-1. In the decision in Binay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar,1 this Court took note of the meaning of the Latin word ‘alibi’ as ‘elsewhere’ and observed and held that the said plea would be available only if that ‘elsewhere’ is a place which is that much far off making it extremely impossible or improbable for the person concerned to reach the place of occurrence and participate in the offence concerned on the relevant date and time. Paragraph 22 and 23 of the said decision which is relevant for the purpose reads thus: - “22. We must bear in mind that an alibi is not an exception (special or general) envisaged in the Penal Code, 1860 or any other law. It is only a rule of evidence recognised in Section 11 of the Evidence Act that facts which are inconsistent with the fact in issue are relevant. Illustration (a) given under the provision is worth reproducing in this context: “The question is whether A committed a crime at Calcutta on a certain date; the fact that on that date, A was at Lahore is relevant.”

23. The Latin word alibi means “elsewhere” and that word is used for convenience when an accused takes recourse to a defence line that when the occurrence took place he was so far away from the place of occurrence that it is extremely improbable that he would have participated in the crime. It is a basic law that in a criminal case, in which the accused is alleged to have inflicted physical injury to another person, the burden is on the prosecution to prove that the accused was present at the scene and has participated in the crime. The burden would not be lessened by the mere fact that the accused has adopted the defence of alibi. The plea of the accused in such 1 1996 INSC 1260 : [1996] Supp. 8 SCR 225 : AIR 1997 SC 322 [2024] 12 S.C.R. 751

Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh cases need be considered only when the burden has been discharged by the prosecution satisfactorily. But once the prosecution succeeds in discharging the burden it is incumbent on the accused, who adopts the plea of alibi, to prove it with absolute certainty so as to exclude the possibility of his presence at the place of occurrence. When the presence of the accused at the scene of occurrence has been established satisfactorily by the prosecution through reliable evidence, normally the court would be slow to believe any counter-evidence to the effect that he was elsewhere when the occurrence happened. But if the evidence adduced by the accused is of such a quality and of such a standard that the court may entertain some reasonable doubt regarding his presence at the scene when the occurrence took place, the accused would, no doubt, be entitled to the benefit of that reasonable doubt. For that purpose, it would be a sound proposition to be laid down that, in such circumstances, the burden on the accused is rather heavy. It follows, therefore, that strict proof is required for establishing the plea of alibi. This Court has observed so on earlier occasions (vide Dudh Nath Pandey v. State of U.P. [(1981) 2 SCC 166; State of Maharashtra v. Narsingrao Gangaram Pimple [(1984) 1 SCC 446.”

11. In the context of the afore-extracted paragraphs, it is relevant to note that in the case on hand, the appellant was bound to explain what happened on that day at his house by virtue of Section 106 of the Evidence Act since the appellant and the deceased were man and wife and the incident had occurred in the house where they were residing. Therefore, he was bound to explain and establish the same as it is a fact, exclusively within his knowledge, by concrete evidence, if he fails to establish the plea of ‘alibi’. 12. In the case on hand, the appellant convict took up the plea of alibi on the ground that he was in a nearby garden to the place of occurrence at the relevant point of time. DW-1 deposed that the appellant was with him during that period in the nearby Maitri Garden and returned from there between 6 pm and 7 pm and he got down near the lane of his house. Furthermore, he would depose that thereafter, the appellant came back and told him that Pushpa hanged herself and 752 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports then he proceeded to the house of the appellant and the noose was cut and she was taken to hospital.

