[2025] 3 S.C.R. 629 : 2025 INSC 309 C. Kamalakkannan v. State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai (Criminal Appeal No. 1056 of 2025) 03 March 2025 [Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta,* JJ.] Issue for Consideration Whether a handwriting expert’s testimony has to be corroborated; whether in the absence of primary evidence, i.e. the original postal cover, a copy of the document is admissible. Headnotes† Evidence law – Handwriting expert testimony – Whether to be corroborated – Murari Lal v. State of M.P. followed – No rule of law that opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert must never be acted upon, unless substantially corroborated – But approach should be one of caution – Appellant convicted under Penal Code 1860, under Sections 120B, 468 and 471 read with Section 109 for preparing a postal cover in which a forged document was supposedly transmitted – Principal Sessions Judge affirmed judgment passed by trial court – Revision petition rejected by High Court vide impugned judgment: Held: Reliance placed on Murari Lal v. State of M.P. – There can be no fixed rule as such that the opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert must never be acted upon, unless substantially corroborated – But, having due regard to the imperfect nature of the science of identification of handwriting, the approach should be one of caution – Probe the reasons for the opinion, consider all other relevant evidence and decide finally to accept or reject it. [Para 12]

Postal cover allegedly bearing handwriting of the Appellant not available on record – Prosecution failed to lead primary * Author 630 [2025] 3 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports evidence – Trial Court could not have concluded that handwriting on disputed document was of the Appellant – Postal cover never proved as per law – Evidentiary value of handwriting expert rendered redundant – Conviction of Appellant does not stand scrutiny – Appeal allowed: Held: Trial court relied on testimony of handwriting expert to conclude handwriting on postal cover was of the Appellant – However, Trial court noted that the postal cover which allegedly bore the handwriting of the Appellant was not available on record – Prosecution failed to lead primary evidence, in form of the original postal cover – Trial court could not have concluded that the prosecution had succeeded in proving that the handwriting on the disputed document was that of the accused appellant – Non-exhibition of the original document will lead to the inference that the impugned document i.e., the postal cover, was never proved as per law – As a consequence, evidentiary value of the handwriting expert’s report concluding that the postal cover bore the handwriting of the accused appellant rendered redundant – Conviction of Appellant does not stand scrutiny – Appeal allowed – Appellant acquitted of all charges. [Para 13] Case Law Cited Murari Lal v. State of M.P [1980] 2 SCR 249 : (1980) 1 SCC 704 – followed. List of Acts

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; Penal code, 1860; Evidence Act, 1872. List of Keywords Postal cover; Forged marksheet; Handwriting expert; Corroboration; Expert report; Evidentiary value. Case Arising From CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1056 of 2025 From the Judgment and Order dated 16.04.2019 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras, in CRLRC No. 1601 of 2017 [2025] 3 S.C.R. 631 C. Kamalakkannan v. State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai Appearances for Parties Advs. for the Appellant: S. Nagamuthu, Sr. Adv., M.P. Parthiban, Ankur Prakash, Mrs. Priyanka Singh, Bilal Mansoor, Shreyas Kaushal, S. Geyolin Selvam, Alagiri K. Advs. for the Respondent: V.Krishnamurthy, Sr. A.A.G., Sabarish Subramanian, Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Ms. Azka Sheikh Kalia, Ms. Jahnavi Taneja, Danish Saifi. Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Judgment Mehta, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The appellant herein has preferred the instant appeal by special leave for assailing his conviction in Calendar Case No. 279 of 2011 on the file of the Judicial Magistrate No. 1, Thiruvallur1 for the offences punishable under Sections 120B, 468 and 471 (2 counts) read with Section 109 of the Indian Penal Code, 18602.

