[2025] 2 S.C.R. 526 : 2025 INSC 170 Ravi v. The State of Punjab (Criminal Appeal No. 633 of 2025) 10 February 2025 [Pankaj Mithal* and Ahsanuddin Amanullah, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Issue arose as regards the correctness of the order passed by the High Court convicting the appellant-husband for the murder of his wife. Headnotes† Evidence – Circumstantial evidence – Burden of proof – Prosecution case that brother of the deceased lodged FIR that his sister was murdered by her husband-appellant in connivance with his second wife, and that his other sister-neighbour of the appellant, had seen the appellant committing the murder of the deceased by strangulating her with a rope and had threatened her not to disclose anything – Appellant also brought the dead body from his village to the native place of the brother of the deceased – Courts below convicted the appellant for murder of his first wife by strangulation – Correctness:

Held: Complainant, his sister, and cousin of the deceased declared hostile witnesses and prosecution left with the formal witnesses, doctor who conducted the post mortem and Inspector who carried out the investigation – Discarding the evidence of the witnesses who turned hostile, the evidence of the doctor and the Inspector do not conclusively establish the cause of the death – Circumstances do not conclusively establish the guilt of the appellant rather gives sufficient room to form a different opinion – On the basis of the circumstantial evidence, the innocence of the appellant cannot be completely ruled out – Courts below completely lost sight of the statement of the appellant recorded u/s.313 CrPC – Appellant in his statement categorically stated that the deceased had died a * Author [2025] 2 S.C.R. 527 Ravi v. The State of Punjab

natural death as she was suffering from chronic tuberculosis – It was for the prosecution to have sought re-examination of the doctor conducting the post-mortem, however the prosecution completely failed to produce evidence to prove his guilt of the appellant beyond the shadow of doubt on the basis of the circumstantial evidence – Evidence on record gives ample leverage for two conflicting opinions, and in such circumstances, the benefit of doubt to be given in favour of the appellant – Impugned judgment set aside – Appellant in jail for over ten years, as such directed to be released – Penal Code, 1860 – Evidence Act, 1872 – s.106 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 – s.313. [Paras 17, 19, 24-27] Case Law Cited Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra (1984) 4 SCC 116; Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 10 SCC 681; Anees v. The State Govt. of NCT (2024) SCC OnLine SC 757 – referred to. List of Acts Evidence Act, 1872; Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; Penal Code, 1860. List of Keywords Murder; Circumstantial evidence; Burden of proof; Strangulation; Hostile witness; Formal witnesses. Case Arising From CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 633 of 2025 From the Judgment and Order dated 23.01.2019 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in CRAD No. 1650 of 2015 Appearances for Parties

Ms. Sonia Mathur, Sr. Adv., Ms. Surbhi Bhardwaj, Ms. Madhumitha Kesavan, Ms. Ronika Tater, T. Mahipal, Surya Kamal Mishra, Rishabh Thakur, Aditya Kaul, Advs. for the Appellant. Ms. Bhakti Pasrija, D.A.G., Karan Sharma, Advs. for the Respondent. 528 [2025] 2 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Judgment Pankaj Mithal, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The appellant-accused Ravi has been convicted by both the courts below for the murder of his first wife Jamni by strangulation. Therefore, the present appeal. 3. The appellant was living in the village Madh, Amritsar by constructing a jhuggi in an open space, where he was working as a labourer. He used to live with his deceased wife Jamni, his second wife Soma and his two sons born from the first wedlock. They all had been living together as such for over 10-12 years.

