[2023] 11 S.C.R. 643 : 2023 INSC 773 CASE DETAILS STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. (Civil Appeal No. 2453 of 2011) AUGUST 25, 2023 [ABHAY S. OKA AND SANJAY KAROL, JJ.] HEADNOTES Issue for consideration: Writ petition was filed by respondent against the illegal sealing of its shop by the offi cers of Department of Excise and Taxation. While disposing off the petition, High Court whether justifi ed in passing the impugned directions for registering criminal investigation against the Assistant Excise and Taxation, Commissioner, holding that he had fi led an affi davit taking a false defence. Practice and Procedure – Adverse remarks – Expunction of:

Held : Remarks adverse in nature, should not be passed in ordinary circumstances, or unless absolutely necessary for proper adjudication of the case at hand – Impugned directions were passed upon an incorrect and erroneous appreciation of the record – The record does not support the prime facie view taken in regard to ante-dating or interpolation of the despatch register – The register records multiple entries in diff erent hand, script, and language – There is neither any cutting, overwriting nor any interpolation – A glance at the relevant page of the despatch register makes it clear that the entry at the said page starts from Sl No.2026 and ends at Sl No.2043 and the despatch of the communication in question to the respondent falls at Sl No. 2032 which is in the middle of the page – Therefore, the question of any interpolation/tampering does not arise – The concerned Officer was not to be benefitted in any manner in ante-dating the communication dtd.21.10.2010, as the said date was still beyond the period of 10 days initially granted by the High Court to unseal the premises of the respondent, vide order dtd. 27.09.2010 – Impugned directions totally misplaced, more so, when the 643 644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 11 S.C.R. endeavour of the Officer was to bring the off enders to book and save evasion of duty, mandatorily required to be paid by the assessee – Observation made and the directions issued by the High Court vide impugned order, expunged

– Proceedings initiated pursuant thereto, if any, including the FIR stand closed with immediate eff ect. [Paras 9, 10, 12, 13, 20 and 21] Practice and Procedure – Adverse remarks – Tests laid down in State of UP v. Mohammad Naim (four-Judge Bench) – Non-fulfilment of: Held : Order of the High Court does not qualify the tests laid down by this Court in State of UP v. Mohammad Naim in regards to passing remarks against a person, whose conduct is being scrutinised – Neither was the officer made party to the dispute, nor was he given an opportunity to show cause, and further, nothing on record reflected the officer holding an animus against the respondent, before such adverse directions were passed against him – Remarks by a court should at all times be governed by the principles of justice, fair play and restraint – Words employed should reflect sobriety, moderation and reserve – Impugned directions issued by the High Court in registration of criminal investigation against an offi cer against the settled principles of law have a demoralizing effect on the well-meaning offi cers of the State. [Paras 14, 16, 18.2 and 20] Practice and Procedure – Adverse remarks – Power to expunge – Exercise of, by the High Court and Supreme Court – Discussed.[Paras 19.1-19.3.1] LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES State of UP v. Mohammad Naim AIR 1964 SC 703 : [1964] SCR 363 – relied on.

R. K. Lakshmanan v. A. K. Srinivasan (1975) 2 SCC 466 : [1976] 1 SCR 204; S. K. Viswambaran v. E. Koyakunju (1987) 2 SCC 109 : [1987] 2 SCR 501; Samya Seet v. Shambhu Sarkar (2005) 6 SCC 767 : [2005] 2 Suppl. SCR 686; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Narmada Bachao Andolan (2011) 12 SCC 689 : [2011] 11 SCR 678; K. G. Shanti v. United Indian Insurance Co. Ltd and Ors. (2021) 5 SCC 511; Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhusan Kar (1986) 2 SCC 569 : [1986] 2 SCR 470; Abani Kanta Ray v. State of Orissa (1995) 4 Suppl. SCC 169 : [1995] 4 Suppl. SCR 333; A. M. Mathur v. STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. 645 M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. Pramod Kumar Gupta (1990) 2 SCC 533 : [1990] 2 SCR 110; Shivajirao Nilangekar Patil v. Mahesh Madhav Gosavi (1987) 1 SCC 227 : [1987] 1 SCR 458; Dr. Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar AIR 1964 SC 1 : [1964] SCR 336; Panchanan Banerji v. Upendra Nath Bhattacharji AIR 1927 All 193; Manu Sharma v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2010) 6 SCC 1 : [2010] 4 SCR 103 – referred to. M/s Shikha Trading Co. v. The State of Punjab and Anr. CWP No. 19909 of 2010 dated 08.12.2010 – referred to. OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED ORDER AND APPEARANCES CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2453 of 2011. From the Judgment and Order dated 08.12.2010 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in CWP No. 19909 of 2010. With Civil Appeal No. 2494 of 2011. Appearances:

Aishwarya Bhati, ASG, Maninder Singh, Sr. Adv., Nikhil Jain, Rishi Sehgal, Keshavam Chaudhri, Ms. Arveen Sekhon, Ms. Hargun Sandhu, Ms. Nikita Gill, Ms. Divya Jain, Ms. Monica Dhingra, Ajay Sabharwal, Ajay Pal, Karan Sharma, Raktim Gogoi, Gautam Awasthi, Ayush Choudhary, Devanshu Yadav, Sameer Pandey, Sahil Sharma, Advs. for the appearing parties. JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT SANJAY KAROL, J. CIVIL APPEAL NO.2453 OF 2011 1. The instant appeal has been filed by the State of Punjab against the judgment dated 08.12.2010 in CWP No. 19909 of 2010 by which the High Court of Punjab and Haryana, Chandigarh directed the Senior Superintendent of Police, Ludhiana to have a criminal case registered and 646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 11 S.C.R. duly investigated against an officer of the State, i.e., the Assistant Excise and Taxation, Commissioner (AETC), Ludhiana – I. BACKGROUND 2. Shikha Trading Company1 preferred a Writ Petition against the illegal sealing of its shop by the offi cers of the Department of Excise and Taxation, Punjab on 13.09.2010.

3. The said petition being CWP No. 19909/2010, stood disposed of with two material directions; one, that since during the pendency of the petition, the shop (premises) of STC were de-sealed, thereby rendering the petition infructuous; and two, that Rishi Pal Singh, an offi cer of the State posted as Assistant Excise Taxation Commissioner (AETC Ludhiana-I) had filed an affidavit taking a false defence. Hence proceedings, criminal in nature, be initiated against him with the registration of FIR, with subsequent submission of the Action Taken Report to the Court within a period of three months. 4. The present appeal is directed against the second part of the order which is extracted hereinunder :-

“Case of the petitioner is that team of the department visited the petitioner’s premises on 13.09.2010 and illegally sealed the same. It is not disputed that the said team had visited the premises but sealing has been denied. Proceedings at the time of visit have not been produced. There is no reason for the petitioner to falsely allege sealing which is also shown in the photograph. It is not the case of the AETC that the petitioner has any animus against him. Thus, prima facie, it has to be held that sealing of the premises was by or at the instance of the department. It is further that the order an representation purporting to be dated 21.10.2010 was passed much later than the said date and has been antedated and the entry in the despatch register dated 21.10.2010 has been forged. If order had been passed and conveyed on 21.10.2010, there would have been no occasion for the petitioner to move this Court. Ink used, use of English language only for one entry as against all other entries in vernacular and pattern of entries in the despatch register 1 Respondent herein; hereinafter referred to as ‘STC’ STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. 647 M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]

create serious doubt about genuineness thereof. Men may tell lie but circumstances may not. Action of the AETC in taking an apparently false stand cannot be ignored. Since these actions of or at the instance of Mr. Rishi Pal Singh, AETC, Ludhiana I constitute cognizable offences, we direct SSP Ludhiana to get a criminal case registered and have the investigation conducted in accordance with law within three months from the date of receipt of a copy of this order. Further action may also be taken as per findings of investigation. Compliance report with copy of report of investigation may be forwarded to this Court apart from report of investigation being submitted to the concerned Court. It is made clear that observations made herein are prima facie and will not affect final conclusion in investigation or trial. THE PRESENT APPEAL 5. Here only, we may clarify that this Court has not dealt with or made any observation in regard to the alleged illegal actions of STC in the evasion of tax, an infraction of the provision of Punjab Value Added Tax Act 2005. 6. Clarifying further, the learned counsel appearing for STC (respondent herein) has also not opposed the instant petition in relation to observations, subject matter of the present appeal. It is in this background; we are proceeding to adjudicate on the subject matter of the appeal.

