[2024] 3 S.C.R. 881 : 2024 INSC 246 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 14 of 2024) 22 March 2024 [Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Matter pertains to applications for stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners. Headnotes Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 – s. 7(1) – Applications for stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners in a writ petition challenging vires of s. 7(1) that substituted the Chief Justice of India with a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister in the Selection Committee for the post of the Chief Election Commissioner and the ECs:

Held: Grant of stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners would lead to chaos and virtual constitutional breakdown – In matters involving constitutionality of legislations, courts are cautious and show judicial restraint in granting interim orders – Unless the provision is ex facie unconstitutional or manifestly violates fundamental rights, the statutory provision cannot be stultified by granting an interim order – Stay is not ipso facto granted for mere examination or even when some cogent contention is raised – Suspension of legislation pending consideration is an exception and not the rule – Submission that this Court may by an interim order direct fresh selection with the CJI as a member of the Selection Committee, would be plainly impermissible, without declaring s. 7(1) as unconstitutional – If such submission is accepted, it would be enacting or writing a new law replacing or modifying s. 7(1), as enacted by the Parliament – Given the humongous task undertaken by the Election Commission of India, presence of two more ECs brings about a balance and check – Concept of plurality in Art. 324, 882 [2024] 3 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports is necessary and desirable – Furthermore, keeping in view the timelines for the upcoming 18th General Elections for the Lok Sabha, it is not appropriate to pass any interim order or direction

– Also, EC being a constitutional post, once a constitutional post holder is selected, they are duty bound to act in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Constitution – In view thereof, prayer for grant of stay cannot be accepted and said applications dismissed. [Paras 10-16] Case Law Cited Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India [2023] 9 SCR 1 : (2023) 6 SCC 161 – explained. Health for Millions v. Union of India (2014) 14 SCC 496; T.N. Seshan v. Union of India [1995] Suppl. 2 SCR 106; (1995) 4 SCC 611 – referred to. List of Acts Constitution of India; Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023. List of Keywords Election Commissioners; Stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners; Constitutionality of legislations; Judicial restraint; Interim orders; Suspension of legislation pending consideration; Violation of Fundamental Rights; CJI as a member of the Selection Committee for the post of the Chief Election Commissioner and the ECs; Election Commission of India; Concept of plurality; 18th General Elections for the Lok Sabha; Balance of convenience; Prima facie case; Irreparable injury; Stay or injunction; Interlocutory remedy; Constitutional post; Judicial review; Principle of proportionality. Case Arising From CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Civil) No.14 of 2024 (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India) With

W.P.(C) Nos. 13, 11, 87 and 191 of 2024 [2024] 3 S.C.R. 883 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. Appearances for Parties Gopal Sankarnarayanan, Vikas Singh, Sanjay Parikh, Sr. Advs., Prashant Bhushan, Mrs. Cheryl Dsouza, Mrs. Suroor Mander, Ms. Ria Yadav, Rahul Gupta, Pawan Reley, Gaurav Kumar, Vishal Sinha, Akshay Lodhi, Shrutanjaya Bharadwaj, Ms. Simran Singh, Sajal Awashti, Ms. Deepeika Kalia, Keshav Khandelwal, Ms. Vasudha Singh, Varun Thakur, Ramkaran, Ms. Dolly Deka, Deepak Goel, Mrs. Tanuj Bagga Sharma, Dr. M.K. Ravi, Denson Joseph, M/s. Varun Thakur & Associates, Pradeep Kumar Yadav, Vishal Thakre, Gopal Singh, Aryan P Nanda, Aditya Yadav, Sunil Kumar Srivastava, Tota Ram, Sanjeev Malhotra, Ms. Ananya Kumar, Ms. Aparna Bhat, Ms. Karishma Maria, Advs. for the Petitioners. Tushar Mehta, SG, Aaditya Shankar Dixit, Gaurang Bhushan, Kanu Agarwal, Devashish Bharukha, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Ankit Agarwal, Atul Raj, Ashish Shukla, Mohammed Sadique T.A., Kaleeswaram Raj, Ms. Thulasi K Raj, Ms. Aparna Menon, Ms. Chinnu Maria Antony, R.P. Gupta, Prashant Padmanabhan, Advs. for the Respondents. Petitioner-in-person Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Order