4. The incident is of 22.08.2014. According to the case of the prosecution, Chaina Ram (PW-1), the brother of the deceased lodged a Zero FIR at Police Station Rajgarh, District Churu, Rajasthan on 22.08.2014 stating that his sister Jamni with her husband i.e., appellant, was living at Rayya Mandi, Tehsil Baba Bakala, District Amritsar, Punjab. On the night of 22.08.2014 at about 11:00 pm, she was murdered by her husband in connivance with his second wife Soma. The husband of the deceased i.e., the appellant, brought the dead body from his village Rayya Mandi to village Gujjuwas in a truck. In the FIR, he also stated that his sister Rajo was residing in the neighbouring jhuggi of the appellant and she, herself, had seen the appellant committing the murder of the deceased by strangulating her with a rope and that he threatened her from disclosing anything about it to anyone. 5. The aforesaid FIR was transferred to the Police Station, Khilchian, Amritsar, Punjab and the dead body of the deceased was also taken there, where the memo of panchnama was executed and the post-mortem was conducted. 6. The panchnama on record reveals that it was conducted at village Rayya Mandi, Police Station Rayya, Tehsil Baba Bakala, District Amritsar, Punjab, i.e., the place where the appellant was living in a jhuggi. The said panchnama, apart from other things, records the marks of injury on the body of the deceased and reports that there [2025] 2 S.C.R. 529 Ravi v. The State of Punjab

were marks of ligature around the neck and the mouth was open with tongue protruding outward. 7. The post-mortem report states that in the opinion of the doctor, the deceased died of asphyxia caused by hanging and that there were ligature marks on the neck. 8. The prosecution, to prove the appellant guilty of the aforesaid offence, examined seven witnesses which included the brother of the deceased Chaina Ram (PW-1), her sister Rajo (PW-2), her cousin Deep Chand (PW-3), the doctor who conducted the post-mortem Dr. Mohan Lal Meena (PW-5), retired DSP Bagla Ram (PW-6), Inspector Rachhpal Singh (PW-4) and Inspector Amolak Singh (PW-7). 9. The entire case of the prosecution is based on circumstantial evidence. Though, the sister of the deceased, i.e., Rajo (PW-2) is said to be an eye witness, she had not seen the commission of the crime. She was simply a resident of the neighbouring jhuggi and as such, may have had the first-hand information.

10. It is an admitted position that after the death of the deceased, the appellant, i.e., her husband carried her dead body on a truck to the native place of the brother of the deceased Chaina Ram (PW-1) and the sister of the deceased Rajo (PW-2) had accompanied him. Chaina Ram (PW-1), the brother of the deceased who had lodged the complaint in his testimony, accepted that her sister was married to the appellant and they were residing in Rayya Mandi. However, he was not aware of what actually happened on 22.08.2014 and stated that her sister died due to her illness. He categorically stated that the appellant was not responsible for her death. The said witness, as such, was declared hostile. 11. It may be pertinent to mention here that the aforesaid witness admitted his signatures on the Zero FIR (Exh. PW4/1) but went on to state that he had signed a blank paper and did not know what was written there. 12. A pursual of the Zero FIR reveals that it is a computerized FIR and is not in the handwriting of the aforesaid witness. It only bears his signatures at the relevant place on both the pages of the Zero FIR. 13. The sister of the deceased Rajo (PW-2) was also declared hostile as she stated that there was no dispute between her sister and her husband i.e. the appellant and that she died due to illness and 530 [2025] 2 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports

breathing problems. Similarly, the cousin of the deceased Deep Chand (PW-3) was also declared hostile as he expressed ignorance as to what had actually happened on 22.08.2014. 14. In view of the aforesaid three witnesses turning hostile, the prosecution was left with the formal witnesses, namely, Dr. Mohan Lal Meena (PW-5) who conducted the post-mortem, the police officer/retired DSP Bagla Ram (PW-6) who registered the Zero FIR at Churu, Rajasthan, the SHO/retired Inspector Racchpal Singh (PW-4) who registered the formal FIR (Exh.PW4/2) and Inspector Amolak Singh (PW-7) who carried out the investigation.

