[2023] 12 S.C.R. 197 : 2023 INSC 819 CASE DETAILS RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI & ANR. (Criminal Appeal No(s). 2242 of 2023) SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 [S. RAVINDRA BHAT AND ARAVIND KUMAR, JJ.] HEADNOTES Issue for consideration: Whether a transferee entity-a successor bank (DBS Bank) can be fastened with corporate criminal liability for the off ences which the amalgamating entity-the erstwhile Laxmi Vilas Bank (LVB) is accused of. Criminal Law – Corporate criminal liability – When cannot be fastened on a transferee entity:

Held: Criminal liability of a company cannot be transferred ipso facto, except when it is in the nature of penalty proceeding – Only defi ned legal proceedings are succeeded to by the transferee company, which is the DBS Bank in the instant case – Further, every scheme of amalgamation is statutory and sanctioned under the Banking Act – Such amalgamation aims at securing larger public interest and health of the banking industry – Overall objective of the scheme is to ensure recovery of what are the bank’s dues and ensuring protection of the creditors – In the present case, Clause 3 (3) of the amalgamation scheme no doubt, mentions that legal proceedings would be continued by or against the transferee bank-DBS Bank however, when viewed in the backdrop as aforesaid, the express mention of directors and such other individuals in the proviso to Clause 3 (3) means that it is to that extent only that prosecutions or other criminal proceedings can continue; in the ordinary sense, criminal liability can neither be attributed to DBS nor its directors, brought in after the amalgamation, whose appointments were approved by the RBI– Criminal liability of the individuals now attributed to DBS are actions of those who were offi cials of LVB – Their individual 197 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

responsibility and accountability in criminal law remains unaff ected by the amalgamation – No involvement of DBS Bank revealed in the charge sheet – Pending criminal proceedings to the extent it involved DBS, which was the subject mat-ter of the impugned judgment and all consequent proceedings arising therefrom (to the extent involving DBS), quashed – Impugned judgment set aside – Banking Regulation Act, 1949 – s.45(2) – Penal Code, 1860 – ss.409, 120B. [Paras 30-32, 34 and 35] Criminal Law – Criminal liability of a company: Held: Criminal liability of a company is recognized where it can be attributable to individual acts of employees, directors or offi cials of a company or juristic persons – It is recognized even if its conviction results in a term of imprisonment – Further, the legal eff ect of amalgamation of two companies is the destruction of the corporate existence of the transferor company (LVB, in the present case); it ceases to exist. [Para 30] Criminal Law – Quashing – Exercise of power:

Held: Power to quash a criminal investigation or proceedings should not be lightly exercised – Yet, to refuse recourse to that power, in cases that require or may demand it, is being blind to justice – In the present case, the public’s confi dence in the banking industry was at stake, when RBI stepped in, imposed the moratorium and asked DBS to take over the entire functioning, management assets and liabilities of the erstwhile LVB – To permit prosecution of DBS for the acts of LVB offi cials (facing criminal charges) would result in travesty of justice. [Para 35] Criminal Law – Liability of corporate entities – Divergence of opinion amongst certain High Courts – Discussed. LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES McLeod Russel India Limited v. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, Jalpaiguri & Ors., [2014] 9 SCR 162; Iridium India Telecom v. Motorola Inc., (2010) 14 (Addl.) SCR 591; M/s. General Radio & Appliances Co. Ltd. v. M.A. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED V. 199 STATE OF NCT OF DELHI & ANR. Khader (dead) by LR’s, [1986] 2 SCR 607; Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. v. CIT, Haryana, H.P. & Delhi, [1990] 1 Supp SCR 332 – relied on. Sham Sunder & Others v. State of Haryana, (1984) 4 SCC 630 : [1989] 3 SCR 886; M. Abbas Haji v. T.N. Channakeshava, (2019) 9 SCC 606; Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of Enforcement, [2005] 1 Suppl. ) SCR 49 – referred to.

Champa Agency v. R. Chowdhury, 1974 CHN 400; Sunil Banerjee v. Krishna Nath, AIR 1949 Cal 689; AK Khosla v. Venkatesan, (1992) 98 CrLJ 1448 (Cal); Esso Standard Inc. v. Udharam Bhagwandas Japanwalla, [1975] 45 Comp Cas 16 (Bom); Tesco Supermarkets Ltd. v. Nattrass, 1971 (2) All ER 127; Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v. Securities Commission, [1995] 3 All ER 918; Walker’s Settlement 1935 (1) Ch. D. 567; In Re: Skinner 1958 (3) All E.R 273 – referred to. Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases (9th edition). 25 Black’s Law Dictionary, Eleventh Edition – referred to. OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED ORDER AND APPEARANCES CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 2242 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 24.03.2023 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in CRLMC No. 3173 of 2021. With Criminal Appeal No. 2243 of 2023 Appearances: Mukul Rohatgi, Jayant Bhushan, Jana Kalyan Das, Rana Mukherjee, Sr. Advs., Amit Jajoo, Ms. Sushmita Gandhi, Malak Manish Bhatt, Ms. Neeha Nagpal, Ms. Vatsala Pant, Ms. Samridhi, Sandeep Devashish Das, Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, Ms. R. Bala, Sachin Sharma, Bhawarpal Singh Jadon, Dr. N. Visakamurthy, Advs. for the appearing parties. 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.

1. These appeals1 arise from a final order2 of the Delhi High Court rejecting a petition for quashing criminal proceedings, filed by the DBS Bank India Limited (second respondent in the first appeal / appellant in second the appeal) (hereafter “DBS”). In the two appeals, Religare Finvest Limited (hereafter “complainant” or “RFL”) and DBS have challenged the impugned order. To be more specific, they are also impleaded as second respondents in each other’s appeal. 2. RFL filed a commercial suit3 seeking to recover ₹791 Crores from (the erstwhile) Laxmi Vilas Bank (hereafter “LVB”). The claim was based on the allegations that LVB misappropriated Fixed Deposits (“FDs”) furnished as security by RFL and its group companies, namely RHC Holding Pvt. Ltd. (hereafter “RHC Holding”) and Ranchem Pvt. Ltd. (hereafter “Ranchem”), to secure short-term loans.

3. Subsequently, on 23.9.2019, RFL lodged a criminal complaint asserting that officials of LVB had conspired with RHC Holding and Ranchem. This led to the registration of FIR4 by the Economic Offences Wing under Sections 409 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC) (registered as Crime No. 1534/2020). The contents of the FIR alleged that RFL had placed four FDs with a combined value of ₹750 Crores as security for short-term loans. LVB extended loans to RHC Holding and Ranchem, utilizing these FDs as security. When RHC Holding and Ranchem defaulted on their loan payments, LVB debited an amount of ₹723.71 crores from RFL’s current account without obtaining proper authorization or prior notice. 4. Meanwhile, due to high net levels of Non-Performing Assets, inadequate Capital to Risk (Weighted) Average Ratio and Common 1 Crl. A. No. 2242 / 2023 & Crl.A. No. 2243 / 2023. 2 Dated 24.3.2023 in Crl. M. C. No. 3173 of 2021. 3 (Comm.) No. 940/2018. 4 FIR No. 189/2019. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 201 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] Equity Tier-I Capital, two years of negative Return on Assets, and high leverage, the Reserve Bank of India (hereafter “RBI”) placed LVB under “Prompt Corrective Action”5. 5. A chargesheet was filed against ten bank officials of LVB; however, LVB itself was not implicated as an accused. The Chief Metropolitan Magistrate took cognizance of these offenses on September 17, 2020.6

6. On November 17, 2020, RBI imposed a moratorium7 on LVB in terms of Section 45(2) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 [hereafter “the Banking Act”]. On November 25, 2020, due to LVB’s unstable financial condition, the Central Government directed its non-voluntary amalgamation to DBS8.

7. On February 12, 2021, a supplementary chargesheet or final report was filed, to implead LVB, represented through its director, (now DBS Bank India Limited after amalgamation), as an accused9 along with bank officials and the companies RHC Holding and Ranchem. It was alleged that LVB and other accused parties conspired to siphon off funds that were lent, and belonged to RFL. LVB stood to make substantial profits from this lending, as it obtained the FDs at a 4.5% interest rate and then ostensibly lent the money at a rate of 10% p.a. Investigation revealed that LVB’s actions were based on the premise that RFL, RHC Holding, and Ranchem were group companies under the same promoters. LVB created security against FDs of RFL. However, proper authorization from RFL was not secured for this arrangement. The loans advanced by LVB to RHC Holding and Ranchem against FDs of RFL were ultimately utilized by RHC Holding. Consequently, 5 Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework is to enable Supervisory intervention at appropriate time and require the Supervised Entity to initiate and implement remedial measures in a timely manner, so as to restore its financial health. The PCA Framework is also intended to act as a tool for effective market discipline. The PCA Framework does not preclude the Reserve Bank of India from taking any other action as it deems fit at any time in addition to the corrective actions prescribed in the Framework. 6 Crime Case No. 1534/2020, titled State vs. Malvinder Mohan Singh. 7 Moratorium order dated 17.11.2020.

8 under section 45(7) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. 9 in Crime No. 1534/2020. 202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. when RHC Holding failed to repay the loans to LVB, the FDs of RFL were adjusted by LVB against the outstanding loan amounts. As a result, it was observed that the actual beneficiaries of RFL’s funds, amounting to ₹729.13 Crores, was the RHC Holding. In absence of sufficient documentation supporting explicit authorization from RFL led to the allegation that LVB facilitated the diversion of funds for the promoter’s personal gain. 8. In this way, LVB revoked the FDs worth ₹729 Crores and also benefited by earning ₹115 crores, in interest. It was alleged that the parties involved acted in connivance with each other and committed acts of commission and omission in furtherance of the conspiracy to cheat the complainant company.