1. This order records reasons and decides the applications for stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners1, in the writ petitions filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India2, inter alia, challenging the vires of Section 7(1) of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023.3 2. The primary grounds of challenge are twofold. First, Section 7(1) of the 2023 Act dilutes, if not amends or modifies, the judgment of this Court’s Constitution Bench in Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India4, by substituting the Chief Justice of India5 with a Union 1 For short, “EC”. 2 For short, “Constitution”. 3 For short, “2023 Act”. 4 [2023] 9 SCR 1 : (2023) 6 SCC 161. 5 For short, “CJI”. 884 [2024] 3 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister in the Selection Committee for the post of the Chief Election Commissioner6 and the ECs. Secondly, the provision has a direct and potential impact on the conduct of transparent, free and fair elections, one of the foundational requirements of democracy.

3. That apart, the selection process of the ECs, as adopted in the present case, has been challenged on the ground of procedural irregularity, affecting the fairness, transparency and objectivity in the selection process in question. The Leader of Opposition in the House of the People7 was not furnished necessary details of the six shortlisted candidates in advance to effectively participate in the selection process8. The names and details were statedly furnished minutes before the meeting for the selection of the ECs was held on 14.03.20249. Thus, he has been denied the opportunity to choose and have his voice heard. Further, the writ petition challenging the vires of the 2023 Act was sub-judice before this Court since 02.01.2024, and therefore soon after the resignation of one of the ECs, applications for stay were filed, mentioned and directed to be listed for hearing before this Court on 15.03.2024. However, the selection and appointment of two ECs was made on 14.03.2024.10 4. The Union of India has filed a conjoint reply to the applications for stay inter alia, stating that: - a) The 2023 Act has been enacted as contemplated by Article 324(2) of the Constitution and was brought into effect on 02.01.2024. b) On 01.02.2024, the Selection Committee, under Section 7(1) of the 2023 Act, was constituted, and consists of the Prime Minister, the Home Minister and the LoP. 6 For short, “CEC”.

7 For short, “LoP”. As per Explanation to Section 7(1) of the 2023 Act the leader of the single largest party in opposition of the Government in the House of the People shall be deemed to be the LoP, in case where the LoP has not been recognized. 8 Reliance is placed on the letter dated 12.03.2024 of Mr. Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury requesting for bio-profiles of the persons short-listed by the Search Committee well before the meeting of the Selection Committee. 9 Reliance is placed on the report dated 14.03.2024 published in the Indian Express quoting Mr Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury. 10 An earlier vacancy to the post of EC was created by virtue of EC – Mr. Anup Chandra Pandey demitting office on 14.02.2024. The second vacancy to the post of EC occured by virtue of the resignation of EC – Mr. Arun Goel on 09.03.2024. [2024] 3 S.C.R. 885 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. c) On 01.02.2024, the Search Committee, under Section 6 of the 2023 Act, was constituted, and is chaired by Minister of State, Law and Justice, Government of India11 with the Home Secretary, GoI and Secretary, Department of Personnel and Training, GoI as members. d) On 04.02.2024, notice was issued for convening meeting of the Selection Committee on 07.02.2024 for filling one vacancy to the post of EC, as an EC had demitted office.12 However, the meeting was postponed on 07.02.2024. e) On 09.03.2024, notice was issued for meeting of the Selection Committee to be held on 15.03.2024.