13. As held in Binay Kumar Singh’s case (supra), strict proof is required to establish the plea of alibi. There is absolutely no evidence establishing that DW-1 was there in the garden during the said period. Then, how his version could be relied on by the appellant to establish the plea of alibi. That apart, the very fact is that the appellant took up the plea of alibi on the ground that he was in a nearby garden itself would be sufficient to throw the case put forth by him as defence, in the light of Binay Kumar Singh’s case (supra). The plea of alibi, in the light of the decision in Binay Kumar Singh’s case (supra) can be applied only if the ‘elsewhere place’ is far away from the place of occurrence so that it was extremely improbable or impossible for the person concerned to reach the place of occurrence and to participate in the crime on the relevant date and time of occurrence. In such circumstances, we are of the considered view that the said contention was rightly rejected by the Courts below. 14. The effect of false plea of alibi was considered by this Court in Babudas v. State of M.P.2 and in G. Parshwanath v. State of Karnataka.3 In G. Parshwanath’s case, this Court held that when the accused gave a false plea that he was not present on the spot, his statement would be regarded as additional circumstance against him strengthening the chain of circumstances already found firm.

15. In the decision in Babudas’s case (supra), this Court held that in a case of circumstantial evidence, a false plea of alibi set up by the accused would be a link in the chain of circumstances but then it could not be the sole link or sole circumstances based on which a conviction could be passed. 16. In the decision in Paramjeet Singh v. State of Uttarakhand,4 this Court held that the aid of false defence led on behalf of accused could be used to lend assurance to the Court when the case of the prosecution is established on the basis of circumstantial evidence. 17. Now, we will deal with the contention made as a last-ditch effort against the finding of the Courts below that Pushpa’s death is homicidal, 2 (2003) 9 SCC 86 3 2010 INSC 525 : [2010] 10 SCR 377 : (2010) 8 SCC 593 4 2010 INSC 647 : [2010] 11 SCR 1064 : (2010) 10 SCC 439 [2024] 12 S.C.R. 753

Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh based on the non-rupture of hyoid bone. Based on the decision in Satish Nirankari v. State of Rajasthan,5 and the relevant text at page 454 and 456 of Modi’s Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology, the contention(s) unsuccessfully raised before the High Court were reiterated before us and in other words, contended that non-rupture of hyoid bone would indicate that death of Pushpa is suicidal and not homicidal in nature. We have already held that sturdy and sound reasons have been given by two Courts to conclude that it is a case of homicide. Non-rupture of hyoid bone of Pushpa would not and should not be taken as the sole reason to upturn the said concurrent finding that it is a case of strangulation. In this context, it is to be noted that in Satish Nirankari’s case, this Court held even in the absence of non-rupture of hyoid bone cause of death can be of strangulation. The position and posture of the body of Pushpa when PW-8 and others came to the house of the appellant-convict, as deposed by PW-8, were not challenged in cross-examination. This was duly taken note of by the Courts. In view of the said decision and what is stated sin Taylor’s Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence, 13th Edn., Pp 307-08, which were extracted in paragraph 14 of the impugned judgment and in view of the position obtained from the evidence of PW-8, we do not find any reason to proceed further with the said contention that owing to the non-rupture of hyoid bone the finding of homicidal death invites interference.

18. Now, we will consider whether the appellant who was bound to offer his version as to how the occurrence had taken place in the circumstances obtained in this case, had discharged his onus by virtue of Section 106 of the Evidence Act. Section 106 is an exception to the general rule laid down in Section 101, that the burden of proving a fact rest on the party who substantially asserts the affirmative of the issues and that this Section is not intended to relieve any person of that duty or burden. 19. If some occurrence happened inside a residence where the accused is supposed to be, he is bound to offer his version as to how the occurrence had taken place. In the case on hand, the prosecution had succeeded in establishing, rather it is an attempt and undisputed fact that the deceased and the appellant-convict were residing in the place of occurrence, which is the house of the accused. On the death 5 2017 INSC 479 : [2017] 4 SCR 298 : (2017) 8 SCC 497 754 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