3. The trial Court vide judgment dated 25th October, 2016, convicted the appellant and the co-accused persons for the aforesaid offences. The accused appellant was sentenced to imprisonment already undergone as an undertrial i.e., from 22nd October, 1996 to 16th November, 1996 along with fine of Rs.1,000/- on the count of Section 120B IPC; fine of Rs.1,000/- on the count of Section 468 IPC and a fine of Rs.2,000/- on the 2 counts of Section 471 IPC. In case of a default, the accused appellant was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for two months. 4. In appeal3, the Principal Sessions Judge, Thiruvallur4, vide judgment dated 23rd October, 2017 affirmed the judgment passed by the trial 1 Hereinafter, referred to as the ‘trial Court’. 2 Hereinafter, referred to as ‘IPC’. 3 Criminal Appeal No. 47 of 2017. 4 Hereinafter, referred to as the ‘appellate Court’. 632 [2025] 3 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports Court but reduced the fine amount to Rs.600/- on each count of Sections 120B, 468 and 471 (2 counts) of IPC. In case of a default, the accused appellant was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for two months. 5. The revision petition5 preferred by the accused appellant also stands rejected by the High Court of Judicature at Madras6 vide judgment dated 16th April, 2019 which is the subject matter of challenge in this appeal by special leave.

6. In brief, the case of the prosecution is that the marksheet produced by one Kumari Amudha while applying for admission in the MBBS course, was found to be fabricated. She had secured only 767 marks out of 1200 marks whereas the document i.e., the marksheet produced by her, for admission to the MBBS course portrayed the marks obtained by her to be 1120 out of 1200 marks. A criminal case7 came to be registered and after investigation, charge-sheet was filed against the accused appellant and the other co-accused persons for the offences punishable under Sections 120B, 468 and 471 of IPC. As mentioned above, the trial resulted in the conviction of the accused appellant and the appeal and revision petition preferred by him were also dismissed. Hence this appeal by special leave.

7. Shri S. Nagamuthu, learned senior counsel representing the accused appellant urged that the only allegation of the prosecution against the appellant is that he prepared the postal cover in which the forged marksheet was supposedly transmitted. He urged that the trial Court placed reliance on the deposition of the co-accused for convicting the accused appellant which tantamounts to a gross illegality. He further submitted that the original postal cover was never produced and exhibited by the prosecution during its evidence before the trial Court. Thus, the conclusion drawn by the trial Court that the accused appellant had prepared the postal cover in his handwriting is ex-facie illegal as the said fact was not proved by leading proper evidence. He further contended that the 5 Criminal Revision Case No. 1601 of 2017. 6 Hereinafter, referred to as the ‘High Court’. 7 FIR being Crime No. 2172 of 1996. [2025] 3 S.C.R. 633 C. Kamalakkannan v.

State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai only evidence, based upon which the Courts below have recorded the guilt of the accused appellant is that of the handwriting expert (PW-18). Learned senior counsel urged that the reasoning sheet prepared by the handwriting expert (PW-18) during the course of scientific examination of the disputed documents was not brought on record and proved by the handwriting expert while testifying on oath and thus, the report of the handwriting expert (PW-18) is inadmissible in evidence. 8. Shri S. Nagamuthu further submitted that the trial Court committed a fundamental error while placing implicit reliance upon the report of the handwriting expert (PW-18), the evidentiary value whereof, has to be proved like any other document because the comparison of handwriting is not a complete/conclusive science. He thus, urged that the accused appellant deserves to be acquitted of the charges by setting aside the impugned judgments.

9. Per contra, learned counsel appearing for the State, vehemently and fervently opposed the submissions advanced by the appellant’s counsel. He urged that the contention of the appellant’s counsel that the trial Court placed reliance on the testimony of Vijaya Kumar (PW-9), being the father of the girl i.e., Kumari Amudha, whose marksheet was forged, is misplaced because the said Vijaya Kumar (PW-9) was initially a listed witness of the prosecution, but after recording his deposition as a witness, the trial Court summoned him to face trial and there is a categoric finding in the trial Court’s judgment that the evidence of Vijaya Kumar (PW-9) is not acceptable. He further submitted that the original postal cover in which the forged marksheet had been forwarded could not be traced out and thus, the prosecution was very much entitled to place reliance on the photostat copy of the said document by treating it to be admissible as secondary evidence. 10. We have given our thoughtful consideration to the submissions advanced at the bar and have gone through the material available on record. 11. At the outset, it may be noted that the highest case of the prosecution as against the accused appellant is that the postal cover in which the forged marksheet was purportedly transmitted, bore his handwriting. This fact was sought to be proved through the testimony of the handwriting expert (PW-18). 634 [2025] 3 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