15. Dr. Mohan Lal Meena (PW-5), in his testimony, stated that he had conducted the post-mortem. The deceased had died due to asphyxia caused by hanging which is established by the ligature marks appearing on her neck. The death may have occurred two to five days prior to the post-mortem. In cross-examination, this witness accepted that, though the cause of death is asphyxia, it can be caused by chronic tuberculosis also and that the appearance of ligature marks on the neck might be due to the long journey of the dead body from one place to another. The above testimony of PW-5, thus, in no certain terms, establishes that the deceased died of asphyxia due to hanging or strangulation inasmuch as he had also opined that the death may be due to chronic tuberculosis. He had also explained the possibility of the ligature marks on the neck to be on account of the long journey and not solely due to hanging or strangulation. 16. The Inspector Amolak Singh (PW-7), who carried out the investigation, simply states that he had conducted the investigation and had arrested the appellant. On appellant’s disclosure, he discovered the rope which was used in the commission of the crime. However, in cross-examination, he admitted that similar ropes were easily available in the market.

17. Now, if we discard the evidence of the witnesses who turned hostile, the crucial evidence with which we are left with is that of the doctor conducting the post-mortem (PW-5) and that of the inspector conducting the investigation (PW-7). The evidence of the aforesaid two, if read together, would only reveal that they have conducted the post-mortem and the investigation respectively. The doctor opined the cause of death to be asphyxia due to hanging with ligature marks [2025] 2 S.C.R. 531 Ravi v. The State of Punjab on the neck but in the cross-examination admitted that the ligature marks could be on account of the long journey of the dead body and that the cause of death of the deceased can also be due to chronic tuberculosis. Therefore, his evidence does not conclusively establish the cause of the death. Even the evidence of the Inspector (PW-7) does not establish beyond the shadow of doubt that the rope which was recovered by him was the same rope with which the crime may have been committed as similar ropes were easily available in the market. Nothing much turns upon his evidence as well.

18. In a leading case of Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra1 this Court laid down the five golden principles, the panchsheels of circumstantial evidence, namely, (i) The circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established; (ii) The facts so established should be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt and the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty; (iii) The circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency; (iv) They should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved; and (v) There must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused. 19. If we apply the above principles, the circumstances of this case, in no way, conclusively establish the guilt of the appellant rather it gives sufficient room to form a different opinion. On the basis of the above circumstantial evidence, the innocence of the appellant cannot be completely ruled out.

20. Learned counsel for the State has placed reliance upon Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra,2 wherein it has been held that in view of Section 106 of the Evidence Act, there is a corresponding burden on the inmates of the house to give a cogent explanation about the manner of the commission of the crime. Therefore, Learned counsel for the State argued that in view of Section 106 of the Evidence Act, it was for the appellant to have explained the circumstances under which the deceased died as the crime had occurred within 1 (1984) 4 SCC 116 2 (2006) 10 SCC 681 532 [2025] 2 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports the four corners of a house i.e. jhuggi and he alone had knowledge as to what had happened inside at the time of the crime. 21. The above argument may appear to be of some substance but if we look into the law deeply, we would find that the initial burden is upon the prosecution to first prima facie establish the guilt of the accused and then only the burden shifts upon the accused to explain the circumstances as contemplated by Section 106 of the Evidence Act.

22. A three judge Bench of this Court in Anees v. The State Govt. of NCT3 has elaborately considered the principles of law governing the applicability of Section 106 of the Evidence Act and has held that the court should apply Section 106 of the Evidence Act in criminal cases with care and caution. The ordinary rule which applies to criminal trials and places the onus on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused, does not, in any way, stand modified by the provisions contained under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. The said provision cannot be invoked to make up the inability of the prosecution to produce the evidence of circumstances pointing to the guilt of the accused. The said provision cannot be used to support a conviction unless the prosecution has discharged the onus by proving all elements necessary to establish the offence. In other words, the prosecution does not stand absolved from its initial liability to prove the offence and it is only when such an onus is discharged and a prima facie case of guilt is made out that the provisions of Section 106 of the Evidence Act may come into play. 23. It has further been emphasized in the above case that Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply to cases where the prosecution could be said to have succeeded in proving facts from which a reasonable inference can be drawn regarding the guilt of the accused and not otherwise.

