[2025] 4 S.C.R. 2558 : 2025 INSC 686 Sanjay Colaro v. State of Karnataka (Criminal Appeal No. 2133 of 2025) 21 April 2025 [Vikram Nath and K.V. Viswanathan, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Matter pertains to the extension of benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 to the appellant for causing a road accident, resulting in the death of the pedestrian. Headnotes† Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 – Benefit under – Death by rash driving on a public way – Rash and negligent driving by the appellant resulting in the death of the pedestrian – Trial court convicted the appellant u/ss.279 and 304A with six months imprisonment and fine – High Court upheld the conviction and sentence awarded to the appellant – Interference with: Held: Not called for – However, with regard to the sentence imposed, benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act extended – Sentence by which appellant was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for six months set aside – Compensation of Rs.10,00,000/- awarded in favour of the surviving legal heirs of the deceased in lieu of the benefit extended to the appellant – Penal Code, 1860 – ss.279, 304A. [Paras 11-13] List of Acts Probation of Offenders Act, 1958; Penal Code, 1860; Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. List of Keywords

Driving in rash and negligent manner; Road accident; Compensation in lieu of benefit extended to accused; District Legal Services Authority; Underprivileged sections of society; Agricultural workers; Daily-wage labourers. [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2559 Sanjay Colaro v. State of Karnataka Case Arising From CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 2133 of 2025 From the Judgment and Order dated 21.11.2022 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bengaluru in CRLRP No. 323 of 2013 Appearances for Parties Advs. for the Appellant: Dr. Manish Singhvi, Sr. Adv., Vikalp Sharma, Ms. Mehaak Jaggi. Advs. for the Respondent: V.N. Raghupathy, Raghavendra M. Kulkarni, Varun Varma, M. Bangaraswamy, Venkata Raghu Mannepalli, Md. Apzal Ansari, Shiv Kumar, Ms. Vaishnavi, Prakash Jadhav. Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Order 1. Leave granted. 2. The instant appeal has been preferred by the accused-appellant against the final judgment dated 21.11.2022 passed by the High Court of Karnataka in Criminal Revision Petition No. 323 of 2013 wherein the High Court has dismissed the revision petition preferred by the appellant herein and upheld the judgment of conviction and sentence dated 21.11.2011 passed by the Principal Civil Judge & JMFC, Ramanagara1 in CC No. 431 of 2008 under Section 279 and 304A of Indian Penal Code, 1860.2

3. Briefly put, the case of the prosecution is that on 29.03.2008, at about 11 a.m. near a place called Ramadevara Pada on Bengaluru-Mysuru Road, the accused-appellant has been alleged to be driving his motorcar bearing registration no. KA-03-MC-2926 in a rash and negligent manner and dashed into one Sri Chaluvappa, a pedestrian. Due to the said accident, the said Chaluvappa sustained multiple injuries on his body and succumbed to the same before he was taken 1 Trial Court 2 IPC 2560 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports to the hospital. The accused was charged of offences punishable under Sections 279 and 304A of the IPC. 4. The appellant was convicted under the above-mentioned provisions vide judgment dated 21.11.2011 and was sentenced to undergo simple imprisonment for a period of six months and a fine of Rs. 5,000/-, failing which he was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for one month. The appellant preferred an appeal before the Principal District and Sessions Judge, Ramanagara District which was dismissed vide order dated 25.02.2013 and the judgment passed by the Trial Court was affirmed. 5. Aggrieved by the order passed by the first appellate court, the appellant filed a Criminal Revision Petition before the High Court. The High Court, vide the impugned order, dismissed the said revision petition and affirmed the conviction and sentence awarded to the appellant, while also granting 45 days to the appellant to surrender before the Trial Court.