9. Summons were issued to DBS (identified as accused No. 12) on 16.2.2021. Aggrieved, DBS filed a Criminal Miscellaneous Case10 before the Delhi High Court, seeking to quash the supplementary chargesheet dated 12.2.2021 and summoning order dated 16.2.202111, contending inter alia that LVB had ceased to exist due to the non-voluntary amalgamation scheme and that DBS should not face prosecution for the acts and omissions of the entity which it merged with, as directed by the Government of India and the RBI. Additionally, Clause 3(3) of the Amalgamation scheme provides for the institution of criminal proceedings against officials of LVB and therefore, liability should not be attributed to the rescuer bank. 10. The High Court, by its impugned order, observed that quashing the summoning order against the DBS at this stage may hamper the purpose of the scheme since there was no explicit provision for abatement of criminal proceedings against the DBS bank in the scheme sanctioned by the RBI. The court directed the involved parties to seek clarification regarding the interpretation of Clause 3(3) of the scheme in respect of criminal proceedings constituted against transferor bank if be carried forward to transferee bank or not after the amalgamation from RBI. Additionally, the court stayed the summoning order issued on February 10 Crl. M. C. No. 3173/2021. 11 Arising out FIR No. 189/2019. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 203 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

16, 2021, against DBS Bank till clarification was issued by RBI. DBS appeals to this court, aggrieved by the refusal to quash criminal proceedings by the impugned order; RFL’s appeal is limited to the point that the court ought not to have deferred the issue, for consideration by RBI and should have dismissed the request for quashing, simpliciter and ought not to have indefinitely stayed the summoning order. Contentions of RFL 11. Mr. Rana Mukherjee, learned senior counsel for RFL, contends that the High Court ought not to have indefinitely stayed the summoning order, especially when it observed that quashing the summoning order against DBS would not be in public interest. This is more significant because the High Court denied such interim measure in its previous order dated 17.12.2021.

12. It was argued that the direction to approach RBI for clarification is beyond the scope of the original petition as DBS did not assert or seek relief in its quashing petition for the parties to approach the RBI for clarification. This direction essentially imposes a new obligation on the parties involved. If the High Court deemed it necessary to seek RBI’s view, it should have ideally impleaded RBI as a necessary party. Nevertheless, the RBI cannot sit in appeal over the findings of the High Court. Additionally, the High Court failed to take into account its own findings regarding interpretation of Clause 3(3) of the amalgamation scheme, that is – “15. Now, if one peruse sub clause 3 of Clause 3 of Scheme of Merger, it may appear there is no impediment to prosecute the petitioner company as the proviso of the said Scheme specifi cally says any cause of action or any other proceedings of whatsoever nature, against the transferee bank, the same shall not abate but shall be prosecuted by or against the transferee bank. The proviso to sub clause 3 appears to be only qua Director, Secretary, Manager, offi cer or other employee of the transferee bank who has actually committed criminal offence.” 13. RFL argued that criminal proceedings do not automatically abate upon the amalgamation of a company. LVB gained from the illegal transaction, and DBS is benefited from the assets of LVB, which 204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

included misappropriated funds obtained from RFL’s fixed deposits. Moreover, Clause 3(3) of the scheme incorporates the notion of criminal accountability, and there is no such bar on transferring criminal liability onto the transferee bank. The High Court’s decision essentially denies the petitioner the chance to pursue the case on merits, and instead, it necessitates involving an external body to interpret the amalgamation scheme. Lastly, as the trial is in its early stages, an indefinite stay will further delay the trial process. Contentions of DBS 14. Mr. Mukul Rohatgi and Mr. Jayant Bhushan, learned senior counsel, argued that the acts outlined in the chargesheet occurred well before the appointed date of the amalgamation, i.e., 27.11.2020. LVB was not implicated as an accused prior to the appointed date and was only added in the supplementary chargesheet. Before the amalgamation, LVB had no ties to DBS. LVB existed as a distinct and separate entity without being part of the same group or affiliate of or in any manner associated with DBS in any capacity. It ceased to exist in terms of Clause 7(2) of the scheme of amalgamation.

15. It was submitted that it is well settled principle that only the actual wrongdoer can only be punished for its wrongdoing, and no vicarious criminal liability can be inherited by a transferee company. Reliance was placed on Sham Sunder & Others v. State of Haryana12 and McLeod Russel India Limited v. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, Jalpaiguri & Ors.13 It was further submitted that the High Court has wrongly ignored/rejected a binding judgment passed by a coordinate bench of the same High Court in Nicholas Piramal India Limited v. S. Sundaranayagam14 passed in similar circumstances, wherein it was held that no vicarious criminal liability was being passed on to the transferee company in an amalgamation where the relevant Clause of the scheme was more or less identical by observing: “The legal position which emerges from afore-noted judicial decisions is that upon an amalgamation between two companies, the transferor 12 (1989) 4 SCC 630. 13 2014 (9) SCR 162. 14 Rendered on August 23, 2007, in Cri. M.C. No. 5392 of 2005. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 205 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

company dies a civil death and the entity which has evolved upon amalgamation cannot be prosecuted for an offence committed by the transferor company. […] So far as clause 8 relied upon by the counsel for the State is concerned, same relates to transfer of legal proceedings. The clause does not contemplate that criminal liability for offence committed by the earlier company would be transferable to the petitioner company.” 16. It was submitted that after the amalgamation, particularly, a non-voluntary scheme of amalgamation necessitated to safeguard the public interests, LVB ceased to exist and criminal proceedings against LVB shall abate. The transfer pertained to civil liability, with no provision concerning the continuation of criminal proceedings for the transferee company. Moreover, it was submitted that criminal proceedings cannot be transferred through a contract or statute, let alone by a scheme. Similarly, it placed reliance on M. Abbas Haji v. T. N. Channakeshava15 to submit that even in the case of a natural person where upon the demise of an accused person, criminal proceedings do not pass on to legal heirs or successors. 17. It was further submitted that the High Court was wrong to rely on foreign cases to observe that a transferee company can entail criminal liability as those judgments were rendered by considering legal interpretations distinct from those in India.

18. It was submitted that while one arm of the Government, namely the RBI and the Central Government, took proactive measures by formulating the Scheme under Section 45(7) of the Banking Act to safeguard the interests of LVB’s depositors, employees, and others, another arm of the Government, represented by Respondent No. 1, cannot vitiate the process by imposing criminal liability against DBS for the past actions of LVB. 19. Furthermore, DBS highlighted that RFL itself argued before the High Court that an interpretation from the RBI was necessary and that the Court should not make a determination on this matter. RFL 15 (2019) 9 SCC 606. 206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. presented in its Reply dated 09.01.2022 before the High Court, the following: “21. Without prejudice to the submissions made herein, as per the Clause 13 of the Scheme of amalgamation, if any doubt arises in the interpretation of the provisions of the scheme, in that case the matter is to be raised and referred to the RBI.” Therefore, through the current appeal, RFL is blowing hot and cold by contesting the impugned order, asserting that such clarification wasn’t needed and the stay of the summoning order is wrong. 20. Lastly, it was submitted that subsequent to the Impugned Order, RBI through its letter dated 14.06.2023, provided clarification that criminal proceedings against the officials of the transferor bank do not get carried forward to the transferee. Analysis

21. Before discussing and dealing with the rival submissions, it would be useful to extract provisions of the scheme of amalgamation published by the RBI. Clause 3(3) of the amalgamation notification reads as follows: “3. Transfer of assets and liabilities and general eff ect thereof. -(1)-(2) xxxxxxx (3) If on the appointed date, any cause of action, suit, decrees, recovery certificates, appeals or other proceedings of whatever nature is pending by or against the transferor bank before any court or tribunal or any other authority (including for the avoidance of doubt, an arbitral tribunal), the same shall not abate, be discontinued or be ill any way prejudicially affected, but shall, subject to the other provisions of this Scheme, be prosecuted and enforced by or against the transferee bank: Provided that where a contravention of any of the provision of any statute or of any rule, regulation, direction or order made thereunder has been committed by or any proceeding for a criminal off ence has been instituted against, a director or secretary, manager, offi cer or other employee of the transferor bank before the appointed date, such RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 207 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

director, secretary, manager, officer or other employee shall, without prejudice to the application of section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), be liable to be proceeded against under such law and punished accordingly, as if the transferor bank, being a banking company had not been dissolved.” Section 45(5)(e) of the Banking Act reads as follows: “45. Power of Reserve Bank to apply to Central Government for suspension of business by a banking company and to prepare scheme of reconstruction or amalgamation. — (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this Part or in any other law or [any agreement or other instrument], for the time being in force, where it appears to the Reserve Bank that there is good reason so to do, the Reserve Bank may apply to the Central Government for an order of moratorium in respect of [a banking company]. (2) to (4) xxx (5) The scheme aforesaid may contain provisions for all or any of the following matters, namely:— (e) subject to the provisions of the scheme, the continuation by or against the banking company on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, the transferee bank, of any actions or proceedings pending against the banking company immediately before the [reconstruction or amalgamation]”

Clause 13 of the Amalgamation scheme in the present case, i.e., relating to interpretation by RBI in the case of disputes, is as follows: “13. Interpretation of provisions of this Scheme. – If any doubt arises in the interpretation of the provisions of this Scheme, the matter shall be referred to the Reserve Bank and its views on the issue shall be final and binding on all concerned.” 22. As is apparent from the factual narrative and the above discussion, the issue which this court is concerned with, is whether a transferee entity (here, a successor bank) can be fastened with corporate 208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. criminal liability for the offences which the amalgamating entity- the erstwhile LVB is accused of.