7. Learned senior counsel appearing for the aggrieved party(s) has urged, amongst other grounds, that the impugned directions were passed without affording an opportunity to the concerned officer to explain the relevant facts and circumstances; the impugned directions rely only on assertions made by the respondent without any evidence to substantiate the same; the entry in the despatch register, more particularly the language in which it is made, reflects the document which is to be conveyed i.e., if the original document is in English, the entry corresponding thereto shall also be in English; passing of such an order against an offi cer of the State who has launched a campaign against tax evaders, results in having a demoralizing effect on honest offi cers. 8. Before us, the respondent has nothing adverse to state against any functionary of the State of Punjab, much less the aggrieved offi cer. There is no opposition to the present appeal. 648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 11 S.C.R. 9. Having perused the records as produced in Court, we are of the considered view that this matter needs to put a quietus to. The record, we are satisfied, does not support the prime facie view taken by the court below, in regard to ante-dating or interpolation of the despatch register. The register records multiple entries in different hand, script, and language.

10. There is no basis for the High Court to arrive at such a conclusion. It is again a matter of record that for several reasons, various officials at the clerical level employed in the department are making entries in the despatch register, therefore, variation in ink and handwriting is bound to occur. A glance at the entries made in the register for the current as well as previous years would show that any communication, subject matter of which is in English, is usually recorded in English and whenever such a communication is in Punjabi language, the entries are accordingly recorded in Punjabi. Moreover, the entries have been made et seriatim and no anomaly, whatsoever, could be found with the same. There is neither any cutting, overwriting nor any interpolation, of any sort. A glance at the relevant page of the despatch register would further make it clear that the entry at the said page starts from Sl No.2026 and ends at Sl No. 2043 and the despatch of the communication in question to the respondent falls at Sl No. 2032 which is in the middle of the page. Therefore, the question of any interpolation/tampering does not arise, even remotely so. 11. In view thereof, the doubt as to the genuineness of the register does not stand on firm ground and must be disregarded. It is also to be noted that the record in no way reflects the concerned officer to have any prior disposition or animus against the respondent.

12. There is no gainsaying in stating that officer was not to be benefitted in any manner in ante-dating the communication dated 21.10.2010, as the said date was still beyond the period of 10 days initially granted by the High Court to unseal the premises of the respondent herein, vide order dated 27.09.2010 of which fact, the High Court failed to take notice. 13. In our considered view, the conclusions arrived at, as re-produced (supra), are based on mere surmises and/or bald assertions, without any material attesting to the conclusions or regard for consequences. The directions were totally misplaced, more so, when the endeavour of the officer was to bring the offenders to book and save evasion of duty, mandatorily required to be paid by the assessee. STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. 649 M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. [SANJAY KAROL, J.] 14. Further, we notice the directions of the High Court not to be in the light of settled principles of law, for the order does not qualify the tests laid down by this Court in State of UP v. Mohammad Naim2 (four-Judge Bench), in regards to passing remarks against a person, whose conduct is being scrutinised before them i.e., “whether the party whose conduct is in question is before the Court or has an opportunity of explaining or defending himself; whether there is evidence on record bearing on that conduct, justifying the remarks; whether it is necessary for the decision of the case, as an integral part thereof, to animadvert on that conduct.”

15. These principles stand reiterated and followed in various judgments such as R. K. Lakshmanan v. A.K. Srinivasan3 (three-Judge Bench); S.K. Viswambaran v. E. Koyakunju4 (two-Judge Bench); Samya Seet v. Shambhu Sarkar5 (three-Judge Bench); State of Madhya Pradesh v. Narmada Bachao Andolan6 (three-Judge Bench) and K. G. Shanti v. United Indian Insurance Co. Ltd and Ors7 (two-Judge Bench). 16. It is apparent from record that, neither was the offi cer made party to the dispute, nor was he given an opportunity to show cause, and further, nothing on record reflected the officer holding an animus against the respondent, before such adverse directions were passed against him. 17. By way of this appeal, we have been asked to exercise powers, inherent in this Court, to expunge remarks reproduced supra against the said officer, from record. It would be appropriate to consider the various principles in respect of passing adverse remarks against an offi cer- be it judicial, civil (as in the present case) or police or army personnel, and expunction thereof. 18. The three principles laid down in Naim (supra) deal with what is required of the court, prior to, fi nding it fi t to pass adverse remarks. 18.1 It has been reasserted time and again that remarks adverse in nature, should not be passed in ordinary circumstances, or unless absolutely 2 AIR 1964 SC 703 3 (1975) 2 SCC 466 4 (1987) 2 SCC 109 5 (2005) 6 SCC 767 6 (2011) 12 SCC 689 7 (2021) 5 SCC 511