6. Aggrieved by the impugned order, the appellant is before us. 7. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties and perused the material on record. 8. Dr. Manish Singhvi, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, has submitted that the said unfortunate incident is admittedly a case of road accident without any malicious intent on the part of the appellant and that no constructive purpose shall be served by making the appellant go through the incarceration period. It was submitted that, instead, the appellant should be extended the benefit of either the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 or Section 360 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 19733 and the appellant be made to pay reasonable compensation to the legal heirs of the deceased which would actually benefit the family members of the deceased person. 9. Being inclined towards accepting the suggestion made by the learned senior counsel for the appellant, this Court vide order dated 03.02.2025, had directed Mr. V.N. Raghupathy, learned counsel appearing for the respondent-State of Karnataka to obtain instructions with respect to the details of the legal heirs of the deceased and also about their current status. 3 Cr.P.C. [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2561 Sanjay Colaro v. State of Karnataka

10. As such, pursuant to the order dated 03.02.2025, the State of Karnataka has filed an affidavit dated 07.03.2025 providing the details of the legal heirs of the deceased. There are ten surviving legal heirs of the deceased as described in Annexure-1 to the said affidavit and their details are reproduced as below: S. Family Member Age Relation Status No. 1 Sri Chaluvaiah @ - Deceased - Chaluvappa 2 Smt. Chikkamma Died Wife - 3 Sri Ramakrishnaiah 64 Son Agriculture, Basavanapura, 9611664601 yrs. Ramanagara Taluk & district 4 Smt. Jayamma 62 Daughter Widow, Labour work, yrs. Bangalore City 5 Sri Devaraju 60 Son Labour Work, yrs. Basavanapura, Ramanagara Taluk & district 6 Smt. Gowramma 58 Daughter Widow, Labour Work, yrs. Sunnagatta, Village, Channapatna Taluk, Ramanagara district 7 Sri. Narayanappa 56 Son Agriculture, Shivanagara, 9845351940 yrs. Bangalore 8 Smt. Sushilamma 54 Daughter Labour Work, Vaderahally, yrs. Ramanagara Taluk & district 9 Smt. Kamalamma 52 Daughter Widow, Labour Work, 9980006480 yrs. Basavanapura, Ramanagara Taluk & district 10 Smt. Ammayamma 50 Daughter Widow, Labour Work, yrs. Vidyanagara, Ramanagara Town 11 Sri Nagesh 48 Son Provision Store, Kengeri, 9986401222 yrs. Bangalore city 12 Smt. Yashodamma 46 Daughter Widow, Labour Work, yrs. Danayakanapura, Ramanagara Taluk & district 2562 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

11. Considering the facts and circumstances of the case, we find no reason to interfere with the concurrent conviction against the appellant. However, with regard to the sentence imposed, we deem it appropriate to extend to the appellant the benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act and set aside the sentence by which he has been directed to undergo simple imprisonment for six months. Further, we award a total compensation of Rs. 10,00,000/- (Rupees ten lakhs only) in favour of the surviving legal heirs of the deceased in lieu of the benefit extended to the appellant and the appellant shall duly conform with the payment of such compensation. 12. Accordingly, the appellant is directed to deposit a sum of Rs. 10,00,000/- (Rupees ten lakhs only) with the Trial Court within eight weeks from today. Out of the said amount, Rs. 1,00,000/-(Rupees one lakh) is to be paid to each of the ten legal heirs of the deceased, as described in table referred to above.

13. Further, since it is apparent that the legal heirs of the deceased are mostly agricultural workers or daily-wage labourers belonging to underprivileged sections of the society, we believe that it will be beneficial if some assistance is extended to the legal heirs by the District Legal Services Authority in receiving & disbursing the said amount. As such, we direct the Member Secretary of the District Legal Service Authority at Ramanagara,4 after due verification of the legal heirs, to assist them in getting their bank accounts opened and ensure that the due amount is remitted to their respective bank accounts expeditiously. 14. Lastly, the Member Secretary, DLSA, Ramanagra is directed to file a status report on the above-directed aspects before this Court within three months of the receipt of this order. 15. Accordingly, the instant appeal is disposed of in terms of the above directions. Result of the case: Appeal disposed of. †Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain 4 DLSA

[2025] 4 S.C.R. 2558 : 2025 INSC 686 Sanjay Colaro v. State of Karnataka (Criminal Appeal No. 2133 of 2025) 21 April 2025 [Vikram Nath and K.V. Viswanathan, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Matter pertains to the extension of benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 to the appellant for causing a road accident, resulting in the death of the pedestrian. Headnotes† Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 – Benefit under – Death by rash driving on a public way – Rash and negligent driving by the appellant resulting in the death of the pedestrian – Trial court convicted the appellant u/ss.279 and 304A with six months imprisonment and fine – High Court upheld the conviction and sentence awarded to the appellant – Interference with: Held: Not called for – However, with regard to the sentence imposed, benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act extended – Sentence by which appellant was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for six months set aside – Compensation of Rs.10,00,000/- awarded in favour of the surviving legal heirs of the deceased in lieu of the benefit extended to the appellant – Penal Code, 1860 – ss.279, 304A. [Paras 11-13] List of Acts Probation of Offenders Act, 1958; Penal Code, 1860; Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. List of Keywords

Driving in rash and negligent manner; Road accident; Compensation in lieu of benefit extended to accused; District Legal Services Authority; Underprivileged sections of society; Agricultural workers; Daily-wage labourers. [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2559 Sanjay Colaro v. State of Karnataka Case Arising From CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 2133 of 2025 From the Judgment and Order dated 21.11.2022 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bengaluru in CRLRP No. 323 of 2013 Appearances for Parties Advs. for the Appellant: Dr. Manish Singhvi, Sr. Adv., Vikalp Sharma, Ms. Mehaak Jaggi. Advs. for the Respondent: V.N. Raghupathy, Raghavendra M. Kulkarni, Varun Varma, M. Bangaraswamy, Venkata Raghu Mannepalli, Md. Apzal Ansari, Shiv Kumar, Ms. Vaishnavi, Prakash Jadhav. Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Order 1. Leave granted. 2. The instant appeal has been preferred by the accused-appellant against the final judgment dated 21.11.2022 passed by the High Court of Karnataka in Criminal Revision Petition No. 323 of 2013 wherein the High Court has dismissed the revision petition preferred by the appellant herein and upheld the judgment of conviction and sentence dated 21.11.2011 passed by the Principal Civil Judge & JMFC, Ramanagara1 in CC No. 431 of 2008 under Section 279 and 304A of Indian Penal Code, 1860.2

3. Briefly put, the case of the prosecution is that on 29.03.2008, at about 11 a.m. near a place called Ramadevara Pada on Bengaluru-Mysuru Road, the accused-appellant has been alleged to be driving his motorcar bearing registration no. KA-03-MC-2926 in a rash and negligent manner and dashed into one Sri Chaluvappa, a pedestrian. Due to the said accident, the said Chaluvappa sustained multiple injuries on his body and succumbed to the same before he was taken 1 Trial Court 2 IPC 2560 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports to the hospital. The accused was charged of offences punishable under Sections 279 and 304A of the IPC. 4. The appellant was convicted under the above-mentioned provisions vide judgment dated 21.11.2011 and was sentenced to undergo simple imprisonment for a period of six months and a fine of Rs. 5,000/-, failing which he was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for one month. The appellant preferred an appeal before the Principal District and Sessions Judge, Ramanagara District which was dismissed vide order dated 25.02.2013 and the judgment passed by the Trial Court was affirmed. 5. Aggrieved by the order passed by the first appellate court, the appellant filed a Criminal Revision Petition before the High Court. The High Court, vide the impugned order, dismissed the said revision petition and affirmed the conviction and sentence awarded to the appellant, while also granting 45 days to the appellant to surrender before the Trial Court.