f) On 09.03.2024, Mr. Arun Goel, EC, tendered his resignation, which was accepted w.e.f. 09.03.2024, thereby resulting in the second vacancy. g) In view of the second vacancy, a revised note dated 09.03.2024 was issued for the meeting of the Selection Committee to be held on 14.03.2024 for filling up the two vacant posts of EC. It is highlighted by the respondent – Union of India that the meeting fixed for 15.03.2024 was preponed to 14.03.2024 on 09.03.2024, prior to the listing of the stay applications by this Court on 15.03.2024. 5. However, it is to be noted that I.A. No. 63879/2024 in Writ Petition (C) No. 87 of 2024 was filed on 12.03.202413 and I.A. No. 66382/2024 in W.P. (C) 11/2024 was filed on 14.03.202414. 6. Mr. Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, Member of the Selection Committee15, on 12.03.2024 had requested the Secretary, Legislative Department, GoI to share details of the shortlisted names. On 13.03.2024, the Secretary, Legislative Department, GoI, had sent a list of eligible persons, more than 200 in number, being considered by the Search 11 For short, “GoI”. 12 See supra note 10. 13 Application filed by Association of Democratic Reforms praying, inter alia, for the stay of implementation of Section 7 of the 2023 Act.

14 Application filed by Naman Sherstra praying, inter alia, for stay of the effect of the 2023 Act. Earlier I.A. No. 4223/2024 in W.P. (C) 13/2024 was filed on 05.01.2024, I.A. No. 30286/2024 in W.P. (C) No. 87 of 2024 was filed on 05.02.2024, albeit stay was not granted by this court. 15 Being the leader of the single largest party in opposition in the House of the People. 886 [2024] 3 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports Committee to Mr. Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury. The Search Committee had not carried out the shortlisting exercise by then. 7. The Search Committee, in its meeting on 13.03.2024, could not finalise and shortlist the names. In the meeting held on 14.03.2024, the Search Committee recommended a panel of six names for consideration of the Selection Committee, which were then circulated and forwarded to the members of the Selection Committee, including Mr. Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury. 8. On 14.03.2024 the Selection Committee met and recommended the names of Mr. Gyanesh Kumar and Dr. Sukhbir Singh Sandhu to the President of India for appointment as ECs. The President of India had thereupon approved the recommendation on 14.03.2024.

9. We would not, at this stage, go into the depth and details of the challenge to the vires of Section 7(1) of the 2023 Act. The judgment in Anoop Baranwal (supra) notices the appointments of the CEC and ECs made from the 1950s till 2023,16 but this Court intervened in the absence of any legislation. Article 324(2) postulates the appointment of the CEC and ECs by the President of India in the absence of any law made by the Parliament. The judgment in Anoop Baranwal (supra) records that there was a legislative vacuum as the Parliament had not made any enactment as contemplated in Article 324(2). Given the unique nature of the provision and absence of an enactment, this Court had issued directions constituting the Selection Committee as a pro-tem measure. This is clear from the judgment, which states that the direction shall hold good till a law is made by the Parliament. It is also observed that the Court is neither invited, nor if invited, would issue a mandamus to the legislature to make a law. We would also add that the Court would not ‘invite’ the legislature to make a law in a particular manner. However, the Constitutional Court within the framework of the Constitution exercises the power of judicial review and can invalidate a law when it is violative of the Fundamental Rights, on application of the principle of proportionality, etc.

10. It is well-settled position of law that in matters involving constitutionality of legislations, courts are cautious and show judicial restraint in granting interim orders. Unless the provision is ex facie unconstitutional or 16 See paragraphs 63-72, Anoop Baranwal (supra). [2024] 3 S.C.R. 887 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. manifestly violates fundamental rights, the statutory provision cannot be stultified by granting an interim order.17 Stay is not ipso facto granted for mere examination or even when some cogent contention is raised. Suspension of legislation pending consideration is an exception and not the rule. The said principle keeps in mind the presumption regarding constitutionality of legislation as well as the fact that the constitutional challenge when made may or may not result in success. The courts do not, unless eminently necessary to deal with the crises situation and quell disquiet, keep the statutory provision in abeyance or direct that the same be not made operational. However, it would not be appropriate to pen down all situations as sometimes even gross or egregious violation of individual Fundamental Rights may on balance of convenience warrant an interim order. The Courts strike a delicate balance to step-in in rare and exceptional cases, being mindful of the immediate need, and the consequences as to not cause confusion and disarray.