24. This apart, the courts below have completely lost sight of the statement of the appellant recorded under Section 313 of Code of Criminal Procedure4. The appellant in his statement under Section 313 CrPC, on being asked if he had anything further to say, categorically stated that the deceased had died a natural death as she was suffering 3 (2024) SCC OnLine SC 757 4 In short ‘CrPC’ [2025] 2 S.C.R. 533 Ravi v. The State of Punjab from chronic tuberculosis for which she was under treatment at Beas hospital. Once the appellant had disclosed about the aforesaid illness of the deceased and her treatment in a particular hospital, it was for the prosecution to have sought re-examination of the doctor conducting the post-mortem so as to ascertain as to whether the deceased was actually suffering from chronic tuberculosis, though he may have opined that the death may be due to asphyxia caused due to tuberculosis. The prosecution failed to do so or to produce any other independent evidence in this regard to dislodge the version of the appellant. 25. In view of the totality of the facts and circumstances of this case, we are of the opinion that the prosecution has completely failed to produce evidence to prove the guilt of the appellant beyond the shadow of doubt on the basis of the circumstantial evidence. Rather the evidence on record gives ample leverage for two conflicting opinions, and in such circumstances, the benefit of doubt has to be given in favour of the appellant.

26. Accordingly, the impugned judgment and order dated 23.01.2019 passed by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh is liable to be and hereby set aside and the appeal deserves to be allowed. 27. The appellant is not on bail as per the reports on record. He is in jail and as per the custody certificate, he has been in jail for six years and two months as on 05.01.2021, meaning thereby that he is in jail for over ten years as of today. Accordingly, he is directed to be released from custody immediately. 28. Before parting, we record our appreciation to the valuable assistance rendered by the legal aid counsel Ms. Sonia Mathur, Senior Advocate, who had appeared for the appellant and ably assisted by learned counsel, Ms. Surbhi Bhardwaj. 29. The appeal is allowed accordingly. Result of the case: Appeal allowed. †Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain

[2025] 2 S.C.R. 526 : 2025 INSC 170 Ravi v. The State of Punjab (Criminal Appeal No. 633 of 2025) 10 February 2025 [Pankaj Mithal* and Ahsanuddin Amanullah, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Issue arose as regards the correctness of the order passed by the High Court convicting the appellant-husband for the murder of his wife. Headnotes† Evidence – Circumstantial evidence – Burden of proof – Prosecution case that brother of the deceased lodged FIR that his sister was murdered by her husband-appellant in connivance with his second wife, and that his other sister-neighbour of the appellant, had seen the appellant committing the murder of the deceased by strangulating her with a rope and had threatened her not to disclose anything – Appellant also brought the dead body from his village to the native place of the brother of the deceased – Courts below convicted the appellant for murder of his first wife by strangulation – Correctness:

Held: Complainant, his sister, and cousin of the deceased declared hostile witnesses and prosecution left with the formal witnesses, doctor who conducted the post mortem and Inspector who carried out the investigation – Discarding the evidence of the witnesses who turned hostile, the evidence of the doctor and the Inspector do not conclusively establish the cause of the death – Circumstances do not conclusively establish the guilt of the appellant rather gives sufficient room to form a different opinion – On the basis of the circumstantial evidence, the innocence of the appellant cannot be completely ruled out – Courts below completely lost sight of the statement of the appellant recorded u/s.313 CrPC – Appellant in his statement categorically stated that the deceased had died a * Author [2025] 2 S.C.R. 527 Ravi v. The State of Punjab