650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 11 S.C.R. necessary which is further qualified by, being necessary for proper adjudication of the case at hand8. 18.2 Remarks by a court should at all times be governed by the principles of justice, fair play and restraint9. Words employed should reflect sobriety, moderation and reserve.10 18.3 It should not be lost sight of and per contra, always be remembered that such remarks, “due to the great power vested in our robes, have the ability to jeopardize and compromise independence of judges”; and may “deter offi cers and various personnel in carrying out their duty”. It further flows therefrom that “adverse remarks, of serious nature, upon the character and/ or professional competence of a person should not be passed lightly”.11 19. Keeping the above principles in mind, the power to expunge remarks may be exercised by the High Court and this Court: – 19.1 With great caution and circumspection, since it is an undefined power12; 19.2 Only to remedy a flagrant abuse of power which has been made by passing comments that are likely to cause harm or prejudice13; 19.3 In respect of High Courts exercising such power, it has been observed: 19.3.1 The High Court, as the Supreme Court of revision, must be deemed to have power to see that courts below do not unjustly and without any lawful excuse take away the character of a party or of a witness or of a counsel before it.14

8 Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhusan Kar (1986) 2 SCC 569, two-Judge Bench; Abani Kanta Ray v. State of Orissa (1995) Supp (4) SCC 169, two-Judge Bench; A.M. Mathur v. Pramod Kumar Gupta (1990) 2 SCC 533; two-Judge Bench 9 Shivajirao Nilangekar Patil v. Mahesh Madhav Gosavi, (1987) 1 SCC 227; three-Judge Bench 10 K.G Shanti (supra) 11 E. Koyakunju (supra) 12 Dr. Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar, AIR 1964 SC 1; two-Judge Bench 13 Dr. Raghubir Saran (supra) 14 Panchanan Banerji v. Upendra Nath Bhattacharji [AIR 1927 All 193, as referred to in Sashibhusan Kar (supra) STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. 651 M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. [SANJAY KAROL, J.] 19.3.2 Though in the context of Judicial offi cers, this Court has observed that “The role of High Court is also of a friend, philosopher and guide of judiciary subordinate to it. The strength of power is not displayed solely in cracking a whip on errors, mistakes or failures; the power should be so wielded as to have propensity to prevent and to ensure exclusion of repetition if committed once innocently or unwittingly. “Pardon the error but not its repetition”. This principle would apply equally for all services. The power to control is not to be exercised solely by wielding a teacher’s cane.1516

20. The impugned directions issued by the High Court in registration of criminal investigation against an officer, unquestionably against the above-referred settled principles of law, having a demoralizing eff ect on the well-meaning offi cers of the State. It is clear that the impugned directions were passed upon an incorrect and erroneous appreciation of the record. 21. Consequent to the above discussion, we find it a fit case to, in accordance with the principles summarised hereinabove, expunge the observation made and the directions issued by the High Court extracted supra (para 5) vide impugned order dated 08.12.2010 in CWP No. 19909 of 2010 titled as M/s Shikha Trading Co. v The State of Punjab and Anr. Further, proceedings initiated, if any, pursuant thereto, including the FIR shall stand closed with immediate effect. 22. The appeal of the State is allowed and the connected appeal is disposed of in the aforesaid terms. 23. Interlocutory applications if any, shall stand disposed of. 24. No costs. Headnotes prepared by: Appeal of State allowed and Divya Pandey connected appeal disposed of. 15 Manu Sharma v. State (NCT of Delhi), 2010 6 SCC 1; two-Judge Bench 16 ‘K’ A Judicial Officer (supra)