23. There was some divergence of opinion amongst certain High Court about the liability of corporate entities. The Calcutta High Court’s view was that that only natural persons, could be ascribed with intention or “mens rea”. Resultantly, a juristic person such as a company could not be ascribed with criminal intent [Ref Champa Agency v. R. Chowdhury16, Sunil Banerjee v. Krishna Nath17, and AK Khosla v. Venkatesan18 ]. The Bombay High Court, differed, and had taken note of developments in the United Kingdom. In Esso Standard Inc. v. Udharam Bhagwandas Japanwalla19 arguments were advanced before the court on whether a company can have mens rea, and on how the process of attribution would, in fact, operate, with the precise question being whose mens rea would be attributed to the company. The High Court accepted that a strict test of mens rea was required to locate or ascribe criminal responsibility of a company, on the concerned decision maker. The Court adopted this line of reasoning, approving Lord Diplock’s opinion in Tesco Supermarkets Ltd. v. Nattrass20, including the following relevant observations:

“In my view, therefore, the question: what natural persons are to be treated in law as being the company for the purpose of acts done in the course of its business, including the taking of precautions and the exercise of due diligence to avoid the commission of a criminal off ence, is to be found by identifying those natural persons who by the memorandum and articles of association or as a result of action taken by the directors, or by the company in general meeting pursuant to the articles, are entrusted with the exercise of the powers of the company.” In Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission21, a more nuanced approach was adopted: 16 1974 CHN 400. 17 AIR 1949 Cal 689. 18 1992 (98) CrLJ 1448 (Cal). 19 [1975] 45 Comp Cas 16 (Bom). 20 1971 (2) All ER 127. 21 [1995] 3 All ER 918. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 209 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

“These primary rules of attribution are obviously not enough to enable a company to go out into the world and do business. Not every act on behalf of the company could be expected to be the subject of a resolution of the board or a unanimous decision of the shareholders. The company therefore builds upon the primary rules of attribution by using general rules of attribution which are equally available to natural persons, namely, the principles of agency. It will appoint servants and agents whose acts, by a combination of the general principles of agency and the company’s primary rules of attribution, count as the acts of the company. And having done so, it will also make itself subject to the general rules by which liability for the acts of others can be attributed to natural persons, such as estoppel or ostensible authority in contract and vicarious liability or tort.

It is worth pausing at this stage to make what may seem an obvious point. Any statement about what a company has or has not done, or can or cannot do, is necessarily a reference to the rules of attribution (primary and general) as they apply to that company. Judges sometimes say that a company ‘as such’ cannot do anything; it must act by servants or agents. This may seem an unexceptionable, even banal remark. And of course the meaning is usually perfectly clear. But a reference to a company ‘as such’ might suggest that there is something out there called the company of which one can meaningfully say that it can or cannot do something. There is in fact no such thing as the company as such, no ding an such, only the applicable rules. To say that a company cannot do something means only that there is no one whose doing of that act would, under the applicable rules of attribution, count as an act of the company. The company’s primary rules of attribution together with the general principles of agency, vicarious liability and so forth are usually sufficient to enable one to determine its rights and obligations. In exceptional cases, however, they will not provide an answer. This will be the case when a rule of law, either expressly or by implication, excludes attribution on the basis of the general principles of agency or vicarious liability. For example, a rule may be stated in language primarily applicable to a natural person and require some act or state

210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

of mind on the part of that person ‘himself’ as opposed to his servants or agents. This is generally true of rules of the criminal law, which ordinarily impose liability only for the actus reus and mens rea of the defendant himself. How is such a rule to be applied to a company? One possibility is that the court may come to the conclusion that the rule was not intended to apply to companies at all; for example, a law which created an offence for which the only penalty was community service. Another possibility is that the court might interpret the law as meaning that it could apply to a company only on the basis of its primary rules of attribution, i.e. if the act giving rise to liability was specifi cally authorised by a resolution of the board or an unanimous agreement of the shareholders. But there will be many cases in which neither of these solutions is satisfactory; in which the court considers that the law was intended to apply to companies and that, although it excludes ordinary vicarious liability, insistence on the primary rules of attribution would in practice defeat that intention. In such a case, the court must fashion a special rule of attribution for the particular substantive rule. This is always a matter of interpretation: given that it was intended to apply to a company, how was it intended to apply? Whose act (or knowledge, or state of mind) was for this purpose intended to count as the act etc. of the company? One fi nds the answer to this question by applying the usual canons of interpretation, taking into account the language of the rule (if it is a statute) and its content and policy.’

Lord Hoffmann, in his opinion stated that: “. . their Lordships would wish to guard themselves against being understood to mean that whenever a servant of a company has authority to do an act on its behalf, knowledge of that act will for all purposes be attributed to the company. It is a question of construction in each case as to whether the particular rule requires that the knowledge that an act has been done, or the state of mind with which it was done, should be attributed to the company. Sometimes, as in In re Supply of Ready Mixed Concrete (No. 2) [1995] 1 A.C. 456 and this case, it will be appropriate . . .. On the other hand, the fact that a company’s employee is authorised to drive a lorry does not in itself lead to the RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 211 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] conclusion that if he kills someone by reckless driving, the company will be guilty of manslaughter. There is no inconsistency. Each is an example of an attribution rule for a particular purpose, tailored as it always must be to the terms and policies of the substantive rule.” 24. This court, considered the issue in Iridium India Telecom v Motorola Inc22 and held, inter alia, that:

“38. From the above it becomes evident that a corporation is virtually in the same position as any individual and may be convicted of common law as well as statutory offences including those requiring mens rea. The criminal liability of a corporation would arise when an offence is committed in relation to the business of the corporation by a person or body of persons in control of its affairs. In such circumstances, it would be necessary to ascertain that the degree and control of the person or body of persons is so intense that a corporation may be said to think and act through the person or the body of persons.” Earlier, in the Constitution Bench ruling in Standard Chartered Bank v Directorate of Enforcement23, the court referred to Section 11 of the IPC, which defined “person”. “The word “person” includes any Company or Association or body of persons, whether incorporated or not”; the court also referred to the 41st and 47th Law Commission reports. The Law Commission had stated that

“In every case in which the offence is only punishable with imprisonment or with imprisonment and fi ne and the offender is a company or other body corporate or an association of individuals, it shall be competent to the court to sentence such offender to fine only.” The judges- in the majority held that all penal statutes are to be strictly construed, in the sense that the court must see that the thing charged as an offence is within the plain meaning of the words used and must not strain the words. Any act falling within the mischief that is addressed should be intended to be included and has to included if thought of. Further, all penal provisions, like all other statutes, need to 22 [2010) 14 (ADDL.) SCR 591. 23 2005 [Supp] (1) SCR 49. 212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. be fairly construed in terms of expressed legislative intent. The intent to prosecute corporate bodies for the offences committed by them was clear and explicit, and the statute did not intend to exonerate them from prosecution. The court, therefore, held that it would be violence to commonsense that the legislature intended to punish the corporate bodies for minor and silly offences while at the same time, extended immunity of prosecution to major and grave economic crimes.

25. According to Stroud24, “amalgamation” is “welding or blending of two or more concerns into one.” It also states that “where there the companies concerned retain separate entities, [] there is no amalgamation”. Black25 defines amalgamation as the “act of combining or uniting; consolidation < amalgamation of two small companies to form a new corporation >…” The Companies Act, 2013 does not contain any express definition of amalgamation; it rather outlines and regulates the procedure for amalgamation and spells out its legal effect, which results in extinguishment of the corporate identity of the transferor company26 [read, in this case, LVB]. In Walker’s Settlement27, the term ‘amalgamation’ is defined as: “The word ‘amalgamation’ has no definite legal meaning. It contemplates a state of things under which 2 companies are so joined as to form a third entity or one company is absorbed into and blended with another company.” In Re: Skinner28 too referred to amalgamation schemes and their effect as follows: “…schemes and orders made by virtue of Section 206 and Section 208 of the Companies Act 1948 can only transfer such rights, powers, 24 Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases (9thedition). 25 Black’s Law Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. 26 Section 233 of the Companies Act, 2013 outlines the result of acceptance of a scheme of amalgamation:

“(8) The registration of the scheme under sub-section (3) or sub-section (7) shall be deemed to have the eff ect of dissolution of the transferor company without process of winding-up.” 27 1935 (1) Ch. D. 567. 28 1958 (3) All E.R 273. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 213 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] duties and property as are capable of being lawfully transferred by a party to the scheme if no such sections of the Companies Act existed. It is not necessary in a scheme to exclude specifically from its operation things incapable of such transfer as general words in the scheme and any order in furtherance must be taken to operate in a manner not to repugnant to the general law of England.” 26. In M/s. General Radio & Appliances Co. Ltd. vs. M.A. Khader (dead) by LR’s29, the effect of amalgamation of two companies was considered by the Supreme Court. It was held that after the amalgamation of two companies, the transferor company ceases to have any entity, and the amalgamated company acquires a new status, and it is not possible to treat the two companies as partners or jointly liable in respect of their liabilities and assets.