natural death as she was suffering from chronic tuberculosis – It was for the prosecution to have sought re-examination of the doctor conducting the post-mortem, however the prosecution completely failed to produce evidence to prove his guilt of the appellant beyond the shadow of doubt on the basis of the circumstantial evidence – Evidence on record gives ample leverage for two conflicting opinions, and in such circumstances, the benefit of doubt to be given in favour of the appellant – Impugned judgment set aside – Appellant in jail for over ten years, as such directed to be released – Penal Code, 1860 – Evidence Act, 1872 – s.106 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 – s.313. [Paras 17, 19, 24-27] Case Law Cited Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra (1984) 4 SCC 116; Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 10 SCC 681; Anees v. The State Govt. of NCT (2024) SCC OnLine SC 757 – referred to. List of Acts Evidence Act, 1872; Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; Penal Code, 1860. List of Keywords Murder; Circumstantial evidence; Burden of proof; Strangulation; Hostile witness; Formal witnesses. Case Arising From CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 633 of 2025 From the Judgment and Order dated 23.01.2019 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in CRAD No. 1650 of 2015 Appearances for Parties

Ms. Sonia Mathur, Sr. Adv., Ms. Surbhi Bhardwaj, Ms. Madhumitha Kesavan, Ms. Ronika Tater, T. Mahipal, Surya Kamal Mishra, Rishabh Thakur, Aditya Kaul, Advs. for the Appellant. Ms. Bhakti Pasrija, D.A.G., Karan Sharma, Advs. for the Respondent. 528 [2025] 2 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Judgment Pankaj Mithal, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. The appellant-accused Ravi has been convicted by both the courts below for the murder of his first wife Jamni by strangulation. Therefore, the present appeal. 3. The appellant was living in the village Madh, Amritsar by constructing a jhuggi in an open space, where he was working as a labourer. He used to live with his deceased wife Jamni, his second wife Soma and his two sons born from the first wedlock. They all had been living together as such for over 10-12 years.

4. The incident is of 22.08.2014. According to the case of the prosecution, Chaina Ram (PW-1), the brother of the deceased lodged a Zero FIR at Police Station Rajgarh, District Churu, Rajasthan on 22.08.2014 stating that his sister Jamni with her husband i.e., appellant, was living at Rayya Mandi, Tehsil Baba Bakala, District Amritsar, Punjab. On the night of 22.08.2014 at about 11:00 pm, she was murdered by her husband in connivance with his second wife Soma. The husband of the deceased i.e., the appellant, brought the dead body from his village Rayya Mandi to village Gujjuwas in a truck. In the FIR, he also stated that his sister Rajo was residing in the neighbouring jhuggi of the appellant and she, herself, had seen the appellant committing the murder of the deceased by strangulating her with a rope and that he threatened her from disclosing anything about it to anyone. 5. The aforesaid FIR was transferred to the Police Station, Khilchian, Amritsar, Punjab and the dead body of the deceased was also taken there, where the memo of panchnama was executed and the post-mortem was conducted. 6. The panchnama on record reveals that it was conducted at village Rayya Mandi, Police Station Rayya, Tehsil Baba Bakala, District Amritsar, Punjab, i.e., the place where the appellant was living in a jhuggi. The said panchnama, apart from other things, records the marks of injury on the body of the deceased and reports that there [2025] 2 S.C.R. 529 Ravi v. The State of Punjab

were marks of ligature around the neck and the mouth was open with tongue protruding outward. 7. The post-mortem report states that in the opinion of the doctor, the deceased died of asphyxia caused by hanging and that there were ligature marks on the neck. 8. The prosecution, to prove the appellant guilty of the aforesaid offence, examined seven witnesses which included the brother of the deceased Chaina Ram (PW-1), her sister Rajo (PW-2), her cousin Deep Chand (PW-3), the doctor who conducted the post-mortem Dr. Mohan Lal Meena (PW-5), retired DSP Bagla Ram (PW-6), Inspector Rachhpal Singh (PW-4) and Inspector Amolak Singh (PW-7). 9. The entire case of the prosecution is based on circumstantial evidence. Though, the sister of the deceased, i.e., Rajo (PW-2) is said to be an eye witness, she had not seen the commission of the crime. She was simply a resident of the neighbouring jhuggi and as such, may have had the first-hand information.