[2023] 11 S.C.R. 643 : 2023 INSC 773 CASE DETAILS STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. (Civil Appeal No. 2453 of 2011) AUGUST 25, 2023 [ABHAY S. OKA AND SANJAY KAROL, JJ.] HEADNOTES Issue for consideration: Writ petition was filed by respondent against the illegal sealing of its shop by the offi cers of Department of Excise and Taxation. While disposing off the petition, High Court whether justifi ed in passing the impugned directions for registering criminal investigation against the Assistant Excise and Taxation, Commissioner, holding that he had fi led an affi davit taking a false defence. Practice and Procedure – Adverse remarks – Expunction of:

Held : Remarks adverse in nature, should not be passed in ordinary circumstances, or unless absolutely necessary for proper adjudication of the case at hand – Impugned directions were passed upon an incorrect and erroneous appreciation of the record – The record does not support the prime facie view taken in regard to ante-dating or interpolation of the despatch register – The register records multiple entries in diff erent hand, script, and language – There is neither any cutting, overwriting nor any interpolation – A glance at the relevant page of the despatch register makes it clear that the entry at the said page starts from Sl No.2026 and ends at Sl No.2043 and the despatch of the communication in question to the respondent falls at Sl No. 2032 which is in the middle of the page – Therefore, the question of any interpolation/tampering does not arise – The concerned Officer was not to be benefitted in any manner in ante-dating the communication dtd.21.10.2010, as the said date was still beyond the period of 10 days initially granted by the High Court to unseal the premises of the respondent, vide order dtd. 27.09.2010 – Impugned directions totally misplaced, more so, when the 643 644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 11 S.C.R. endeavour of the Officer was to bring the off enders to book and save evasion of duty, mandatorily required to be paid by the assessee – Observation made and the directions issued by the High Court vide impugned order, expunged

– Proceedings initiated pursuant thereto, if any, including the FIR stand closed with immediate eff ect. [Paras 9, 10, 12, 13, 20 and 21] Practice and Procedure – Adverse remarks – Tests laid down in State of UP v. Mohammad Naim (four-Judge Bench) – Non-fulfilment of: Held : Order of the High Court does not qualify the tests laid down by this Court in State of UP v. Mohammad Naim in regards to passing remarks against a person, whose conduct is being scrutinised – Neither was the officer made party to the dispute, nor was he given an opportunity to show cause, and further, nothing on record reflected the officer holding an animus against the respondent, before such adverse directions were passed against him – Remarks by a court should at all times be governed by the principles of justice, fair play and restraint – Words employed should reflect sobriety, moderation and reserve – Impugned directions issued by the High Court in registration of criminal investigation against an offi cer against the settled principles of law have a demoralizing effect on the well-meaning offi cers of the State. [Paras 14, 16, 18.2 and 20] Practice and Procedure – Adverse remarks – Power to expunge – Exercise of, by the High Court and Supreme Court – Discussed.[Paras 19.1-19.3.1] LIST OF CITATIONS AND OTHER REFERENCES State of UP v. Mohammad Naim AIR 1964 SC 703 : [1964] SCR 363 – relied on.

R. K. Lakshmanan v. A. K. Srinivasan (1975) 2 SCC 466 : [1976] 1 SCR 204; S. K. Viswambaran v. E. Koyakunju (1987) 2 SCC 109 : [1987] 2 SCR 501; Samya Seet v. Shambhu Sarkar (2005) 6 SCC 767 : [2005] 2 Suppl. SCR 686; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Narmada Bachao Andolan (2011) 12 SCC 689 : [2011] 11 SCR 678; K. G. Shanti v. United Indian Insurance Co. Ltd and Ors. (2021) 5 SCC 511; Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhusan Kar (1986) 2 SCC 569 : [1986] 2 SCR 470; Abani Kanta Ray v. State of Orissa (1995) 4 Suppl. SCC 169 : [1995] 4 Suppl. SCR 333; A. M. Mathur v. STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. 645 M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. Pramod Kumar Gupta (1990) 2 SCC 533 : [1990] 2 SCR 110; Shivajirao Nilangekar Patil v. Mahesh Madhav Gosavi (1987) 1 SCC 227 : [1987] 1 SCR 458; Dr. Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar AIR 1964 SC 1 : [1964] SCR 336; Panchanan Banerji v. Upendra Nath Bhattacharji AIR 1927 All 193; Manu Sharma v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2010) 6 SCC 1 : [2010] 4 SCR 103 – referred to. M/s Shikha Trading Co. v. The State of Punjab and Anr. CWP No. 19909 of 2010 dated 08.12.2010 – referred to. OTHER CASE DETAILS INCLUDING IMPUGNED ORDER AND APPEARANCES CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2453 of 2011. From the Judgment and Order dated 08.12.2010 of the High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in CWP No. 19909 of 2010. With Civil Appeal No. 2494 of 2011. Appearances:

Aishwarya Bhati, ASG, Maninder Singh, Sr. Adv., Nikhil Jain, Rishi Sehgal, Keshavam Chaudhri, Ms. Arveen Sekhon, Ms. Hargun Sandhu, Ms. Nikita Gill, Ms. Divya Jain, Ms. Monica Dhingra, Ajay Sabharwal, Ajay Pal, Karan Sharma, Raktim Gogoi, Gautam Awasthi, Ayush Choudhary, Devanshu Yadav, Sameer Pandey, Sahil Sharma, Advs. for the appearing parties. JUDGMENT / ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT JUDGMENT SANJAY KAROL, J. CIVIL APPEAL NO.2453 OF 2011 1. The instant appeal has been filed by the State of Punjab against the judgment dated 08.12.2010 in CWP No. 19909 of 2010 by which the High Court of Punjab and Haryana, Chandigarh directed the Senior Superintendent of Police, Ludhiana to have a criminal case registered and 646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 11 S.C.R. duly investigated against an officer of the State, i.e., the Assistant Excise and Taxation, Commissioner (AETC), Ludhiana – I. BACKGROUND 2. Shikha Trading Company1 preferred a Writ Petition against the illegal sealing of its shop by the offi cers of the Department of Excise and Taxation, Punjab on 13.09.2010.

3. The said petition being CWP No. 19909/2010, stood disposed of with two material directions; one, that since during the pendency of the petition, the shop (premises) of STC were de-sealed, thereby rendering the petition infructuous; and two, that Rishi Pal Singh, an offi cer of the State posted as Assistant Excise Taxation Commissioner (AETC Ludhiana-I) had filed an affidavit taking a false defence. Hence proceedings, criminal in nature, be initiated against him with the registration of FIR, with subsequent submission of the Action Taken Report to the Court within a period of three months. 4. The present appeal is directed against the second part of the order which is extracted hereinunder :-

“Case of the petitioner is that team of the department visited the petitioner’s premises on 13.09.2010 and illegally sealed the same. It is not disputed that the said team had visited the premises but sealing has been denied. Proceedings at the time of visit have not been produced. There is no reason for the petitioner to falsely allege sealing which is also shown in the photograph. It is not the case of the AETC that the petitioner has any animus against him. Thus, prima facie, it has to be held that sealing of the premises was by or at the instance of the department. It is further that the order an representation purporting to be dated 21.10.2010 was passed much later than the said date and has been antedated and the entry in the despatch register dated 21.10.2010 has been forged. If order had been passed and conveyed on 21.10.2010, there would have been no occasion for the petitioner to move this Court. Ink used, use of English language only for one entry as against all other entries in vernacular and pattern of entries in the despatch register 1 Respondent herein; hereinafter referred to as ‘STC’ STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. 647 M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. [SANJAY KAROL, J.]

create serious doubt about genuineness thereof. Men may tell lie but circumstances may not. Action of the AETC in taking an apparently false stand cannot be ignored. Since these actions of or at the instance of Mr. Rishi Pal Singh, AETC, Ludhiana I constitute cognizable offences, we direct SSP Ludhiana to get a criminal case registered and have the investigation conducted in accordance with law within three months from the date of receipt of a copy of this order. Further action may also be taken as per findings of investigation. Compliance report with copy of report of investigation may be forwarded to this Court apart from report of investigation being submitted to the concerned Court. It is made clear that observations made herein are prima facie and will not affect final conclusion in investigation or trial. THE PRESENT APPEAL 5. Here only, we may clarify that this Court has not dealt with or made any observation in regard to the alleged illegal actions of STC in the evasion of tax, an infraction of the provision of Punjab Value Added Tax Act 2005. 6. Clarifying further, the learned counsel appearing for STC (respondent herein) has also not opposed the instant petition in relation to observations, subject matter of the present appeal. It is in this background; we are proceeding to adjudicate on the subject matter of the appeal.