27. In the context of income tax liability, this court, in Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. vs. CIT, Haryana, H.P. & Delhi30, observed that: “The true effect and character of the amalgamation largely depends on the terms and scheme of merger but there cannot be any doubt that when two companies amalgamate and merge into one the transferor company loses its entity as it ceases to have its business. However, their respective rights or liabilities are determined under the scheme of amalgamation but the corporate entity of the transferor company ceases to exist with effect from the date the amalgamation is made effective.” 28. McLeod Russel India Limited v. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, Jalpaiguri & Ors31. was a case involving default in paying provident fund dues under the Employees Provident Fund Act, 1952 (“the EPF Act”). In this case, one Mathura Tea Estate owned Saroda Tea Company Ltd., which was covered by the EPF Act. During the pendency of recovery and penalty proceedings, the entire management of Mathura Tea Estate (including ownership of Saroda Tea Co. Ltd and the estate) was taken over by Eveready Industries (India) Ltd., 29 1986 (2) SCR 607. 30 1990 Supp (1) SCR 332. 31 2014 (9) SCR 162. 214 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

which discharged the principal EPF liability but sought to disclaim penalty (for non-compliance in the requirement to remit or deposit EPF contributions). This court negatived its position by noticing that the takeover document clearly noted the liability and how it was to be treated as McLeod Russel’s liability:

“13. There is no gainsaying that criminal liability remains steadfastly fastened to the actual perpetrator and cannot be transferred by any compact between persons or even by statute. But this incontrovertible legal principle does not support or validate the contention of Mr. Jayant Bhushan, Learned Senior Advocate for the Appellants, that damages levied in terms of Section 14B of the EPF Act cannot be foisted onto his clients. Sections 14, 14A, 14AA, 14AB and 14AC of the EPF Act are the provisions postulating prosecution; in contradistinction Section 14B contemplates the power to “recover from the employer by way of penalty such damages, not exceeding the amount of arrears, as may be specifi ed in the Scheme”. It is true that it is not a river but a mere rivulet that segregates and distinguishes the legal concepts of damages or compensatory damages or exemplary damages or deterrent damages or punitive damages or retributory damages. We shall abjure from writing a dissertation on this compelling legal nodus; save to clarify that modern jurisprudence recognizes that the imposition of punitive damages, quintessentially quasi-criminal in character, can be resorted to even in civil proceedings to deter wilful wrongdoing by making an admonished example of the wrongdoer. This is the essential purpose, it seems to us, of Section 14B of the EPF Act, and an imposition within its confi nes does not assume criminal prosecution so as to stand proscribed insofar as transfer of establishment from one management/ employer to its successor is concerned.”

29. In Shyam Sundar v State of Haryana (supra), the liability of a partnership firm, based on the agency of every partner for the individual criminal acts of its partners, was negatived: “9. But we are concerned with a criminal liability under penal provision and not a civil liability. The penal provision must be strictly construed in the fi rst place. Secondly, there is no vicarious liability in criminal law unless the statute takes that also within its fold. Section RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 215 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] 10 does not provide for such liability. It does not make all the partners liable for the offence whether they do business or not.” 30. It is, therefore, noticeable that the criminal liability of a company (a) is recognized where it can be attributable to individual acts of employees, directors or officials of a company or juristic persons (Tesco, Meridian Global Funds, Standard Chartered Bank, and Iridium) (b) recognized even if its conviction results in a term of imprisonment (Meridian, Iridium); (c) cannot be transferred ipso facto, except when it is in the nature of penalty proceeding (McLeod Russel) (d) the legal effect of amalgamation of two companies is the destruction of the corporate existence of the transferor company (in this case, LVB); it ceases to exist. (e) that apart, only defined legal proceedings, are succeeded to by the transferee company, which, in this case, is the DBS Bank32 .

31. As noted earlier, Clause 3 (3) of the scheme in this case, no doubt mentions that legal proceedings would be continued by or against the transferee bank (read DBS Bank). However, it is also important to notice the proviso: “3. Transfer of assets and liabilities and general effect thereof. -(1)-(2) xxxxxxx (3) If on the appointed date, any cause of action, suit, decrees, recovery certificates, appeals or other proceedings of whatever nature is pending by or against the transferor bank before any court or tribunal or any other authority (including for the avoidance of doubt, an arbitral tribunal), the same shall not abate, be discontinued or be ill any way prejudicially affected, but shall, subject to the other provisions of this Scheme, be prosecuted and enforced by or against the transferee bank: 32 Section 233 (9) of the Companies Act, 2013. 216 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

Provided that where a contravention of any of the provision of any statute or of any rule, regulation, direction or order made thereunder has been committed by or any proceeding for a criminal off ence has been instituted against, a director or secretary, manager, offi cer or other employee of the transferor bank before the appointed date, such director, secretary, manager, officer or other employee shall, without prejudice to the application of section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), be liable to be proceeded against under such law and punished accordingly, as if the transferor bank, being a banking company had not been dissolved.”

32. Every scheme of amalgamation is statutory and sanctioned under the Banking Act. Such amalgamation is to ensure that the interests of the depositors, the creditors and others who had invested, or given credit to in the erstwhile bank, before its sickness, and that the general public are protected. It aims at securing larger public interest and health of the banking industry. Late intervention into the affairs of a bank can result in a “run” on it, resulting in serious loss of confidence in the intricately woven banking and financial system. If one sees this and the overall objective of the scheme, it is to ensure recovery of what are the bank’s dues and ensuring protection of the creditors. Clause 3 (3) of the scheme, therefore, has to be considered from this backdrop. In this context, the express mention of directors and such other individuals in the proviso means that it is to that extent only that prosecutions or other criminal proceedings can continue; in the ordinary sense, criminal liability can neither be attributed to DBS nor its directors, brought in after the amalgamation, whose appointments were approved by the RBI. 33. The charge sheet, to the extent it is relevant in the present case, reads as follows: “PS – EOW, FIR – 189/2019 ********************** Further, during the course of investigation, the certifi ed copy of the emails were obtained from the bank along with certificate U/s 65-B Evidence Act which are as under: -

RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 217 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] 1. Certifi ed copy of email dated 10.11.16. 2. Certifi ed copy of email dated 07.01.17. 3. Certifi ed copy of email dated 09.01.17. 4. Certifi ed copy of email dated 13.07.17. Further, the complainant informed that “we draw you kind attention to the recent amalgamation of LVB With DBS by the Reserve Bank of India. Pursuant to the Press Release bearing No. 2020- 2021/647, the RBI announced a scheme of amalgamation of LVB with DBS Which came into force on 27.11.2020, post which LVB has amalgamated with DBS.”

From the investigation conducted, it was emerged that the bank offi cials in collusion with promoters of the REL deliberately/knowingly did not complete the formalities which are mandatory for the loan transaction to benefi t the promoters/accused of RHC Holding Limited and Ranchem Pvt. Limited by extending loan to the entities which the promoters/accused persons used to square of their liabilities. The deposit loan was extended from time to time and the mandatory requirements were not completed and there is no satisfactory response of not following the manual in respect of deposit loan of their own bank and later on, when invoke the deposit they tried to shift the responsibility to each other. There is no document as per requirement of the bank itself is on record which established that these are the loans against the security/FDRS of RFL. It has emerged that the loan was required by the promoters of REL as well as RHC Holding Pvt. Limited to square off the liabilities/borrowing of RHC Holdings Limited and Ranchem Private Limited. The accused Malvinder Mohan Singh and Shivinder Mohan Singh cannot avail the loan in their 100% holding company against the FDs of REL as it requires approval of related party transaction committee from the board of REL. Therefore, this arrangement was done with the connivance of the bank officials who facilitated this transaction by passing the SOP of their own. Moreover, loans were extended from time to time and eventually the security has been invoked by the Lakshmi Vilas Bank thus causing wrongful loss to the complainant Company to the tune of Rs. 791 crores approximately.

218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. From the investigation conducted so far, the supplementary charge sheet has been prepared against LVB Bank (Now DBS Bank India Limited) and bank officials namely (1) Anjani Kumar Vermam, (2) S. Venkatesh, (3) Pradeep Kumar and (4) Parthsarathi Mukherjee (without arrest) and accused persons Malvinder Mohan Singh, Shivinder Mohan Singh, Sunil Godhwani, Hemant Dhingra, Kavi Arora and company RHC Holding Pvt. Limited, M/s Ranchem Pvt. Limited as they acted in connivance with each other being members of a well-planned conspiracy and interacted with each other and committed acts of commission and of omission in furtherance of the conspiracy to cheat the complainant company. Hence, this charge sheet against the accused persons, company and Bank u/s 409/120B IPC has been prepared by putting their names in column no. 11. It is therefore, respectfully prayed that this supplementary charge sheet may kindly be treated as part of main chargesheet against the said accused and the entire oral and documentary evidence as reflected in the lists of PWs, and documents enclosed herewith may also be treated as supplement to the main chargesheet. 17. Refer Notice Served Yes No: Date Acknowledgement to be placed 18. Dispatched on: -sd-”

34. It is, therefore, clear that the criminal liability of the individuals now attributed to DBS are actions of (1) Anjani Kumar Verma, (2) S. Venkatesh, (3) Pradeep Kumar and (4) Parthsarathi Mukherjee. They were all offi cials of LVB. Their individual responsibility and accountability in criminal law, is and remains unaffected by the amalgamation. Therefore, there is in fact, no involvement of DBS Bank, revealed in the charge sheet filed by the Delhi Police. In completely ignoring these aspects and proceeding on a rather superficial basis, the High Court, in our considered opinion fell into error. 35. There is no gainsaying that the power to quash a criminal investigation or proceedings should not be lightly exercised. Yet, to RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 219 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

refuse recourse to that power, in cases that require or may demand it, is being blind to justice, which the courts can scant afford to be. In the present context, the public’s confidence in the banking industry was at stake, when RBI stepped in, imposed the moratorium and asked DBS to take over the entire functioning, management assets and liabilities of the erstwhile LVB. To permit prosecution of DBS for the acts of LVB officials (who are in fact, facing criminal charges) would result in travesty of justice. Therefore, the pending criminal proceedings (arising out of FIR – 189/2019 registered at P.S. Economic Affairs Wing, New Delhi), to the extent it involves DBS, which was the subject matter of the impugned judgment and all consequent proceedings arising therefrom (to the extent of involvement of DBS), are hereby quashed. 36. The impugned judgment is accordingly set aside; the appeal by DBS is allowed; the appeal by RFL/complainant is, for the same reasons, dismissed. No costs. Headnotes prepared by: Appeals disposed of. Divya Pandey