of the wife, the appellant alone could offer an explanation, though this Section could not be used so as to shift the onus of proving the offence from the prosecution to the accused. In the absence of explanation when other circumstances fasten the culpability on the appellant’s failure to offer satisfactory explanation as to the occurrence, the only possible inference could be that the accused had participated in the crime. (See the decisions in Dnyaneshwar v. State of Maharashtra,6 and Raj Kumar Prasad Tamarkar v. State of Bihar and Anr.7). 20. As established by the prosecution, the place of occurrence is the matrimonial home of the deceased where the deceased and appellant were living. The evidence of PW-8, Aarti that the deceased was being tortured, physically and mentally was also not controverted while being cross-examined, as held by the two Courts. The Courts have taken note of the fact that though PW-8 gave evidence to such effect while being examined in chief, there was no cross-examination on such points to make her untrustworthy. 21. The cumulative effect and impact of all such circumstances explained together with the sturdy reasons assigned by the trial Court which got confirmation from the impugned judgment, constrain us to hold that this appeal is devoid of merits. Consequently, the captioned appeal stands dismissed. Result of the case: Appeal dismissed. †Headnotes prepared by: Ankit Gyan 6 2007 INSC 323 : [2007] 4 SCR 248 : (2007) 10 SCC 445

7 2007 INSC 3 : [2007] 1 SCR 13 : (2007) 10 SCC 433

[2024] 12 S.C.R. 743 : 2024 INSC 1011 Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh (Criminal Appeal No. 815 of 2022) 19 December 2024 [C.T. Ravikumar* and Prashant Kumar Mishra, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Whether concurrent conviction of the appellant u/ss.302, 201 and 498A of the IPC for the murder of his wife is justified. Headnotes† Penal Code, 1860 – ss.302, 201 and 498A – Concurrent conviction – Death of the wife of the appellant-convict, occurred in her matrimonial home – Plea of the appellant-convict that her death was suicidal and not homicidal:

Held: Trial Court and High Court concurrently weighed the circumstances and gave sturdy reasons to conclude that death of the deceased was homicidal in nature and not suicidal – Even after seeing his wife hanged using her dupatta, the appellant did not care to cut the noose then and there and he chose to do so, only after witness(es) were brought to the scene of occurrence – Had it been a bona fide, genuine attempt on his part to save her life, he would have cut the noose of the ligature then and there itself upon seeing her hanged, before going to inform the witness(es) that she had hanged herself – Further, the appellant took up the plea of alibi on the ground that he was in a nearby garden to the place of occurrence at the relevant point of time – DW-1 deposed that the appellant was with him during that period in the nearby garden however, there is no evidence establishing that DW-1 was there in the garden during the said period – Strict proof is required to establish the plea of alibi – It can be applied only if the ‘elsewhere place’ is far away from the place of occurrence so that it was extremely improbable or impossible for the person concerned to reach the place of occurrence and to participate in the crime on the relevant date and time of occurrence – Plea of alibi was rightly rejected by the Courts below – Furthermore, * Author 744 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

non-rupture of hyoid bone of the deceased would not and should not be taken as the sole reason to upturn the concurrent finding that it is a case of strangulation – Therefore, plea of appellant that the death of victim was not homicidal is rejected. [Paras 7, 9, 10, 11, 17] Evidence Act, 1872 – s.106 – Whether the appellant who was bound to offer his version as to how the occurrence had taken place in the circumstances obtained in this case, had discharged his onus by virtue of s.106:

Held: s.106 is an exception to the general rule laid down in s.101, that the burden of proving a fact rest on the party who substantially asserts the affirmative of the issues and that this Section is not intended to relieve any person of that duty or burden – If some occurrence happened inside a residence where the accused is supposed to be, he is bound to offer his version as to how the occurrence had taken place – The prosecution succeeded in establishing, rather it is an attempt and undisputed fact that the deceased and the appellant-convict were residing in the place of occurrence, which is the house of the accused – On the death of the wife, the appellant alone could offer an explanation, though this Section could not be used so as to shift the onus of proving the offence from the prosecution to the accused – In the absence of explanation when other circumstances fasten the culpability on the appellant’s failure to offer satisfactory explanation as to the occurrence, the only possible inference could be that the accused had participated in the crime. [Paras 18, 19] Case Law Cited