11. The applicant-petitioners urge that this court may by an interim order direct fresh selection with the CJI as a member of the Selection Committee. This would be plainly impermissible, without declaring Section 7(1) as unconstitutional. Further, we would be enacting or writing a new law replacing or modifying Section 7(1) of the Act, as enacted by the Parliament, if such a contention were accepted. 12. Moreover, any interjection or stay by this Court will be highly inappropriate and improper as it would disturb the 18th General Election for the Lok Sabha which has been scheduled and is now fixed to take place from 19.04.2024 till 01.06.2024. Balance of convenience, apart from prima facie case and irreparable injury, is one of the considerations which the court must keep in mind while considering any application for grant of stay or injunction. Interlocutory remedy is normally intended to preserve status quo unless there are exceptional circumstances which tilt the scales and balance of convenience on account of any resultant injury. In our opinion, grant of stay would lead to uncertainty and confusion, if not chaos. That apart, even when the matter had come up earlier and the applications for stay were pressed, we had refused to grant stay. 17 Health for Millions v. Union of India, (2014) 14 SCC 496. 888 [2024] 3 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports

13. Given the importance and humongous task undertaken by the Election Commission of India, presence of two more ECs brings about a balance and check. The concept of plurality in Article 324 of the Constitution, which has been noticed and approved by this Court in T.N. Seshan v. Union of India18, is necessary and desirable. 14. We must, however express our concern on the procedure adopted for selection of the incumbents to the two vacant posts of ECs, a significant constitutional post. Such selections should be made with full details and particulars of the candidates being circulated to all members of the Selection Committee. Section 6 of the 2023 Act postulates five prospective candidates which, prima facie, appears to mean that for two vacant posts ten prospective candidates should have been shortlisted. Procedural sanctity of the selection process requires fair deliberation with examination of background and merits of the candidate. The sanctity of the process should not be affected. Nevertheless, in spite of the said shortcoming, we do not deem it appropriate at this stage, keeping in view the timelines for the upcoming 18th General Elections for the Lok Sabha, to pass any interim order or direction. As indicated above, this would lead to chaos and virtual constitutional breakdown. Remand at this stage would not resolve the matter. It may also be relevant to state that the petitioners have not commented or questioned the merits of the persons selected/appointed as Ecs.

15. Further, EC being a constitutional post, it is wise to remind ourselves that once a constitutional post holder is selected, they are duty bound to act in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Constitution. The assumption is that they shall adhere to constitutional role and propriety in their functioning. To borrow from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India: “However good a Constitution may be, if those who are implementing it are not good, it will prove to be bad. However bad a Constitution may be, if those implementing it are good, it will prove to be good.” 16. Having regard to the aforesaid position, we are not inclined to accept the prayer for grant of stay. Accordingly, the applications seeking stay 18 [1995] Suppl. 2 SCR 106 : (1995) 4 SCC 611. [2024] 3 S.C.R. 889 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. are dismissed. We would clarify that the observations in this order are tentative and are not to be treated as final and binding, as the matter is sub-judice. 17. Recording the aforesaid, applications seeking stay in I.A. No. 66382/2024 in W.P. (C) 11/2024, I.A. No. 4223/2024 in W.P. (C) 13/2024, I.A. No. 62608/2024 in W.P.(C) No. 14/2024, I.A. No. 68091/2024 in W.P. (C) 87/2024, I.A. No. 30286/2024 in W.P. (C) 87/2024, I.A. No. 63879 of 2024 in W.P. (C) No. 87 of 2024 and I.A. No. 69713/2024 in W.P. (C) 191/2024 are dismissed.

18. Applications seeking intervention in I.A. No. 64017/2024 in W.P.(C) 14/2024 and I.A. No. 66282/2024 in W.P. (C) 87/2024 are dismissed. 19. Learned counsel for the intervenor in I.A. No. 71728/2024 in W.P. (C) 14/2024 prays for and is granted the permission to withdraw the intervention application. Accordingly, I.A. No. 71728/2024 in W.P. (C) 14/2024 is dismissed as withdrawn. Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain Result of the case: IAs dismissed.