12. The locus classicus on this issue is Murari Lal v. State of M.P.8, wherein this Court laid down the principles with regard to the extent to which reliance can be placed on the evidence of an expert witness and when corroboration of such evidence may be sought. The relevant paragraphs are extracted hereinbelow:-“4. We will first consider the argument, a stale argument often heard, particularly in Criminal Courts, that the opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert should not be acted upon without substantial corroboration. We shall presently point out how the argument cannot be justified on principle or precedent. We begin with the observation that the expert is no accomplice. There is no justification for condemning his opinion-evidence to the same class of evidence as that of an accomplice and insist upon corroboration. True, it has occasionally been said on very high authority that it would be hazardous to base a conviction solely on the opinion of a handwriting expert. But, the hazard in accepting the opinion of any expert, handwriting expert or any other kind of expert, is not because experts, in general, are unreliable witnesses — the quality of credibility or incredibility being one which an expert shares with all other witnesses — but because all human judgment is fallible and an expert may go wrong because of some defect of observation, some error of premises or honest mistake of conclusion. The more developed and the more perfect a science, the less the chance of an incorrect opinion and the converse if the science is less developed and imperfect. The science of identification of finger-prints has attained near perfection and the risk of an incorrect opinion is practically non-existent. On the other hand, the science of identification of handwriting is not nearly so perfect and the risk is, therefore, higher. But that is a far cry from doubting the opinion of a handwriting expert as an invariable rule and insisting upon substantial corroboration in every case, howsoever the opinion may be backed by the soundest of reasons. It is hardly fair to

8 (1980) 1 SCC 704. [2025] 3 S.C.R. 635 C. Kamalakkannan v. State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai an expert to view his opinion with an initial suspicion and to treat him as an inferior sort of witness. His opinion has to be tested by the acceptability of the reasons given by him. An expert deposes and not decides. [..] 6. Expert testimony is made relevant by Section 45 of the Evidence Act and where the Court has to form an opinion upon a point as to identity of handwriting, the opinion of a person “specially skilled” “in questions as to identity of handwriting” is expressly made a relevant fact……… So, corroboration may not invariably be insisted upon before acting on the opinion of an handwriting expert and there need be no initial suspicion. But, on the facts of a particular case, a court may require corroboration of a varying degree. There can be no hard and fast rule, but nothing will justify the rejection of the opinion of an expert supported by unchallenged reasons on the sole ground that it is not corroborated. The approach of a court while dealing with the opinion of a handwriting expert should be to proceed cautiously, probe the reasons for the opinion, consider all other relevant evidence and decide finally to accept or reject it.

11. We are firmly of the opinion that there is no rule of law, nor any rule of prudence which has crystallized into a rule of law, that opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert must never be acted upon, unless substantially corroborated. But, having due regard to the imperfect nature of the science of identification of handwriting, the approach, as we indicated earlier, should be one of caution. Reasons for the opinion must be carefully probed and examined. All other relevant evidence must be considered. In appropriate cases, corroboration may be sought. In cases where the reasons for the opinion are convincing and there is no reliable evidence throwing a doubt, the uncorroborated testimony of an handwriting expert may be accepted. There cannot be any inflexible rule on a matter which, in the ultimate analysis, is no more than a question of testimonial weight. We have said so much because this is an argument frequently met with in 636 [2025] 3 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports subordinate courts and sentences torn out of context from the judgments of this Court are often flaunted.” (emphasis supplied)

13. The trial Court in the instant case, placed reliance on the testimony of the handwriting expert (PW-18) and the expert report (Exhibit A-31) to conclude that the handwriting on the postal cover was that of C. Kamalakkannan i.e., the second accused (appellant herein). To test the veracity of this finding, we have perused the material available on record and find that the trial Court, in its judgment has noted that the postal cover which allegedly bore the handwriting of C. Kamalakkannan, the second accused (appellant herein) was not available on record and thus, the accused appellant had raised an objection against exhibiting the copy thereof. Consequently, the postal cover could not be exhibited in evidence. As the prosecution failed to lead primary evidence, in form of the original postal cover, the trial Court could not have concluded that the prosecution had succeeded in proving that the handwriting on the disputed document was that of the accused appellant. Non-exhibiting of the original document would lead to the only possible inference that the questioned document i.e., the postal cover was never proved as per law and as a consequence, the evidentiary value of the handwriting expert’s report concluding that the postal cover bore the handwriting of the accused appellant is rendered redundant.

