[2023] 12 S.C.R. 150 : 2023 INSC 816 CASE DETAILS M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 5590 of 2021) SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL AND SUDHANSHU DHULIA, JJ.] HEADNOTES Issue for consideration: Whether the commercial entity’s claim pertaining to an arbitral award, in appeal u/s. 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, is liable to be included at a belated stage-after the resolution plan approved by the Committee of Creditors and pending approval by the adjudicating authority. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 – Initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process against the Corporate Debtor – Resolution plan approved by the Committee of Creditors-CoC and pending approval by the adjudicating authority – Inclusion of commercial entity’s claim pertaining to an arbitral award, in an appeal u/s. 37 after the delay of 287 days, if permissible:

Held: It is difficult to release the undecided claims on the resolution applicant – Court is cautioned against allowing claims after the resolution plan has been accepted by the COC – Process followed by the resolution applicant not flawed in any manner – Public announcement of the CIRP through newspapers would constitute deemed knowledge on the entity – Commercial entity ought to have been vigilant enough to find out whether the Corporate Debtor was undergoing CIRP – Plea of not being aware of newspaper pronouncements could not be available to the entity – Mere fact that the Adjudicating Authority has yet not approved the plan does not imply that the plan can go back and forth, thereby making the CIRP an endless process – This would result in the reopening of the whole issue – Thus, NCLAT’s judgment rejecting the claim of the entity, upheld – Arbitration 150 M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. 151 MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. and Conciliation Act, 1996 – s. 37 – Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016. [Paras 17-22] LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES

Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Limited through Authorised Signatory v. Satish Kumar Gupta and Ors. (2020) 8 SCC 534 – relied on. Brilliant Alloys Private Limited v. Mr. S. Rajagopal & Ors. (2022) 2 SCC 544; State Tax Officer v. Rainbow Papers Limited 2022 SCCOnline SC 1162; Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. v. Raman Ispat Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. 2023 SCC OnLine SC 842 – referred to. OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED ORDER AND APPEARANCES CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5590 of 2021 From the Judgment and Order dated 30.07.2021 of the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi in Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No.1050 of 2020. Appearances: Dr. Menaka Guruswamy, Sr. Adv., Tejas Patel, Ms. Meera Kaura Patel, Utkarsh Pratap, Saket, Ms. Muskaan Gandhi, Lavkesh Bhambhani, Harshwardhan Thakur, Pawan Aneja, Thejus Purushothaman, Gagan Gupta, Manu Manchanda, Nitin Singh, Ankur Yadav, Ms. Ritu Yadav, Kuldeep Yadav, Shashank Shekhar, Apoorva Singh, Advs. for the Appellant. Rajiv K Virmani, Arjun Agarwal, Anuj Malhotra, Abhinav Agrawal, Apoorv Agarwal, Vaibhav Manu Srivastava, Ms. Riya Thomas, Abhijeet Sinha, Adhish Sharma, Nitin Pandey, Deepak Chawla, Aruj Dhingra, Aakash Khattar, Navpreet S Ahluwalia, Aakash Chatterjee, Umesh Kumar Khaitan, Saurabh Kalia, Ms. Aastha Agarwal, Ms. Supriya Juneja, Advs. for the Respondents. 152 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT

SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J. Factual Background 1. An agreement was entered into on 02.08.2006 between the appellant and M/s KST Infrastructure Private Limited (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Corporate Debtor’), for development of land licensed with the appellant admeasuring 8 acres into a residential group housing complex at Faridabad, Haryana. However, the appellant, being aggrieved by the Corporate Debtor’s alleged misconduct in advertising the project under its own name and without mentioning the name of the appellant, sought reference to arbitration on 02.05.2011.