7. Learned senior counsel appearing for the aggrieved party(s) has urged, amongst other grounds, that the impugned directions were passed without affording an opportunity to the concerned officer to explain the relevant facts and circumstances; the impugned directions rely only on assertions made by the respondent without any evidence to substantiate the same; the entry in the despatch register, more particularly the language in which it is made, reflects the document which is to be conveyed i.e., if the original document is in English, the entry corresponding thereto shall also be in English; passing of such an order against an offi cer of the State who has launched a campaign against tax evaders, results in having a demoralizing effect on honest offi cers. 8. Before us, the respondent has nothing adverse to state against any functionary of the State of Punjab, much less the aggrieved offi cer. There is no opposition to the present appeal. 648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 11 S.C.R. 9. Having perused the records as produced in Court, we are of the considered view that this matter needs to put a quietus to. The record, we are satisfied, does not support the prime facie view taken by the court below, in regard to ante-dating or interpolation of the despatch register. The register records multiple entries in different hand, script, and language.

10. There is no basis for the High Court to arrive at such a conclusion. It is again a matter of record that for several reasons, various officials at the clerical level employed in the department are making entries in the despatch register, therefore, variation in ink and handwriting is bound to occur. A glance at the entries made in the register for the current as well as previous years would show that any communication, subject matter of which is in English, is usually recorded in English and whenever such a communication is in Punjabi language, the entries are accordingly recorded in Punjabi. Moreover, the entries have been made et seriatim and no anomaly, whatsoever, could be found with the same. There is neither any cutting, overwriting nor any interpolation, of any sort. A glance at the relevant page of the despatch register would further make it clear that the entry at the said page starts from Sl No.2026 and ends at Sl No. 2043 and the despatch of the communication in question to the respondent falls at Sl No. 2032 which is in the middle of the page. Therefore, the question of any interpolation/tampering does not arise, even remotely so. 11. In view thereof, the doubt as to the genuineness of the register does not stand on firm ground and must be disregarded. It is also to be noted that the record in no way reflects the concerned officer to have any prior disposition or animus against the respondent.

12. There is no gainsaying in stating that officer was not to be benefitted in any manner in ante-dating the communication dated 21.10.2010, as the said date was still beyond the period of 10 days initially granted by the High Court to unseal the premises of the respondent herein, vide order dated 27.09.2010 of which fact, the High Court failed to take notice. 13. In our considered view, the conclusions arrived at, as re-produced (supra), are based on mere surmises and/or bald assertions, without any material attesting to the conclusions or regard for consequences. The directions were totally misplaced, more so, when the endeavour of the officer was to bring the offenders to book and save evasion of duty, mandatorily required to be paid by the assessee. STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. 649 M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. [SANJAY KAROL, J.] 14. Further, we notice the directions of the High Court not to be in the light of settled principles of law, for the order does not qualify the tests laid down by this Court in State of UP v. Mohammad Naim2 (four-Judge Bench), in regards to passing remarks against a person, whose conduct is being scrutinised before them i.e., “whether the party whose conduct is in question is before the Court or has an opportunity of explaining or defending himself; whether there is evidence on record bearing on that conduct, justifying the remarks; whether it is necessary for the decision of the case, as an integral part thereof, to animadvert on that conduct.”

15. These principles stand reiterated and followed in various judgments such as R. K. Lakshmanan v. A.K. Srinivasan3 (three-Judge Bench); S.K. Viswambaran v. E. Koyakunju4 (two-Judge Bench); Samya Seet v. Shambhu Sarkar5 (three-Judge Bench); State of Madhya Pradesh v. Narmada Bachao Andolan6 (three-Judge Bench) and K. G. Shanti v. United Indian Insurance Co. Ltd and Ors7 (two-Judge Bench). 16. It is apparent from record that, neither was the offi cer made party to the dispute, nor was he given an opportunity to show cause, and further, nothing on record reflected the officer holding an animus against the respondent, before such adverse directions were passed against him. 17. By way of this appeal, we have been asked to exercise powers, inherent in this Court, to expunge remarks reproduced supra against the said officer, from record. It would be appropriate to consider the various principles in respect of passing adverse remarks against an offi cer- be it judicial, civil (as in the present case) or police or army personnel, and expunction thereof. 18. The three principles laid down in Naim (supra) deal with what is required of the court, prior to, fi nding it fi t to pass adverse remarks. 18.1 It has been reasserted time and again that remarks adverse in nature, should not be passed in ordinary circumstances, or unless absolutely 2 AIR 1964 SC 703 3 (1975) 2 SCC 466 4 (1987) 2 SCC 109 5 (2005) 6 SCC 767 6 (2011) 12 SCC 689 7 (2021) 5 SCC 511