[2024] 3 S.C.R. 881 : 2024 INSC 246 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 14 of 2024) 22 March 2024 [Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta, JJ.] Issue for Consideration Matter pertains to applications for stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners. Headnotes Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 – s. 7(1) – Applications for stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners in a writ petition challenging vires of s. 7(1) that substituted the Chief Justice of India with a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister in the Selection Committee for the post of the Chief Election Commissioner and the ECs:

Held: Grant of stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners would lead to chaos and virtual constitutional breakdown – In matters involving constitutionality of legislations, courts are cautious and show judicial restraint in granting interim orders – Unless the provision is ex facie unconstitutional or manifestly violates fundamental rights, the statutory provision cannot be stultified by granting an interim order – Stay is not ipso facto granted for mere examination or even when some cogent contention is raised – Suspension of legislation pending consideration is an exception and not the rule – Submission that this Court may by an interim order direct fresh selection with the CJI as a member of the Selection Committee, would be plainly impermissible, without declaring s. 7(1) as unconstitutional – If such submission is accepted, it would be enacting or writing a new law replacing or modifying s. 7(1), as enacted by the Parliament – Given the humongous task undertaken by the Election Commission of India, presence of two more ECs brings about a balance and check – Concept of plurality in Art. 324, 882 [2024] 3 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports is necessary and desirable – Furthermore, keeping in view the timelines for the upcoming 18th General Elections for the Lok Sabha, it is not appropriate to pass any interim order or direction

– Also, EC being a constitutional post, once a constitutional post holder is selected, they are duty bound to act in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Constitution – In view thereof, prayer for grant of stay cannot be accepted and said applications dismissed. [Paras 10-16] Case Law Cited Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India [2023] 9 SCR 1 : (2023) 6 SCC 161 – explained. Health for Millions v. Union of India (2014) 14 SCC 496; T.N. Seshan v. Union of India [1995] Suppl. 2 SCR 106; (1995) 4 SCC 611 – referred to. List of Acts Constitution of India; Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023. List of Keywords Election Commissioners; Stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners; Constitutionality of legislations; Judicial restraint; Interim orders; Suspension of legislation pending consideration; Violation of Fundamental Rights; CJI as a member of the Selection Committee for the post of the Chief Election Commissioner and the ECs; Election Commission of India; Concept of plurality; 18th General Elections for the Lok Sabha; Balance of convenience; Prima facie case; Irreparable injury; Stay or injunction; Interlocutory remedy; Constitutional post; Judicial review; Principle of proportionality. Case Arising From CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Civil) No.14 of 2024 (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India) With

W.P.(C) Nos. 13, 11, 87 and 191 of 2024 [2024] 3 S.C.R. 883 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. Appearances for Parties Gopal Sankarnarayanan, Vikas Singh, Sanjay Parikh, Sr. Advs., Prashant Bhushan, Mrs. Cheryl Dsouza, Mrs. Suroor Mander, Ms. Ria Yadav, Rahul Gupta, Pawan Reley, Gaurav Kumar, Vishal Sinha, Akshay Lodhi, Shrutanjaya Bharadwaj, Ms. Simran Singh, Sajal Awashti, Ms. Deepeika Kalia, Keshav Khandelwal, Ms. Vasudha Singh, Varun Thakur, Ramkaran, Ms. Dolly Deka, Deepak Goel, Mrs. Tanuj Bagga Sharma, Dr. M.K. Ravi, Denson Joseph, M/s. Varun Thakur & Associates, Pradeep Kumar Yadav, Vishal Thakre, Gopal Singh, Aryan P Nanda, Aditya Yadav, Sunil Kumar Srivastava, Tota Ram, Sanjeev Malhotra, Ms. Ananya Kumar, Ms. Aparna Bhat, Ms. Karishma Maria, Advs. for the Petitioners. Tushar Mehta, SG, Aaditya Shankar Dixit, Gaurang Bhushan, Kanu Agarwal, Devashish Bharukha, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Ankit Agarwal, Atul Raj, Ashish Shukla, Mohammed Sadique T.A., Kaleeswaram Raj, Ms. Thulasi K Raj, Ms. Aparna Menon, Ms. Chinnu Maria Antony, R.P. Gupta, Prashant Padmanabhan, Advs. for the Respondents. Petitioner-in-person Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court Order