2. The arbitral proceedings culminated in an award dated 01.08.2016 in favour of the appellant. In addition to awarding a monetary claim, the award inter alia directed the Corporate Debtor to apply to the authorities for transfer of the requisite licenses to the appellant. Aggrieved by the award, the Corporate Debtor filed a petition under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Arbitration Act’) on 26.09.2016. It appears that on the same date, the appellant fi led execution proceedings in respect of the said award. Those execution proceedings were ultimately adjourned sine die on 22.12.2017 on account of the pendency of the proceedings under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act. These proceedings under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act culminated in the award being upheld by the A.D.J. (Special Commercial Court, Gurugram), albeit with some modifications, on 25.04.2019. An appeal filed against the same under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act is stated to be pending.

3. Meanwhile, the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (‘CIRP’) was initiated against the Corporate Debtor in respect of three real estate projects viz. (i) Sector 114, Gurugram, (ii) Sector 89, Faridabad, and (iii) KST Whispering Heights in Sector 88, Faridabad by certain homebuyers who had invested in these projects. This application under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (hereinafter referred to as ‘the IBC’) was admitted on 27.03.2019 by the Adjudicating Authority. On the same date, an Interim Resolution Professional (‘IRP’) was appointed. The IRP M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. 153 MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] issued a public announcement inviting claims from creditors, in accordance with Section 15 of the IBC read with Regulation 6 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘IBBI Regulations’) on 30.03.2019. After receipt of the claims, the IRP constituted the Committee of Creditors (‘COC’) on 06.11.2019 and circulated the draft information memorandum and invited expressions of interest from prospective resolution applicants. Five such applications were received.

4. Thereafter, the IRP was replaced and respondent no. 1 was appointed as Resolution Professional (RP) of the Corporate Debtor by the COC on 18.06.2020. The resolution plan submitted by KST Whispering Heights Residential Welfare Association was approved by the COC by a majority vote of 80.74% on 11.07.2020. This plan was then submitted by respondent no. 1 to the Adjudicating Authority for approval under Section 31 of the IBC on 08.09.2020. We may note that the Corporate Debtor is not a party before us. However, the Resolution Professional has been arrayed as respondent no.1, while respondent no.2 is the successful resolution applicant. Respondent no.2 was impleaded in the present civil appeal by this Court’s order dated 29.10.2021. 5. The appellant sent an email on 19.08.2020 to respondent no.1 highlighting their pending claim of Rs.35,67,05,337 against the Corporate Debtor arising from the arbitral award dated 01.08.2016, confirmed with certain modifications in the proceedings under Section 34 of the said Act. However, respondent no.1 rejected this claim on 25.08.2020 on the ground that the time period for submitting the claim was within 90 days of initiation of CIRP and the applicant was 287 days late. A Resolution plan had already been passed by the COC.

6. The appellant filed an application under Section 60(5) of the IBC. During the pendency of respondent’s no. 1 application for approval of the plan before the Adjudicating Authority, seeking directions to respondent no.1 that the appellant’s claim may be considered on merits. This relief was granted to the appellant by the Adjudicating Authority vide an order dated 03.11.2020 predicated on the following grounds: (a) respondent no.1 could not have summarily rejected appellant’s claim, as this claim would have appeared in the Corporate Debtor’s books of accounts; (b) in case such 154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. books of accounts were not available, respondent No. 1 had a duty to obtain them and verify the financial position; and (c) as such announcement was made through public newspapers, it was likely that the appellant missed out on the same. 7. Respondent No. 1 thereafter preferred an appeal under Section 61 of the IBC before the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, New Delhi (‘NCLAT’) against the Adjudicating Authority’s order.

8. The challenge by the respondent no.1 before the NCLAT was primarily based on the potential consequences of allowing such a belated claim when the COC had already approved the Resolution Plan. The appellant having made the claim more than a year after the invitation of claims by the public notice dated 30.03.2019; it was urged that allowing such claims would set the clock back on the CIRP and set a precedent, thereby making CIRP prolonged and ineffi cacious. In support of this plea, reliance was placed on the judgment in Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Limited through Authorised Signatory v. Satish Kumar Gupta and Ors1. , where this Court opined that a successful resolution applicant cannot be faced with undecided claims after the resolution plan has been accepted. This Court observed:

“...A successful resolution applicant cannot suddenly be faced with “undecided” claims after the resolution plan submitted by him has been accepted as this would amount to a hydra head popping up which would throw into uncertainty amounts payable by a prospective resolution applicant who would successfully take over the business of the corporate debtor. All claims must be submitted to and decided by the resolution professional so that a prospective resolution applicant knows exactly what has to be paid in order that it may then take over and run the business of the corporate debtor. This the successful resolution applicant does on a fresh slate, as has been pointed out by us hereinabove. For these reasons, NCLAT judgment must also be set aside on this count.” 1 (2020) 8 SCC 534 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Essar Steel’). M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. 155 MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] On the other hand, the appellant explained that it could not fi le the claim in time as it was unaware of the public announcement. A belated claim should not be shut out as the time-periods in the IBC are merely directory and not mandatory as per Brilliant Alloys Private Limited v. Mr. S. Rajagopal & Ors.2, and in any case the resolution plan was yet to be approved by the Adjudicating Authority. The appellant contended that respondent no.1 had failed to discharge his duty to include the appellant’s claim in the information memorandum as a contingent liability.

9. The NCLAT, vide the impugned order dated 30.07.2021, did not favour the view adopted by the Adjudicating Authority. Their reasoning was as follows: (i) Respondent no.1 had effectuated proper service for inviting claims in accordance with Regulation 6 of the IBBI Regulations which only mandates a pronouncement through newspapers and not through personal service - an aspect that was not disputed by the appellant; (ii) the appellant failed to show that it fi led its claim as soon as it came to know of the initiation of the CIRP. The appellant even issued a Special Power of Attorney on 26.07.2019 in favour of the Corporate Debtor after confi rmation of the arbitral award on 25.04.2019; (iii) respondent no.1 even filed an application under Section 19 of the IBC before the Adjudicating Authority seeking that a direction be issued to the ex-management to provide all records. Although nothing came of this attempt, it reflected his sincere efforts; (iv) Regulations 12 and 13 of the IBBI Regulations obliged the RP to accept claims filed within the extended period of 90 days of the commencement of CIRP. Brilliant Alloys3 dealt with the timelines under Section 12A of the IBC and Regulation 30A of the IBBI Regulations. These provisions pertained to the withdrawal of an application. In this context it was held that that IBBI Regulations can be directory depending on the facts of each case; and 2 (2022) 2 SCC 544 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Brilliant Alloys’). 3 (supra).

156 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. (v) the resolution plan, as approved by the COC, would be jeopardised if new claims were entertained. 10. The aforesaid view of the NCLAT resulted in the appellant approaching this Court. Appellant’s pleas before the Supreme Court:

11. The appellant contended that the claim in terms of the award was a contingent claim as proceedings under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act remain pending before the High Court of Punjab and Haryana against the dismissal of the Corporate Debtor’s challenge. There ought to be a provision for contingent claims in the resolution plan, as provided in State Tax Officer v. Rainbow Papers Limited4. Thus, if the appeal is dismissed and the award becomes crystallized, the appellant’s claim, if not provided for in the contingent claim, will be rendered nugatory. It was further submitted that the timeline provided under Section 12 of the IBC for completion of CIRP was only directory as per the judgment in Essar Steel5. Since the Adjudicating Authority was yet to approve the resolution plan, respondent No.1 should have included the same as a contingent liability. This was also the view taken by the adjudicating agency. It was thus submitted that there was no cause for NCLAT to interfere with the same. The appellant also sought to contend their lack of awareness about the CIRP. It was urged that the Corporate Debtor did not disclose that the CIRP had been initiated, either during the pendency of the proceedings under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act or in appeal under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. Had the appellant known of the CIRP, it may not have filed an application for restoration of the execution petition on 16.11.2019.

12. It was urged that the appellant urged that respondent No.1 could have easily found this information from the Corporate Debtor’s books of accounts. Respondent No.1’s pleas before the Supreme Court: 13. Respondent no.1, on the other hand, contended that the appellant had deemed knowledge of the CIRP as the applicable procedure for inviting 4 2022 SCCOnline SC 1162 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Rainbow Papers’). 5 (supra). M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. 157 MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] claims under the IBC and the IBBI Regulations was followed. Respondent No.1 made sincere efforts to collate all claims, including filing an application under Section 19 of the IBC for procuring the Corporate Debtor’s records, although the same were not made available. The appellant’s belated claim had the potential to open fl oodgates of litigation if the same was allowed. 14. It was urged that there was no need to create an arrangement for contingent claims as the resolution plan had been prepared on the basis of the information memorandum. The plan was comprehensive and took care of the claims of the homebuyers. 15. Finally, it was contended that a recent judgment of this Court in Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. v. Raman Ispat Pvt. Ltd. & Ors.6 had confi ned the dicta in Rainbow Papers7 to the facts of that case alone. At this stage, we may notice that the question of law in the two judgments was different. Our view:

16. We have examined the aforesaid submissions. The only issue before us is whether the appellant’s claim pertaining to an arbitral award, which is in appeal under Section 37 of the said Act, is liable to be included at a belated stage – i.e. after the resolution plan has been approved by the COC. 17. It is undisputed that the process followed by respondent no. 1 was not fl awed in any manner, except to the extent of whether an endeavour should have been made by respondent no. 1 to locate the liabilities pertaining to the said award from the records of the Corporate Debtor. 18. If we analyse the aforesaid plea, it is quite obvious that respondent no. 1 did what could be done to procure the Corporate Debtor’s records by even moving an application under Section 19 of the IBC. That it was not fruitful is a consequence of the Corporate Debtor not making available the material. It is thus not even known whether there was a reflection in the records on this aspect or not. 6 2023 SCC OnLine SC 842 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Paschimanchal’). 7 (supra). 158 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

19. The second question is whether the delay in the filing of claim by the appellant ought to have been condoned by respondent no. 1. The IBC is a time bound process. There are, of course, certain circumstances in which the time can be increased. The question is whether the present case would fall within those parameters. The delay on the part of the appellant is of 287 days. The appellant is a commercial entity. That they were litigating against the Corporate Debtor is an undoubted fact. We believe that the appellant ought to have been vigilant enough in the aforesaid circumstances to find out whether the Corporate Debtor was undergoing CIRP. The appellant has been defi cient on this aspect. The result, of course, is that the appellant to an extent has been left high and dry. 20. Section 15 of the IBC and Regulation 6 of the IBBI Regulations mandate a public announcement of the CIRP through newspapers. This would constitute deemed knowledge on the appellant. In any case, their plea of not being aware of newspaper pronouncements is not one which should be available to a commercial party.

21. The mere fact that the Adjudicating Authority has yet not approved the plan does not imply that the plan can go back and forth, thereby making the CIRP an endless process. This would result in the reopening of the whole issue, particularly as there may be other similar persons who may jump onto the bandwagon. As described above, in Essar Steel8, the Court cautioned against allowing claims after the resolution plan has been accepted by the COC. 22. We have thus come to the conclusion that the NCLAT’s impugned judgment cannot be faulted to reopen the chapter at the behest of the appellant. We fi nd it diffi cult to unleash the hydra-headed monster of undecided claims on the resolution applicant. 23. The result of the aforesaid is that the appeal is dismissed leaving the parties to bear their own costs. Headnotes prepared by: Appeal dismissed. Nidhi Jain 8 (supra)

[2023] 12 S.C.R. 150 : 2023 INSC 816 CASE DETAILS M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 5590 of 2021) SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL AND SUDHANSHU DHULIA, JJ.] HEADNOTES Issue for consideration: Whether the commercial entity’s claim pertaining to an arbitral award, in appeal u/s. 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, is liable to be included at a belated stage-after the resolution plan approved by the Committee of Creditors and pending approval by the adjudicating authority. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 – Initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process against the Corporate Debtor – Resolution plan approved by the Committee of Creditors-CoC and pending approval by the adjudicating authority – Inclusion of commercial entity’s claim pertaining to an arbitral award, in an appeal u/s. 37 after the delay of 287 days, if permissible:

Held: It is difficult to release the undecided claims on the resolution applicant – Court is cautioned against allowing claims after the resolution plan has been accepted by the COC – Process followed by the resolution applicant not flawed in any manner – Public announcement of the CIRP through newspapers would constitute deemed knowledge on the entity – Commercial entity ought to have been vigilant enough to find out whether the Corporate Debtor was undergoing CIRP – Plea of not being aware of newspaper pronouncements could not be available to the entity – Mere fact that the Adjudicating Authority has yet not approved the plan does not imply that the plan can go back and forth, thereby making the CIRP an endless process – This would result in the reopening of the whole issue – Thus, NCLAT’s judgment rejecting the claim of the entity, upheld – Arbitration 150 M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. 151 MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. and Conciliation Act, 1996 – s. 37 – Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016. [Paras 17-22] LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES

Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Limited through Authorised Signatory v. Satish Kumar Gupta and Ors. (2020) 8 SCC 534 – relied on. Brilliant Alloys Private Limited v. Mr. S. Rajagopal & Ors. (2022) 2 SCC 544; State Tax Officer v. Rainbow Papers Limited 2022 SCCOnline SC 1162; Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. v. Raman Ispat Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. 2023 SCC OnLine SC 842 – referred to. OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED ORDER AND APPEARANCES CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5590 of 2021 From the Judgment and Order dated 30.07.2021 of the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi in Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No.1050 of 2020. Appearances: Dr. Menaka Guruswamy, Sr. Adv., Tejas Patel, Ms. Meera Kaura Patel, Utkarsh Pratap, Saket, Ms. Muskaan Gandhi, Lavkesh Bhambhani, Harshwardhan Thakur, Pawan Aneja, Thejus Purushothaman, Gagan Gupta, Manu Manchanda, Nitin Singh, Ankur Yadav, Ms. Ritu Yadav, Kuldeep Yadav, Shashank Shekhar, Apoorva Singh, Advs. for the Appellant. Rajiv K Virmani, Arjun Agarwal, Anuj Malhotra, Abhinav Agrawal, Apoorv Agarwal, Vaibhav Manu Srivastava, Ms. Riya Thomas, Abhijeet Sinha, Adhish Sharma, Nitin Pandey, Deepak Chawla, Aruj Dhingra, Aakash Khattar, Navpreet S Ahluwalia, Aakash Chatterjee, Umesh Kumar Khaitan, Saurabh Kalia, Ms. Aastha Agarwal, Ms. Supriya Juneja, Advs. for the Respondents. 152 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT

SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J. Factual Background 1. An agreement was entered into on 02.08.2006 between the appellant and M/s KST Infrastructure Private Limited (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Corporate Debtor’), for development of land licensed with the appellant admeasuring 8 acres into a residential group housing complex at Faridabad, Haryana. However, the appellant, being aggrieved by the Corporate Debtor’s alleged misconduct in advertising the project under its own name and without mentioning the name of the appellant, sought reference to arbitration on 02.05.2011.

2. The arbitral proceedings culminated in an award dated 01.08.2016 in favour of the appellant. In addition to awarding a monetary claim, the award inter alia directed the Corporate Debtor to apply to the authorities for transfer of the requisite licenses to the appellant. Aggrieved by the award, the Corporate Debtor filed a petition under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Arbitration Act’) on 26.09.2016. It appears that on the same date, the appellant fi led execution proceedings in respect of the said award. Those execution proceedings were ultimately adjourned sine die on 22.12.2017 on account of the pendency of the proceedings under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act. These proceedings under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act culminated in the award being upheld by the A.D.J. (Special Commercial Court, Gurugram), albeit with some modifications, on 25.04.2019. An appeal filed against the same under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act is stated to be pending.

3. Meanwhile, the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (‘CIRP’) was initiated against the Corporate Debtor in respect of three real estate projects viz. (i) Sector 114, Gurugram, (ii) Sector 89, Faridabad, and (iii) KST Whispering Heights in Sector 88, Faridabad by certain homebuyers who had invested in these projects. This application under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (hereinafter referred to as ‘the IBC’) was admitted on 27.03.2019 by the Adjudicating Authority. On the same date, an Interim Resolution Professional (‘IRP’) was appointed. The IRP M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. 153 MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] issued a public announcement inviting claims from creditors, in accordance with Section 15 of the IBC read with Regulation 6 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘IBBI Regulations’) on 30.03.2019. After receipt of the claims, the IRP constituted the Committee of Creditors (‘COC’) on 06.11.2019 and circulated the draft information memorandum and invited expressions of interest from prospective resolution applicants. Five such applications were received.

4. Thereafter, the IRP was replaced and respondent no. 1 was appointed as Resolution Professional (RP) of the Corporate Debtor by the COC on 18.06.2020. The resolution plan submitted by KST Whispering Heights Residential Welfare Association was approved by the COC by a majority vote of 80.74% on 11.07.2020. This plan was then submitted by respondent no. 1 to the Adjudicating Authority for approval under Section 31 of the IBC on 08.09.2020. We may note that the Corporate Debtor is not a party before us. However, the Resolution Professional has been arrayed as respondent no.1, while respondent no.2 is the successful resolution applicant. Respondent no.2 was impleaded in the present civil appeal by this Court’s order dated 29.10.2021. 5. The appellant sent an email on 19.08.2020 to respondent no.1 highlighting their pending claim of Rs.35,67,05,337 against the Corporate Debtor arising from the arbitral award dated 01.08.2016, confirmed with certain modifications in the proceedings under Section 34 of the said Act. However, respondent no.1 rejected this claim on 25.08.2020 on the ground that the time period for submitting the claim was within 90 days of initiation of CIRP and the applicant was 287 days late. A Resolution plan had already been passed by the COC.

6. The appellant filed an application under Section 60(5) of the IBC. During the pendency of respondent’s no. 1 application for approval of the plan before the Adjudicating Authority, seeking directions to respondent no.1 that the appellant’s claim may be considered on merits. This relief was granted to the appellant by the Adjudicating Authority vide an order dated 03.11.2020 predicated on the following grounds: (a) respondent no.1 could not have summarily rejected appellant’s claim, as this claim would have appeared in the Corporate Debtor’s books of accounts; (b) in case such 154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. books of accounts were not available, respondent No. 1 had a duty to obtain them and verify the financial position; and (c) as such announcement was made through public newspapers, it was likely that the appellant missed out on the same. 7. Respondent No. 1 thereafter preferred an appeal under Section 61 of the IBC before the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, New Delhi (‘NCLAT’) against the Adjudicating Authority’s order.

8. The challenge by the respondent no.1 before the NCLAT was primarily based on the potential consequences of allowing such a belated claim when the COC had already approved the Resolution Plan. The appellant having made the claim more than a year after the invitation of claims by the public notice dated 30.03.2019; it was urged that allowing such claims would set the clock back on the CIRP and set a precedent, thereby making CIRP prolonged and ineffi cacious. In support of this plea, reliance was placed on the judgment in Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Limited through Authorised Signatory v. Satish Kumar Gupta and Ors1. , where this Court opined that a successful resolution applicant cannot be faced with undecided claims after the resolution plan has been accepted. This Court observed:

“...A successful resolution applicant cannot suddenly be faced with “undecided” claims after the resolution plan submitted by him has been accepted as this would amount to a hydra head popping up which would throw into uncertainty amounts payable by a prospective resolution applicant who would successfully take over the business of the corporate debtor. All claims must be submitted to and decided by the resolution professional so that a prospective resolution applicant knows exactly what has to be paid in order that it may then take over and run the business of the corporate debtor. This the successful resolution applicant does on a fresh slate, as has been pointed out by us hereinabove. For these reasons, NCLAT judgment must also be set aside on this count.” 1 (2020) 8 SCC 534 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Essar Steel’). M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. 155 MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] On the other hand, the appellant explained that it could not fi le the claim in time as it was unaware of the public announcement. A belated claim should not be shut out as the time-periods in the IBC are merely directory and not mandatory as per Brilliant Alloys Private Limited v. Mr. S. Rajagopal & Ors.2, and in any case the resolution plan was yet to be approved by the Adjudicating Authority. The appellant contended that respondent no.1 had failed to discharge his duty to include the appellant’s claim in the information memorandum as a contingent liability.

9. The NCLAT, vide the impugned order dated 30.07.2021, did not favour the view adopted by the Adjudicating Authority. Their reasoning was as follows: (i) Respondent no.1 had effectuated proper service for inviting claims in accordance with Regulation 6 of the IBBI Regulations which only mandates a pronouncement through newspapers and not through personal service - an aspect that was not disputed by the appellant; (ii) the appellant failed to show that it fi led its claim as soon as it came to know of the initiation of the CIRP. The appellant even issued a Special Power of Attorney on 26.07.2019 in favour of the Corporate Debtor after confi rmation of the arbitral award on 25.04.2019; (iii) respondent no.1 even filed an application under Section 19 of the IBC before the Adjudicating Authority seeking that a direction be issued to the ex-management to provide all records. Although nothing came of this attempt, it reflected his sincere efforts; (iv) Regulations 12 and 13 of the IBBI Regulations obliged the RP to accept claims filed within the extended period of 90 days of the commencement of CIRP. Brilliant Alloys3 dealt with the timelines under Section 12A of the IBC and Regulation 30A of the IBBI Regulations. These provisions pertained to the withdrawal of an application. In this context it was held that that IBBI Regulations can be directory depending on the facts of each case; and 2 (2022) 2 SCC 544 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Brilliant Alloys’). 3 (supra).

156 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R. (v) the resolution plan, as approved by the COC, would be jeopardised if new claims were entertained. 10. The aforesaid view of the NCLAT resulted in the appellant approaching this Court. Appellant’s pleas before the Supreme Court:

11. The appellant contended that the claim in terms of the award was a contingent claim as proceedings under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act remain pending before the High Court of Punjab and Haryana against the dismissal of the Corporate Debtor’s challenge. There ought to be a provision for contingent claims in the resolution plan, as provided in State Tax Officer v. Rainbow Papers Limited4. Thus, if the appeal is dismissed and the award becomes crystallized, the appellant’s claim, if not provided for in the contingent claim, will be rendered nugatory. It was further submitted that the timeline provided under Section 12 of the IBC for completion of CIRP was only directory as per the judgment in Essar Steel5. Since the Adjudicating Authority was yet to approve the resolution plan, respondent No.1 should have included the same as a contingent liability. This was also the view taken by the adjudicating agency. It was thus submitted that there was no cause for NCLAT to interfere with the same. The appellant also sought to contend their lack of awareness about the CIRP. It was urged that the Corporate Debtor did not disclose that the CIRP had been initiated, either during the pendency of the proceedings under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act or in appeal under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. Had the appellant known of the CIRP, it may not have filed an application for restoration of the execution petition on 16.11.2019.

12. It was urged that the appellant urged that respondent No.1 could have easily found this information from the Corporate Debtor’s books of accounts. Respondent No.1’s pleas before the Supreme Court: 13. Respondent no.1, on the other hand, contended that the appellant had deemed knowledge of the CIRP as the applicable procedure for inviting 4 2022 SCCOnline SC 1162 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Rainbow Papers’). 5 (supra). M/S. RPS INFRASTRUCTURE LTD. v. 157 MUKUL KUMAR & ANR. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] claims under the IBC and the IBBI Regulations was followed. Respondent No.1 made sincere efforts to collate all claims, including filing an application under Section 19 of the IBC for procuring the Corporate Debtor’s records, although the same were not made available. The appellant’s belated claim had the potential to open fl oodgates of litigation if the same was allowed. 14. It was urged that there was no need to create an arrangement for contingent claims as the resolution plan had been prepared on the basis of the information memorandum. The plan was comprehensive and took care of the claims of the homebuyers. 15. Finally, it was contended that a recent judgment of this Court in Paschimanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. v. Raman Ispat Pvt. Ltd. & Ors.6 had confi ned the dicta in Rainbow Papers7 to the facts of that case alone. At this stage, we may notice that the question of law in the two judgments was different. Our view:

16. We have examined the aforesaid submissions. The only issue before us is whether the appellant’s claim pertaining to an arbitral award, which is in appeal under Section 37 of the said Act, is liable to be included at a belated stage – i.e. after the resolution plan has been approved by the COC. 17. It is undisputed that the process followed by respondent no. 1 was not fl awed in any manner, except to the extent of whether an endeavour should have been made by respondent no. 1 to locate the liabilities pertaining to the said award from the records of the Corporate Debtor. 18. If we analyse the aforesaid plea, it is quite obvious that respondent no. 1 did what could be done to procure the Corporate Debtor’s records by even moving an application under Section 19 of the IBC. That it was not fruitful is a consequence of the Corporate Debtor not making available the material. It is thus not even known whether there was a reflection in the records on this aspect or not. 6 2023 SCC OnLine SC 842 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Paschimanchal’). 7 (supra). 158 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 12 S.C.R.

19. The second question is whether the delay in the filing of claim by the appellant ought to have been condoned by respondent no. 1. The IBC is a time bound process. There are, of course, certain circumstances in which the time can be increased. The question is whether the present case would fall within those parameters. The delay on the part of the appellant is of 287 days. The appellant is a commercial entity. That they were litigating against the Corporate Debtor is an undoubted fact. We believe that the appellant ought to have been vigilant enough in the aforesaid circumstances to find out whether the Corporate Debtor was undergoing CIRP. The appellant has been defi cient on this aspect. The result, of course, is that the appellant to an extent has been left high and dry. 20. Section 15 of the IBC and Regulation 6 of the IBBI Regulations mandate a public announcement of the CIRP through newspapers. This would constitute deemed knowledge on the appellant. In any case, their plea of not being aware of newspaper pronouncements is not one which should be available to a commercial party.

21. The mere fact that the Adjudicating Authority has yet not approved the plan does not imply that the plan can go back and forth, thereby making the CIRP an endless process. This would result in the reopening of the whole issue, particularly as there may be other similar persons who may jump onto the bandwagon. As described above, in Essar Steel8, the Court cautioned against allowing claims after the resolution plan has been accepted by the COC. 22. We have thus come to the conclusion that the NCLAT’s impugned judgment cannot be faulted to reopen the chapter at the behest of the appellant. We fi nd it diffi cult to unleash the hydra-headed monster of undecided claims on the resolution applicant. 23. The result of the aforesaid is that the appeal is dismissed leaving the parties to bear their own costs. Headnotes prepared by: Appeal dismissed. Nidhi Jain 8 (supra)