650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 11 S.C.R. necessary which is further qualified by, being necessary for proper adjudication of the case at hand8. 18.2 Remarks by a court should at all times be governed by the principles of justice, fair play and restraint9. Words employed should reflect sobriety, moderation and reserve.10 18.3 It should not be lost sight of and per contra, always be remembered that such remarks, “due to the great power vested in our robes, have the ability to jeopardize and compromise independence of judges”; and may “deter offi cers and various personnel in carrying out their duty”. It further flows therefrom that “adverse remarks, of serious nature, upon the character and/ or professional competence of a person should not be passed lightly”.11 19. Keeping the above principles in mind, the power to expunge remarks may be exercised by the High Court and this Court: – 19.1 With great caution and circumspection, since it is an undefined power12; 19.2 Only to remedy a flagrant abuse of power which has been made by passing comments that are likely to cause harm or prejudice13; 19.3 In respect of High Courts exercising such power, it has been observed: 19.3.1 The High Court, as the Supreme Court of revision, must be deemed to have power to see that courts below do not unjustly and without any lawful excuse take away the character of a party or of a witness or of a counsel before it.14

8 Niranjan Patnaik v. Sashibhusan Kar (1986) 2 SCC 569, two-Judge Bench; Abani Kanta Ray v. State of Orissa (1995) Supp (4) SCC 169, two-Judge Bench; A.M. Mathur v. Pramod Kumar Gupta (1990) 2 SCC 533; two-Judge Bench 9 Shivajirao Nilangekar Patil v. Mahesh Madhav Gosavi, (1987) 1 SCC 227; three-Judge Bench 10 K.G Shanti (supra) 11 E. Koyakunju (supra) 12 Dr. Raghubir Saran v. State of Bihar, AIR 1964 SC 1; two-Judge Bench 13 Dr. Raghubir Saran (supra) 14 Panchanan Banerji v. Upendra Nath Bhattacharji [AIR 1927 All 193, as referred to in Sashibhusan Kar (supra) STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR. v. 651 M/S. SHIKHA TRADING CO. [SANJAY KAROL, J.] 19.3.2 Though in the context of Judicial offi cers, this Court has observed that “The role of High Court is also of a friend, philosopher and guide of judiciary subordinate to it. The strength of power is not displayed solely in cracking a whip on errors, mistakes or failures; the power should be so wielded as to have propensity to prevent and to ensure exclusion of repetition if committed once innocently or unwittingly. “Pardon the error but not its repetition”. This principle would apply equally for all services. The power to control is not to be exercised solely by wielding a teacher’s cane.1516

20. The impugned directions issued by the High Court in registration of criminal investigation against an officer, unquestionably against the above-referred settled principles of law, having a demoralizing eff ect on the well-meaning offi cers of the State. It is clear that the impugned directions were passed upon an incorrect and erroneous appreciation of the record. 21. Consequent to the above discussion, we find it a fit case to, in accordance with the principles summarised hereinabove, expunge the observation made and the directions issued by the High Court extracted supra (para 5) vide impugned order dated 08.12.2010 in CWP No. 19909 of 2010 titled as M/s Shikha Trading Co. v The State of Punjab and Anr. Further, proceedings initiated, if any, pursuant thereto, including the FIR shall stand closed with immediate effect. 22. The appeal of the State is allowed and the connected appeal is disposed of in the aforesaid terms. 23. Interlocutory applications if any, shall stand disposed of. 24. No costs. Headnotes prepared by: Appeal of State allowed and Divya Pandey connected appeal disposed of. 15 Manu Sharma v. State (NCT of Delhi), 2010 6 SCC 1; two-Judge Bench 16 ‘K’ A Judicial Officer (supra)