1. This order records reasons and decides the applications for stay of selection and appointment of the Election Commissioners1, in the writ petitions filed under Article 32 of the Constitution of India2, inter alia, challenging the vires of Section 7(1) of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023.3 2. The primary grounds of challenge are twofold. First, Section 7(1) of the 2023 Act dilutes, if not amends or modifies, the judgment of this Court’s Constitution Bench in Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India4, by substituting the Chief Justice of India5 with a Union 1 For short, “EC”. 2 For short, “Constitution”. 3 For short, “2023 Act”. 4 [2023] 9 SCR 1 : (2023) 6 SCC 161. 5 For short, “CJI”. 884 [2024] 3 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister in the Selection Committee for the post of the Chief Election Commissioner6 and the ECs. Secondly, the provision has a direct and potential impact on the conduct of transparent, free and fair elections, one of the foundational requirements of democracy.

3. That apart, the selection process of the ECs, as adopted in the present case, has been challenged on the ground of procedural irregularity, affecting the fairness, transparency and objectivity in the selection process in question. The Leader of Opposition in the House of the People7 was not furnished necessary details of the six shortlisted candidates in advance to effectively participate in the selection process8. The names and details were statedly furnished minutes before the meeting for the selection of the ECs was held on 14.03.20249. Thus, he has been denied the opportunity to choose and have his voice heard. Further, the writ petition challenging the vires of the 2023 Act was sub-judice before this Court since 02.01.2024, and therefore soon after the resignation of one of the ECs, applications for stay were filed, mentioned and directed to be listed for hearing before this Court on 15.03.2024. However, the selection and appointment of two ECs was made on 14.03.2024.10 4. The Union of India has filed a conjoint reply to the applications for stay inter alia, stating that: - a) The 2023 Act has been enacted as contemplated by Article 324(2) of the Constitution and was brought into effect on 02.01.2024. b) On 01.02.2024, the Selection Committee, under Section 7(1) of the 2023 Act, was constituted, and consists of the Prime Minister, the Home Minister and the LoP. 6 For short, “CEC”.

7 For short, “LoP”. As per Explanation to Section 7(1) of the 2023 Act the leader of the single largest party in opposition of the Government in the House of the People shall be deemed to be the LoP, in case where the LoP has not been recognized. 8 Reliance is placed on the letter dated 12.03.2024 of Mr. Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury requesting for bio-profiles of the persons short-listed by the Search Committee well before the meeting of the Selection Committee. 9 Reliance is placed on the report dated 14.03.2024 published in the Indian Express quoting Mr Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury. 10 An earlier vacancy to the post of EC was created by virtue of EC – Mr. Anup Chandra Pandey demitting office on 14.02.2024. The second vacancy to the post of EC occured by virtue of the resignation of EC – Mr. Arun Goel on 09.03.2024. [2024] 3 S.C.R. 885 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. c) On 01.02.2024, the Search Committee, under Section 6 of the 2023 Act, was constituted, and is chaired by Minister of State, Law and Justice, Government of India11 with the Home Secretary, GoI and Secretary, Department of Personnel and Training, GoI as members. d) On 04.02.2024, notice was issued for convening meeting of the Selection Committee on 07.02.2024 for filling one vacancy to the post of EC, as an EC had demitted office.12 However, the meeting was postponed on 07.02.2024. e) On 09.03.2024, notice was issued for meeting of the Selection Committee to be held on 15.03.2024.

f) On 09.03.2024, Mr. Arun Goel, EC, tendered his resignation, which was accepted w.e.f. 09.03.2024, thereby resulting in the second vacancy. g) In view of the second vacancy, a revised note dated 09.03.2024 was issued for the meeting of the Selection Committee to be held on 14.03.2024 for filling up the two vacant posts of EC. It is highlighted by the respondent – Union of India that the meeting fixed for 15.03.2024 was preponed to 14.03.2024 on 09.03.2024, prior to the listing of the stay applications by this Court on 15.03.2024. 5. However, it is to be noted that I.A. No. 63879/2024 in Writ Petition (C) No. 87 of 2024 was filed on 12.03.202413 and I.A. No. 66382/2024 in W.P. (C) 11/2024 was filed on 14.03.202414. 6. Mr. Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, Member of the Selection Committee15, on 12.03.2024 had requested the Secretary, Legislative Department, GoI to share details of the shortlisted names. On 13.03.2024, the Secretary, Legislative Department, GoI, had sent a list of eligible persons, more than 200 in number, being considered by the Search 11 For short, “GoI”. 12 See supra note 10. 13 Application filed by Association of Democratic Reforms praying, inter alia, for the stay of implementation of Section 7 of the 2023 Act.

14 Application filed by Naman Sherstra praying, inter alia, for stay of the effect of the 2023 Act. Earlier I.A. No. 4223/2024 in W.P. (C) 13/2024 was filed on 05.01.2024, I.A. No. 30286/2024 in W.P. (C) No. 87 of 2024 was filed on 05.02.2024, albeit stay was not granted by this court. 15 Being the leader of the single largest party in opposition in the House of the People. 886 [2024] 3 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports Committee to Mr. Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury. The Search Committee had not carried out the shortlisting exercise by then. 7. The Search Committee, in its meeting on 13.03.2024, could not finalise and shortlist the names. In the meeting held on 14.03.2024, the Search Committee recommended a panel of six names for consideration of the Selection Committee, which were then circulated and forwarded to the members of the Selection Committee, including Mr. Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury. 8. On 14.03.2024 the Selection Committee met and recommended the names of Mr. Gyanesh Kumar and Dr. Sukhbir Singh Sandhu to the President of India for appointment as ECs. The President of India had thereupon approved the recommendation on 14.03.2024.

9. We would not, at this stage, go into the depth and details of the challenge to the vires of Section 7(1) of the 2023 Act. The judgment in Anoop Baranwal (supra) notices the appointments of the CEC and ECs made from the 1950s till 2023,16 but this Court intervened in the absence of any legislation. Article 324(2) postulates the appointment of the CEC and ECs by the President of India in the absence of any law made by the Parliament. The judgment in Anoop Baranwal (supra) records that there was a legislative vacuum as the Parliament had not made any enactment as contemplated in Article 324(2). Given the unique nature of the provision and absence of an enactment, this Court had issued directions constituting the Selection Committee as a pro-tem measure. This is clear from the judgment, which states that the direction shall hold good till a law is made by the Parliament. It is also observed that the Court is neither invited, nor if invited, would issue a mandamus to the legislature to make a law. We would also add that the Court would not ‘invite’ the legislature to make a law in a particular manner. However, the Constitutional Court within the framework of the Constitution exercises the power of judicial review and can invalidate a law when it is violative of the Fundamental Rights, on application of the principle of proportionality, etc.

10. It is well-settled position of law that in matters involving constitutionality of legislations, courts are cautious and show judicial restraint in granting interim orders. Unless the provision is ex facie unconstitutional or 16 See paragraphs 63-72, Anoop Baranwal (supra). [2024] 3 S.C.R. 887 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. manifestly violates fundamental rights, the statutory provision cannot be stultified by granting an interim order.17 Stay is not ipso facto granted for mere examination or even when some cogent contention is raised. Suspension of legislation pending consideration is an exception and not the rule. The said principle keeps in mind the presumption regarding constitutionality of legislation as well as the fact that the constitutional challenge when made may or may not result in success. The courts do not, unless eminently necessary to deal with the crises situation and quell disquiet, keep the statutory provision in abeyance or direct that the same be not made operational. However, it would not be appropriate to pen down all situations as sometimes even gross or egregious violation of individual Fundamental Rights may on balance of convenience warrant an interim order. The Courts strike a delicate balance to step-in in rare and exceptional cases, being mindful of the immediate need, and the consequences as to not cause confusion and disarray.