[2023] 12 S.C.R. 197 : 2023 INSC 819 CASE DETAILS RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI & ANR. (Criminal Appeal No(s). 2242 of 2023) SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 [S. RAVINDRA BHAT AND ARAVIND KUMAR, JJ.] HEADNOTES Issue for consideration: Whether a transferee entity-a successor bank (DBS Bank) can be fastened with corporate criminal liability for the off ences which the amalgamating entity-the erstwhile Laxmi Vilas Bank (LVB) is accused of. Criminal Law – Corporate criminal liability – When cannot be fastened on a transferee entity:

Held: Criminal liability of a company cannot be transferred ipso facto, except when it is in the nature of penalty proceeding – Only defi ned legal proceedings are succeeded to by the transferee company, which is the DBS Bank in the instant case – Further, every scheme of amalgamation is statutory and sanctioned under the Banking Act – Such amalgamation aims at securing larger public interest and health of the banking industry – Overall objective of the scheme is to ensure recovery of what are the bank’s dues and ensuring protection of the creditors – In the present case, Clause 3 (3) of the amalgamation scheme no doubt, mentions that legal proceedings would be continued by or against the transferee bank-DBS Bank however, when viewed in the backdrop as aforesaid, the express mention of directors and such other individuals in the proviso to Clause 3 (3) means that it is to that extent only that prosecutions or other criminal proceedings can continue; in the ordinary sense, criminal liability can neither be attributed to DBS nor its directors, brought in after the amalgamation, whose appointments were approved by the RBI– Criminal liability of the individuals now attributed to DBS are actions of those who were offi cials of LVB – Their individual 197 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

responsibility and accountability in criminal law remains unaff ected by the amalgamation – No involvement of DBS Bank revealed in the charge sheet – Pending criminal proceedings to the extent it involved DBS, which was the subject mat-ter of the impugned judgment and all consequent proceedings arising therefrom (to the extent involving DBS), quashed – Impugned judgment set aside – Banking Regulation Act, 1949 – s.45(2) – Penal Code, 1860 – ss.409, 120B. [Paras 30-32, 34 and 35] Criminal Law – Criminal liability of a company: Held: Criminal liability of a company is recognized where it can be attributable to individual acts of employees, directors or offi cials of a company or juristic persons – It is recognized even if its conviction results in a term of imprisonment – Further, the legal eff ect of amalgamation of two companies is the destruction of the corporate existence of the transferor company (LVB, in the present case); it ceases to exist. [Para 30] Criminal Law – Quashing – Exercise of power:

Held: Power to quash a criminal investigation or proceedings should not be lightly exercised – Yet, to refuse recourse to that power, in cases that require or may demand it, is being blind to justice – In the present case, the public’s confi dence in the banking industry was at stake, when RBI stepped in, imposed the moratorium and asked DBS to take over the entire functioning, management assets and liabilities of the erstwhile LVB – To permit prosecution of DBS for the acts of LVB offi cials (facing criminal charges) would result in travesty of justice. [Para 35] Criminal Law – Liability of corporate entities – Divergence of opinion amongst certain High Courts – Discussed. LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES McLeod Russel India Limited v. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, Jalpaiguri & Ors., [2014] 9 SCR 162; Iridium India Telecom v. Motorola Inc., (2010) 14 (Addl.) SCR 591; M/s. General Radio & Appliances Co. Ltd. v. M.A. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED V. 199 STATE OF NCT OF DELHI & ANR. Khader (dead) by LR’s, [1986] 2 SCR 607; Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. v. CIT, Haryana, H.P. & Delhi, [1990] 1 Supp SCR 332 – relied on. Sham Sunder & Others v. State of Haryana, (1984) 4 SCC 630 : [1989] 3 SCR 886; M. Abbas Haji v. T.N. Channakeshava, (2019) 9 SCC 606; Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of Enforcement, [2005] 1 Suppl. ) SCR 49 – referred to.

Champa Agency v. R. Chowdhury, 1974 CHN 400; Sunil Banerjee v. Krishna Nath, AIR 1949 Cal 689; AK Khosla v. Venkatesan, (1992) 98 CrLJ 1448 (Cal); Esso Standard Inc. v. Udharam Bhagwandas Japanwalla, [1975] 45 Comp Cas 16 (Bom); Tesco Supermarkets Ltd. v. Nattrass, 1971 (2) All ER 127; Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v. Securities Commission, [1995] 3 All ER 918; Walker’s Settlement 1935 (1) Ch. D. 567; In Re: Skinner 1958 (3) All E.R 273 – referred to. Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases (9th edition). 25 Black’s Law Dictionary, Eleventh Edition – referred to. OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED ORDER AND APPEARANCES CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 2242 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 24.03.2023 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in CRLMC No. 3173 of 2021. With Criminal Appeal No. 2243 of 2023 Appearances: Mukul Rohatgi, Jayant Bhushan, Jana Kalyan Das, Rana Mukherjee, Sr. Advs., Amit Jajoo, Ms. Sushmita Gandhi, Malak Manish Bhatt, Ms. Neeha Nagpal, Ms. Vatsala Pant, Ms. Samridhi, Sandeep Devashish Das, Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, Ms. R. Bala, Sachin Sharma, Bhawarpal Singh Jadon, Dr. N. Visakamurthy, Advs. for the appearing parties. 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.

1. These appeals1 arise from a final order2 of the Delhi High Court rejecting a petition for quashing criminal proceedings, filed by the DBS Bank India Limited (second respondent in the first appeal / appellant in second the appeal) (hereafter “DBS”). In the two appeals, Religare Finvest Limited (hereafter “complainant” or “RFL”) and DBS have challenged the impugned order. To be more specific, they are also impleaded as second respondents in each other’s appeal. 2. RFL filed a commercial suit3 seeking to recover ₹791 Crores from (the erstwhile) Laxmi Vilas Bank (hereafter “LVB”). The claim was based on the allegations that LVB misappropriated Fixed Deposits (“FDs”) furnished as security by RFL and its group companies, namely RHC Holding Pvt. Ltd. (hereafter “RHC Holding”) and Ranchem Pvt. Ltd. (hereafter “Ranchem”), to secure short-term loans.

3. Subsequently, on 23.9.2019, RFL lodged a criminal complaint asserting that officials of LVB had conspired with RHC Holding and Ranchem. This led to the registration of FIR4 by the Economic Offences Wing under Sections 409 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC) (registered as Crime No. 1534/2020). The contents of the FIR alleged that RFL had placed four FDs with a combined value of ₹750 Crores as security for short-term loans. LVB extended loans to RHC Holding and Ranchem, utilizing these FDs as security. When RHC Holding and Ranchem defaulted on their loan payments, LVB debited an amount of ₹723.71 crores from RFL’s current account without obtaining proper authorization or prior notice. 4. Meanwhile, due to high net levels of Non-Performing Assets, inadequate Capital to Risk (Weighted) Average Ratio and Common 1 Crl. A. No. 2242 / 2023 & Crl.A. No. 2243 / 2023. 2 Dated 24.3.2023 in Crl. M. C. No. 3173 of 2021. 3 (Comm.) No. 940/2018. 4 FIR No. 189/2019. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 201 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] Equity Tier-I Capital, two years of negative Return on Assets, and high leverage, the Reserve Bank of India (hereafter “RBI”) placed LVB under “Prompt Corrective Action”5. 5. A chargesheet was filed against ten bank officials of LVB; however, LVB itself was not implicated as an accused. The Chief Metropolitan Magistrate took cognizance of these offenses on September 17, 2020.6

6. On November 17, 2020, RBI imposed a moratorium7 on LVB in terms of Section 45(2) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 [hereafter “the Banking Act”]. On November 25, 2020, due to LVB’s unstable financial condition, the Central Government directed its non-voluntary amalgamation to DBS8.

7. On February 12, 2021, a supplementary chargesheet or final report was filed, to implead LVB, represented through its director, (now DBS Bank India Limited after amalgamation), as an accused9 along with bank officials and the companies RHC Holding and Ranchem. It was alleged that LVB and other accused parties conspired to siphon off funds that were lent, and belonged to RFL. LVB stood to make substantial profits from this lending, as it obtained the FDs at a 4.5% interest rate and then ostensibly lent the money at a rate of 10% p.a. Investigation revealed that LVB’s actions were based on the premise that RFL, RHC Holding, and Ranchem were group companies under the same promoters. LVB created security against FDs of RFL. However, proper authorization from RFL was not secured for this arrangement. The loans advanced by LVB to RHC Holding and Ranchem against FDs of RFL were ultimately utilized by RHC Holding. Consequently, 5 Prompt Corrective Action (PCA) Framework is to enable Supervisory intervention at appropriate time and require the Supervised Entity to initiate and implement remedial measures in a timely manner, so as to restore its financial health. The PCA Framework is also intended to act as a tool for effective market discipline. The PCA Framework does not preclude the Reserve Bank of India from taking any other action as it deems fit at any time in addition to the corrective actions prescribed in the Framework. 6 Crime Case No. 1534/2020, titled State vs. Malvinder Mohan Singh. 7 Moratorium order dated 17.11.2020.

8 under section 45(7) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. 9 in Crime No. 1534/2020. 202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. when RHC Holding failed to repay the loans to LVB, the FDs of RFL were adjusted by LVB against the outstanding loan amounts. As a result, it was observed that the actual beneficiaries of RFL’s funds, amounting to ₹729.13 Crores, was the RHC Holding. In absence of sufficient documentation supporting explicit authorization from RFL led to the allegation that LVB facilitated the diversion of funds for the promoter’s personal gain. 8. In this way, LVB revoked the FDs worth ₹729 Crores and also benefited by earning ₹115 crores, in interest. It was alleged that the parties involved acted in connivance with each other and committed acts of commission and omission in furtherance of the conspiracy to cheat the complainant company.