Binay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar [1996] Supp. 8 SCR 225 : AIR 1997 SC 322; Babudas v. State of M.P. (2003) 9 SCC 86; G. Parshwanath v. State of Karnataka, 2010 INSC 525 : [2010] 10 SCR 377 : (2010) 8 SCC 593; Paramjeet Singh v. State of Uttarakhand, 2010 INSC 647 : [2010] 11 SCR 1064 : (2010) 10 SCC 439; Satish Nirankari v. State of Rajasthan, 2017 INSC 479 : [2017] 4 SCR 298 : (2017) 8 SCC 497 – relied on. Dnyaneshwar v. State of Maharashtra, 2007 INSC 323 : [2007] 4 SCR 248 : (2007) 10 SCC 445; Raj Kumar Prasad Tamarkar v. State of Bihar and Anr., 2007 INSC 3 : [2007] 1 SCR 13 : (2007) 10 SCC 433 – referred to. [2024] 12 S.C.R. 745 Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh Books and Periodicals Cited Modi’s Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology; Taylor’s Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence, 13th Edn., Pp 307- 08. List of Acts Penal Code, 1860; Evidence Act, 1872. List of Keywords Concurrent conviction; Concurrent finding; Murder; Matrimonial home; Death suicidal and not homicidal; Hanged; Dupatta; Noose; Ligature; False plea of alibi; Garden; ‘elsewhere place’; Far away from the place of occurrence; Non-rupture of hyoid bone; Strangulation; Satisfactory explanation. Case Arising From CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 815 of 2022 From the Judgment and Order dated 01.02.2019 of the High Court of Chhattisgarh at Bilaspur in CRA No. 845 of 2013 Appearances for Parties

A Sirajudeen, Sr. Adv., Ms. Manjeet Chawla, Mrs. Usha Pant Kukreti, Advs. for the Appellant. Prashant Singh, Mrs. Prerna Dhall, Piyush Yadav, Alok Sahay, Advs. for the Respondent. Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Judgment C.T. Ravikumar, J. 1. This appeal is directed against the judgment of the High Court of Chhattisgarh in Criminal Appeal No.845 of 2013 whereby and whereunder it confirmed the conviction of the appellant under Sections 300 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short the “IPC”) punishable under Section 302, IPC, 201 and 498A of the IPC, in Sessions Trial No. 147 of 2012 and the sentences imposed therefor. 746 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

2. Shortly stated, the prosecution case is as hereunder: -The marriage between the appellant-convict and the deceased Smt. Pushpa was solemnised in the year 2006. The incident which led to the conviction of the appellant in connection with the death of Smt. Pushpa occurred on 26.01.2012 at his house, which is the matrimonial home of the deceased. The paternal home of the deceased is also proximately situated viz., around 50 meters from her matrimonial home. The appellant is addicted to gambling and to lash out money therefor, he used to torture her physically and mentally. He had even mortgaged the jewellery of the deceased for the said purpose. The deceased used to share such sorrowful incidents with PW-8 Aarti, who is her own sister. On 26.01.2012, also when PW-8 went to the house of the deceased she told that she was thrashed by the appellant-husband. At about quarter to 7 pm on 26.01.2012, the appellant went to his in-laws’ house and informed them that Pushpa hanged herself and thereupon, he along with her parents gone back home where Pushpa was seen on bed on her knees and still knotted by dupatta around the neck, which in turn, was tied to a piece of wood near the ceiling fan. Despite the opposition, the appellant cut the noose and took her in a vehicle to Sector-9 Hospital, where the doctor checked and declared her as dead. Autopsy on her body was conducted by PW-11, Dr. P. Akhtar. In fact, initially a case was registered only under Section 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short the “Cr.P.C.”) but, later FIR No.269/12 was registered on 07.04.2012 under Sections 302, 201 and 498A, IPC against the appellant. On being tried, the trial Court convicted him as noted above and for the conviction under Section 300, IPC, he was sentenced under Section 302, IPC, to undergo life imprisonment and also with a fine of Rs.1000/-, for the conviction under Section 201, IPC, he was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for three years with fine of Rs.500/- and for the conviction under Section 498A, IPC, he was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one year with a fine of Rs.500/-. Default sentences were also passed in case of payment of fine imposed for the conviction under the aforesaid sections. The corporeal sentences were ordered to be run concurrently. In the appeal viz., in Criminal Appeal No.845 of 2013, the High Court confirmed the conviction under the aforesaid sections and also the sentences imposed therefor.

[2024] 12 S.C.R. 747 Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh 3. Heard the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant and the learned counsel appearing for the respondent-State. 4. The facts expatiated earlier would reveal that the appellant was convicted concurrently for the aforesaid offences and there is concurrency even with respect to the sentences imposed therefor. In such circumstances, there is, in fact, very little scope for interference in an appeal by Special Leave. In such cases, overlooking of a vital piece of evidence which would tilt the balance in favour of the convict-appellant or that the finding is based and built on inadmissible evidence, which if eschewed from evidence, the prosecution case would be substantially discredited or it would impair the prosecution case, are some such situations where this Court may interfere with. When the contentions raised are pitted against the evidence on record, they would reveal no such circumstances. Still, we will proceed to consider the contentions raised to find out any other tenable grounds are raised by the appellant which may persuade us to entertain this appeal against the concurrent conviction.

5. The learned counsel for the appellant contended that the plea of ‘alibi’ was not properly appreciated and considered, especially with reference to the oral testimony of DW-1. Despite the non-rupture of the hyoid bone the Courts wrongly concluded that the nature of the death was homicide. It is also contended that no circumstances which irresistibly pointing to the guilt of the appellant-convict were established by the prosecution though the conviction was based on circumstantial evidence. 6. Per contra, the learned counsel appearing for the respondent-State would submit that the circumstances that led to the finding of guilt against the appellant were discussed in detail by the trial Court and the High Court as the Appellate Court reappreciated and concurred with them besides adding additional reasons for confirming the conviction as also the sentence. In short, it is submitted that the cumulative effect of such circumstances relied on by the Courts do not brook any hypothesis other than the one irresistibly leading to the guilt of the appellant-convict, no interference with the concurrent conviction as also sentence, is invited in this case. 7. In view of the rival contentions, we have bestowed careful consideration of the said contentions with reference to the materials on record. As noted earlier, the incident which led to the death of Smt. 748 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

Pushpa, the wife of the appellant-convict, had occurred admittedly in her matrimonial home. The case of the appellant-convict is that a careful scanning of the evidence on record would reveal that the prosecution had failed to establish that it is a case of homicide and in fact, it is a case of suicide. Adding to the above contentions, the learned counsel for the appellant would submit that the appellant was implicated in this case and was convicted without any satisfactory evidence much less any clinching evidence and also disregarding the fact that it was he who attempted to save her life and in that regard after cutting the noose of the ligature he took her to the hospital. While considering the contention, we shall not lose sight of the fact that more often criminals would try to dub a murder as suicidal or accidental death. The identification of the nature of the death is, therefore, always an important medico-legal problem. In that regard, the Courts concerned have to study the total evidence to discern whether death is a case of homicide or suicide or accidental. The concurrent finding in the case on hand with reference to the evidence on record is that it is a case of homicide. Presumption is only a rule in the realm of burden of proof and the trial Court and the High Court concurrently weighed the circumstances and gave sturdy reasons to conclude that death of Pushpa is homicidal in nature and not suicidal. In such circumstances, we are not persuaded to entertain the concurrently repelled contention of the appellant that the death of Pushpa was not homicidal.

8. Now, the question is about the sustainability of the concurrent finding on the culpability of the appellant. Of course, various contentions have been raised by the appellant to assail the finding of guilt against him concurrently referred to in the judgments of the trial Court and the High Court. There can be no doubt that while dealing with the such a question creation of fake scene by the appellant, absence of explanation by the accused despite being bound by virtue of Section 106 of the Evidence Act are also to be taken into consideration. In the context of the case on hand, the case established by the oral testimony of PW-8, Arti who is the own sister of the deceased would show that at about 7 pm on the fateful day the appellant came to the paternal home of the deceased and informed that Smt. Pushpa hanged herself and immediately thereupon, herself, her mother and sister went along with him to his house viz., matrimonial home of the deceased. The further fact established through the mouth of [2024] 12 S.C.R. 749

Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh the said prosecution witness is that upon reaching there Pushpa was seen on her knees on bed and still knotted by dupatta around the neck which, in turn, tied to a wood near the ceiling fan. As per PW-8, despite the opposition of their mother when he attempted to cut the noose of the ligature and request to wait for the arrival of their relatives, he cut it immediately and took her to a nearby hospital at Sector 9. Soon on check-up, the doctor declared that she was dead. In this context, it is also worthy to note the oral evidence of DW-1, Subhash Rao. DW-1 had deposed that on that day, he along with the appellant went to Maitri Garden and from there returned home between 6 pm and 7 pm and he got down near the lane leading to his house. Thereafter, the appellant came to him and informed that Pushpa had hanged herself. According to him, thereupon, he along with the appellant went to the latter’s house and thereafter, he cut the noose of the ligature and took Pushpa to the hospital where she was checked and declared as dead. In this context it is also relevant to note that there is no scintilla of evidence suggesting that she was alive when the noose was cut or that she breathed her last enroute to the hospital. We have referred to the evidence of DW-1 to show that the cutting of the noose of the ligature, as per the version of prosecution witness as also that of DW-1 was done only after the appellant went to the witness(es) and informed of seeing Pushpa hanged herself. In short, going by the case of the prosecution or that of the defence even after seeing Pushpa hanged using her dupatta, he did not care to cut the noose then and there and had chosen to do so, only after witness(es) were brought to the scene of occurrence.

9. In the above context, it is also relevant to note the absence of self-inflicted injuries like scratches on the body of the deceased, going by the necroscopical evidence consisting of the oral evidence of PW-11, Dr. P. Akhtar with his report. When this be the evidence on record how can the appellant contend that he made a bid to save the life of the deceased wife Pushpa and in that regard cut the noose of the ligature and took her to the hospital. Had it been a bona fide, genuine attempt on his part to save her life, he would have cut the noose of the ligature then and there itself upon seeing her hanged, before going to inform the aforesaid witness(es) that she had hanged herself. We are of the considered opinion that the contention of the counsel for the appellant as aforesaid regarding the 750 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports lifesaving attempt, will be of no assistance in the face of evidence of the facts established.

10. We will now consider the question whether the contention of the appellant that the plea of alibi was considered perversely, especially without properly appreciating the evidence of DW-1. In the decision in Binay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar,1 this Court took note of the meaning of the Latin word ‘alibi’ as ‘elsewhere’ and observed and held that the said plea would be available only if that ‘elsewhere’ is a place which is that much far off making it extremely impossible or improbable for the person concerned to reach the place of occurrence and participate in the offence concerned on the relevant date and time. Paragraph 22 and 23 of the said decision which is relevant for the purpose reads thus: - “22. We must bear in mind that an alibi is not an exception (special or general) envisaged in the Penal Code, 1860 or any other law. It is only a rule of evidence recognised in Section 11 of the Evidence Act that facts which are inconsistent with the fact in issue are relevant. Illustration (a) given under the provision is worth reproducing in this context: “The question is whether A committed a crime at Calcutta on a certain date; the fact that on that date, A was at Lahore is relevant.”