11. The applicant-petitioners urge that this court may by an interim order direct fresh selection with the CJI as a member of the Selection Committee. This would be plainly impermissible, without declaring Section 7(1) as unconstitutional. Further, we would be enacting or writing a new law replacing or modifying Section 7(1) of the Act, as enacted by the Parliament, if such a contention were accepted. 12. Moreover, any interjection or stay by this Court will be highly inappropriate and improper as it would disturb the 18th General Election for the Lok Sabha which has been scheduled and is now fixed to take place from 19.04.2024 till 01.06.2024. Balance of convenience, apart from prima facie case and irreparable injury, is one of the considerations which the court must keep in mind while considering any application for grant of stay or injunction. Interlocutory remedy is normally intended to preserve status quo unless there are exceptional circumstances which tilt the scales and balance of convenience on account of any resultant injury. In our opinion, grant of stay would lead to uncertainty and confusion, if not chaos. That apart, even when the matter had come up earlier and the applications for stay were pressed, we had refused to grant stay. 17 Health for Millions v. Union of India, (2014) 14 SCC 496. 888 [2024] 3 S.C.R. Digital Supreme Court Reports

13. Given the importance and humongous task undertaken by the Election Commission of India, presence of two more ECs brings about a balance and check. The concept of plurality in Article 324 of the Constitution, which has been noticed and approved by this Court in T.N. Seshan v. Union of India18, is necessary and desirable. 14. We must, however express our concern on the procedure adopted for selection of the incumbents to the two vacant posts of ECs, a significant constitutional post. Such selections should be made with full details and particulars of the candidates being circulated to all members of the Selection Committee. Section 6 of the 2023 Act postulates five prospective candidates which, prima facie, appears to mean that for two vacant posts ten prospective candidates should have been shortlisted. Procedural sanctity of the selection process requires fair deliberation with examination of background and merits of the candidate. The sanctity of the process should not be affected. Nevertheless, in spite of the said shortcoming, we do not deem it appropriate at this stage, keeping in view the timelines for the upcoming 18th General Elections for the Lok Sabha, to pass any interim order or direction. As indicated above, this would lead to chaos and virtual constitutional breakdown. Remand at this stage would not resolve the matter. It may also be relevant to state that the petitioners have not commented or questioned the merits of the persons selected/appointed as Ecs.

15. Further, EC being a constitutional post, it is wise to remind ourselves that once a constitutional post holder is selected, they are duty bound to act in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Constitution. The assumption is that they shall adhere to constitutional role and propriety in their functioning. To borrow from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India: “However good a Constitution may be, if those who are implementing it are not good, it will prove to be bad. However bad a Constitution may be, if those implementing it are good, it will prove to be good.” 16. Having regard to the aforesaid position, we are not inclined to accept the prayer for grant of stay. Accordingly, the applications seeking stay 18 [1995] Suppl. 2 SCR 106 : (1995) 4 SCC 611. [2024] 3 S.C.R. 889 Dr. Jaya Thakur & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr. are dismissed. We would clarify that the observations in this order are tentative and are not to be treated as final and binding, as the matter is sub-judice. 17. Recording the aforesaid, applications seeking stay in I.A. No. 66382/2024 in W.P. (C) 11/2024, I.A. No. 4223/2024 in W.P. (C) 13/2024, I.A. No. 62608/2024 in W.P.(C) No. 14/2024, I.A. No. 68091/2024 in W.P. (C) 87/2024, I.A. No. 30286/2024 in W.P. (C) 87/2024, I.A. No. 63879 of 2024 in W.P. (C) No. 87 of 2024 and I.A. No. 69713/2024 in W.P. (C) 191/2024 are dismissed.

18. Applications seeking intervention in I.A. No. 64017/2024 in W.P.(C) 14/2024 and I.A. No. 66282/2024 in W.P. (C) 87/2024 are dismissed. 19. Learned counsel for the intervenor in I.A. No. 71728/2024 in W.P. (C) 14/2024 prays for and is granted the permission to withdraw the intervention application. Accordingly, I.A. No. 71728/2024 in W.P. (C) 14/2024 is dismissed as withdrawn. Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain Result of the case: IAs dismissed.