9. Summons were issued to DBS (identified as accused No. 12) on 16.2.2021. Aggrieved, DBS filed a Criminal Miscellaneous Case10 before the Delhi High Court, seeking to quash the supplementary chargesheet dated 12.2.2021 and summoning order dated 16.2.202111, contending inter alia that LVB had ceased to exist due to the non-voluntary amalgamation scheme and that DBS should not face prosecution for the acts and omissions of the entity which it merged with, as directed by the Government of India and the RBI. Additionally, Clause 3(3) of the Amalgamation scheme provides for the institution of criminal proceedings against officials of LVB and therefore, liability should not be attributed to the rescuer bank. 10. The High Court, by its impugned order, observed that quashing the summoning order against the DBS at this stage may hamper the purpose of the scheme since there was no explicit provision for abatement of criminal proceedings against the DBS bank in the scheme sanctioned by the RBI. The court directed the involved parties to seek clarification regarding the interpretation of Clause 3(3) of the scheme in respect of criminal proceedings constituted against transferor bank if be carried forward to transferee bank or not after the amalgamation from RBI. Additionally, the court stayed the summoning order issued on February 10 Crl. M. C. No. 3173/2021. 11 Arising out FIR No. 189/2019. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 203 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

16, 2021, against DBS Bank till clarification was issued by RBI. DBS appeals to this court, aggrieved by the refusal to quash criminal proceedings by the impugned order; RFL’s appeal is limited to the point that the court ought not to have deferred the issue, for consideration by RBI and should have dismissed the request for quashing, simpliciter and ought not to have indefinitely stayed the summoning order. Contentions of RFL 11. Mr. Rana Mukherjee, learned senior counsel for RFL, contends that the High Court ought not to have indefinitely stayed the summoning order, especially when it observed that quashing the summoning order against DBS would not be in public interest. This is more significant because the High Court denied such interim measure in its previous order dated 17.12.2021.

12. It was argued that the direction to approach RBI for clarification is beyond the scope of the original petition as DBS did not assert or seek relief in its quashing petition for the parties to approach the RBI for clarification. This direction essentially imposes a new obligation on the parties involved. If the High Court deemed it necessary to seek RBI’s view, it should have ideally impleaded RBI as a necessary party. Nevertheless, the RBI cannot sit in appeal over the findings of the High Court. Additionally, the High Court failed to take into account its own findings regarding interpretation of Clause 3(3) of the amalgamation scheme, that is – “15. Now, if one peruse sub clause 3 of Clause 3 of Scheme of Merger, it may appear there is no impediment to prosecute the petitioner company as the proviso of the said Scheme specifi cally says any cause of action or any other proceedings of whatsoever nature, against the transferee bank, the same shall not abate but shall be prosecuted by or against the transferee bank. The proviso to sub clause 3 appears to be only qua Director, Secretary, Manager, offi cer or other employee of the transferee bank who has actually committed criminal offence.” 13. RFL argued that criminal proceedings do not automatically abate upon the amalgamation of a company. LVB gained from the illegal transaction, and DBS is benefited from the assets of LVB, which 204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

included misappropriated funds obtained from RFL’s fixed deposits. Moreover, Clause 3(3) of the scheme incorporates the notion of criminal accountability, and there is no such bar on transferring criminal liability onto the transferee bank. The High Court’s decision essentially denies the petitioner the chance to pursue the case on merits, and instead, it necessitates involving an external body to interpret the amalgamation scheme. Lastly, as the trial is in its early stages, an indefinite stay will further delay the trial process. Contentions of DBS 14. Mr. Mukul Rohatgi and Mr. Jayant Bhushan, learned senior counsel, argued that the acts outlined in the chargesheet occurred well before the appointed date of the amalgamation, i.e., 27.11.2020. LVB was not implicated as an accused prior to the appointed date and was only added in the supplementary chargesheet. Before the amalgamation, LVB had no ties to DBS. LVB existed as a distinct and separate entity without being part of the same group or affiliate of or in any manner associated with DBS in any capacity. It ceased to exist in terms of Clause 7(2) of the scheme of amalgamation.

15. It was submitted that it is well settled principle that only the actual wrongdoer can only be punished for its wrongdoing, and no vicarious criminal liability can be inherited by a transferee company. Reliance was placed on Sham Sunder & Others v. State of Haryana12 and McLeod Russel India Limited v. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, Jalpaiguri & Ors.13 It was further submitted that the High Court has wrongly ignored/rejected a binding judgment passed by a coordinate bench of the same High Court in Nicholas Piramal India Limited v. S. Sundaranayagam14 passed in similar circumstances, wherein it was held that no vicarious criminal liability was being passed on to the transferee company in an amalgamation where the relevant Clause of the scheme was more or less identical by observing: “The legal position which emerges from afore-noted judicial decisions is that upon an amalgamation between two companies, the transferor 12 (1989) 4 SCC 630. 13 2014 (9) SCR 162. 14 Rendered on August 23, 2007, in Cri. M.C. No. 5392 of 2005. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 205 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

company dies a civil death and the entity which has evolved upon amalgamation cannot be prosecuted for an offence committed by the transferor company. […] So far as clause 8 relied upon by the counsel for the State is concerned, same relates to transfer of legal proceedings. The clause does not contemplate that criminal liability for offence committed by the earlier company would be transferable to the petitioner company.” 16. It was submitted that after the amalgamation, particularly, a non-voluntary scheme of amalgamation necessitated to safeguard the public interests, LVB ceased to exist and criminal proceedings against LVB shall abate. The transfer pertained to civil liability, with no provision concerning the continuation of criminal proceedings for the transferee company. Moreover, it was submitted that criminal proceedings cannot be transferred through a contract or statute, let alone by a scheme. Similarly, it placed reliance on M. Abbas Haji v. T. N. Channakeshava15 to submit that even in the case of a natural person where upon the demise of an accused person, criminal proceedings do not pass on to legal heirs or successors. 17. It was further submitted that the High Court was wrong to rely on foreign cases to observe that a transferee company can entail criminal liability as those judgments were rendered by considering legal interpretations distinct from those in India.

18. It was submitted that while one arm of the Government, namely the RBI and the Central Government, took proactive measures by formulating the Scheme under Section 45(7) of the Banking Act to safeguard the interests of LVB’s depositors, employees, and others, another arm of the Government, represented by Respondent No. 1, cannot vitiate the process by imposing criminal liability against DBS for the past actions of LVB. 19. Furthermore, DBS highlighted that RFL itself argued before the High Court that an interpretation from the RBI was necessary and that the Court should not make a determination on this matter. RFL 15 (2019) 9 SCC 606. 206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. presented in its Reply dated 09.01.2022 before the High Court, the following: “21. Without prejudice to the submissions made herein, as per the Clause 13 of the Scheme of amalgamation, if any doubt arises in the interpretation of the provisions of the scheme, in that case the matter is to be raised and referred to the RBI.” Therefore, through the current appeal, RFL is blowing hot and cold by contesting the impugned order, asserting that such clarification wasn’t needed and the stay of the summoning order is wrong. 20. Lastly, it was submitted that subsequent to the Impugned Order, RBI through its letter dated 14.06.2023, provided clarification that criminal proceedings against the officials of the transferor bank do not get carried forward to the transferee. Analysis

21. Before discussing and dealing with the rival submissions, it would be useful to extract provisions of the scheme of amalgamation published by the RBI. Clause 3(3) of the amalgamation notification reads as follows: “3. Transfer of assets and liabilities and general eff ect thereof. -(1)-(2) xxxxxxx (3) If on the appointed date, any cause of action, suit, decrees, recovery certificates, appeals or other proceedings of whatever nature is pending by or against the transferor bank before any court or tribunal or any other authority (including for the avoidance of doubt, an arbitral tribunal), the same shall not abate, be discontinued or be ill any way prejudicially affected, but shall, subject to the other provisions of this Scheme, be prosecuted and enforced by or against the transferee bank: Provided that where a contravention of any of the provision of any statute or of any rule, regulation, direction or order made thereunder has been committed by or any proceeding for a criminal off ence has been instituted against, a director or secretary, manager, offi cer or other employee of the transferor bank before the appointed date, such RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 207 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

director, secretary, manager, officer or other employee shall, without prejudice to the application of section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), be liable to be proceeded against under such law and punished accordingly, as if the transferor bank, being a banking company had not been dissolved.” Section 45(5)(e) of the Banking Act reads as follows: “45. Power of Reserve Bank to apply to Central Government for suspension of business by a banking company and to prepare scheme of reconstruction or amalgamation. — (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this Part or in any other law or [any agreement or other instrument], for the time being in force, where it appears to the Reserve Bank that there is good reason so to do, the Reserve Bank may apply to the Central Government for an order of moratorium in respect of [a banking company]. (2) to (4) xxx (5) The scheme aforesaid may contain provisions for all or any of the following matters, namely:— (e) subject to the provisions of the scheme, the continuation by or against the banking company on its reconstruction or, as the case may be, the transferee bank, of any actions or proceedings pending against the banking company immediately before the [reconstruction or amalgamation]”

Clause 13 of the Amalgamation scheme in the present case, i.e., relating to interpretation by RBI in the case of disputes, is as follows: “13. Interpretation of provisions of this Scheme. – If any doubt arises in the interpretation of the provisions of this Scheme, the matter shall be referred to the Reserve Bank and its views on the issue shall be final and binding on all concerned.” 22. As is apparent from the factual narrative and the above discussion, the issue which this court is concerned with, is whether a transferee entity (here, a successor bank) can be fastened with corporate 208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. criminal liability for the offences which the amalgamating entity- the erstwhile LVB is accused of.

23. There was some divergence of opinion amongst certain High Court about the liability of corporate entities. The Calcutta High Court’s view was that that only natural persons, could be ascribed with intention or “mens rea”. Resultantly, a juristic person such as a company could not be ascribed with criminal intent [Ref Champa Agency v. R. Chowdhury16, Sunil Banerjee v. Krishna Nath17, and AK Khosla v. Venkatesan18 ]. The Bombay High Court, differed, and had taken note of developments in the United Kingdom. In Esso Standard Inc. v. Udharam Bhagwandas Japanwalla19 arguments were advanced before the court on whether a company can have mens rea, and on how the process of attribution would, in fact, operate, with the precise question being whose mens rea would be attributed to the company. The High Court accepted that a strict test of mens rea was required to locate or ascribe criminal responsibility of a company, on the concerned decision maker. The Court adopted this line of reasoning, approving Lord Diplock’s opinion in Tesco Supermarkets Ltd. v. Nattrass20, including the following relevant observations:

“In my view, therefore, the question: what natural persons are to be treated in law as being the company for the purpose of acts done in the course of its business, including the taking of precautions and the exercise of due diligence to avoid the commission of a criminal off ence, is to be found by identifying those natural persons who by the memorandum and articles of association or as a result of action taken by the directors, or by the company in general meeting pursuant to the articles, are entrusted with the exercise of the powers of the company.” In Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission21, a more nuanced approach was adopted: 16 1974 CHN 400. 17 AIR 1949 Cal 689. 18 1992 (98) CrLJ 1448 (Cal). 19 [1975] 45 Comp Cas 16 (Bom). 20 1971 (2) All ER 127. 21 [1995] 3 All ER 918. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 209 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

“These primary rules of attribution are obviously not enough to enable a company to go out into the world and do business. Not every act on behalf of the company could be expected to be the subject of a resolution of the board or a unanimous decision of the shareholders. The company therefore builds upon the primary rules of attribution by using general rules of attribution which are equally available to natural persons, namely, the principles of agency. It will appoint servants and agents whose acts, by a combination of the general principles of agency and the company’s primary rules of attribution, count as the acts of the company. And having done so, it will also make itself subject to the general rules by which liability for the acts of others can be attributed to natural persons, such as estoppel or ostensible authority in contract and vicarious liability or tort.

It is worth pausing at this stage to make what may seem an obvious point. Any statement about what a company has or has not done, or can or cannot do, is necessarily a reference to the rules of attribution (primary and general) as they apply to that company. Judges sometimes say that a company ‘as such’ cannot do anything; it must act by servants or agents. This may seem an unexceptionable, even banal remark. And of course the meaning is usually perfectly clear. But a reference to a company ‘as such’ might suggest that there is something out there called the company of which one can meaningfully say that it can or cannot do something. There is in fact no such thing as the company as such, no ding an such, only the applicable rules. To say that a company cannot do something means only that there is no one whose doing of that act would, under the applicable rules of attribution, count as an act of the company. The company’s primary rules of attribution together with the general principles of agency, vicarious liability and so forth are usually sufficient to enable one to determine its rights and obligations. In exceptional cases, however, they will not provide an answer. This will be the case when a rule of law, either expressly or by implication, excludes attribution on the basis of the general principles of agency or vicarious liability. For example, a rule may be stated in language primarily applicable to a natural person and require some act or state

210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

of mind on the part of that person ‘himself’ as opposed to his servants or agents. This is generally true of rules of the criminal law, which ordinarily impose liability only for the actus reus and mens rea of the defendant himself. How is such a rule to be applied to a company? One possibility is that the court may come to the conclusion that the rule was not intended to apply to companies at all; for example, a law which created an offence for which the only penalty was community service. Another possibility is that the court might interpret the law as meaning that it could apply to a company only on the basis of its primary rules of attribution, i.e. if the act giving rise to liability was specifi cally authorised by a resolution of the board or an unanimous agreement of the shareholders. But there will be many cases in which neither of these solutions is satisfactory; in which the court considers that the law was intended to apply to companies and that, although it excludes ordinary vicarious liability, insistence on the primary rules of attribution would in practice defeat that intention. In such a case, the court must fashion a special rule of attribution for the particular substantive rule. This is always a matter of interpretation: given that it was intended to apply to a company, how was it intended to apply? Whose act (or knowledge, or state of mind) was for this purpose intended to count as the act etc. of the company? One fi nds the answer to this question by applying the usual canons of interpretation, taking into account the language of the rule (if it is a statute) and its content and policy.’

Lord Hoffmann, in his opinion stated that: “. . their Lordships would wish to guard themselves against being understood to mean that whenever a servant of a company has authority to do an act on its behalf, knowledge of that act will for all purposes be attributed to the company. It is a question of construction in each case as to whether the particular rule requires that the knowledge that an act has been done, or the state of mind with which it was done, should be attributed to the company. Sometimes, as in In re Supply of Ready Mixed Concrete (No. 2) [1995] 1 A.C. 456 and this case, it will be appropriate . . .. On the other hand, the fact that a company’s employee is authorised to drive a lorry does not in itself lead to the RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 211 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] conclusion that if he kills someone by reckless driving, the company will be guilty of manslaughter. There is no inconsistency. Each is an example of an attribution rule for a particular purpose, tailored as it always must be to the terms and policies of the substantive rule.” 24. This court, considered the issue in Iridium India Telecom v Motorola Inc22 and held, inter alia, that:

“38. From the above it becomes evident that a corporation is virtually in the same position as any individual and may be convicted of common law as well as statutory offences including those requiring mens rea. The criminal liability of a corporation would arise when an offence is committed in relation to the business of the corporation by a person or body of persons in control of its affairs. In such circumstances, it would be necessary to ascertain that the degree and control of the person or body of persons is so intense that a corporation may be said to think and act through the person or the body of persons.” Earlier, in the Constitution Bench ruling in Standard Chartered Bank v Directorate of Enforcement23, the court referred to Section 11 of the IPC, which defined “person”. “The word “person” includes any Company or Association or body of persons, whether incorporated or not”; the court also referred to the 41st and 47th Law Commission reports. The Law Commission had stated that

“In every case in which the offence is only punishable with imprisonment or with imprisonment and fi ne and the offender is a company or other body corporate or an association of individuals, it shall be competent to the court to sentence such offender to fine only.” The judges- in the majority held that all penal statutes are to be strictly construed, in the sense that the court must see that the thing charged as an offence is within the plain meaning of the words used and must not strain the words. Any act falling within the mischief that is addressed should be intended to be included and has to included if thought of. Further, all penal provisions, like all other statutes, need to 22 [2010) 14 (ADDL.) SCR 591. 23 2005 [Supp] (1) SCR 49. 212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. be fairly construed in terms of expressed legislative intent. The intent to prosecute corporate bodies for the offences committed by them was clear and explicit, and the statute did not intend to exonerate them from prosecution. The court, therefore, held that it would be violence to commonsense that the legislature intended to punish the corporate bodies for minor and silly offences while at the same time, extended immunity of prosecution to major and grave economic crimes.

25. According to Stroud24, “amalgamation” is “welding or blending of two or more concerns into one.” It also states that “where there the companies concerned retain separate entities, [] there is no amalgamation”. Black25 defines amalgamation as the “act of combining or uniting; consolidation < amalgamation of two small companies to form a new corporation >…” The Companies Act, 2013 does not contain any express definition of amalgamation; it rather outlines and regulates the procedure for amalgamation and spells out its legal effect, which results in extinguishment of the corporate identity of the transferor company26 [read, in this case, LVB]. In Walker’s Settlement27, the term ‘amalgamation’ is defined as: “The word ‘amalgamation’ has no definite legal meaning. It contemplates a state of things under which 2 companies are so joined as to form a third entity or one company is absorbed into and blended with another company.” In Re: Skinner28 too referred to amalgamation schemes and their effect as follows: “…schemes and orders made by virtue of Section 206 and Section 208 of the Companies Act 1948 can only transfer such rights, powers, 24 Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases (9thedition). 25 Black’s Law Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. 26 Section 233 of the Companies Act, 2013 outlines the result of acceptance of a scheme of amalgamation:

“(8) The registration of the scheme under sub-section (3) or sub-section (7) shall be deemed to have the eff ect of dissolution of the transferor company without process of winding-up.” 27 1935 (1) Ch. D. 567. 28 1958 (3) All E.R 273. RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 213 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] duties and property as are capable of being lawfully transferred by a party to the scheme if no such sections of the Companies Act existed. It is not necessary in a scheme to exclude specifically from its operation things incapable of such transfer as general words in the scheme and any order in furtherance must be taken to operate in a manner not to repugnant to the general law of England.” 26. In M/s. General Radio & Appliances Co. Ltd. vs. M.A. Khader (dead) by LR’s29, the effect of amalgamation of two companies was considered by the Supreme Court. It was held that after the amalgamation of two companies, the transferor company ceases to have any entity, and the amalgamated company acquires a new status, and it is not possible to treat the two companies as partners or jointly liable in respect of their liabilities and assets.

27. In the context of income tax liability, this court, in Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. vs. CIT, Haryana, H.P. & Delhi30, observed that: “The true effect and character of the amalgamation largely depends on the terms and scheme of merger but there cannot be any doubt that when two companies amalgamate and merge into one the transferor company loses its entity as it ceases to have its business. However, their respective rights or liabilities are determined under the scheme of amalgamation but the corporate entity of the transferor company ceases to exist with effect from the date the amalgamation is made effective.” 28. McLeod Russel India Limited v. Regional Provident Fund Commissioner, Jalpaiguri & Ors31. was a case involving default in paying provident fund dues under the Employees Provident Fund Act, 1952 (“the EPF Act”). In this case, one Mathura Tea Estate owned Saroda Tea Company Ltd., which was covered by the EPF Act. During the pendency of recovery and penalty proceedings, the entire management of Mathura Tea Estate (including ownership of Saroda Tea Co. Ltd and the estate) was taken over by Eveready Industries (India) Ltd., 29 1986 (2) SCR 607. 30 1990 Supp (1) SCR 332. 31 2014 (9) SCR 162. 214 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

which discharged the principal EPF liability but sought to disclaim penalty (for non-compliance in the requirement to remit or deposit EPF contributions). This court negatived its position by noticing that the takeover document clearly noted the liability and how it was to be treated as McLeod Russel’s liability:

“13. There is no gainsaying that criminal liability remains steadfastly fastened to the actual perpetrator and cannot be transferred by any compact between persons or even by statute. But this incontrovertible legal principle does not support or validate the contention of Mr. Jayant Bhushan, Learned Senior Advocate for the Appellants, that damages levied in terms of Section 14B of the EPF Act cannot be foisted onto his clients. Sections 14, 14A, 14AA, 14AB and 14AC of the EPF Act are the provisions postulating prosecution; in contradistinction Section 14B contemplates the power to “recover from the employer by way of penalty such damages, not exceeding the amount of arrears, as may be specifi ed in the Scheme”. It is true that it is not a river but a mere rivulet that segregates and distinguishes the legal concepts of damages or compensatory damages or exemplary damages or deterrent damages or punitive damages or retributory damages. We shall abjure from writing a dissertation on this compelling legal nodus; save to clarify that modern jurisprudence recognizes that the imposition of punitive damages, quintessentially quasi-criminal in character, can be resorted to even in civil proceedings to deter wilful wrongdoing by making an admonished example of the wrongdoer. This is the essential purpose, it seems to us, of Section 14B of the EPF Act, and an imposition within its confi nes does not assume criminal prosecution so as to stand proscribed insofar as transfer of establishment from one management/ employer to its successor is concerned.”

29. In Shyam Sundar v State of Haryana (supra), the liability of a partnership firm, based on the agency of every partner for the individual criminal acts of its partners, was negatived: “9. But we are concerned with a criminal liability under penal provision and not a civil liability. The penal provision must be strictly construed in the fi rst place. Secondly, there is no vicarious liability in criminal law unless the statute takes that also within its fold. Section RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 215 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] 10 does not provide for such liability. It does not make all the partners liable for the offence whether they do business or not.” 30. It is, therefore, noticeable that the criminal liability of a company (a) is recognized where it can be attributable to individual acts of employees, directors or officials of a company or juristic persons (Tesco, Meridian Global Funds, Standard Chartered Bank, and Iridium) (b) recognized even if its conviction results in a term of imprisonment (Meridian, Iridium); (c) cannot be transferred ipso facto, except when it is in the nature of penalty proceeding (McLeod Russel) (d) the legal effect of amalgamation of two companies is the destruction of the corporate existence of the transferor company (in this case, LVB); it ceases to exist. (e) that apart, only defined legal proceedings, are succeeded to by the transferee company, which, in this case, is the DBS Bank32 .

31. As noted earlier, Clause 3 (3) of the scheme in this case, no doubt mentions that legal proceedings would be continued by or against the transferee bank (read DBS Bank). However, it is also important to notice the proviso: “3. Transfer of assets and liabilities and general effect thereof. -(1)-(2) xxxxxxx (3) If on the appointed date, any cause of action, suit, decrees, recovery certificates, appeals or other proceedings of whatever nature is pending by or against the transferor bank before any court or tribunal or any other authority (including for the avoidance of doubt, an arbitral tribunal), the same shall not abate, be discontinued or be ill any way prejudicially affected, but shall, subject to the other provisions of this Scheme, be prosecuted and enforced by or against the transferee bank: 32 Section 233 (9) of the Companies Act, 2013. 216 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

Provided that where a contravention of any of the provision of any statute or of any rule, regulation, direction or order made thereunder has been committed by or any proceeding for a criminal off ence has been instituted against, a director or secretary, manager, offi cer or other employee of the transferor bank before the appointed date, such director, secretary, manager, officer or other employee shall, without prejudice to the application of section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), be liable to be proceeded against under such law and punished accordingly, as if the transferor bank, being a banking company had not been dissolved.”

32. Every scheme of amalgamation is statutory and sanctioned under the Banking Act. Such amalgamation is to ensure that the interests of the depositors, the creditors and others who had invested, or given credit to in the erstwhile bank, before its sickness, and that the general public are protected. It aims at securing larger public interest and health of the banking industry. Late intervention into the affairs of a bank can result in a “run” on it, resulting in serious loss of confidence in the intricately woven banking and financial system. If one sees this and the overall objective of the scheme, it is to ensure recovery of what are the bank’s dues and ensuring protection of the creditors. Clause 3 (3) of the scheme, therefore, has to be considered from this backdrop. In this context, the express mention of directors and such other individuals in the proviso means that it is to that extent only that prosecutions or other criminal proceedings can continue; in the ordinary sense, criminal liability can neither be attributed to DBS nor its directors, brought in after the amalgamation, whose appointments were approved by the RBI. 33. The charge sheet, to the extent it is relevant in the present case, reads as follows: “PS – EOW, FIR – 189/2019 ********************** Further, during the course of investigation, the certifi ed copy of the emails were obtained from the bank along with certificate U/s 65-B Evidence Act which are as under: -

RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 217 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.] 1. Certifi ed copy of email dated 10.11.16. 2. Certifi ed copy of email dated 07.01.17. 3. Certifi ed copy of email dated 09.01.17. 4. Certifi ed copy of email dated 13.07.17. Further, the complainant informed that “we draw you kind attention to the recent amalgamation of LVB With DBS by the Reserve Bank of India. Pursuant to the Press Release bearing No. 2020- 2021/647, the RBI announced a scheme of amalgamation of LVB with DBS Which came into force on 27.11.2020, post which LVB has amalgamated with DBS.”

From the investigation conducted, it was emerged that the bank offi cials in collusion with promoters of the REL deliberately/knowingly did not complete the formalities which are mandatory for the loan transaction to benefi t the promoters/accused of RHC Holding Limited and Ranchem Pvt. Limited by extending loan to the entities which the promoters/accused persons used to square of their liabilities. The deposit loan was extended from time to time and the mandatory requirements were not completed and there is no satisfactory response of not following the manual in respect of deposit loan of their own bank and later on, when invoke the deposit they tried to shift the responsibility to each other. There is no document as per requirement of the bank itself is on record which established that these are the loans against the security/FDRS of RFL. It has emerged that the loan was required by the promoters of REL as well as RHC Holding Pvt. Limited to square off the liabilities/borrowing of RHC Holdings Limited and Ranchem Private Limited. The accused Malvinder Mohan Singh and Shivinder Mohan Singh cannot avail the loan in their 100% holding company against the FDs of REL as it requires approval of related party transaction committee from the board of REL. Therefore, this arrangement was done with the connivance of the bank officials who facilitated this transaction by passing the SOP of their own. Moreover, loans were extended from time to time and eventually the security has been invoked by the Lakshmi Vilas Bank thus causing wrongful loss to the complainant Company to the tune of Rs. 791 crores approximately.

218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. From the investigation conducted so far, the supplementary charge sheet has been prepared against LVB Bank (Now DBS Bank India Limited) and bank officials namely (1) Anjani Kumar Vermam, (2) S. Venkatesh, (3) Pradeep Kumar and (4) Parthsarathi Mukherjee (without arrest) and accused persons Malvinder Mohan Singh, Shivinder Mohan Singh, Sunil Godhwani, Hemant Dhingra, Kavi Arora and company RHC Holding Pvt. Limited, M/s Ranchem Pvt. Limited as they acted in connivance with each other being members of a well-planned conspiracy and interacted with each other and committed acts of commission and of omission in furtherance of the conspiracy to cheat the complainant company. Hence, this charge sheet against the accused persons, company and Bank u/s 409/120B IPC has been prepared by putting their names in column no. 11. It is therefore, respectfully prayed that this supplementary charge sheet may kindly be treated as part of main chargesheet against the said accused and the entire oral and documentary evidence as reflected in the lists of PWs, and documents enclosed herewith may also be treated as supplement to the main chargesheet. 17. Refer Notice Served Yes No: Date Acknowledgement to be placed 18. Dispatched on: -sd-”

34. It is, therefore, clear that the criminal liability of the individuals now attributed to DBS are actions of (1) Anjani Kumar Verma, (2) S. Venkatesh, (3) Pradeep Kumar and (4) Parthsarathi Mukherjee. They were all offi cials of LVB. Their individual responsibility and accountability in criminal law, is and remains unaffected by the amalgamation. Therefore, there is in fact, no involvement of DBS Bank, revealed in the charge sheet filed by the Delhi Police. In completely ignoring these aspects and proceeding on a rather superficial basis, the High Court, in our considered opinion fell into error. 35. There is no gainsaying that the power to quash a criminal investigation or proceedings should not be lightly exercised. Yet, to RELIGARE FINVEST LIMITED v. STATE OF NCT OF 219 DELHI & ANR. [S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.]

refuse recourse to that power, in cases that require or may demand it, is being blind to justice, which the courts can scant afford to be. In the present context, the public’s confidence in the banking industry was at stake, when RBI stepped in, imposed the moratorium and asked DBS to take over the entire functioning, management assets and liabilities of the erstwhile LVB. To permit prosecution of DBS for the acts of LVB officials (who are in fact, facing criminal charges) would result in travesty of justice. Therefore, the pending criminal proceedings (arising out of FIR – 189/2019 registered at P.S. Economic Affairs Wing, New Delhi), to the extent it involves DBS, which was the subject matter of the impugned judgment and all consequent proceedings arising therefrom (to the extent of involvement of DBS), are hereby quashed. 36. The impugned judgment is accordingly set aside; the appeal by DBS is allowed; the appeal by RFL/complainant is, for the same reasons, dismissed. No costs. Headnotes prepared by: Appeals disposed of. Divya Pandey