14. Furthermore, on going through the evidence of the handwriting expert (PW-18), as referred to in the trial Court’s judgment, we find that the expert witness stated that he received the documents as Exhibit A-2, Exhibit A-14 and Exhibit A-15 and a postal cover. Thus, even the handwriting expert (PW-18) did not identify the postal cover, which was the subject matter of examination, as being the same which allegedly bore the handwriting of the accused appellant. 15. In wake of the above discussion, we have no hesitation in holding that the prosecution miserably failed to prove the existence of the disputed postal cover in which the forged marksheet was purportedly posted. Since the postal cover itself was not exhibited and proved in evidence, there is no question of accepting the prosecution theory that the same bore the handwriting of the accused appellant. As a result, the conviction of the appellant as recorded by the trial Court [2025] 3 S.C.R. 637 C. Kamalakkannan v. State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai and affirmed by the appellate Court as well as the High Court does not stand to scrutiny and the appellant is entitled to a clean acquittal. 16. Resultantly, the appeal is allowed. The impugned judgments, dated 25th October, 2016 passed by the trial Court, dated 23rd October, 2017 passed by the appellate Court and dated 16th April, 2019 passed by the High Court, are hereby quashed and set aside.

17. The appellant is acquitted of the charges. 18. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. Result of the case: Appeal allowed. †Headnotes prepared by: Harshit Anand, Hony. Associate Editor (Verified by: Shibhani Ghosh, Adv.)

[2025] 3 S.C.R. 629 : 2025 INSC 309 C. Kamalakkannan v. State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai (Criminal Appeal No. 1056 of 2025) 03 March 2025 [Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta,* JJ.] Issue for Consideration Whether a handwriting expert’s testimony has to be corroborated; whether in the absence of primary evidence, i.e. the original postal cover, a copy of the document is admissible. Headnotes† Evidence law – Handwriting expert testimony – Whether to be corroborated – Murari Lal v. State of M.P. followed – No rule of law that opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert must never be acted upon, unless substantially corroborated – But approach should be one of caution – Appellant convicted under Penal Code 1860, under Sections 120B, 468 and 471 read with Section 109 for preparing a postal cover in which a forged document was supposedly transmitted – Principal Sessions Judge affirmed judgment passed by trial court – Revision petition rejected by High Court vide impugned judgment: Held: Reliance placed on Murari Lal v. State of M.P. – There can be no fixed rule as such that the opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert must never be acted upon, unless substantially corroborated – But, having due regard to the imperfect nature of the science of identification of handwriting, the approach should be one of caution – Probe the reasons for the opinion, consider all other relevant evidence and decide finally to accept or reject it. [Para 12]

Postal cover allegedly bearing handwriting of the Appellant not available on record – Prosecution failed to lead primary * Author 630 [2025] 3 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports evidence – Trial Court could not have concluded that handwriting on disputed document was of the Appellant – Postal cover never proved as per law – Evidentiary value of handwriting expert rendered redundant – Conviction of Appellant does not stand scrutiny – Appeal allowed: Held: Trial court relied on testimony of handwriting expert to conclude handwriting on postal cover was of the Appellant – However, Trial court noted that the postal cover which allegedly bore the handwriting of the Appellant was not available on record – Prosecution failed to lead primary evidence, in form of the original postal cover – Trial court could not have concluded that the prosecution had succeeded in proving that the handwriting on the disputed document was that of the accused appellant – Non-exhibition of the original document will lead to the inference that the impugned document i.e., the postal cover, was never proved as per law – As a consequence, evidentiary value of the handwriting expert’s report concluding that the postal cover bore the handwriting of the accused appellant rendered redundant – Conviction of Appellant does not stand scrutiny – Appeal allowed – Appellant acquitted of all charges. [Para 13] Case Law Cited Murari Lal v. State of M.P [1980] 2 SCR 249 : (1980) 1 SCC 704 – followed. List of Acts

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; Penal code, 1860; Evidence Act, 1872. List of Keywords Postal cover; Forged marksheet; Handwriting expert; Corroboration; Expert report; Evidentiary value. Case Arising From CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1056 of 2025 From the Judgment and Order dated 16.04.2019 of the High Court of Judicature at Madras, in CRLRC No. 1601 of 2017 [2025] 3 S.C.R. 631 C. Kamalakkannan v. State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai Appearances for Parties Advs. for the Appellant: S. Nagamuthu, Sr. Adv., M.P. Parthiban, Ankur Prakash, Mrs. Priyanka Singh, Bilal Mansoor, Shreyas Kaushal, S. Geyolin Selvam, Alagiri K. Advs. for the Respondent: V.Krishnamurthy, Sr. A.A.G., Sabarish Subramanian, Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Ms. Azka Sheikh Kalia, Ms. Jahnavi Taneja, Danish Saifi. Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Judgment Mehta, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The appellant herein has preferred the instant appeal by special leave for assailing his conviction in Calendar Case No. 279 of 2011 on the file of the Judicial Magistrate No. 1, Thiruvallur1 for the offences punishable under Sections 120B, 468 and 471 (2 counts) read with Section 109 of the Indian Penal Code, 18602.

3. The trial Court vide judgment dated 25th October, 2016, convicted the appellant and the co-accused persons for the aforesaid offences. The accused appellant was sentenced to imprisonment already undergone as an undertrial i.e., from 22nd October, 1996 to 16th November, 1996 along with fine of Rs.1,000/- on the count of Section 120B IPC; fine of Rs.1,000/- on the count of Section 468 IPC and a fine of Rs.2,000/- on the 2 counts of Section 471 IPC. In case of a default, the accused appellant was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for two months. 4. In appeal3, the Principal Sessions Judge, Thiruvallur4, vide judgment dated 23rd October, 2017 affirmed the judgment passed by the trial 1 Hereinafter, referred to as the ‘trial Court’. 2 Hereinafter, referred to as ‘IPC’. 3 Criminal Appeal No. 47 of 2017. 4 Hereinafter, referred to as the ‘appellate Court’. 632 [2025] 3 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports Court but reduced the fine amount to Rs.600/- on each count of Sections 120B, 468 and 471 (2 counts) of IPC. In case of a default, the accused appellant was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for two months. 5. The revision petition5 preferred by the accused appellant also stands rejected by the High Court of Judicature at Madras6 vide judgment dated 16th April, 2019 which is the subject matter of challenge in this appeal by special leave.

6. In brief, the case of the prosecution is that the marksheet produced by one Kumari Amudha while applying for admission in the MBBS course, was found to be fabricated. She had secured only 767 marks out of 1200 marks whereas the document i.e., the marksheet produced by her, for admission to the MBBS course portrayed the marks obtained by her to be 1120 out of 1200 marks. A criminal case7 came to be registered and after investigation, charge-sheet was filed against the accused appellant and the other co-accused persons for the offences punishable under Sections 120B, 468 and 471 of IPC. As mentioned above, the trial resulted in the conviction of the accused appellant and the appeal and revision petition preferred by him were also dismissed. Hence this appeal by special leave.

7. Shri S. Nagamuthu, learned senior counsel representing the accused appellant urged that the only allegation of the prosecution against the appellant is that he prepared the postal cover in which the forged marksheet was supposedly transmitted. He urged that the trial Court placed reliance on the deposition of the co-accused for convicting the accused appellant which tantamounts to a gross illegality. He further submitted that the original postal cover was never produced and exhibited by the prosecution during its evidence before the trial Court. Thus, the conclusion drawn by the trial Court that the accused appellant had prepared the postal cover in his handwriting is ex-facie illegal as the said fact was not proved by leading proper evidence. He further contended that the 5 Criminal Revision Case No. 1601 of 2017. 6 Hereinafter, referred to as the ‘High Court’. 7 FIR being Crime No. 2172 of 1996. [2025] 3 S.C.R. 633 C. Kamalakkannan v.

State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai only evidence, based upon which the Courts below have recorded the guilt of the accused appellant is that of the handwriting expert (PW-18). Learned senior counsel urged that the reasoning sheet prepared by the handwriting expert (PW-18) during the course of scientific examination of the disputed documents was not brought on record and proved by the handwriting expert while testifying on oath and thus, the report of the handwriting expert (PW-18) is inadmissible in evidence. 8. Shri S. Nagamuthu further submitted that the trial Court committed a fundamental error while placing implicit reliance upon the report of the handwriting expert (PW-18), the evidentiary value whereof, has to be proved like any other document because the comparison of handwriting is not a complete/conclusive science. He thus, urged that the accused appellant deserves to be acquitted of the charges by setting aside the impugned judgments.

9. Per contra, learned counsel appearing for the State, vehemently and fervently opposed the submissions advanced by the appellant’s counsel. He urged that the contention of the appellant’s counsel that the trial Court placed reliance on the testimony of Vijaya Kumar (PW-9), being the father of the girl i.e., Kumari Amudha, whose marksheet was forged, is misplaced because the said Vijaya Kumar (PW-9) was initially a listed witness of the prosecution, but after recording his deposition as a witness, the trial Court summoned him to face trial and there is a categoric finding in the trial Court’s judgment that the evidence of Vijaya Kumar (PW-9) is not acceptable. He further submitted that the original postal cover in which the forged marksheet had been forwarded could not be traced out and thus, the prosecution was very much entitled to place reliance on the photostat copy of the said document by treating it to be admissible as secondary evidence. 10. We have given our thoughtful consideration to the submissions advanced at the bar and have gone through the material available on record. 11. At the outset, it may be noted that the highest case of the prosecution as against the accused appellant is that the postal cover in which the forged marksheet was purportedly transmitted, bore his handwriting. This fact was sought to be proved through the testimony of the handwriting expert (PW-18). 634 [2025] 3 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports

12. The locus classicus on this issue is Murari Lal v. State of M.P.8, wherein this Court laid down the principles with regard to the extent to which reliance can be placed on the evidence of an expert witness and when corroboration of such evidence may be sought. The relevant paragraphs are extracted hereinbelow:-“4. We will first consider the argument, a stale argument often heard, particularly in Criminal Courts, that the opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert should not be acted upon without substantial corroboration. We shall presently point out how the argument cannot be justified on principle or precedent. We begin with the observation that the expert is no accomplice. There is no justification for condemning his opinion-evidence to the same class of evidence as that of an accomplice and insist upon corroboration. True, it has occasionally been said on very high authority that it would be hazardous to base a conviction solely on the opinion of a handwriting expert. But, the hazard in accepting the opinion of any expert, handwriting expert or any other kind of expert, is not because experts, in general, are unreliable witnesses — the quality of credibility or incredibility being one which an expert shares with all other witnesses — but because all human judgment is fallible and an expert may go wrong because of some defect of observation, some error of premises or honest mistake of conclusion. The more developed and the more perfect a science, the less the chance of an incorrect opinion and the converse if the science is less developed and imperfect. The science of identification of finger-prints has attained near perfection and the risk of an incorrect opinion is practically non-existent. On the other hand, the science of identification of handwriting is not nearly so perfect and the risk is, therefore, higher. But that is a far cry from doubting the opinion of a handwriting expert as an invariable rule and insisting upon substantial corroboration in every case, howsoever the opinion may be backed by the soundest of reasons. It is hardly fair to

8 (1980) 1 SCC 704. [2025] 3 S.C.R. 635 C. Kamalakkannan v. State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai an expert to view his opinion with an initial suspicion and to treat him as an inferior sort of witness. His opinion has to be tested by the acceptability of the reasons given by him. An expert deposes and not decides. [..] 6. Expert testimony is made relevant by Section 45 of the Evidence Act and where the Court has to form an opinion upon a point as to identity of handwriting, the opinion of a person “specially skilled” “in questions as to identity of handwriting” is expressly made a relevant fact……… So, corroboration may not invariably be insisted upon before acting on the opinion of an handwriting expert and there need be no initial suspicion. But, on the facts of a particular case, a court may require corroboration of a varying degree. There can be no hard and fast rule, but nothing will justify the rejection of the opinion of an expert supported by unchallenged reasons on the sole ground that it is not corroborated. The approach of a court while dealing with the opinion of a handwriting expert should be to proceed cautiously, probe the reasons for the opinion, consider all other relevant evidence and decide finally to accept or reject it.

11. We are firmly of the opinion that there is no rule of law, nor any rule of prudence which has crystallized into a rule of law, that opinion-evidence of a handwriting expert must never be acted upon, unless substantially corroborated. But, having due regard to the imperfect nature of the science of identification of handwriting, the approach, as we indicated earlier, should be one of caution. Reasons for the opinion must be carefully probed and examined. All other relevant evidence must be considered. In appropriate cases, corroboration may be sought. In cases where the reasons for the opinion are convincing and there is no reliable evidence throwing a doubt, the uncorroborated testimony of an handwriting expert may be accepted. There cannot be any inflexible rule on a matter which, in the ultimate analysis, is no more than a question of testimonial weight. We have said so much because this is an argument frequently met with in 636 [2025] 3 S.C.R. Supreme Court Reports subordinate courts and sentences torn out of context from the judgments of this Court are often flaunted.” (emphasis supplied)

13. The trial Court in the instant case, placed reliance on the testimony of the handwriting expert (PW-18) and the expert report (Exhibit A-31) to conclude that the handwriting on the postal cover was that of C. Kamalakkannan i.e., the second accused (appellant herein). To test the veracity of this finding, we have perused the material available on record and find that the trial Court, in its judgment has noted that the postal cover which allegedly bore the handwriting of C. Kamalakkannan, the second accused (appellant herein) was not available on record and thus, the accused appellant had raised an objection against exhibiting the copy thereof. Consequently, the postal cover could not be exhibited in evidence. As the prosecution failed to lead primary evidence, in form of the original postal cover, the trial Court could not have concluded that the prosecution had succeeded in proving that the handwriting on the disputed document was that of the accused appellant. Non-exhibiting of the original document would lead to the only possible inference that the questioned document i.e., the postal cover was never proved as per law and as a consequence, the evidentiary value of the handwriting expert’s report concluding that the postal cover bore the handwriting of the accused appellant is rendered redundant.

14. Furthermore, on going through the evidence of the handwriting expert (PW-18), as referred to in the trial Court’s judgment, we find that the expert witness stated that he received the documents as Exhibit A-2, Exhibit A-14 and Exhibit A-15 and a postal cover. Thus, even the handwriting expert (PW-18) did not identify the postal cover, which was the subject matter of examination, as being the same which allegedly bore the handwriting of the accused appellant. 15. In wake of the above discussion, we have no hesitation in holding that the prosecution miserably failed to prove the existence of the disputed postal cover in which the forged marksheet was purportedly posted. Since the postal cover itself was not exhibited and proved in evidence, there is no question of accepting the prosecution theory that the same bore the handwriting of the accused appellant. As a result, the conviction of the appellant as recorded by the trial Court [2025] 3 S.C.R. 637 C. Kamalakkannan v. State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by Inspector of Police C.B.C.I.D., Chennai and affirmed by the appellate Court as well as the High Court does not stand to scrutiny and the appellant is entitled to a clean acquittal. 16. Resultantly, the appeal is allowed. The impugned judgments, dated 25th October, 2016 passed by the trial Court, dated 23rd October, 2017 passed by the appellate Court and dated 16th April, 2019 passed by the High Court, are hereby quashed and set aside.

17. The appellant is acquitted of the charges. 18. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. Result of the case: Appeal allowed. †Headnotes prepared by: Harshit Anand, Hony. Associate Editor (Verified by: Shibhani Ghosh, Adv.)