10. It is an admitted position that after the death of the deceased, the appellant, i.e., her husband carried her dead body on a truck to the native place of the brother of the deceased Chaina Ram (PW-1) and the sister of the deceased Rajo (PW-2) had accompanied him. Chaina Ram (PW-1), the brother of the deceased who had lodged the complaint in his testimony, accepted that her sister was married to the appellant and they were residing in Rayya Mandi. However, he was not aware of what actually happened on 22.08.2014 and stated that her sister died due to her illness. He categorically stated that the appellant was not responsible for her death. The said witness, as such, was declared hostile. 11. It may be pertinent to mention here that the aforesaid witness admitted his signatures on the Zero FIR (Exh. PW4/1) but went on to state that he had signed a blank paper and did not know what was written there. 12. A pursual of the Zero FIR reveals that it is a computerized FIR and is not in the handwriting of the aforesaid witness. It only bears his signatures at the relevant place on both the pages of the Zero FIR. 13. The sister of the deceased Rajo (PW-2) was also declared hostile as she stated that there was no dispute between her sister and her husband i.e. the appellant and that she died due to illness and 530 [2025] 2 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports

breathing problems. Similarly, the cousin of the deceased Deep Chand (PW-3) was also declared hostile as he expressed ignorance as to what had actually happened on 22.08.2014. 14. In view of the aforesaid three witnesses turning hostile, the prosecution was left with the formal witnesses, namely, Dr. Mohan Lal Meena (PW-5) who conducted the post-mortem, the police officer/retired DSP Bagla Ram (PW-6) who registered the Zero FIR at Churu, Rajasthan, the SHO/retired Inspector Racchpal Singh (PW-4) who registered the formal FIR (Exh.PW4/2) and Inspector Amolak Singh (PW-7) who carried out the investigation.

15. Dr. Mohan Lal Meena (PW-5), in his testimony, stated that he had conducted the post-mortem. The deceased had died due to asphyxia caused by hanging which is established by the ligature marks appearing on her neck. The death may have occurred two to five days prior to the post-mortem. In cross-examination, this witness accepted that, though the cause of death is asphyxia, it can be caused by chronic tuberculosis also and that the appearance of ligature marks on the neck might be due to the long journey of the dead body from one place to another. The above testimony of PW-5, thus, in no certain terms, establishes that the deceased died of asphyxia due to hanging or strangulation inasmuch as he had also opined that the death may be due to chronic tuberculosis. He had also explained the possibility of the ligature marks on the neck to be on account of the long journey and not solely due to hanging or strangulation. 16. The Inspector Amolak Singh (PW-7), who carried out the investigation, simply states that he had conducted the investigation and had arrested the appellant. On appellant’s disclosure, he discovered the rope which was used in the commission of the crime. However, in cross-examination, he admitted that similar ropes were easily available in the market.

17. Now, if we discard the evidence of the witnesses who turned hostile, the crucial evidence with which we are left with is that of the doctor conducting the post-mortem (PW-5) and that of the inspector conducting the investigation (PW-7). The evidence of the aforesaid two, if read together, would only reveal that they have conducted the post-mortem and the investigation respectively. The doctor opined the cause of death to be asphyxia due to hanging with ligature marks [2025] 2 S.C.R. 531 Ravi v. The State of Punjab on the neck but in the cross-examination admitted that the ligature marks could be on account of the long journey of the dead body and that the cause of death of the deceased can also be due to chronic tuberculosis. Therefore, his evidence does not conclusively establish the cause of the death. Even the evidence of the Inspector (PW-7) does not establish beyond the shadow of doubt that the rope which was recovered by him was the same rope with which the crime may have been committed as similar ropes were easily available in the market. Nothing much turns upon his evidence as well.

18. In a leading case of Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra1 this Court laid down the five golden principles, the panchsheels of circumstantial evidence, namely, (i) The circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established; (ii) The facts so established should be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt and the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty; (iii) The circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency; (iv) They should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved; and (v) There must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused. 19. If we apply the above principles, the circumstances of this case, in no way, conclusively establish the guilt of the appellant rather it gives sufficient room to form a different opinion. On the basis of the above circumstantial evidence, the innocence of the appellant cannot be completely ruled out.