6. Aggrieved by the impugned order, the appellant is before us. 7. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties and perused the material on record. 8. Dr. Manish Singhvi, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, has submitted that the said unfortunate incident is admittedly a case of road accident without any malicious intent on the part of the appellant and that no constructive purpose shall be served by making the appellant go through the incarceration period. It was submitted that, instead, the appellant should be extended the benefit of either the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 or Section 360 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 19733 and the appellant be made to pay reasonable compensation to the legal heirs of the deceased which would actually benefit the family members of the deceased person. 9. Being inclined towards accepting the suggestion made by the learned senior counsel for the appellant, this Court vide order dated 03.02.2025, had directed Mr. V.N. Raghupathy, learned counsel appearing for the respondent-State of Karnataka to obtain instructions with respect to the details of the legal heirs of the deceased and also about their current status. 3 Cr.P.C. [2025] 4 S.C.R. 2561 Sanjay Colaro v. State of Karnataka

10. As such, pursuant to the order dated 03.02.2025, the State of Karnataka has filed an affidavit dated 07.03.2025 providing the details of the legal heirs of the deceased. There are ten surviving legal heirs of the deceased as described in Annexure-1 to the said affidavit and their details are reproduced as below: S. Family Member Age Relation Status No. 1 Sri Chaluvaiah @ - Deceased - Chaluvappa 2 Smt. Chikkamma Died Wife - 3 Sri Ramakrishnaiah 64 Son Agriculture, Basavanapura, 9611664601 yrs. Ramanagara Taluk & district 4 Smt. Jayamma 62 Daughter Widow, Labour work, yrs. Bangalore City 5 Sri Devaraju 60 Son Labour Work, yrs. Basavanapura, Ramanagara Taluk & district 6 Smt. Gowramma 58 Daughter Widow, Labour Work, yrs. Sunnagatta, Village, Channapatna Taluk, Ramanagara district 7 Sri. Narayanappa 56 Son Agriculture, Shivanagara, 9845351940 yrs. Bangalore 8 Smt. Sushilamma 54 Daughter Labour Work, Vaderahally, yrs. Ramanagara Taluk & district 9 Smt. Kamalamma 52 Daughter Widow, Labour Work, 9980006480 yrs. Basavanapura, Ramanagara Taluk & district 10 Smt. Ammayamma 50 Daughter Widow, Labour Work, yrs. Vidyanagara, Ramanagara Town 11 Sri Nagesh 48 Son Provision Store, Kengeri, 9986401222 yrs. Bangalore city 12 Smt. Yashodamma 46 Daughter Widow, Labour Work, yrs. Danayakanapura, Ramanagara Taluk & district 2562 [2025] 4 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

11. Considering the facts and circumstances of the case, we find no reason to interfere with the concurrent conviction against the appellant. However, with regard to the sentence imposed, we deem it appropriate to extend to the appellant the benefit under the Probation of Offenders Act and set aside the sentence by which he has been directed to undergo simple imprisonment for six months. Further, we award a total compensation of Rs. 10,00,000/- (Rupees ten lakhs only) in favour of the surviving legal heirs of the deceased in lieu of the benefit extended to the appellant and the appellant shall duly conform with the payment of such compensation. 12. Accordingly, the appellant is directed to deposit a sum of Rs. 10,00,000/- (Rupees ten lakhs only) with the Trial Court within eight weeks from today. Out of the said amount, Rs. 1,00,000/-(Rupees one lakh) is to be paid to each of the ten legal heirs of the deceased, as described in table referred to above.

13. Further, since it is apparent that the legal heirs of the deceased are mostly agricultural workers or daily-wage labourers belonging to underprivileged sections of the society, we believe that it will be beneficial if some assistance is extended to the legal heirs by the District Legal Services Authority in receiving & disbursing the said amount. As such, we direct the Member Secretary of the District Legal Service Authority at Ramanagara,4 after due verification of the legal heirs, to assist them in getting their bank accounts opened and ensure that the due amount is remitted to their respective bank accounts expeditiously. 14. Lastly, the Member Secretary, DLSA, Ramanagra is directed to file a status report on the above-directed aspects before this Court within three months of the receipt of this order. 15. Accordingly, the instant appeal is disposed of in terms of the above directions. Result of the case: Appeal disposed of. †Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain 4 DLSA