23. The Latin word alibi means “elsewhere” and that word is used for convenience when an accused takes recourse to a defence line that when the occurrence took place he was so far away from the place of occurrence that it is extremely improbable that he would have participated in the crime. It is a basic law that in a criminal case, in which the accused is alleged to have inflicted physical injury to another person, the burden is on the prosecution to prove that the accused was present at the scene and has participated in the crime. The burden would not be lessened by the mere fact that the accused has adopted the defence of alibi. The plea of the accused in such 1 1996 INSC 1260 : [1996] Supp. 8 SCR 225 : AIR 1997 SC 322 [2024] 12 S.C.R. 751

Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh cases need be considered only when the burden has been discharged by the prosecution satisfactorily. But once the prosecution succeeds in discharging the burden it is incumbent on the accused, who adopts the plea of alibi, to prove it with absolute certainty so as to exclude the possibility of his presence at the place of occurrence. When the presence of the accused at the scene of occurrence has been established satisfactorily by the prosecution through reliable evidence, normally the court would be slow to believe any counter-evidence to the effect that he was elsewhere when the occurrence happened. But if the evidence adduced by the accused is of such a quality and of such a standard that the court may entertain some reasonable doubt regarding his presence at the scene when the occurrence took place, the accused would, no doubt, be entitled to the benefit of that reasonable doubt. For that purpose, it would be a sound proposition to be laid down that, in such circumstances, the burden on the accused is rather heavy. It follows, therefore, that strict proof is required for establishing the plea of alibi. This Court has observed so on earlier occasions (vide Dudh Nath Pandey v. State of U.P. [(1981) 2 SCC 166; State of Maharashtra v. Narsingrao Gangaram Pimple [(1984) 1 SCC 446.”

11. In the context of the afore-extracted paragraphs, it is relevant to note that in the case on hand, the appellant was bound to explain what happened on that day at his house by virtue of Section 106 of the Evidence Act since the appellant and the deceased were man and wife and the incident had occurred in the house where they were residing. Therefore, he was bound to explain and establish the same as it is a fact, exclusively within his knowledge, by concrete evidence, if he fails to establish the plea of ‘alibi’. 12. In the case on hand, the appellant convict took up the plea of alibi on the ground that he was in a nearby garden to the place of occurrence at the relevant point of time. DW-1 deposed that the appellant was with him during that period in the nearby Maitri Garden and returned from there between 6 pm and 7 pm and he got down near the lane of his house. Furthermore, he would depose that thereafter, the appellant came back and told him that Pushpa hanged herself and 752 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports then he proceeded to the house of the appellant and the noose was cut and she was taken to hospital.

13. As held in Binay Kumar Singh’s case (supra), strict proof is required to establish the plea of alibi. There is absolutely no evidence establishing that DW-1 was there in the garden during the said period. Then, how his version could be relied on by the appellant to establish the plea of alibi. That apart, the very fact is that the appellant took up the plea of alibi on the ground that he was in a nearby garden itself would be sufficient to throw the case put forth by him as defence, in the light of Binay Kumar Singh’s case (supra). The plea of alibi, in the light of the decision in Binay Kumar Singh’s case (supra) can be applied only if the ‘elsewhere place’ is far away from the place of occurrence so that it was extremely improbable or impossible for the person concerned to reach the place of occurrence and to participate in the crime on the relevant date and time of occurrence. In such circumstances, we are of the considered view that the said contention was rightly rejected by the Courts below. 14. The effect of false plea of alibi was considered by this Court in Babudas v. State of M.P.2 and in G. Parshwanath v. State of Karnataka.3 In G. Parshwanath’s case, this Court held that when the accused gave a false plea that he was not present on the spot, his statement would be regarded as additional circumstance against him strengthening the chain of circumstances already found firm.

15. In the decision in Babudas’s case (supra), this Court held that in a case of circumstantial evidence, a false plea of alibi set up by the accused would be a link in the chain of circumstances but then it could not be the sole link or sole circumstances based on which a conviction could be passed. 16. In the decision in Paramjeet Singh v. State of Uttarakhand,4 this Court held that the aid of false defence led on behalf of accused could be used to lend assurance to the Court when the case of the prosecution is established on the basis of circumstantial evidence. 17. Now, we will deal with the contention made as a last-ditch effort against the finding of the Courts below that Pushpa’s death is homicidal, 2 (2003) 9 SCC 86 3 2010 INSC 525 : [2010] 10 SCR 377 : (2010) 8 SCC 593 4 2010 INSC 647 : [2010] 11 SCR 1064 : (2010) 10 SCC 439 [2024] 12 S.C.R. 753

Ashok Verma v. The State of Chhattisgarh based on the non-rupture of hyoid bone. Based on the decision in Satish Nirankari v. State of Rajasthan,5 and the relevant text at page 454 and 456 of Modi’s Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology, the contention(s) unsuccessfully raised before the High Court were reiterated before us and in other words, contended that non-rupture of hyoid bone would indicate that death of Pushpa is suicidal and not homicidal in nature. We have already held that sturdy and sound reasons have been given by two Courts to conclude that it is a case of homicide. Non-rupture of hyoid bone of Pushpa would not and should not be taken as the sole reason to upturn the said concurrent finding that it is a case of strangulation. In this context, it is to be noted that in Satish Nirankari’s case, this Court held even in the absence of non-rupture of hyoid bone cause of death can be of strangulation. The position and posture of the body of Pushpa when PW-8 and others came to the house of the appellant-convict, as deposed by PW-8, were not challenged in cross-examination. This was duly taken note of by the Courts. In view of the said decision and what is stated sin Taylor’s Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence, 13th Edn., Pp 307-08, which were extracted in paragraph 14 of the impugned judgment and in view of the position obtained from the evidence of PW-8, we do not find any reason to proceed further with the said contention that owing to the non-rupture of hyoid bone the finding of homicidal death invites interference.

18. Now, we will consider whether the appellant who was bound to offer his version as to how the occurrence had taken place in the circumstances obtained in this case, had discharged his onus by virtue of Section 106 of the Evidence Act. Section 106 is an exception to the general rule laid down in Section 101, that the burden of proving a fact rest on the party who substantially asserts the affirmative of the issues and that this Section is not intended to relieve any person of that duty or burden. 19. If some occurrence happened inside a residence where the accused is supposed to be, he is bound to offer his version as to how the occurrence had taken place. In the case on hand, the prosecution had succeeded in establishing, rather it is an attempt and undisputed fact that the deceased and the appellant-convict were residing in the place of occurrence, which is the house of the accused. On the death 5 2017 INSC 479 : [2017] 4 SCR 298 : (2017) 8 SCC 497 754 [2024] 12 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

of the wife, the appellant alone could offer an explanation, though this Section could not be used so as to shift the onus of proving the offence from the prosecution to the accused. In the absence of explanation when other circumstances fasten the culpability on the appellant’s failure to offer satisfactory explanation as to the occurrence, the only possible inference could be that the accused had participated in the crime. (See the decisions in Dnyaneshwar v. State of Maharashtra,6 and Raj Kumar Prasad Tamarkar v. State of Bihar and Anr.7). 20. As established by the prosecution, the place of occurrence is the matrimonial home of the deceased where the deceased and appellant were living. The evidence of PW-8, Aarti that the deceased was being tortured, physically and mentally was also not controverted while being cross-examined, as held by the two Courts. The Courts have taken note of the fact that though PW-8 gave evidence to such effect while being examined in chief, there was no cross-examination on such points to make her untrustworthy. 21. The cumulative effect and impact of all such circumstances explained together with the sturdy reasons assigned by the trial Court which got confirmation from the impugned judgment, constrain us to hold that this appeal is devoid of merits. Consequently, the captioned appeal stands dismissed. Result of the case: Appeal dismissed. †Headnotes prepared by: Ankit Gyan 6 2007 INSC 323 : [2007] 4 SCR 248 : (2007) 10 SCC 445

7 2007 INSC 3 : [2007] 1 SCR 13 : (2007) 10 SCC 433