20. Learned counsel for the State has placed reliance upon Trimukh Maroti Kirkan v. State of Maharashtra,2 wherein it has been held that in view of Section 106 of the Evidence Act, there is a corresponding burden on the inmates of the house to give a cogent explanation about the manner of the commission of the crime. Therefore, Learned counsel for the State argued that in view of Section 106 of the Evidence Act, it was for the appellant to have explained the circumstances under which the deceased died as the crime had occurred within 1 (1984) 4 SCC 116 2 (2006) 10 SCC 681 532 [2025] 2 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports the four corners of a house i.e. jhuggi and he alone had knowledge as to what had happened inside at the time of the crime. 21. The above argument may appear to be of some substance but if we look into the law deeply, we would find that the initial burden is upon the prosecution to first prima facie establish the guilt of the accused and then only the burden shifts upon the accused to explain the circumstances as contemplated by Section 106 of the Evidence Act.

22. A three judge Bench of this Court in Anees v. The State Govt. of NCT3 has elaborately considered the principles of law governing the applicability of Section 106 of the Evidence Act and has held that the court should apply Section 106 of the Evidence Act in criminal cases with care and caution. The ordinary rule which applies to criminal trials and places the onus on the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused, does not, in any way, stand modified by the provisions contained under Section 106 of the Evidence Act. The said provision cannot be invoked to make up the inability of the prosecution to produce the evidence of circumstances pointing to the guilt of the accused. The said provision cannot be used to support a conviction unless the prosecution has discharged the onus by proving all elements necessary to establish the offence. In other words, the prosecution does not stand absolved from its initial liability to prove the offence and it is only when such an onus is discharged and a prima facie case of guilt is made out that the provisions of Section 106 of the Evidence Act may come into play. 23. It has further been emphasized in the above case that Section 106 of the Evidence Act would apply to cases where the prosecution could be said to have succeeded in proving facts from which a reasonable inference can be drawn regarding the guilt of the accused and not otherwise.

24. This apart, the courts below have completely lost sight of the statement of the appellant recorded under Section 313 of Code of Criminal Procedure4. The appellant in his statement under Section 313 CrPC, on being asked if he had anything further to say, categorically stated that the deceased had died a natural death as she was suffering 3 (2024) SCC OnLine SC 757 4 In short ‘CrPC’ [2025] 2 S.C.R. 533 Ravi v. The State of Punjab from chronic tuberculosis for which she was under treatment at Beas hospital. Once the appellant had disclosed about the aforesaid illness of the deceased and her treatment in a particular hospital, it was for the prosecution to have sought re-examination of the doctor conducting the post-mortem so as to ascertain as to whether the deceased was actually suffering from chronic tuberculosis, though he may have opined that the death may be due to asphyxia caused due to tuberculosis. The prosecution failed to do so or to produce any other independent evidence in this regard to dislodge the version of the appellant. 25. In view of the totality of the facts and circumstances of this case, we are of the opinion that the prosecution has completely failed to produce evidence to prove the guilt of the appellant beyond the shadow of doubt on the basis of the circumstantial evidence. Rather the evidence on record gives ample leverage for two conflicting opinions, and in such circumstances, the benefit of doubt has to be given in favour of the appellant.

26. Accordingly, the impugned judgment and order dated 23.01.2019 passed by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh is liable to be and hereby set aside and the appeal deserves to be allowed. 27. The appellant is not on bail as per the reports on record. He is in jail and as per the custody certificate, he has been in jail for six years and two months as on 05.01.2021, meaning thereby that he is in jail for over ten years as of today. Accordingly, he is directed to be released from custody immediately. 28. Before parting, we record our appreciation to the valuable assistance rendered by the legal aid counsel Ms. Sonia Mathur, Senior Advocate, who had appeared for the appellant and ably assisted by learned counsel, Ms. Surbhi Bhardwaj. 29. The appeal is allowed accordingly. Result of the case: Appeal allowed. †Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain