[2023] 14 S.C.R. 374 : 2023 INSC 790 CASE DETAILS FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 4713 of 2023) SEPTEMBER 04, 2023 [ABHAY S. OKA AND SANJAY KAROL, JJ.] HEADNOTES Issue for consideration: The order of the High Court setting aside the order of the Commissioner awarding compensation in favour of legal representatives of the deceased employee. Employee's Compensation Act, 1923 – Victim died as he was tying up logs on trailer – The Commissioner directed insurer to pay compensation of ₹3,94,120/- and the employer was directed to pay ₹1,97,060/-, i.e., 50% of the compensation amount as penalty – High Court set aside the order of the Commissioner – Propriety:

Held: A bare perusal of the impugned judgment shows that the High Court did not frame any substantial question of law – The wording of the Act indicates that the existence of such a question is a prerequisite to the appeal being entertained – The difference, between the two judgments, i.e., the order of the Commissioner and the judgment in First Appeal, was on the point of the employer-employee relationship having been established – The Commissioner held such relationship to have been established however, the appeal Court observed that “claimants have clearly failed to prove this aspect” – The Commissioner had not returned any fi ndings in respect of the validity of non-availability of the license of the deceased nor was it one of the questions framed by the Commissioner for consideration – In such a situation, while exercising powers within the limited purview allowed by section 30 of the Act, the Court below erred in making observations – It is settled that Commissioner is the last authority on facts involved in a case – The circumstances, i.e., the presence of the deceased at the spot; the ownership of the trolley and the goods loaded therein; the presence 374 FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 375 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR.

of this supervisor of the employer company; and details mentioned in the inquest panchnama form, when considered together, point to the aspect of the deceased person being on the roll of the employer – Keeping with the principles of the legislation being intended for social welfare and protection of employees; the Commissioner being the last authority on facts; the scope of an appeal under the said Act being limited only to substantial questions of law; and no perversity could be demonstrated from the order of the Commissioner. [Paras 18, 19, 21, 22, 29, 32] Employee's Compensation Act, 1923 – s.30 – An appeal from an order Commissioner – To be entertained if there exists a substantial question of law: Held: The Act is unequivocal in stating that an appeal from an order of Commissioner can be entertained only if there exists a substantial question of law to be considered – It has been observed by the Supreme Court that the phrase “substantial question of law” within this Act shall be understood by its general meaning – When considering the general meaning of this phrase, naturally, the reference is to the Code of Civil Procedure – The rule therein is that framing of a substantial question of law is of cardinal importance. [Para 17] LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES

North – East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation v. Sujatha (2019) 11 SCC 514 : [2018] 13 SCR 1043; C. Manjamma v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (2022) 6 SCC 206; K. Sivaraman v. P. Sathishkumar (2020) 4 SCC 594 : [2020] 4 SCR 480 – relied on. Om Prakash Batish v. Ranjit (2008) 12 SCC 212 : [2008] 6 SCR 938; Golla Rajamma & Ors. v. Divisional Manager & Anr. (2017) 1 SCC 45 : [2016] 9 SCR 469 – referred to. OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED ORDER AND APPEARANCES CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4713 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 28.02.2019 of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in FA No.3487 of 2013. 376 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. Appearances: Shreyas Mehrotra, Ms. Savita Sinha, Rahul Gupta, Advs. for the Appellants. Dr. Meera Agarwal, Ramesh Chandra Mishra, Advs. for the Respondents. JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT SANJAY KAROL J., 1. This appeal is filed at the instance of one Fulmati Dhramdev Yadav, assailing the judgement passed by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in First Appeal No.3487 of 2013 whereby the Court has set aside the order of the Commissioner for Workmen Compensation Act, Bhuj (Kutch), Gujarat in W.C.F.C. No.08/10 awarding compensation in favour of legal representatives of the deceased employee.

2. Appellants herein1 are the mother and wife of one Ramakant Yadav2 who allegedly died on 31st October, 2009 as he was tying up logs on trailer while in employment as its driver, when one such log fell on his left leg. He died before any medical treatment could be given to him. 3. The deceased, allegedly, was an employee of Kutch Carrier (Sohansing & Sons3), drawing a salary of ₹4000 per month. 4. Such employment of the deceased was denied by the insurer for lack of production of documents of employment. Neither has any proof of income of the deceased been produced. 5. The claim of ₹3,94,120/- is denied in the above terms, by the Insurer-respondents herein. Order of the Commissioner 6. Feeling aggrieved by the denial of the claim, proceedings were 1 Hereinafter referred to as “the claimants” 2 Hereinafter referred to as “ the deceased” 3 Hereinafter referred to as “the employer”. Opponent 1 before the Commissioner FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 377 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.] initiated by the claimants herein before the Commissioner, Workmen Compensation Act, Bhuj (Kutch), Gujarat in terms of W.C.F.C.No.08/10. The Commissioner framed 8 issues for consideration. The tabular representation below represents the issues framed, the reasoning thereon and the fi ndings returned. S.No Issue Order Reasoning 1. W h e t h e r p r e s e n t Affi rmative Claimants are dependants applicants are legal and Legal heirs of heirs and dependant of deceased.

deceased? 2. Whether deceased was Affi rmative FIR in question reveals employee of Employer? name of the deceased as a driver performing duty of Employer. 3. W h e t h e r a c c i d e n t Affi rmative No document contrary occurred during course shown by Employer. of employment? If yes, then deceased died due to injuries in accident? 4. Whether age is proved 3 5 y e a r s & Age affi rmed by Driving at the time of accident? salary ₹4,000/- License indicating date and monthly income of of birth as 01-05-74. ₹4,000/- is proved? Also no adverse evidence shown by Insurer. On salary being ₹4,000/- p.m. reliance was placed on deposition of Ex-19. 5. Whether opponents are Affi rmative Awarded compensation liable to compensation of ₹3,94,120/- on the amount? If yes, then what ground that deceased amount? died during the course and out of employment as ownership truck was also insured by the insurer as per documents placed by the claimant. 378 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. 6. What is the responsibility Affi rmative Deceased was employed of insurance co.? as a driver with the employer on vehicle no. GJ-12w7670. The vehicle being insured, the insurer was to pay 9% interest from date of accident. 7. Whether opponents Affi rmative Employer while being in are negligent to pay knowledge of accident compensation? If yes, did not pay compensation then are they liable to pay to claimant within 30 penalty and interest? days of the accident as per the Workmen

Compensation Act hence Penalty @ 50% was imposed amounting to ₹1,97,060/-. 8. What is fi nal order? Affi rmative ₹3000/- for expenses and ₹5000/- for funeral expenses to be paid to the claimant. 7. In terms of the above, the Insurer-New India Assurance Co. Ltd.4 was directed to pay as compensation₹3,94,120/-with interest accruing thereupon from the date of the death of the deceased @9%. The same was to be paid within 30 days of the order. The employer was directed to pay ₹1,97,060/-, i.e., 50% of the compensation amount as penalty. Further, it was directed that the latter would pay ₹8000/- (with breakup of ₹3,000/- and ₹5,000/-) for expenses and funeral expenses, particularly. 8. Only the Insurer appealed against this order. First Appeal-Impugned Judgement 9. It may be noted that during the pendency of the First Appeal, vide an order dated 25th June, 2014 passed in Civil Application No. 2822 of 2013 the Commissioner was directed to invest 80% of the amount that was 4 Hereinafter referred to as “Insurer” FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 379 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.] deposited with such authority in cumulative fi xed deposits for an initial period of three years, to be renewed from time to time and the remaining 20% to be disbursed to the claimants.

10. Having considered the evidence on record such as an abstract of the accidental death register of the Gandhigram “A” division police station, and the cross-examination of the claimant i.e., wife of the deceased, as well as the other documents produced, which, the learned Court concluded that the deceased was neither working with the employer nor on the date of the occurrence of the incident, received injuries and died, as a result thereof. 11. Hence, the order of the Commissioner was set aside. 12. Thus, the present appeal. 13. By way of the special leave petition it has been urged amongst other grounds, that the Court in First Appeal has transgressed the confi nes of Section 30 of the Workmen Compensation Act, 19235; the vehicle in which the logs were stored and thus were being untied, was insured and therefore, the accident having taken place is within the ambit of the insurance company’s responsibilities; that the impugned judgement has left the Claimants remediless and sans any support since the sole breadwinner of the family had passed away. Analysis and Consideration 14. The act governing the present dispute, i.e., the Workmen Compensation Act, 1923, has been, vide The Workmen’s Compensation (Amendment) Act, 2009, amended, by which the word “workmen” has been substituted by “employees” rechristened as the Employees Compensation Act, 1923.

15. What this Court must consider is whether the impugned judgement is sustainable in law? On merits, the consideration would be whether the order of the Commissioner, in light of the materials on record, can stand or not? In other words, the impugned judgement must stand true on two grounds, (i) statutory text; and (ii) whether the materials on record support the conclusion drawn therein or not? 5 Hereafter, the Act 380 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. 16. Appeals within the act are governed by Section 30 which is extracted below for reference: – “30. Appeals. — (1) An appeal shall lie to the High Court from the following orders of a Commissioner, namely :— an order awarding as compensation a lump sum whether by way of redemption of a half monthly payment or otherwise or disallowing a claim in full or in part for a lump sum; 1 [(aa) an order awarding interest or penalty under section 4A;] (b) an order refusing to allow redemption of a half-monthly payment; (c) an order providing for the distribution of compensation among the dependants of a deceased 6 [employee], or disallowing any claim of a person alleging himself to be such dependant; (d) an order allowing or disallowing any claim for the amount of an indemnity under the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 12; or (e) an order refusing to register a memorandum of agreement or registering the same or providing for the registration of the same subject to conditions:

Provided that no appeal shall lie against any order unless a substantial question of law is involved in the appeal and, in the case of an order other than an order such as is referred to in clause (b), unless the amount in dispute in the appeal is not less than 2 [ten thousand rupees or such higher amount as the Central Government may, by notifi cation in the Official Gazette, specify]: Provided, further, that no appeal shall lie in any case in which the parties have agreed to abide by the decision of the Commissioner, or in which the order of the Commissioner gives effect to an agreement come to by the parties: 3[Provided further that no appeal by an employer under clause (a) shall lie unless the memorandum of appeal is accompanied by a certificate by the Commissioner to the eff ect that the appellant has deposited with him the amount payable under the order appealed against.] FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 381 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.] (2) The period of limitation for an appeal under this section shall be sixty days. (3) The provisions of section 5 of 4 [the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963)] shall be applicable to appeals under this section.” (Emphasis Supplied)

17. The Act is unequivocal in stating that an appeal from an order of Commissioner can be entertained only if there exists a substantial question of law to be considered. It has been observed by this Court that the phrase “substantial question of law” within this Act shall be understood by its general meaning.6 When considering the general meaning of this phrase, naturally, the reference is to the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC). The rule therein is that framing of a substantial question of law is of cardinal importance. 18. A bare perusal of the impugned judgement shows that the Court did not frame any such question. 19. The wording of the Act indicates that the existence of such a question is a prerequisite to the appeal being entertained. 20. Illustratively, in North – East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation v. Sujatha7 (Two-Judge Bench) amongst numerous other cases, this Court has observed: “12. In other words, the appeal provided under Section 30 of the Act to the High Court against the order of the Commissioner is not like a regular fi rst appeal akin to Section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 which can be heard both on facts and law. The appellate jurisdiction of the High Court to decide the appeal is confined only to examine the substantial questions of law arising in the case.”

21. The other ground making the order under challenge, amenable to interference when the scope of jurisdiction is circumscribed by it being exercised only in cases of “substantial question of law”, is perversity in the fi ndings. Here, the impugned judgement does not, even remotely, 6 Om Prakash Batish v. Ranjit (2008) 12 SCC 212 (2 judge-bench) 7 (2019) 11 SCC 514 382 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. refl ect the observation that the fi ndings arrived at by the Commissioner are perverse. The diff erence, between the two judgements, i.e., the order of the Commissioner and the judgment in First Appeal, was on the point of the employer-employee relationship having been established. The Commissioner held such relationship to have been established however, the appeal Court observed that “claimants have clearly failed to prove this aspect” 22. It may here only be noted that the Commissioner had not returned any fi ndings in respect of the validity of non-availability of the license of the deceased nor was it one of the questions framed by the Commissioner for consideration. In such a situation, while exercising powers within the limited purview allowed by section 30 of the Act, the learned Court below erred in making observations and giving a holding in that regard.

23. It has also been observed by this Court that the Commissioner is the last authority on facts involved in a case. In Golla Rajamma & Ors. v. Divisional Manager & Anr.8 (2-Judge Bench) it was observed that “under the scheme of the Act, the Workmen’s Compensation Commissioner is the last authority on facts. Parliament has thought it fit to restrict the scope of the appeal only to substantial questions of law, being a welfare legislation. Unfortunately, the High Court has missed this crucial question of limited jurisdiction and has ventured to reappreciate the evidence and recorded its own findings on percentage of disability for which also there is no basis. The whole exercise made by the High Court is not within the competence of the High Court under Section 30 of the Act.” 24. Keeping in view the said principles, the impugned judgement, ex-facie, appears to be in contravention thereto. 25. On merits too, we fi nd that the conclusions arrived at by the Commissioner, were undoubtedly “a possible view”, therefore extinguishing the possibility of perversity in findings. 26. A Bench of two learned Judges observed in C. Manjamma v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd.9 8 (2017) 1 SCC 45 9 (2022) 6 SCC 206 FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 383 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.]

“15. That being the position, the view taken by the Commissioner had been a possible view of the matter in the given set of facts and circumstances; and there was no reason for the High Court to interfere with the same, particularly when the case did not involve any substantial question of law within the meaning of Section 30 of Employees Compensation Act, 1933.” 27. From the materials available on record before the Commissioner as described in the order, it certainly will not be an improbable, much less an impossible, conclusion that the deceased was on the pay-roll of the employer. Prima facie, the question that arises and remains un-addressed throughout was, as to what the deceased was doing with the trolley as also the goods laden on it, which he was tying or untying at the time of his death. Second, the affi davit placed before the Commissioner categorically stated that deceased was an employee of the employer. It has been noted by the Commissioner, in his consideration of the second issue that, no written statement had been fi led nor had the version of the Applicants been challenged by the employer; and even though the Respondents herein had denied the facts as stated in the petition and cross examined the Applicants, “but no adverse facts proved” by and “no adverse document produced” by the Insurer to rebut the contents of the claim petition

28. Additionally, having gone through the record we fi nd that in the Panchnama of the place of occurrence10, it has been recorded that there was only one person present at the spot. He was Sunilbhai Ramjibhai Ahir and was serving as a supervisor in the company of the employer. The inquest panchnama form11 also names the employer company. The address mentioned, with which the deceased was associated as also the person who has identifi ed the corpse of the deceased, for both of them it corresponds to that of the employer company. 29. The circumstances, i.e., the presence of the deceased at the spot; the ownership of the trolley and the goods loaded therein; the presence of this supervisor of the employer company; and details mentioned in the 10 Annexure P – 1 at page 23 11 annexure P – 6 at page 9 of application to place on record additional documents 384 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. inquest panchnama form, when considered together, point to the aspect of the deceased person being on the roll of the employer.

30. It is well-established that the Act is a social welfare legislation and, therefore, it must be given a beneficial construction. Matters thereunder are to be adjudicated with due process of law and also with a keen awareness of the scope and intent of the act. This Court has, time and again, reiterated this principle. We may refer to K. Sivaraman v. P. Sathishkumar12 wherein, speaking for the Court, Dr. D.Y Chandrachud J., observed: – “25. The 1923 Act is a social beneficial legislation and its provisions and amendments thereto must be interpreted in a manner so as to not deprive the employees of the benefit of the legislation. The object of enacting the Act was to ameliorate the hardship of economically poor employees who were exposed to risks in work, or occupational hazards by providing a cheaper and quicker machinery for compensating them with pecuniary benefits. The amendments to the 1923 Act have been enacted to further this salient purpose by either streamlining the compensation process or enhancing the amount of compensation payable to the employee.” (Emphasis supplied)

31. It may be noted that the Commissioner had not returned any findings in respect of the validity or invalidity of the license of the deceased nor was it one of the questions framed by the Commissioner for consideration. In such a situation, while exercising powers within the limited purview allowed by Section 30 of the Act, the learned Court below erred in making observations and giving a holding in that regard. 32. In the facts at hand, with the cumulative sum of circumstances pointing to the employment of the deceased with the employer company; in keeping with the principles of the legislation being intended for social welfare and protection of employees; the Commissioner being the last authority on facts; the scope of an appeal under the said Act being limited only to substantial questions of law; and no perversity could be demonstrated 12 (2020) 4 SCC 594 FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 385 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.] from the order of the Commissioner, we set aside the order passed in First Appeal No.3487 of 2013. The Appeal is allowed.

33. As a consequence thereof, the order passed by the Commissioner, Workmen Compensation Act, Bhuj (Kutch), Gujarat in W.C.F.C.No.08/10 is restored. The amount as deposited, per this order (the remaining 80%, after the release of 20% of the sum awarded being ordered by the Court below in Civil Application No.12822 of 2013 vide order dated 25th June, 2014) and placed in cumulative fixed deposits, shall become payable to the claimants forthwith, in compliance of the terms and conditions set out therein. 34. Parties to bear their own costs. 35. Interlocutory application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. Headnotes prepared by: Appeal allowed. Ankit Gyan

[2023] 14 S.C.R. 374 : 2023 INSC 790 CASE DETAILS FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 4713 of 2023) SEPTEMBER 04, 2023 [ABHAY S. OKA AND SANJAY KAROL, JJ.] HEADNOTES Issue for consideration: The order of the High Court setting aside the order of the Commissioner awarding compensation in favour of legal representatives of the deceased employee. Employee's Compensation Act, 1923 – Victim died as he was tying up logs on trailer – The Commissioner directed insurer to pay compensation of ₹3,94,120/- and the employer was directed to pay ₹1,97,060/-, i.e., 50% of the compensation amount as penalty – High Court set aside the order of the Commissioner – Propriety:

Held: A bare perusal of the impugned judgment shows that the High Court did not frame any substantial question of law – The wording of the Act indicates that the existence of such a question is a prerequisite to the appeal being entertained – The difference, between the two judgments, i.e., the order of the Commissioner and the judgment in First Appeal, was on the point of the employer-employee relationship having been established – The Commissioner held such relationship to have been established however, the appeal Court observed that “claimants have clearly failed to prove this aspect” – The Commissioner had not returned any fi ndings in respect of the validity of non-availability of the license of the deceased nor was it one of the questions framed by the Commissioner for consideration – In such a situation, while exercising powers within the limited purview allowed by section 30 of the Act, the Court below erred in making observations – It is settled that Commissioner is the last authority on facts involved in a case – The circumstances, i.e., the presence of the deceased at the spot; the ownership of the trolley and the goods loaded therein; the presence 374 FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 375 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR.

of this supervisor of the employer company; and details mentioned in the inquest panchnama form, when considered together, point to the aspect of the deceased person being on the roll of the employer – Keeping with the principles of the legislation being intended for social welfare and protection of employees; the Commissioner being the last authority on facts; the scope of an appeal under the said Act being limited only to substantial questions of law; and no perversity could be demonstrated from the order of the Commissioner. [Paras 18, 19, 21, 22, 29, 32] Employee's Compensation Act, 1923 – s.30 – An appeal from an order Commissioner – To be entertained if there exists a substantial question of law: Held: The Act is unequivocal in stating that an appeal from an order of Commissioner can be entertained only if there exists a substantial question of law to be considered – It has been observed by the Supreme Court that the phrase “substantial question of law” within this Act shall be understood by its general meaning – When considering the general meaning of this phrase, naturally, the reference is to the Code of Civil Procedure – The rule therein is that framing of a substantial question of law is of cardinal importance. [Para 17] LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES

North – East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation v. Sujatha (2019) 11 SCC 514 : [2018] 13 SCR 1043; C. Manjamma v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (2022) 6 SCC 206; K. Sivaraman v. P. Sathishkumar (2020) 4 SCC 594 : [2020] 4 SCR 480 – relied on. Om Prakash Batish v. Ranjit (2008) 12 SCC 212 : [2008] 6 SCR 938; Golla Rajamma & Ors. v. Divisional Manager & Anr. (2017) 1 SCC 45 : [2016] 9 SCR 469 – referred to. OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED ORDER AND APPEARANCES CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4713 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 28.02.2019 of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in FA No.3487 of 2013. 376 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. Appearances: Shreyas Mehrotra, Ms. Savita Sinha, Rahul Gupta, Advs. for the Appellants. Dr. Meera Agarwal, Ramesh Chandra Mishra, Advs. for the Respondents. JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT SANJAY KAROL J., 1. This appeal is filed at the instance of one Fulmati Dhramdev Yadav, assailing the judgement passed by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in First Appeal No.3487 of 2013 whereby the Court has set aside the order of the Commissioner for Workmen Compensation Act, Bhuj (Kutch), Gujarat in W.C.F.C. No.08/10 awarding compensation in favour of legal representatives of the deceased employee.

2. Appellants herein1 are the mother and wife of one Ramakant Yadav2 who allegedly died on 31st October, 2009 as he was tying up logs on trailer while in employment as its driver, when one such log fell on his left leg. He died before any medical treatment could be given to him. 3. The deceased, allegedly, was an employee of Kutch Carrier (Sohansing & Sons3), drawing a salary of ₹4000 per month. 4. Such employment of the deceased was denied by the insurer for lack of production of documents of employment. Neither has any proof of income of the deceased been produced. 5. The claim of ₹3,94,120/- is denied in the above terms, by the Insurer-respondents herein. Order of the Commissioner 6. Feeling aggrieved by the denial of the claim, proceedings were 1 Hereinafter referred to as “the claimants” 2 Hereinafter referred to as “ the deceased” 3 Hereinafter referred to as “the employer”. Opponent 1 before the Commissioner FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 377 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.] initiated by the claimants herein before the Commissioner, Workmen Compensation Act, Bhuj (Kutch), Gujarat in terms of W.C.F.C.No.08/10. The Commissioner framed 8 issues for consideration. The tabular representation below represents the issues framed, the reasoning thereon and the fi ndings returned. S.No Issue Order Reasoning 1. W h e t h e r p r e s e n t Affi rmative Claimants are dependants applicants are legal and Legal heirs of heirs and dependant of deceased.

deceased? 2. Whether deceased was Affi rmative FIR in question reveals employee of Employer? name of the deceased as a driver performing duty of Employer. 3. W h e t h e r a c c i d e n t Affi rmative No document contrary occurred during course shown by Employer. of employment? If yes, then deceased died due to injuries in accident? 4. Whether age is proved 3 5 y e a r s & Age affi rmed by Driving at the time of accident? salary ₹4,000/- License indicating date and monthly income of of birth as 01-05-74. ₹4,000/- is proved? Also no adverse evidence shown by Insurer. On salary being ₹4,000/- p.m. reliance was placed on deposition of Ex-19. 5. Whether opponents are Affi rmative Awarded compensation liable to compensation of ₹3,94,120/- on the amount? If yes, then what ground that deceased amount? died during the course and out of employment as ownership truck was also insured by the insurer as per documents placed by the claimant. 378 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. 6. What is the responsibility Affi rmative Deceased was employed of insurance co.? as a driver with the employer on vehicle no. GJ-12w7670. The vehicle being insured, the insurer was to pay 9% interest from date of accident. 7. Whether opponents Affi rmative Employer while being in are negligent to pay knowledge of accident compensation? If yes, did not pay compensation then are they liable to pay to claimant within 30 penalty and interest? days of the accident as per the Workmen

Compensation Act hence Penalty @ 50% was imposed amounting to ₹1,97,060/-. 8. What is fi nal order? Affi rmative ₹3000/- for expenses and ₹5000/- for funeral expenses to be paid to the claimant. 7. In terms of the above, the Insurer-New India Assurance Co. Ltd.4 was directed to pay as compensation₹3,94,120/-with interest accruing thereupon from the date of the death of the deceased @9%. The same was to be paid within 30 days of the order. The employer was directed to pay ₹1,97,060/-, i.e., 50% of the compensation amount as penalty. Further, it was directed that the latter would pay ₹8000/- (with breakup of ₹3,000/- and ₹5,000/-) for expenses and funeral expenses, particularly. 8. Only the Insurer appealed against this order. First Appeal-Impugned Judgement 9. It may be noted that during the pendency of the First Appeal, vide an order dated 25th June, 2014 passed in Civil Application No. 2822 of 2013 the Commissioner was directed to invest 80% of the amount that was 4 Hereinafter referred to as “Insurer” FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 379 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.] deposited with such authority in cumulative fi xed deposits for an initial period of three years, to be renewed from time to time and the remaining 20% to be disbursed to the claimants.

10. Having considered the evidence on record such as an abstract of the accidental death register of the Gandhigram “A” division police station, and the cross-examination of the claimant i.e., wife of the deceased, as well as the other documents produced, which, the learned Court concluded that the deceased was neither working with the employer nor on the date of the occurrence of the incident, received injuries and died, as a result thereof. 11. Hence, the order of the Commissioner was set aside. 12. Thus, the present appeal. 13. By way of the special leave petition it has been urged amongst other grounds, that the Court in First Appeal has transgressed the confi nes of Section 30 of the Workmen Compensation Act, 19235; the vehicle in which the logs were stored and thus were being untied, was insured and therefore, the accident having taken place is within the ambit of the insurance company’s responsibilities; that the impugned judgement has left the Claimants remediless and sans any support since the sole breadwinner of the family had passed away. Analysis and Consideration 14. The act governing the present dispute, i.e., the Workmen Compensation Act, 1923, has been, vide The Workmen’s Compensation (Amendment) Act, 2009, amended, by which the word “workmen” has been substituted by “employees” rechristened as the Employees Compensation Act, 1923.

15. What this Court must consider is whether the impugned judgement is sustainable in law? On merits, the consideration would be whether the order of the Commissioner, in light of the materials on record, can stand or not? In other words, the impugned judgement must stand true on two grounds, (i) statutory text; and (ii) whether the materials on record support the conclusion drawn therein or not? 5 Hereafter, the Act 380 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. 16. Appeals within the act are governed by Section 30 which is extracted below for reference: – “30. Appeals. — (1) An appeal shall lie to the High Court from the following orders of a Commissioner, namely :— an order awarding as compensation a lump sum whether by way of redemption of a half monthly payment or otherwise or disallowing a claim in full or in part for a lump sum; 1 [(aa) an order awarding interest or penalty under section 4A;] (b) an order refusing to allow redemption of a half-monthly payment; (c) an order providing for the distribution of compensation among the dependants of a deceased 6 [employee], or disallowing any claim of a person alleging himself to be such dependant; (d) an order allowing or disallowing any claim for the amount of an indemnity under the provisions of sub-section (2) of section 12; or (e) an order refusing to register a memorandum of agreement or registering the same or providing for the registration of the same subject to conditions:

Provided that no appeal shall lie against any order unless a substantial question of law is involved in the appeal and, in the case of an order other than an order such as is referred to in clause (b), unless the amount in dispute in the appeal is not less than 2 [ten thousand rupees or such higher amount as the Central Government may, by notifi cation in the Official Gazette, specify]: Provided, further, that no appeal shall lie in any case in which the parties have agreed to abide by the decision of the Commissioner, or in which the order of the Commissioner gives effect to an agreement come to by the parties: 3[Provided further that no appeal by an employer under clause (a) shall lie unless the memorandum of appeal is accompanied by a certificate by the Commissioner to the eff ect that the appellant has deposited with him the amount payable under the order appealed against.] FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 381 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.] (2) The period of limitation for an appeal under this section shall be sixty days. (3) The provisions of section 5 of 4 [the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963)] shall be applicable to appeals under this section.” (Emphasis Supplied)

17. The Act is unequivocal in stating that an appeal from an order of Commissioner can be entertained only if there exists a substantial question of law to be considered. It has been observed by this Court that the phrase “substantial question of law” within this Act shall be understood by its general meaning.6 When considering the general meaning of this phrase, naturally, the reference is to the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC). The rule therein is that framing of a substantial question of law is of cardinal importance. 18. A bare perusal of the impugned judgement shows that the Court did not frame any such question. 19. The wording of the Act indicates that the existence of such a question is a prerequisite to the appeal being entertained. 20. Illustratively, in North – East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation v. Sujatha7 (Two-Judge Bench) amongst numerous other cases, this Court has observed: “12. In other words, the appeal provided under Section 30 of the Act to the High Court against the order of the Commissioner is not like a regular fi rst appeal akin to Section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 which can be heard both on facts and law. The appellate jurisdiction of the High Court to decide the appeal is confined only to examine the substantial questions of law arising in the case.”

21. The other ground making the order under challenge, amenable to interference when the scope of jurisdiction is circumscribed by it being exercised only in cases of “substantial question of law”, is perversity in the fi ndings. Here, the impugned judgement does not, even remotely, 6 Om Prakash Batish v. Ranjit (2008) 12 SCC 212 (2 judge-bench) 7 (2019) 11 SCC 514 382 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. refl ect the observation that the fi ndings arrived at by the Commissioner are perverse. The diff erence, between the two judgements, i.e., the order of the Commissioner and the judgment in First Appeal, was on the point of the employer-employee relationship having been established. The Commissioner held such relationship to have been established however, the appeal Court observed that “claimants have clearly failed to prove this aspect” 22. It may here only be noted that the Commissioner had not returned any fi ndings in respect of the validity of non-availability of the license of the deceased nor was it one of the questions framed by the Commissioner for consideration. In such a situation, while exercising powers within the limited purview allowed by section 30 of the Act, the learned Court below erred in making observations and giving a holding in that regard.

23. It has also been observed by this Court that the Commissioner is the last authority on facts involved in a case. In Golla Rajamma & Ors. v. Divisional Manager & Anr.8 (2-Judge Bench) it was observed that “under the scheme of the Act, the Workmen’s Compensation Commissioner is the last authority on facts. Parliament has thought it fit to restrict the scope of the appeal only to substantial questions of law, being a welfare legislation. Unfortunately, the High Court has missed this crucial question of limited jurisdiction and has ventured to reappreciate the evidence and recorded its own findings on percentage of disability for which also there is no basis. The whole exercise made by the High Court is not within the competence of the High Court under Section 30 of the Act.” 24. Keeping in view the said principles, the impugned judgement, ex-facie, appears to be in contravention thereto. 25. On merits too, we fi nd that the conclusions arrived at by the Commissioner, were undoubtedly “a possible view”, therefore extinguishing the possibility of perversity in findings. 26. A Bench of two learned Judges observed in C. Manjamma v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd.9 8 (2017) 1 SCC 45 9 (2022) 6 SCC 206 FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 383 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.]

“15. That being the position, the view taken by the Commissioner had been a possible view of the matter in the given set of facts and circumstances; and there was no reason for the High Court to interfere with the same, particularly when the case did not involve any substantial question of law within the meaning of Section 30 of Employees Compensation Act, 1933.” 27. From the materials available on record before the Commissioner as described in the order, it certainly will not be an improbable, much less an impossible, conclusion that the deceased was on the pay-roll of the employer. Prima facie, the question that arises and remains un-addressed throughout was, as to what the deceased was doing with the trolley as also the goods laden on it, which he was tying or untying at the time of his death. Second, the affi davit placed before the Commissioner categorically stated that deceased was an employee of the employer. It has been noted by the Commissioner, in his consideration of the second issue that, no written statement had been fi led nor had the version of the Applicants been challenged by the employer; and even though the Respondents herein had denied the facts as stated in the petition and cross examined the Applicants, “but no adverse facts proved” by and “no adverse document produced” by the Insurer to rebut the contents of the claim petition

28. Additionally, having gone through the record we fi nd that in the Panchnama of the place of occurrence10, it has been recorded that there was only one person present at the spot. He was Sunilbhai Ramjibhai Ahir and was serving as a supervisor in the company of the employer. The inquest panchnama form11 also names the employer company. The address mentioned, with which the deceased was associated as also the person who has identifi ed the corpse of the deceased, for both of them it corresponds to that of the employer company. 29. The circumstances, i.e., the presence of the deceased at the spot; the ownership of the trolley and the goods loaded therein; the presence of this supervisor of the employer company; and details mentioned in the 10 Annexure P – 1 at page 23 11 annexure P – 6 at page 9 of application to place on record additional documents 384 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 14 S.C.R. inquest panchnama form, when considered together, point to the aspect of the deceased person being on the roll of the employer.

30. It is well-established that the Act is a social welfare legislation and, therefore, it must be given a beneficial construction. Matters thereunder are to be adjudicated with due process of law and also with a keen awareness of the scope and intent of the act. This Court has, time and again, reiterated this principle. We may refer to K. Sivaraman v. P. Sathishkumar12 wherein, speaking for the Court, Dr. D.Y Chandrachud J., observed: – “25. The 1923 Act is a social beneficial legislation and its provisions and amendments thereto must be interpreted in a manner so as to not deprive the employees of the benefit of the legislation. The object of enacting the Act was to ameliorate the hardship of economically poor employees who were exposed to risks in work, or occupational hazards by providing a cheaper and quicker machinery for compensating them with pecuniary benefits. The amendments to the 1923 Act have been enacted to further this salient purpose by either streamlining the compensation process or enhancing the amount of compensation payable to the employee.” (Emphasis supplied)

31. It may be noted that the Commissioner had not returned any findings in respect of the validity or invalidity of the license of the deceased nor was it one of the questions framed by the Commissioner for consideration. In such a situation, while exercising powers within the limited purview allowed by Section 30 of the Act, the learned Court below erred in making observations and giving a holding in that regard. 32. In the facts at hand, with the cumulative sum of circumstances pointing to the employment of the deceased with the employer company; in keeping with the principles of the legislation being intended for social welfare and protection of employees; the Commissioner being the last authority on facts; the scope of an appeal under the said Act being limited only to substantial questions of law; and no perversity could be demonstrated 12 (2020) 4 SCC 594 FULMATI DHRAMDEV YADAV & ANR. v. NEW INDIA 385 ASSURANCE CO. LTD. & ANR. [SANJAY KAROL J.] from the order of the Commissioner, we set aside the order passed in First Appeal No.3487 of 2013. The Appeal is allowed.

33. As a consequence thereof, the order passed by the Commissioner, Workmen Compensation Act, Bhuj (Kutch), Gujarat in W.C.F.C.No.08/10 is restored. The amount as deposited, per this order (the remaining 80%, after the release of 20% of the sum awarded being ordered by the Court below in Civil Application No.12822 of 2013 vide order dated 25th June, 2014) and placed in cumulative fixed deposits, shall become payable to the claimants forthwith, in compliance of the terms and conditions set out therein. 34. Parties to bear their own costs. 35. Interlocutory application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of. Headnotes prepared by: Appeal allowed. Ankit Gyan