[2025] 4 S.C.R. 2594 : 2025 INSC 724 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. (Civil Appeal No(s). 5609-5610 of 2025) 28 April 2025 [Sudhanshu Dhulia and K. Vinod Chandran, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Matter pertains to the correctness of the order passed by the High Court, enhancing the compensation to Rs.45,14,986/- and directing deduction of half of the compensation under the Rules of 2006, i.e. Rs.21,67,704/- out of the total compensation. Headnotes† Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 – Haryana Compensation Assistance to the Dependents of Deceased Government Employees Rules, 2006 – Compensation – Deduction in respect to the financial assistance under 2006 Rules, if to be deducted from the total compensation – Deceased succumbed to injuries sustained in motor accident – Award of compensation of Rs.37,85,800/- by the tribunal to the claimants-legal heirs – Appeal by the Insurance Company on the deduction with respect to the financial assistance under 2006 Rules – Appeal by claimants for enhancement of compensation – High Court enhanced compensation to Rs.45,14,986/-, however, under conventional heads, reduced the award to Rs.70,000/-; and directed deduction of half of the compensation under the Rules of 2006, i.e. Rs.21,67,704/- out of the total compensation of Rs.45,14,986/- – Correctness:

Held: Rules of 2006 permits the last drawn salary of the deceased to be continued to the family of the employee but for different periods dependent upon the age of the deceased – Proper method would be for tribunal considering the death of a government employee, to whom the Rules of 2006 is applicable, to first consider the loss of income, quantum of compensation with reference to loss of income and to deduct the pay and allowances payable under Rules of 2006 – If the compensation for loss of income arrived at under the M.V. Act is more, then necessarily the difference has to be paid to [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2595 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others.

the claimants – Deceased was earning for a family comprised of five persons, in which context, deduction for personal expenses would be 1/4th – Last drawn salary of the deceased should have been reckoned for the purpose of calculating the loss of income under the M.V. Act also – Considering the fact that no deduction for the income tax was made in the amounts entitled to the family of the deceased for 12 years, which would be deducted only from monthly payments, there could be no deduction made even while computing the loss of income from the last drawn pay, for income tax – Since the amounts payable under the Rules of 2006 is the last drawn pay in computing the loss of income under the M.V Act necessarily the future prospects will have to be added and the multiplier applicable would be 14 since the age of the deceased was 43 – Computation would be Rs.49,31,527/- from which the amounts payable as financial assistance under the Rules of 2006 will have to be deducted – Additional loss of income payable under the M.V. Act would be Rs.5,96,019/- to which loss of consortium for the widow and three children at Rs.1,60,000/- and loss of estate and funeral expenses of Rs.30,000/- would be added – Total compensation would be Rs.7,86,119/- .[Paras 13-17] Case Law Cited National Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi and Other [2017] 13 SCR 100 : (2017) 16 SCC 680 – followed. Reliance General Insurance Company Ltd. v. Shashi Sharma and Others [2016] 6 SCR 488 : (2016) 9 SCC 627 – relied on.

New India Assurance Company Ltd. v. Ajmero and Others, FAQ No. 2648 of 2016; National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Birendra, 2020 SCC OnLine SC 28; Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation [1998] Supp. 1 SCR 684 : (1999) 1 SCC 90; Rajkumar Agrawal v. Vehicle Tata Venture, Commercial Auto Sales Private Limited, Civil Appeal No. 4941 of 2022; Western India Plywood Ltd. v. P. Ashokan [1997] Supp. 4 SCR 180 : (1997) 7 SCC 638; National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Hamida Khatoon & Others [2009] 8 SCR 248 : (2009) 13 SCC 361; Regional Director, E.S.I Corpn. and Anr. v. Francis De Costa and Anr. [1992] 3 SCR 23 : (1993) Supp. 4 SCC 100; New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Sunita Sharma [2025] 4 SCR 603 : C.A. No. 5093 of 2025 @ SLP(C) No. 9515 of 2020; Krishna v. Tek 2596 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports Chand, SLP(C) No. 5044 of 2019; Sebastiani Lakra & Ors. v. National Insurance Company Ltd. & Anr. [2018] 13 SCR 1053 : (2019) 17 SCC 465; Magma General Insurance Company Ltd. v. Nanu Ram @ Chuhru Ram, 2018 (4) RCR (Civil) 333; New India Assurance Company v. Somwati [2020] 10 SCR 1132 : (2020) 9 SCC 644 – referred to. List of Acts Haryana Compensation Assistance to the Dependents of Deceased Government Employees Rules, 2006; Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. List of Keywords

Motor accident; Compensation; Pecuniary advantages due to the dependents of deceased; Loss of pay and wages; Just compensation; Deducting income tax and personal expenses; Loss of dependency; Funeral expenses; Loss of consortium; Loss of estate; Principle of normal life expectancy of an employee; Pay and allowances; Last drawn salary; Enhancement of compensation. Case Arising From CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No(s). 5609-5610 of 2025 From the Judgment and Order dated 24.01.2019 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in FAO No. 7415 of 2016 and FAO No. 1583 of 2017 With Civil Appeal No(s). 5611-5612 of 2025 Appearances for Parties Advs. for the Appellant: Dr. Meera Agarwal, Ramesh Chandra Mishra. Advs. for the Respondents: M.R. Shamshad, Sr. Adv., Shashank Singh, Ms. Savita Devi, Gaurav Gupta, Rohit Kumar, Akshay Verma, Devendra Kumar Saini, Samar Vijay Singh, Ms. Sabarni Som, Fateh Singh, Aman Dev Sharma, Ayush Gupta, Vaibhav Vikram Singh. [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2597 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Order 1. Leave granted.

2. The claimants are the legal heirs of the deceased who succumbed to the injuries sustained in a motor accident. In the claim petition before the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, they were awarded a compensation of Rs.37,85,800/-. The Insurance Company filed an appeal, restricted to the quantum, especially on the deduction to be allowed with respect to the financial assistance under the Haryana Compensation Assistance to the Dependents of Deceased Government Employees Rules, 20061; whether the same is liable to be deducted from the total compensation. The appeal by the claimants was for enhancement of compensation. 3. The loss of dependency granted by the Tribunal at Rs.35,65,800/-was enhanced to Rs.45,14,986/- employing the multiplier system for calculating loss of dependency as has been declared by a Constitution Bench decision in National Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi and Other2. However, under conventional heads, the award of Rs.2,20,000/- granted by the Tribunal was reduced to Rs.70,000/-. The total compensation was determined at Rs.45,14,986/- out of which half of the compensation under the Rules of 2006 was directed to be deducted i.e. Rs.21,67,704/- on the basis of the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in New India Assurance Company Ltd. v. Ajmero and Others3.

4. Dr.Meera Agarwal, learned Counsel for the Insurance Company submits that the deduction as per the Rules of 2006 has to be 100% as has been held by a decision of this Court in Reliance General Insurance Company Ltd. v. Shashi Sharma and Others4 followed in National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Birendra5. 1 for brevity ‘the Rules of 2006’ 2 (2017) 16 SCC 680 3 FAQ No.2648 of 2016 decided on 31.07.2017 4 (2016) 9 SCC 627 5 2020 SCC OnLine SC 28 2598 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

5. Mr. M.R. Shamshad, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the claimant would however point out that a two Judge Bench of this Court in Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation6 held that life insurance amounts received by heirs on account of the victim’s death was not deductible from the compensation for death in motor accidents. A Coordinate Bench in Rajkumar Agrawal v. Vehicle Tata Venture, Commercial Auto Sales Private Limite7 considering whether the insurance amounts paid under the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 19488 is a similar benefit, as the compensation which is claimed in a case where there is a motor accident, has referred the issue to a larger Bench. The reference was made since in Western India Plywood Ltd. v. P. Ashokan9, National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Hamida Khatoon & Others10 and Regional Director, E.S.I Corpn. and Anr. v. Francis De Costa and Anr.11, there was no authoritative pronouncement on the subject issue. It is also pointed out that even if the issue is found against the claimants, following the decision of this very bench in New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Sunita Sharma12 there should be no refund ordered as of now.

6. In addition to the aforesaid decisions, we have also been apprised of a decision of another Coordinate Bench in Krishna v. Tek Chand13. The two Judge Bench having considered the decision in Helen C. Rebello6 and Shashi Sharma4 found that Shashi Sharma4, a three Judge Bench decision was distinguished by another three Judge Bench in Sebastiani Lakra & Ors. v. National Insurance Company Ltd. & Anr.14 7. Helen C. Rebello6 was a case in which the life insurance amount received by heirs, on account of victim’s death was held to be not deductible from the compensation for death in a motor accident. 6 (1999) 1 SCC 90 7 Civil Appeal No.4941 of 2022 dt.19.01.2023 8 For brevity ‘ESI Act’ 9 (1997) 7 SCC 638 10 (2009) 13 SCC 361 11 (1993) Supp. 4 SCC 100 12 C.A.No.5093 of 2025 @ SLP(C) No.9515 of 2020 13 SLP(C) No.5044 of 2019 delivered on 05.02.2024 14 (2019) 17 SCC 465 [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2599 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. The common law principle of adjusting the pecuniary advantages coming from whatever source, by reason of death, was interpreted as referring to pecuniary advantage on account of accidental death and not coming out of other forms of death. Provident fund, family pension, cash balance, shares, fixed deposits etc. cannot be termed as pecuniary advantages for the purposes of Motor Vehicles Act, especially taking into account the beneficial character of the legislation.

8. Rajkumar Agrawal (supra) referred the question as to whether a motor accident claim would lie with respect to an injured employee, in view of the bar contemplated under Section 53 of the ESI Act; not very relevant in the instant case. Western India Plywood Ltd.9 held that the bar under Section 53 of the ESI Act acted against receiving or recovery of compensation or damages under any other law and is equally applicable to relief under another statute and to a claim in torts. A suit for damages on account of an employment injury was held barred. In Hamida Khatoon10, the applicability of the bar under Section 53 was held to apply even against receiving the compensation under the M.V. Act. In the two Judge Bench decision of Francis De Costa11, the two Judges differed on the question whether the accident suffered by an employee on the public road, while he was on his way to join duty, is one arising out of and in the course of employment. The observation made in so far as a remedy under the M.V. Act is inconsequential, in so far as the issue itself was referred to a three Judge Bench. The larger Bench answered the reference in (1996) 6 SCC 1, against the employee, holding that the injury caused to an employee in an accident while he was travelling to his place of employment would not be covered, unless the accident had at least a causal connection with the work he was doing at the factory. The reference of the specific question need not detain us in the present case where there is an authoritative finding by a three Judge Bench with regard to the Rules of 2006 as is seen from Shashi Sharma4.

9. In Shashi Sharma4, Helen C. Rebello6 and one other decision on the same lines was referred to and distinguished. The principle stated in Helen C. Rebello6 that any pecuniary advantage “due to the dependents of the deceased” which has no direct nexus with the accident, injury or death, would not be deductible from the compensation amount payable under the M.V. Act, was 2600 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

affirmed. However, the compensation claimed under the M.V. Act takes in the component of loss of income which has a direct reference to the “pay and wages” which otherwise would have been earned by the deceased employee, if he had survived the injury caused to him due to the motor accident. Looking at the Rules of 2006, it was held to be a compassionate assistance by way of ex-gratia financial assistance to the deceased government employee who dies in harness and it would be unfathomable if the dependents can still be permitted to claim the same amount as a possible or likely loss of income suffered by them; thus maintaining a claim for compensation of loss of dependency in the context of loss of income, again under the M.V. Act. Whether the claimants would be legitimately entitled for the loss of pay and wages, which in effect is the compensation assessed as loss of income by reason of the death of an employee, when the very same benefits of pay and wages is made available to them under the Rules of 2006 was the question posed. It was answered in the negative since the receipt of both would result in a double benefit. Reference was also made to Section 167 of the M.V. Act wherein a person entitled to claim under the M.V. Act and the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 is permitted to claim such compensation only under either of the enactments, but not under both; reserving the right of election to the injured employee or his dependants.

10. We cannot but notice that the three Judge Bench in Sebastiani Lakra14 was again concerned with ‘just compensation’ and held that amount/advantages accruing to the claimants as a result of some contract or act which the deceased performed in his life time; like on account of insurance, bank deposits, shares, debentures, pensionary benefits, gratuity or grant of employment to a kin of the deceased, which cannot be said to be the outcome or result of death of deceased in a motor vehicle accident, even though these amounts would go into the hands of the claimants after the death of the deceased. Therein an Employees’ Benefit Scheme was held to be not deductible in terms of the judgment in Helen C. Rebello6. While accepting the dictum in Helen C. Rebello6, Shashi Sharma4 was specifically referred to and distinguished. Though Shashi Sharma4 did not in principle disagree with the propositions laid down in Helen C. Rebello6, it all the same permitted deduction of the amounts received under the Rules of 2006 under the head of pay and other [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2601 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. allowances. The Coordinate Bench in Sebastiani Lakra14, also did not differ from the principles laid down in Shashi Sharma4 with specific reference to the Rules of 2006. In any event in Sebastiani Lakra14, a three Judge Bench could not have differed from the dictum of a coordinate Bench in Shashi Sharma4.

11. In this context, we notice that the Constitution Bench decision in Pranay Sethi2 wherein a conflict between two decisions of Coordinate Benches was considered and it was so held in paragraphs No.14, 27 and 28: - 14. The aforesaid analysis in Santosh Devi [Santosh Devi v. National Insurance Co. Ltd., (2012) 6 SCC 421 may prima facie show that the two-Judge Bench has distinguished the observation made in Sarla Verma case [Sarla Verma v. DTC, (2009) 6 SCC 121] but on a studied scrutiny, it becomes clear that it has really expressed a different view than what has been laid down in Sarla Verma [Sarla Verma v. DTC, (2009) 6 SCC 121]. If we permit ourselves to say so, the different view has been expressed in a distinctive tone, for the two-Judge Bench had stated that it was extremely difficult to fathom any rationale for the observations made in para 24 of the judgment in Sarla Verma case [Sarla Verma v. DTC, (2009) 6 SCC 121] in respect of self-employed or a person on fixed salary without provision for annual increment, etc. This is a clear disagreement with the earlier view, and we have no hesitation in saying that it is absolutely impermissible keeping in view the concept of binding precedents.

27. We are compelled to state here that in Munna Lal Jain [Munna Lal Jain v. Vipin Kumar Sharma, (2015) 6 SCC 347], the three-Judge Bench should have been guided by the principle stated in Reshma Kumari [Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan, (2013) 9 SCC 65] which has concurred with the view expressed in Sarla Verma [Sarla Verma v. DTC, (2009) 6 SCC 121] or in case of disagreement, it should have been well advised to refer the case to a larger Bench. We say so, as we have already expressed the opinion that the dicta laid down in Reshma Kumari 2602 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports [Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan, (2013) 9 SCC 65] being earlier in point of time would be a binding precedent and not the decision in Rajesh [Rajesh v. Rajbir Singh, (2013) 9 SCC 54]. 28. In this context, we may also refer to Sundeep Kumar Bafna v. State of Maharashtra [Sundeep Kumar Bafna v.

State of Maharashtra, (2014) 16 SCC 623] which correctly lays down the principle that discipline demanded by a precedent or the disqualification or diminution of a decision on the application of the per incuriam rule is of great importance, since without it, certainty of law, consistency of rulings and comity of courts would become a costly casualty. A decision or judgment can be per incuriam any provision in a statute, rule or regulation, which was not brought to the notice of the court. A decision or judgment can also be per incuriam if it is not possible to reconcile its ratio with that of a previously pronounced judgment of a co-equal or larger Bench. There can be no scintilla of doubt that an earlier decision of co-equal Bench binds the Bench of same strength. Though the judgment in Rajesh case [Rajesh v. Rajbir Singh, (2013) 9 SCC 54] was delivered on a later date, it had not apprised itself of the law stated in Reshma Kumari [Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan, (2013) 9 SCC 65] but had been guided by Santosh Devi [Santosh Devi v. National Insurance Co. Ltd., (2012) 6 SCC 421] . We have no hesitation that it is not a binding precedent on the co-equal Bench. (underlining by us for emphasis)

12. In the teeth of the decision of the Constitution Bench with all the respect at our command, we cannot agree with the two Judge Bench decision in Krishna13. Nor can we find Sebastiani Lakra14 having clarified Shashi Sharma4 and we are hence, bound to follow Shashi Sharma4 which has been followed in Birendera5, another two Judge Bench and also by this very Division Bench in Sunita Sharma12. 13. Now we come to the quantum in the appeal filed by the claimants. The loss of dependency awarded by the High Court is Rs.44,44,986/-reckoning the future prospects and the multiplier applicable to a [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2603 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others.

person between the age of 40 and 45 and deducting income tax and personal expenses, which are in tune with the dictum in Pranay Sethi2. However, we have to notice that the compensation under conventional heads has not been restricted to Rs.70,000/- in Pranay Sethi2 but has been restricted to Rs.40,000/- for loss of consortium, Rs.15,000/- for funeral expenses and Rs.15,000/- for loss of estate. Magma General Insurance Company Ltd. v. Nanu Ram @ Chuhru Ram15 and in New India Assurance Company v. Somwati16 declared the principle that in addition to loss of spousal consortium, loss of parental & filial consortium also have to be considered. This does not go against the judgment of the Constitution Bench and is in tune with the three Judge Bench in Sebastiani Lakra14 which also emphasise the need for ‘just compensation’.

14. In the above context we notice that here the loss of consortium is entitled to the spouse and the three children of the deceased which will come to Rs.1,60,000/-. This amount cannot be reduced by any amounts received by the claimants under the Rules of 2006. The Rules of 2006 permits the last drawn salary of the deceased to be continued to the family of the employee but for different periods dependent upon the age of the deceased. If the deceased was aged 35 years, then the last drawn pay and allowances would be payable for a period of 15 years and if the employee is between 35 years and 48 years of age, the period would be reduced to 12 years and for an employee who died at the age of 48 years, the payment would be restricted to 7 years. The year-wise restriction made applicable in the Rules of 2006 is also on the principle of the normal life expectancy of an employee on which principle, the multiplier system has been introduced and affirmed in Sarla Verma’s case. 15. Hence, the proper method would be for the Tribunal itself considering the death of a Government employee, to whom the Rules of 2006 is applicable, to first consider the loss of income, quantum of compensation with reference to loss of income as would be available from the principles enunciated in Sarla Verma and Pranay Sethi’s case and to deduct the pay and allowances payable under the Rules of 2006. If the compensation for loss of income arrived at under the 15 2018 (4) RCR (Civil) 333

16 (2020) 9 SCC 644 2604 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports M.V. Act is more, then necessarily the difference has to be paid to the claimants.

16. In the present case, the deceased was aged 43 years and was getting a salary of Rs.28,300/- per month which takes his annual income to Rs.3,39,600/-. The deceased left behind his wife and three children, thus he was earning for a family comprised of five persons, in which context, the deduction for personal expenses has to be 1/4th. The High Court has deducted the income tax to arrive at the annual income of Rs.3,25,640/- and an addition has been made for future prospects at the rate of 30% which is in accordance with Pranay Sethi2. The High Court has also reduced half of the financial assistance payable computed at Rs.43,35,408/- under the Rules of 2006. The High Court also relied on PW-4, an employee in the District Employment Office, Fatehabad who has deposed that the family of the deceased is entitled to a salary of Rs.30,107/- for the month of August 2015 which in accordance with the Rules of 2006 would be continued for 12 years coming to a total of Rs.43,35,408/-. Obviously, this is the last drawn salary of the deceased which should have been reckoned for the purpose of calculating the loss of income under the M.V. Act also. Considering the fact that no deduction for the income tax has been made in the amounts entitled to the family of the deceased for 12 years, which would be deducted only from monthly payments, we are of the view that there could be no deduction made even while computing the loss of income from the last drawn pay; for income tax.

17. Hence, the loss of income, ideally would have to be computed in the following manner. Obviously since the amounts payable under the Rules of 2006 is the last drawn pay in computing the loss of income under the M.V Act necessarily the future prospects will have to be added and the multiplier applicable would be 14 since the age of the deceased was 43. The computation hence would be 30,107 x 12 x 14 x 130% x 3/4 = Rs.49,31,527/- from which the amounts payable as financial assistance under the Financial Assistance Rules of 2006 will have to be deducted which is Rs. 43,35,408/-. The additional loss of income payable under the M.V. Act would be Rs. 5,96,019/-to which will be added loss of consortium for the widow and three children at Rs. 1,60,000/- and loss of estate and funeral expenses of Rs. 30,000/-. The total compensation would be Rs. 7,86,119/-. The compensation already paid shall not be refunded. [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2605 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. 18. The Appeals are disposed of on the afore said terms on the question of law, following Shashi Sharma4. 19. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. Result of the case: Appeals disposed of. †Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain

[2025] 4 S.C.R. 2594 : 2025 INSC 724 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. (Civil Appeal No(s). 5609-5610 of 2025) 28 April 2025 [Sudhanshu Dhulia and K. Vinod Chandran, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Matter pertains to the correctness of the order passed by the High Court, enhancing the compensation to Rs.45,14,986/- and directing deduction of half of the compensation under the Rules of 2006, i.e. Rs.21,67,704/- out of the total compensation. Headnotes† Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 – Haryana Compensation Assistance to the Dependents of Deceased Government Employees Rules, 2006 – Compensation – Deduction in respect to the financial assistance under 2006 Rules, if to be deducted from the total compensation – Deceased succumbed to injuries sustained in motor accident – Award of compensation of Rs.37,85,800/- by the tribunal to the claimants-legal heirs – Appeal by the Insurance Company on the deduction with respect to the financial assistance under 2006 Rules – Appeal by claimants for enhancement of compensation – High Court enhanced compensation to Rs.45,14,986/-, however, under conventional heads, reduced the award to Rs.70,000/-; and directed deduction of half of the compensation under the Rules of 2006, i.e. Rs.21,67,704/- out of the total compensation of Rs.45,14,986/- – Correctness:

Held: Rules of 2006 permits the last drawn salary of the deceased to be continued to the family of the employee but for different periods dependent upon the age of the deceased – Proper method would be for tribunal considering the death of a government employee, to whom the Rules of 2006 is applicable, to first consider the loss of income, quantum of compensation with reference to loss of income and to deduct the pay and allowances payable under Rules of 2006 – If the compensation for loss of income arrived at under the M.V. Act is more, then necessarily the difference has to be paid to [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2595 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others.

the claimants – Deceased was earning for a family comprised of five persons, in which context, deduction for personal expenses would be 1/4th – Last drawn salary of the deceased should have been reckoned for the purpose of calculating the loss of income under the M.V. Act also – Considering the fact that no deduction for the income tax was made in the amounts entitled to the family of the deceased for 12 years, which would be deducted only from monthly payments, there could be no deduction made even while computing the loss of income from the last drawn pay, for income tax – Since the amounts payable under the Rules of 2006 is the last drawn pay in computing the loss of income under the M.V Act necessarily the future prospects will have to be added and the multiplier applicable would be 14 since the age of the deceased was 43 – Computation would be Rs.49,31,527/- from which the amounts payable as financial assistance under the Rules of 2006 will have to be deducted – Additional loss of income payable under the M.V. Act would be Rs.5,96,019/- to which loss of consortium for the widow and three children at Rs.1,60,000/- and loss of estate and funeral expenses of Rs.30,000/- would be added – Total compensation would be Rs.7,86,119/- .[Paras 13-17] Case Law Cited National Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi and Other [2017] 13 SCR 100 : (2017) 16 SCC 680 – followed. Reliance General Insurance Company Ltd. v. Shashi Sharma and Others [2016] 6 SCR 488 : (2016) 9 SCC 627 – relied on.

New India Assurance Company Ltd. v. Ajmero and Others, FAQ No. 2648 of 2016; National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Birendra, 2020 SCC OnLine SC 28; Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation [1998] Supp. 1 SCR 684 : (1999) 1 SCC 90; Rajkumar Agrawal v. Vehicle Tata Venture, Commercial Auto Sales Private Limited, Civil Appeal No. 4941 of 2022; Western India Plywood Ltd. v. P. Ashokan [1997] Supp. 4 SCR 180 : (1997) 7 SCC 638; National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Hamida Khatoon & Others [2009] 8 SCR 248 : (2009) 13 SCC 361; Regional Director, E.S.I Corpn. and Anr. v. Francis De Costa and Anr. [1992] 3 SCR 23 : (1993) Supp. 4 SCC 100; New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Sunita Sharma [2025] 4 SCR 603 : C.A. No. 5093 of 2025 @ SLP(C) No. 9515 of 2020; Krishna v. Tek 2596 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports Chand, SLP(C) No. 5044 of 2019; Sebastiani Lakra & Ors. v. National Insurance Company Ltd. & Anr. [2018] 13 SCR 1053 : (2019) 17 SCC 465; Magma General Insurance Company Ltd. v. Nanu Ram @ Chuhru Ram, 2018 (4) RCR (Civil) 333; New India Assurance Company v. Somwati [2020] 10 SCR 1132 : (2020) 9 SCC 644 – referred to. List of Acts Haryana Compensation Assistance to the Dependents of Deceased Government Employees Rules, 2006; Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. List of Keywords

Motor accident; Compensation; Pecuniary advantages due to the dependents of deceased; Loss of pay and wages; Just compensation; Deducting income tax and personal expenses; Loss of dependency; Funeral expenses; Loss of consortium; Loss of estate; Principle of normal life expectancy of an employee; Pay and allowances; Last drawn salary; Enhancement of compensation. Case Arising From CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No(s). 5609-5610 of 2025 From the Judgment and Order dated 24.01.2019 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in FAO No. 7415 of 2016 and FAO No. 1583 of 2017 With Civil Appeal No(s). 5611-5612 of 2025 Appearances for Parties Advs. for the Appellant: Dr. Meera Agarwal, Ramesh Chandra Mishra. Advs. for the Respondents: M.R. Shamshad, Sr. Adv., Shashank Singh, Ms. Savita Devi, Gaurav Gupta, Rohit Kumar, Akshay Verma, Devendra Kumar Saini, Samar Vijay Singh, Ms. Sabarni Som, Fateh Singh, Aman Dev Sharma, Ayush Gupta, Vaibhav Vikram Singh. [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2597 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Order 1. Leave granted.

2. The claimants are the legal heirs of the deceased who succumbed to the injuries sustained in a motor accident. In the claim petition before the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, they were awarded a compensation of Rs.37,85,800/-. The Insurance Company filed an appeal, restricted to the quantum, especially on the deduction to be allowed with respect to the financial assistance under the Haryana Compensation Assistance to the Dependents of Deceased Government Employees Rules, 20061; whether the same is liable to be deducted from the total compensation. The appeal by the claimants was for enhancement of compensation. 3. The loss of dependency granted by the Tribunal at Rs.35,65,800/-was enhanced to Rs.45,14,986/- employing the multiplier system for calculating loss of dependency as has been declared by a Constitution Bench decision in National Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi and Other2. However, under conventional heads, the award of Rs.2,20,000/- granted by the Tribunal was reduced to Rs.70,000/-. The total compensation was determined at Rs.45,14,986/- out of which half of the compensation under the Rules of 2006 was directed to be deducted i.e. Rs.21,67,704/- on the basis of the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in New India Assurance Company Ltd. v. Ajmero and Others3.

4. Dr.Meera Agarwal, learned Counsel for the Insurance Company submits that the deduction as per the Rules of 2006 has to be 100% as has been held by a decision of this Court in Reliance General Insurance Company Ltd. v. Shashi Sharma and Others4 followed in National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Birendra5. 1 for brevity ‘the Rules of 2006’ 2 (2017) 16 SCC 680 3 FAQ No.2648 of 2016 decided on 31.07.2017 4 (2016) 9 SCC 627 5 2020 SCC OnLine SC 28 2598 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

5. Mr. M.R. Shamshad, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the claimant would however point out that a two Judge Bench of this Court in Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation6 held that life insurance amounts received by heirs on account of the victim’s death was not deductible from the compensation for death in motor accidents. A Coordinate Bench in Rajkumar Agrawal v. Vehicle Tata Venture, Commercial Auto Sales Private Limite7 considering whether the insurance amounts paid under the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 19488 is a similar benefit, as the compensation which is claimed in a case where there is a motor accident, has referred the issue to a larger Bench. The reference was made since in Western India Plywood Ltd. v. P. Ashokan9, National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Hamida Khatoon & Others10 and Regional Director, E.S.I Corpn. and Anr. v. Francis De Costa and Anr.11, there was no authoritative pronouncement on the subject issue. It is also pointed out that even if the issue is found against the claimants, following the decision of this very bench in New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Sunita Sharma12 there should be no refund ordered as of now.

6. In addition to the aforesaid decisions, we have also been apprised of a decision of another Coordinate Bench in Krishna v. Tek Chand13. The two Judge Bench having considered the decision in Helen C. Rebello6 and Shashi Sharma4 found that Shashi Sharma4, a three Judge Bench decision was distinguished by another three Judge Bench in Sebastiani Lakra & Ors. v. National Insurance Company Ltd. & Anr.14 7. Helen C. Rebello6 was a case in which the life insurance amount received by heirs, on account of victim’s death was held to be not deductible from the compensation for death in a motor accident. 6 (1999) 1 SCC 90 7 Civil Appeal No.4941 of 2022 dt.19.01.2023 8 For brevity ‘ESI Act’ 9 (1997) 7 SCC 638 10 (2009) 13 SCC 361 11 (1993) Supp. 4 SCC 100 12 C.A.No.5093 of 2025 @ SLP(C) No.9515 of 2020 13 SLP(C) No.5044 of 2019 delivered on 05.02.2024 14 (2019) 17 SCC 465 [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2599 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. The common law principle of adjusting the pecuniary advantages coming from whatever source, by reason of death, was interpreted as referring to pecuniary advantage on account of accidental death and not coming out of other forms of death. Provident fund, family pension, cash balance, shares, fixed deposits etc. cannot be termed as pecuniary advantages for the purposes of Motor Vehicles Act, especially taking into account the beneficial character of the legislation.

8. Rajkumar Agrawal (supra) referred the question as to whether a motor accident claim would lie with respect to an injured employee, in view of the bar contemplated under Section 53 of the ESI Act; not very relevant in the instant case. Western India Plywood Ltd.9 held that the bar under Section 53 of the ESI Act acted against receiving or recovery of compensation or damages under any other law and is equally applicable to relief under another statute and to a claim in torts. A suit for damages on account of an employment injury was held barred. In Hamida Khatoon10, the applicability of the bar under Section 53 was held to apply even against receiving the compensation under the M.V. Act. In the two Judge Bench decision of Francis De Costa11, the two Judges differed on the question whether the accident suffered by an employee on the public road, while he was on his way to join duty, is one arising out of and in the course of employment. The observation made in so far as a remedy under the M.V. Act is inconsequential, in so far as the issue itself was referred to a three Judge Bench. The larger Bench answered the reference in (1996) 6 SCC 1, against the employee, holding that the injury caused to an employee in an accident while he was travelling to his place of employment would not be covered, unless the accident had at least a causal connection with the work he was doing at the factory. The reference of the specific question need not detain us in the present case where there is an authoritative finding by a three Judge Bench with regard to the Rules of 2006 as is seen from Shashi Sharma4.

9. In Shashi Sharma4, Helen C. Rebello6 and one other decision on the same lines was referred to and distinguished. The principle stated in Helen C. Rebello6 that any pecuniary advantage “due to the dependents of the deceased” which has no direct nexus with the accident, injury or death, would not be deductible from the compensation amount payable under the M.V. Act, was 2600 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

affirmed. However, the compensation claimed under the M.V. Act takes in the component of loss of income which has a direct reference to the “pay and wages” which otherwise would have been earned by the deceased employee, if he had survived the injury caused to him due to the motor accident. Looking at the Rules of 2006, it was held to be a compassionate assistance by way of ex-gratia financial assistance to the deceased government employee who dies in harness and it would be unfathomable if the dependents can still be permitted to claim the same amount as a possible or likely loss of income suffered by them; thus maintaining a claim for compensation of loss of dependency in the context of loss of income, again under the M.V. Act. Whether the claimants would be legitimately entitled for the loss of pay and wages, which in effect is the compensation assessed as loss of income by reason of the death of an employee, when the very same benefits of pay and wages is made available to them under the Rules of 2006 was the question posed. It was answered in the negative since the receipt of both would result in a double benefit. Reference was also made to Section 167 of the M.V. Act wherein a person entitled to claim under the M.V. Act and the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 is permitted to claim such compensation only under either of the enactments, but not under both; reserving the right of election to the injured employee or his dependants.

10. We cannot but notice that the three Judge Bench in Sebastiani Lakra14 was again concerned with ‘just compensation’ and held that amount/advantages accruing to the claimants as a result of some contract or act which the deceased performed in his life time; like on account of insurance, bank deposits, shares, debentures, pensionary benefits, gratuity or grant of employment to a kin of the deceased, which cannot be said to be the outcome or result of death of deceased in a motor vehicle accident, even though these amounts would go into the hands of the claimants after the death of the deceased. Therein an Employees’ Benefit Scheme was held to be not deductible in terms of the judgment in Helen C. Rebello6. While accepting the dictum in Helen C. Rebello6, Shashi Sharma4 was specifically referred to and distinguished. Though Shashi Sharma4 did not in principle disagree with the propositions laid down in Helen C. Rebello6, it all the same permitted deduction of the amounts received under the Rules of 2006 under the head of pay and other [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2601 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. allowances. The Coordinate Bench in Sebastiani Lakra14, also did not differ from the principles laid down in Shashi Sharma4 with specific reference to the Rules of 2006. In any event in Sebastiani Lakra14, a three Judge Bench could not have differed from the dictum of a coordinate Bench in Shashi Sharma4.

11. In this context, we notice that the Constitution Bench decision in Pranay Sethi2 wherein a conflict between two decisions of Coordinate Benches was considered and it was so held in paragraphs No.14, 27 and 28: - 14. The aforesaid analysis in Santosh Devi [Santosh Devi v. National Insurance Co. Ltd., (2012) 6 SCC 421 may prima facie show that the two-Judge Bench has distinguished the observation made in Sarla Verma case [Sarla Verma v. DTC, (2009) 6 SCC 121] but on a studied scrutiny, it becomes clear that it has really expressed a different view than what has been laid down in Sarla Verma [Sarla Verma v. DTC, (2009) 6 SCC 121]. If we permit ourselves to say so, the different view has been expressed in a distinctive tone, for the two-Judge Bench had stated that it was extremely difficult to fathom any rationale for the observations made in para 24 of the judgment in Sarla Verma case [Sarla Verma v. DTC, (2009) 6 SCC 121] in respect of self-employed or a person on fixed salary without provision for annual increment, etc. This is a clear disagreement with the earlier view, and we have no hesitation in saying that it is absolutely impermissible keeping in view the concept of binding precedents.

27. We are compelled to state here that in Munna Lal Jain [Munna Lal Jain v. Vipin Kumar Sharma, (2015) 6 SCC 347], the three-Judge Bench should have been guided by the principle stated in Reshma Kumari [Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan, (2013) 9 SCC 65] which has concurred with the view expressed in Sarla Verma [Sarla Verma v. DTC, (2009) 6 SCC 121] or in case of disagreement, it should have been well advised to refer the case to a larger Bench. We say so, as we have already expressed the opinion that the dicta laid down in Reshma Kumari 2602 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports [Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan, (2013) 9 SCC 65] being earlier in point of time would be a binding precedent and not the decision in Rajesh [Rajesh v. Rajbir Singh, (2013) 9 SCC 54]. 28. In this context, we may also refer to Sundeep Kumar Bafna v. State of Maharashtra [Sundeep Kumar Bafna v.

State of Maharashtra, (2014) 16 SCC 623] which correctly lays down the principle that discipline demanded by a precedent or the disqualification or diminution of a decision on the application of the per incuriam rule is of great importance, since without it, certainty of law, consistency of rulings and comity of courts would become a costly casualty. A decision or judgment can be per incuriam any provision in a statute, rule or regulation, which was not brought to the notice of the court. A decision or judgment can also be per incuriam if it is not possible to reconcile its ratio with that of a previously pronounced judgment of a co-equal or larger Bench. There can be no scintilla of doubt that an earlier decision of co-equal Bench binds the Bench of same strength. Though the judgment in Rajesh case [Rajesh v. Rajbir Singh, (2013) 9 SCC 54] was delivered on a later date, it had not apprised itself of the law stated in Reshma Kumari [Reshma Kumari v. Madan Mohan, (2013) 9 SCC 65] but had been guided by Santosh Devi [Santosh Devi v. National Insurance Co. Ltd., (2012) 6 SCC 421] . We have no hesitation that it is not a binding precedent on the co-equal Bench. (underlining by us for emphasis)

12. In the teeth of the decision of the Constitution Bench with all the respect at our command, we cannot agree with the two Judge Bench decision in Krishna13. Nor can we find Sebastiani Lakra14 having clarified Shashi Sharma4 and we are hence, bound to follow Shashi Sharma4 which has been followed in Birendera5, another two Judge Bench and also by this very Division Bench in Sunita Sharma12. 13. Now we come to the quantum in the appeal filed by the claimants. The loss of dependency awarded by the High Court is Rs.44,44,986/-reckoning the future prospects and the multiplier applicable to a [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2603 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others.

person between the age of 40 and 45 and deducting income tax and personal expenses, which are in tune with the dictum in Pranay Sethi2. However, we have to notice that the compensation under conventional heads has not been restricted to Rs.70,000/- in Pranay Sethi2 but has been restricted to Rs.40,000/- for loss of consortium, Rs.15,000/- for funeral expenses and Rs.15,000/- for loss of estate. Magma General Insurance Company Ltd. v. Nanu Ram @ Chuhru Ram15 and in New India Assurance Company v. Somwati16 declared the principle that in addition to loss of spousal consortium, loss of parental & filial consortium also have to be considered. This does not go against the judgment of the Constitution Bench and is in tune with the three Judge Bench in Sebastiani Lakra14 which also emphasise the need for ‘just compensation’.

14. In the above context we notice that here the loss of consortium is entitled to the spouse and the three children of the deceased which will come to Rs.1,60,000/-. This amount cannot be reduced by any amounts received by the claimants under the Rules of 2006. The Rules of 2006 permits the last drawn salary of the deceased to be continued to the family of the employee but for different periods dependent upon the age of the deceased. If the deceased was aged 35 years, then the last drawn pay and allowances would be payable for a period of 15 years and if the employee is between 35 years and 48 years of age, the period would be reduced to 12 years and for an employee who died at the age of 48 years, the payment would be restricted to 7 years. The year-wise restriction made applicable in the Rules of 2006 is also on the principle of the normal life expectancy of an employee on which principle, the multiplier system has been introduced and affirmed in Sarla Verma’s case. 15. Hence, the proper method would be for the Tribunal itself considering the death of a Government employee, to whom the Rules of 2006 is applicable, to first consider the loss of income, quantum of compensation with reference to loss of income as would be available from the principles enunciated in Sarla Verma and Pranay Sethi’s case and to deduct the pay and allowances payable under the Rules of 2006. If the compensation for loss of income arrived at under the 15 2018 (4) RCR (Civil) 333

16 (2020) 9 SCC 644 2604 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports M.V. Act is more, then necessarily the difference has to be paid to the claimants.

16. In the present case, the deceased was aged 43 years and was getting a salary of Rs.28,300/- per month which takes his annual income to Rs.3,39,600/-. The deceased left behind his wife and three children, thus he was earning for a family comprised of five persons, in which context, the deduction for personal expenses has to be 1/4th. The High Court has deducted the income tax to arrive at the annual income of Rs.3,25,640/- and an addition has been made for future prospects at the rate of 30% which is in accordance with Pranay Sethi2. The High Court has also reduced half of the financial assistance payable computed at Rs.43,35,408/- under the Rules of 2006. The High Court also relied on PW-4, an employee in the District Employment Office, Fatehabad who has deposed that the family of the deceased is entitled to a salary of Rs.30,107/- for the month of August 2015 which in accordance with the Rules of 2006 would be continued for 12 years coming to a total of Rs.43,35,408/-. Obviously, this is the last drawn salary of the deceased which should have been reckoned for the purpose of calculating the loss of income under the M.V. Act also. Considering the fact that no deduction for the income tax has been made in the amounts entitled to the family of the deceased for 12 years, which would be deducted only from monthly payments, we are of the view that there could be no deduction made even while computing the loss of income from the last drawn pay; for income tax.

17. Hence, the loss of income, ideally would have to be computed in the following manner. Obviously since the amounts payable under the Rules of 2006 is the last drawn pay in computing the loss of income under the M.V Act necessarily the future prospects will have to be added and the multiplier applicable would be 14 since the age of the deceased was 43. The computation hence would be 30,107 x 12 x 14 x 130% x 3/4 = Rs.49,31,527/- from which the amounts payable as financial assistance under the Financial Assistance Rules of 2006 will have to be deducted which is Rs. 43,35,408/-. The additional loss of income payable under the M.V. Act would be Rs. 5,96,019/-to which will be added loss of consortium for the widow and three children at Rs. 1,60,000/- and loss of estate and funeral expenses of Rs. 30,000/-. The total compensation would be Rs. 7,86,119/-. The compensation already paid shall not be refunded. [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2605 New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Kamlesh and Others. 18. The Appeals are disposed of on the afore said terms on the question of law, following Shashi Sharma4. 19. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. Result of the case: Appeals disposed of. †Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain