18 SUPREME COURT[2023]REPORTS4 S.C.R. 18 [2023] 4 S.C.R. A M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. (Civil Appeal Nos. 2861-62 of 2023) B APRIL 17, 2023 [SANJIV KHANNA AND M. M. SUNDRESH, JJ.] Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002: C Writ Jurisdiction of High Court under – Matter pertaining to default in payment of outstanding dues by the borrowers – Issuance of notices u/s. 13(4) – Writ petitions by the borrowers challenging the notices before the High Court – Debt Recovery tribunal was not functional at the time when said writ petitions were filed– However, became so from the month of March 2022 – Meanwhile, in an SLP, D order passed by this Court to transfer the pending matters to the concerned tribunals when they start functioning with their respective Presiding Officers duly in-charge – Notwithstanding the said order, the High Court took upon itself to decide the said petitions and allowed the borrower to make deferred payment in 12 months – E Appeal before this Court – Appellant’s case that the relief granted by the High Court may not be disturbed while pressing for reiteration of law which might guide the High Court in not entertaining such writ petitions in the future – Held: In view of the fair stand of the appellant, the relief granted by the High Court not to be disturbed – Powers conferred under Article 226 are rather wide but are F

required to be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances – In matters where the legislature has provided for a specific mechanism for appropriate redressal, constitutional remedy not to be resorted to – Constitution of India – Art. 226. SARFAESI Act – Purpose and Object – Discussed. G Writ: Writ of certiorari – Issuance of, when – Held: Is to be issued over a decision when the Court finds that the process does not conform to the law or statute – Writ is not to be issued to remedy all violations – Writ court cannot substitute itself with the decision-H 18 M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 19 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. making authority while finding fault with the process – When a A tribunal is constituted,it is expected to determine issues of fact and law, including a statutory violation – Constitution of India – Art. 226. Writ of mandamus – Issuance of – Writ petition before the High Court in commercial matters against the private individual B seeking issuance of mandamus – Held: Writ of Mandamus is a prerogative writ – In the absence of any legal right, the Court cannot exercise the said power – More circumspection is required in a financial transaction, particularly when one of the parties would not come within the purview of Art. 12. C Judicial deprecation: Interference of the High Courts in matters pertaining to the SARFAESI Act – Held: Said practice is deprecated – Request to the High Courts not to entertain such cases

– When a statute prescribes a particular mode, an attempt to circumvent shall not be encouraged by a writ court – A litigant D cannot avoid the non-compliance of approaching the tribunal which requires the prescription of fees and use the constitutional remedy as an alternative – Constitution of India – Article 226. Judicial notice: Commercial matters, where an effective and efficacious alternative forum has been constituted through a statute E – Interference by certain High Court invoking Art. 226 in such matters leading to a regular supply of cases before this Court – Judicial notice taken by this Court. Hari Vishnu Kamath v. Syed Ahmad Ishaque (1955) 1 SCR 1104; Mardia Chemicals Ltd. v. Union of India, F (2004) 4 SCC 311 : [2004] 3 SCR 982– relied on. Radha Krishan Industries v. State of H.P. (2021) 6 SCC 771; Phoenix Arc Private Limited vs. Vishwa Bharati Vidya Mandir & Ors. (2022) 5 SCC 345; Federal Bank Ltd. vs. Sagar Thomas & Ors. (2003) 10 SCC 733 : G [2003] 4 Suppl. SCR 121; State Bank of India vs. Arvindra Electronics (P) Ltd. 2022 SCC Online SC 1522; United Bank of India vs. Satywati Tondon & Others (2010) 8 SCC 110 : [2010] 9 SCR 1; Authorized Officer, State Bank of Travancore & Another vs. H 20 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A Mathew K.C. (2018) 3 SCC 85 : [2018] 1 SCR 233; Varimadugu OBI Reddy vs. B. Sreenivasulu & Others (2023) 2 SCC 168 – referred to. Case Law Reference (2022) 5 SCC 345 referred to Para 11, 17 B

[2003] 4 Suppl. SCR 121 referred to Para 11, 17 [2010] 9 SCR 1 referred to Para 11, 17 [2018] 1 SCR 233 referred to Para 11, 17 (2023) 2 SCC 168 referred to Para 11, 17C [1955] 1 SCR 1104 relied on Para 14 [2004] 3 SCR 982 relied on Para 15 (2021) 6 SCC 771 referred to Para 16 D CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 2861-2862 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 19.10.2022 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in WA Nos. 1492 and 1497 of 2022. K. V. Vishwanathan, Sr. Adv., A. Karthik, Arsh Khan, Ms. Smrithi E Suresh, Ms. Sreepriya K, Advs. for the Appellants. Shyam Divan, Sr. Adv., Nishe Rajen Shonker, Mrs. Anu K Joy, Abraham C. Mathew, Alim Anvar, Advs. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by F M. M. SUNDRESH, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Seeking enforcement of a unilateral offer concerning private financial transactions, while questioning the steps taken to recover the dues on the failure to comply with the one-time settlements, extraordinary G jurisdiction of the High Court was sought to be invoked. Acceding to the request made by duly interfering with the action taken by the Appellants, orders were passed, in exercise of the powers conferred under Article 226 of the Constitution of India by the High Court of Kerala, which are impugned in the present appeals. H M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 21 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.]

3. Heard Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, learned Senior Counsel for the A Appellants and Mr. Shyam Divan, learned Senior Counsel for the Respondents. 4. Two loans were obtained by the Respondents, being a housing / KCC overdraft loan and a business loan. The accounts of the Respondents were declared as non-performing assets (“NPA”) on B 27.05.2021. Notices under Section 13(2) of the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (hereinafter referred to as “SARFAESI Act”) were issued on 07.08.2021 and 12.08.2021, respectively, which were duly replied to by the Respondents on 28.10.2021, seeking twelve months’ time to repay Cthe loan. 5. Strangely enough, within 3 days of the reply dated 28.10.2021, prior to the expiry of the statutory period prescribed, a challenge was laid to the demand notice issued under Section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act, by filing Writ Petition No. 23940 of 2021. Entertaining the said lis, Da direction was issued to the Appellants to consider the proposal placed. In due compliance of the aforesaid order, the Respondents were allowed to remit the dues accrued in five installments instead of twelve. The extended benefit conferred was not utilized by the Respondents, and therefore, a reminder was also sent. Receiving no response, two notices under Section 13(4) of the SARFAESI Act, were issued on 02.12.2021 E and 20.12.2021.

6. Impugning the aforesaid notices, two writ petitions were filed by the Respondents, being Writ Petition No. 30238 of 2021 and 30450 of 2021 questioning the action taken, through a writ of certiorari while praying for a positive direction to accept the unilateral offers made. It is F to be noted that the Debt Recovery Tribunal, though was not functional at the time of filing the aforesaid Writ Petitions, became so from the month of March, 2022. 7. Taking note of the then prevailing situation resulting in the post of Presiding Officer lying vacant for proper adjudication in various G Tribunals, an order was passed by this Court in Special Leave Petition No. 10911 dated 16.12.2021, “Learned Senior Counsel appearing for the petitioner has brought to our notice the difficulty being faced by parties on account of non-appointment of members in DRTs and DRATs. H 22 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A He requested that the matters before DRT and DRAT can be directed to be considered by other Tribunals like Central Administrative Tribunal, Armed Forces Tribunal and Industrial Tribunal within the State. With a view to resolve the problem being faced by the parties, B for the time being and purely as a stop-gap arrangement, we request the concerned High Court(s) to entertain the matters falling within the jurisdiction of DRTs and DRATs under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, till further orders.

We make it clear that once the Tribunal(s) is/are constituted, C the matters can be relegated to the Tribunals by the High Court(s). List the matter on 21-1-2022.” 8. As could be seen, the order is self-explanatory, making it clear that it is only an interim arrangement, and therefore, the pending matters ought to be transferred to the concerned Tribunals when they start D functioning with their respective Presiding Officers duly in-charge. The aforesaid matter was disposed of by the order dated 12.09.2022, “1. Counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioner states that since the post in the Debt Recovery Tribunal has been filled up, the cause does not survive. E 2. The Special Leave Petition is accordingly disposed of without this Court expressing any opinion on the question of law raised. 3. Pending applications, if any, stands disposed of.” 9. Notwithstanding the orders passed above by this Court, the F High Court took upon itself to decide the issues raised, on merit, by allowing the Respondents to make deferred payment in 20 installments, a relief which was more than the one prayed for. The installments were modified by the learned Division Bench in Writ Appeal No. 1492 of 2022 and 1497 of 2022, to 12 months as originally prayed for by the Respondents while declining to interfere with the decision of the learned Single JudgeG on merit. Impugning the aforesaid orders, the lender bank has filed the present appeals.

10. The learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Appellants fairly submitted that the relief granted by the High Court may not be disturbed while pressing for the reiteration of law which might guide the High H M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 23 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] Court in not entertaining such writ petitions in the future. It is further A submitted that the High Court has exercised writ jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, even after the Debt Recovery Tribunal became functional, in about 185 cases pertaining to the Appellants alone. After the filing of the Special Leave Petitions, 35 Writ Petitions have been filed. Resultantly, the Appellants are not in a position to proceed B further to recover the amounts due from the defaulting borrowers/ guarantors, defeating the object of the SARFAESI Act itself. 11. Learned Senior Counsel brought to the notice of this Court that a writ petition involving private individuals over a financial transaction is not maintainable. Despite the position being settled, the interference C

by various High Courts continues. The very objective of the Act 54 of 2002 is being frustrated by such interference. The alternative remedy being effective and efficacious, the extraordinary jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, either be a writ of certiorari or mandamus, ought not to have been invoked. One has to see the impact on the Appellants of the repeated interference by the D High Court. The learned Senior Counsel took us through the following decisions: • Phoenix Arc Private Limited vs.Vishwa Bharati Vidya Mandir & Ors., (2022) 5 SCC 345. E • Federal Bank Ltd. vs. Sagar Thomas & Ors., (2003) 10 SCC 733. • State Bank of India vs. Arvindra Electronics (P) Ltd., 2022 SCC Online SC 1522. • United Bank of India vs. Satywati Tondon & Others, (2010) F 8 SCC 110 • Authorized Officer, State Bank of Travancore & Another vs. Mathew K.C., (2018) 3 SCC 85 • Varimadugu OBI Reddy vs. B. Sreenivasulu & Others, (2023) 2 SCC 168. G 12. The learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Respondents submitted that at the time of filing the Writ Petitions, the Tribunal was not functioning. The power available under Article 226 of the Constitution of India cannot be taken away, notwithstanding the existence of the H 24 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R.

A Tribunal. While appreciating the stand taken by the Appellants, it is submitted that when extreme steps are taken, a litigant may not have any other option except to approach the writ court. 13. In view of the fair stand taken by the learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Appellants, we do not wish to interfere with the B impugned orders passed. We may, however, reiterate the settled position of law on the interference of the High Court invoking Article 226 of the Constitution of India in commercial matters, where an effective and efficacious alternative forum has been constituted through a statute. We are also constrained to take judicial notice of the fact that certain High Courts continue to interfere in such matters, leading to a regular supply C of cases before this Court. One such High Court is that of Punjab & Haryana.

14. A writ of certiorari is to be issued over a decision when the Court finds that the process does not conform to the law or statute. In other words, courts are not expected to substitute themselves with the D decision-making authority while finding fault with the process along with the reasons assigned. Such a writ is not expected to be issued to remedy all violations. When a Tribunal is constituted, it is expected to go into the issues of fact and law, including a statutory violation. A question as to whether such a violation would be over a mandatory prescription as E against a discretionary one is primarily within the domain of the Tribunal. So also, the issue governing waiver, acquiescence, and estoppel. We wish to place reliance on the decision of this Court in Hari Vishnu Kamath v. Syed Ahmad Ishaque, (1955) 1 SCR 1104, “Then the question is whether there are proper grounds for the issue of certiorari in the present case. There was considerableF argument before us as to the character and scope of the writ of certiorari and the conditions under which it could be issued. The question has been considered by this Court in Parry & Co. v. Commercial Employees’ Association, Madras [(1952) SCR 519], Veerappa Pillai v. Raman and Raman Ltd. & Others G [(1952) SCR 583], Ibrahim Aboobaker v. Custodian General [(1952) SCR 696] and quite recently in T.C. Basappa v. T. Nagappa [(1955) SCR 250]. On these authorities, the following propositions may be taken as established: (1) Certiorari will be issued for correcting errors of jurisdiction, as when an inferior Court or Tribunal acts without jurisdiction or in excess of it, orH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 25

MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] fails to exercise it. (2) Certiorari will also be issued when the A Court or Tribunal acts illegally in the exercise of its undoubted jurisdiction, as when it decides without giving an opportunity to the parties to be heard, or violates the principles of natural justice. (3) The Court issuing a writ of certiorari acts in exercise of a supervisory and not appellate jurisdiction. One consequence of B this is that the Court will not review findings of fact reached by the inferior Court or Tribunal, even if they be erroneous. This is on the principle that a Court which has jurisdiction over a subject-matter has jurisdiction to decide wrong as well as right, and when the Legislature does not choose to confer a right of appeal against that decision, it would be defeating its purpose and policy, if a C superior Court were to re-hear the case on the evidence, and substitute its own findings in certiorari. These propositions are well-settled and are not in dispute.

(4) The further question on which there has been some controversy is whether a writ can be issued, when the decision of the inferior D Court or Tribunal is erroneous in law. This question came up for consideration in Rex v. Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [(1951) 1 K.B. 711], and it was held that when a Tribunal made a “speaking order” and the reasons given in that order in support of the decision were bad in law, E certiorari could be granted. It was pointed out by Lord Goddard, C.J. that that had always been understood to be the true scope of the power. Walsall Overseers v. London and North Western Ry. Co. [(1879) 4 A.C. 30] and Rex v. Nat Bell Liquors Ld. [(1922) 2 A.C. 28] were quoted in support of this view. In Walsall F Overseers v. London and North Western Ry. Co. [(1879) 4 A.C. 30] Lord Cairns, L.C. observed as follows: “If there was upon the face of the order of the court of quarter sessions anything which showed that order was erroneous, the Court of Queen’s Bench might be asked to have G the order brought into it, and to look at the order, and view it upon the face of it, and if the court found error upon the face of it, to put an end to its existence by quashing it.” In Rex v. Nat Bell Liquors Ld. [(1922) 2 A.C. 128] Lord Sumner said: H 26 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R.

A “That supervision goes to two points; one is the area of the inferior jurisdiction and the qualifications and conditions of its exercise; the other is the observance of the law in the course of its exercise.” The decision in Rex v. Northumberland Compensation B Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [(1951) 1 K.B. 711] was taken in appeal, and was affirmed by the Court of Appeal in Rex v. Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [(1952) 1 K.B. 338]. In laying down that an error of law was a ground for granting certiorari, the learned Judges emphasised that it must be apparent on the face of the record.C Denning, L.J. who stated the power in broad and general terms observed: “It will have been seen that throughout all the cases there is one governing rule: certiorari is only available to quash a decision for error of law if the error appears on the face of D the record.” The position was thus summed up by Morris, L.J. “It is plain that certiorari will not issue as the cloak of an appeal in disguise. It does not lie in order to bring an order or E decision for rehearing of the issue raised in the proceedings. It exists to correct error of law where revealed on the face of an order or decision, or irregularity, or absence of, or excess of, jurisdiction where shown”.

In Veerappa Pillai v. Raman & Raman Ltd. [(1952) SCR 583], F it was observed by this Court that under article 226 the writ should be issued “in grave cases where the subordinate tribunals or bodies or officers act wholly without jurisdiction, or in excess of it, or in violation of the principles of natural justice, or refuse to exercise a jurisdiction vested in them, or there is an error apparent on the face of the record”. In T.C. Basappa v. T. Nagappa [(1955) G SCR 250] the law was thus stated: “An error in the decision or determination itself may also be amenable to a writ of ‘certiorari’ but it must be a manifest error apparent on the face of the proceedings, e.g., when it is based on clear ignorance or disregard of the provisions of H M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 27 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] law. In other words, it is a patent error which can be corrected A by ‘certiorari’ but not a mere wrong decision.”

15. The object and reasons behind the Act 54 of 2002 are very clear as observed by this Court in Mardia Chemicals Ltd. v. Union of India, (2004) 4 SCC 311. While it facilitates a faster and smoother mode of recovery sans any interference from the Court, it does provide B a fair mechanism in the form of the Tribunal being manned by a legally trained mind. The Tribunal is clothed with a wide range of powers to set aside an illegal order, and thereafter, grant consequential reliefs, including re-possession and payment of compensation and costs. Section 17(1) of the SARFAESI Act gives an expansive meaning to the expression “any C person”, who could approach the Tribunal. 16. Approaching the High Court for the consideration of an offer by the borrower is also frowned upon by this Court. A writ of mandamus is a prerogative writ. In the absence of any legal right, the Court cannot exercise the said power. More circumspection is required in a financial D transaction, particularly when one of the parties would not come within the purview of Article 12 of the Constitution of India. When a statute prescribes a particular mode, an attempt to circumvent shall not be encouraged by a writ court. A litigant cannot avoid the non-compliance of approaching the Tribunal which requires the prescription of fees and use the constitutional remedy as an alternative. We wish to quote with E profit a recent decision of this Court in Radha Krishan Industries v. State of H.P., (2021) 6 SCC 771,

“25. In this background, it becomes necessary for this Court, to dwell on the “rule of alternate remedy” and its judicial exposition. In Whirlpool Corpn. v. Registrar of Trade Marks (1998) 8 SCC F 1, a two-Judge Bench of this Court after reviewing the case law on this point, noted: (SCC pp. 9-10, paras 14-15) “14. The power to issue prerogative writs under Article 226 of the Constitution is plenary in nature and is not limited by any other provision of the Constitution. This power can be exercised G by the High Court not only for issuing writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights contained in Part III of the Constitution but also for “any other purpose”. H 28 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A 15. Under Article 226 of the Constitution, the High Court, having regard to the facts of the case, has a discretion to entertain or not to entertain a writ petition. But the High Court has imposed upon itself certain restrictions one of which is that if an effective and efficacious remedy is available, the High Court would not normally exercise its jurisdiction. But the alternative remedy B

has been consistently held by this Court not to operate as a bar in at least three contingencies, namely, where the writ petition has been filed for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights or where there has been a violation of the principle of natural justice or where the order or C proceedings are wholly without jurisdiction or the vires of an Act is challenged. There is a plethora of case-law on this point but to cut down this circle of forensic whirlpool, we would rely on some old decisions of the evolutionary era of the constitutional law as they still hold the field”. D (emphasis supplied)

26. Following the dictum of this Court in Whirlpool Corpn. v. Registrar of Trade Marks [(1998) 8 SCC 1], in Harbanslal Sahnia v. Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd. [(2003) 2 SCC 107], this Court noted that: (Harbanslal Sahniacase, SCC p. 110, para 7) E “7. So far as the view taken by the High Court that the remedy by way of recourse to arbitration clause was available to the appellants and therefore the writ petition filed by the appellants was liable to be dismissed is concerned, suffice it to observe that the rule of exclusion of writ jurisdiction by availability of an alternative remedy is a rule of discretion and not one ofF compulsion. In an appropriate case, in spite of availability of the alternative remedy, the High Court may still exercise its writ jurisdiction in at least three contingencies: (i) where the writ petition seeks enforcement of any of the fundamental rights; (ii) where there is failure of principles G of natural justice; or (iii) where the orders or proceedings are wholly without jurisdiction or the vires of an Act is challenged. (See Whirlpool Corpn.v. Registrar of Trade Marks[(1998) 8 SCC 1].) The present case attracts applicability of the first two contingencies. Moreover, as noted, the appellants’ dealership, which is their bread and butter, came toH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 29 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.]

be terminated for an irrelevant and non-existent cause. In such A circumstances, we feel that the appellants should have been allowed relief by the High Court itself instead of driving them to the need of initiating arbitration proceedings.” (emphasis supplied) B 27. The principles of law which emerge are that: 27.1. The power under Article 226 of the Constitution to issue writs can be exercised not only for the enforcement of fundamental rights, but for any other purpose as well. 27.2. The High Court has the discretion not to entertain a writ C petition. One of the restrictions placed on the power of the High Court is where an effective alternate remedy is available to the aggrieved person. 27.3. Exceptions to the rule of alternate remedy arise where: (a) the writ petition has been filed for the enforcement of a D fundamental right protected by Part III of the Constitution; (b) there has been a violation of the principles of natural justice; (c) the order or proceedings are wholly without jurisdiction; or (d) the vires of a legislation is challenged. 27.4. An alternate remedy by itself does not divest the High E Court of its powers under Article 226 of the Constitution in an appropriate case though ordinarily, a writ petition should not be entertained when an efficacious alternate remedy is provided by law.

27.5. When a right is created by a statute, which itself F prescribes the remedy or procedure for enforcing the right or liability, resort must be had to that particular statutory remedy before invoking the discretionary remedy under Article 226 of the Constitution. This rule of exhaustion of statutory remedies is a rule of policy, convenience and discretion. G 27.6. In cases where there are disputed questions of fact, the High Court may decide to decline jurisdiction in a writ petition. However, if the High Court is objectively of the view that the nature of the controversy requires the exercise of its writ jurisdiction, such a view would not readily be interfered with.” H 30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A 17. We shall reiterate the position of law regarding the interference of the High Courts in matters pertaining to the SARFAESI Act by quoting a few of the earlier decisions of this Court wherein the said practice has been deprecated while requesting the High Courts not to entertain such cases.

B • Federal Bank Ltd. v. Sagar Thomas, (2003) 10 SCC733, “18. From the decisions referred to above, the position that emerges is that a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India may be maintainable against (i) the State (Government); (ii) an authority; (iii) a statutory body; C (iv) an instrumentality or agency of the State; (v) a company which is financed and owned by the State; (vi) a private body run substantially on State funding; (vii) a private body discharging public duty or positive obligation of public nature; and (viii) a person or a body under liability to discharge any function under any statute, to compel it to perform such a D statutory function. xxx xxx xxx 26.A company registered under the Companies Act for the purposes of carrying on any trade or business is a private E enterprise to earn livelihood and to make profits out of such activities. Banking is also a kind of profession and a commercial activity, the primary motive behind it can well be said to earn returns and profits. Since time immemorial, such activities have been carried on by individuals generally. It is a private affair of the company though the case of F

nationalized banks stands on a different footing. There may well be companies, in which majority of the share capital may be contributed out of the State funds and in that view of the matter there may be more participation or dominant participation of the State in managing the affairs of the G company. But in the present case we are concerned with a banking company which has its own resources to raise its funds without any contribution or shareholding by the State. It has its own Board of Directors elected by its shareholders. It works like any other private company in the banking business having no monopoly status at all. Any companyH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 31 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] carrying on banking business with a capital of five lakhs A will become a scheduled bank. All the same, banking activity as a whole carried on by various banks undoubtedly has an impact and effect on the economy of the country in general. Money of the shareholders and the depositors is with such companies, carrying on banking activity. The banks finance B

the borrowers on any given rate of interest at a particular time. They advance loans as against securities. Therefore, it is obviously necessary to have regulatory check over such activities in the interest of the company itself, the shareholders, the depositors as well as to maintain the proper financial equilibrium of the national economy. The banking C companies have not been set up for the purposes of building the economy of the State; on the other hand such private companies have been voluntarily established for their own purposes and interest but their activities are kept under check so that their activities may not go wayward and harm D the economy in general. A private banking company with all freedom that it has, has to act in a manner that it may not be in conflict with or against the fiscal policies of the State and for such purposes, guidelines are provided by Reserve Bank so that a proper fiscal discipline, to conduct its affairs in carrying on its business, is maintained. So as to E ensure adherence to such fiscal discipline, if need be, at times even the management of the company can be taken over. Nonetheless, as observed earlier, these are all regulatory measures to keep a check and provide guidelines and not a participatory dominance or control over the affairs F

of the company. For other companies in general carrying on other business activities, maybe manufacturing, other industries or any business, such checks are provided under the provisions of the Companies Act, as indicated earlier. There also, the main consideration is that the company itself may not sink because of its own mismanagement or the G interest of the shareholders or people generally may not be jeopardized for that reason. Besides taking care of such interest as indicated above, there is no other interest of the State, to control the affairs and management of the private companies. Care is taken in regard to the industries covered H 32 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R.

A under the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 that their production, which is important for the economy, may not go down, yet the business activity is carried on by such companies or corporations which only remains a private activity of the entrepreneurs/companies. B 27. Such private companies would normally not be amenable to the writ jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution. But in certain circumstances a writ may issue to such private bodies or persons as there may be statutes which need to be complied with by all concerned including the private companies. For example, there are certain C legislations like the Industrial Disputes Act, the Minimum Wages Act, the Factories Act or for maintaining proper environment, say the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 or the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 etc. or statutes of the like nature D which fasten certain duties and responsibilities statutorily upon such private bodies which they are bound to comply with. If they violate such a statutory provision a writ would certainly be issued for compliance with those provisions. For instance, if a private employer dispenses with the service of its employee in violation of the provisions contained under E the Industrial Disputes Act, in innumerable cases the High Court interfered and has issued the writ to the private bodies and the companies in that regard. But the difficulty in issuing a writ may arise where there may not be any non-compliance with or violation of any statutory provision by F the private body. In that event a writ may not be issued at all. Other remedies, as may be available, may have to be resorted to.”

• United Bank of India v. Satyawati Tondon, (2010) 8 SCC 110, G “42.There is another reason why the impugned order should be set aside. If Respondent 1 had any tangible grievance against the notice issued under Section 13(4) or action taken under Section 14, then she could have availed remedy by filing an application under Section 17(1). The expression “any person” used in Section 17(1) is of wideH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 33 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] import. It takes within its fold, not only the borrower but A also the guarantor or any other person who may be affected by the action taken under Section 13(4) or Section 14. Both, the Tribunal and the Appellate Tribunal are empowered to pass interim orders under Sections 17 and 18 and are required to decide the matters within a fixed time schedule. B It is thus evident that the remedies available to an aggrieved person under the SARFAESI Act are both expeditious and effective.

43. Unfortunately, the High Court overlooked the settled law that the High Court will ordinarily not entertain a petition C under Article 226 of the Constitution if an effective remedy is available to the aggrieved person and that this rule applies with greater rigour in matters involving recovery of taxes, cess, fees, other types of public money and the dues of banks and other financial institutions. In our view, while dealing with the petitions involving challenge to the action D taken for recovery of the public dues, etc. the High Court must keep in mind that the legislations enacted by Parliament and State Legislatures for recovery of such dues are a code unto themselves inasmuch as they not only contain comprehensive procedure for recovery of the dues E but also envisage constitution of quasi-judicial bodies for redressal of the grievance of any aggrieved person. Therefore, in all such cases, the High Court must insist that before availing remedy under Article 226 of the Constitution, a person must exhaust the remedies available under the relevant statute. F

44. While expressing the aforesaid view, we are conscious that the powers conferred upon the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any Government, directions, orders or writs including the five prerogative writs G for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III or for any other purpose are very wide and there is no express limitation on exercise of that power but, at the same time, we cannot be oblivious of the rules of self-imposed restraint evolved by this Court, which every High Court is H 34 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A bound to keep in view while exercising power under Article 226 of the Constitution. 45. It is true that the rule of exhaustion of alternative remedy is a rule of discretion and not one of compulsion, but it is difficult to fathom any reason why the High Court B should entertain a petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution and pass interim order ignoring the fact that the petitioner can avail effective alternative remedy by filing application, appeal, revision, etc. and the particular legislation contains a detailed mechanism for redressal of his grievance. C xxx xxx xxx

55. It is a matter of serious concern that despite repeated pronouncement of this Court, the High Courts continue to ignore the availability of statutory remedies under the DRT Act and the SARFAESI Act and exercise jurisdiction under Article 226 for passing orders which have serious adverseD impact on the right of banks and other financial institutions to recover their dues. We hope and trust that in future the High Courts will exercise their discretion in such matters with greater caution, care and circumspection.” • State Bank of Travancore v. Mathew K.C., (2018) 3E SCC 85, “5. We have considered the submissions on behalf of the parties. Normally this Court in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution is loath to interfere with an interim order passed in a pending proceeding beforeF the High Court, except in special circumstances, to prevent manifest injustice or abuse of the process of the court. In the present case, the facts are not in dispute. The discretionary jurisdiction under Article 226 is not absolute but has to be exercised judiciously in the given facts of a G case and in accordance with law. The normal rule is that a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution ought not to be entertained if alternate statutory remedies are available, except in cases falling within the well-defined exceptions as observed in CIT v. Chhabil Dass Agarwal [(2014) 1 SCC 603], as follows: (SCC p. 611, para 15) H

M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 35 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] “15. Thus, while it can be said that this Court has A recognised some exceptions to the rule of alternative remedy i.e. where the statutory authority has not acted in accordance with the provisions of the enactment in question, or in defiance of the fundamental principles of judicial procedure, or has resorted to invoke the provisions B which are repealed, or when an order has been passed in total violation of the principles of natural justice, the proposition laid down in Thansingh Nathmal v. Supt. of Taxes [AIR 1964 SC 1419], Titaghur Paper Mills Co. Ltd. v. State of Orissa [(1983) 2 SCC 433: 1983 SCC (Tax) 131] and other similar judgments that the C High Court will not entertain a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution if an effective alternative remedy is available to the aggrieved person or the statute under which the action complained of has been taken itself contains a mechanism for redressal of grievance still D holds the field. Therefore, when a statutory forum is created by law for redressal of grievances, a writ petition should not be entertained ignoring the statutory dispensation.” xxx xxx xxx E

8. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the SARFAESI Act states that the banking and financial sector in the country was felt not to have a level playing field in comparison to other participants in the financial markets in the world. The financial institutions in India did F not have the power to take possession of securities and sell them. The existing legal framework relating to commercial transactions had not kept pace with changing commercial practices and financial sector reforms resulting in tardy recovery of defaulting loans and mounting non-performing assets of banks and financial institutions. Narasimhan G Committee I and II as also the Andhyarujina Committee constituted by the Central Government Act had suggested enactment of new legislation for securitisation and empowering banks and financial institutions to take possession of securities and sell them without court H 36 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A intervention which would enable them to realise long-term assets, manage problems of liquidity, asset liability mismatches and improve recovery. The proceedings under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (hereinafter referred to as “the DRT Act”) with passage of time, had become synonymous withB those before regular courts affecting expeditious adjudication. All these aspects have not been kept in mind and considered before passing the impugned order.

9. Even prior to the SARFAESI Act, considering the alternate remedy available under the DRT Act it was heldC in Punjab National Bank v. O.C. Krishnan [(2001) 6 SCC 569] that: (SCC p. 570, para 6) “6. The Act has been enacted with a view to provide a special procedure for recovery of debts due to the banks and the financial institutions. There is a hierarchy D of appeal provided in the Act, namely, filing of an appeal under Section 20 and this fast-track procedure cannot be allowed to be derailed either by taking recourse to proceedings under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution or by filing a civil suit, which is expressly E barred. Even though a provision under an Act cannot expressly oust the jurisdiction of the court under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution, nevertheless, when there is an alternative remedy available, judicial prudence demands that the Court refrains from exercising its jurisdiction under the said constitutional provisions. ThisF was a case where the High Court should not have entertained the petition under Article 227 of the Constitution and should have directed the respondent to take recourse to the appeal mechanism provided by the Act.” G xxx xxx xxx 15. It is the solemn duty of the court to apply the correct law without waiting for an objection to be raised by a party, especially when the law stands well settled. Any departure, if permissible, has to be for reasons discussed, of the caseH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 37

MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] falling under a defined exception, duly discussed after A noticing the relevant law. In financial matters grant of ex parte interim orders can have a deleterious effect and it is not sufficient to say that the aggrieved has the remedy to move for vacating the interim order. Loans by financial institutions are granted from public money generated at the B taxpayer’s expense. Such loan does not become the property of the person taking the loan, but retains its character of public money given in a fiduciary capacity as entrustment by the public. Timely repayment also ensures liquidity to facilitate loan to another in need, by circulation of the money and cannot be permitted to be blocked by frivolous litigation C by those who can afford the luxury of the same. The caution required, as expressed in United Bank of India v.

Satyawati Tondon [(2010) 8 SCC 110: (2010) 3 SCC (Civ) 260], has also not been kept in mind before passing the impugned interim order: (SCC pp. 123-24, para 46) D “46. It must be remembered that stay of an action initiated by the State and/or its agencies/instrumentalities for recovery of taxes, cess, fees, etc. seriously impedes execution of projects of public importance and disables them from discharging their constitutional and legal E obligations towards the citizens. In cases relating to recovery of the dues of banks, financial institutions and secured creditors, stay granted by the High Court would have serious adverse impact on the financial health of such bodies/institutions, which (sic will) ultimately prove F detrimental to the economy of the nation. Therefore, the High Court should be extremely careful and circumspect in exercising its discretion to grant stay in such matters. Of course, if the petitioner is able to show that its case falls within any of the exceptions carved out in Baburam Prakash Chandra Maheshwari v. G Antarim Zila Parishad [AIR 1969 SC 556], Whirlpool Corpn. v. Registrar of Trade Marks [(1998) 8 SCC 1] and Harbanslal Sahnia v. Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd. [(2003) 2 SCC 107] and some other judgments, then the High Court may, after considering all the relevant H 38 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A parameters and public interest, pass an appropriate interim order.” • Phoenix ARC (P) Ltd. v. Vishwa Bharati Vidya Mandir, (2022) 5 SCC 345,

“18. Even otherwise, it is required to be noted that a B writ petition against the private financial institution — ARC — the appellant herein under Article 226 of the Constitution of India against the proposed action/actions under Section 13(4) of the SARFAESI Act can be said to be not maintainable. In the present case, the ARC proposed to C take action/actions under the SARFAESI Act to recover the borrowed amount as a secured creditor. The ARC as such cannot be said to be performing public functions which are normally expected to be performed by the State authorities. During the course of a commercial transaction and under the contract, the bank/ARC lent the money to D the borrowers herein and therefore the said activity of the bank/ARC cannot be said to be as performing a public function which is normally expected to be performed by the State authorities. If proceedings are initiated under the SARFAESI Act and/or any proposed action is to be E taken and the borrower is aggrieved by any of the actions of the private bank/bank/ARC, borrower has to avail the remedy under the SARFAESI Act and no writ petition would lie and/or is maintainable and/or entertainable. Therefore, decisions of this Court in Praga Tools Corpn. v. C.A. Imanual, [(1969) 1 SCC 585] and Ramesh F Ahluwalia v. State of Punjab, [(2012) 12 SCC 331: (2013) 3 SCC (L&S) 45: 4 SCEC 715] relied upon by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the borrowers are not of any assistance to the borrowers.

xxx xxx xxx G 21. Applying the law laid down by this Court in State Bank of Travancore v. Mathew K.C., [(2018) 3 SCC 85: (2018) 2 SCC (Civ) 41] to the facts on hand, we are of the opinion that filing of the writ petitions by the borrowers before the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution H M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 39 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] of India is an abuse of process of the court. The writ petitions A have been filed against the proposed action to be taken under Section 13(4). As observed hereinabove, even assuming that the communication dated 13-8-2015 was a notice under Section 13(4), in that case also, in view of the statutory, efficacious remedy available by way of appeal B

under Section 17 of the SARFAESI Act, the High Court ought not to have entertained the writ petitions. Even the impugned orders passed by the High Court directing to maintain the status quo with respect to the possession of the secured properties on payment of Rs 1 crore only (in all Rs 3 crores) is absolutely unjustifiable. The dues are to the C extent of approximately Rs 117 crores. The ad interim relief has been continued since 2015 and the secured creditor is deprived of proceeding further with the action under the SARFAESI Act. Filing of the writ petition by the borrowers before the High Court is nothing but an abuse of D process of court. It appears that the High Court has initially granted an ex parte ad interim order mechanically and without assigning any reasons. The High Court ought to have appreciated that by passing such an interim order, the rights of the secured creditor to recover the amount due and payable have been seriously prejudiced. The secured E creditor and/or its assignor have a right to recover the amount due and payable to it from the borrowers. The stay granted by the High Court would have serious adverse impact on the financial health of the secured creditor/assignor. Therefore, the High Court should have been extremely F careful and circumspect in exercising its discretion while granting stay in such matters. In these circumstances, the proceedings before the High Court deserve to be dismissed.” • Varimadugu Obi Reddy v. B. Sreenivasulu, G

(2023) 2 SCC 168, “36. In the instant case, although the respondent borrowers initially approached the Debts Recovery Tribunal by filing an application under Section 17 of the SARFAESI Act, 2002, but the order of the Tribunal H 40 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A indeed was appealable under Section 18 of the Act subject to the compliance of condition of pre-deposit and without exhausting the statutory remedy of appeal, the respondent borrowers approached the High Court by filing the writ application under Article 226 of the Constitution. We deprecate such practice of entertaining the writ application B by the High Court in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution without exhausting the alternative statutory remedy available under the law. This circuitous route appears to have been adopted to avoid the condition of pre-deposit contemplated under 2nd proviso to Section C 18 of the 2002 Act.” 18. While doing so, we are conscious of the fact that the powers conferred under Article 226 of the Constitution of India are rather wide but are required to be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances in matters pertaining to proceedings and adjudicatory scheme qua a statute, D more so in commercial matters involving a lender and a borrower, when the legislature has provided for a specific mechanism for appropriate redressal.

19. Reiterating the concern expressed, the present appeals are disposed of. The Registry is directed to mark a copy of this order to the E High Court of Kerala and the High Court of Punjab & Haryana. No costs. Nidhi Jain Appeals disposed of. (Assisted by : Rakhi, LCRA) F G H

18 SUPREME COURT[2023]REPORTS4 S.C.R. 18 [2023] 4 S.C.R. A M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. (Civil Appeal Nos. 2861-62 of 2023) B APRIL 17, 2023 [SANJIV KHANNA AND M. M. SUNDRESH, JJ.] Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002: C Writ Jurisdiction of High Court under – Matter pertaining to default in payment of outstanding dues by the borrowers – Issuance of notices u/s. 13(4) – Writ petitions by the borrowers challenging the notices before the High Court – Debt Recovery tribunal was not functional at the time when said writ petitions were filed– However, became so from the month of March 2022 – Meanwhile, in an SLP, D order passed by this Court to transfer the pending matters to the concerned tribunals when they start functioning with their respective Presiding Officers duly in-charge – Notwithstanding the said order, the High Court took upon itself to decide the said petitions and allowed the borrower to make deferred payment in 12 months – E Appeal before this Court – Appellant’s case that the relief granted by the High Court may not be disturbed while pressing for reiteration of law which might guide the High Court in not entertaining such writ petitions in the future – Held: In view of the fair stand of the appellant, the relief granted by the High Court not to be disturbed – Powers conferred under Article 226 are rather wide but are F

required to be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances – In matters where the legislature has provided for a specific mechanism for appropriate redressal, constitutional remedy not to be resorted to – Constitution of India – Art. 226. SARFAESI Act – Purpose and Object – Discussed. G Writ: Writ of certiorari – Issuance of, when – Held: Is to be issued over a decision when the Court finds that the process does not conform to the law or statute – Writ is not to be issued to remedy all violations – Writ court cannot substitute itself with the decision-H 18 M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 19 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. making authority while finding fault with the process – When a A tribunal is constituted,it is expected to determine issues of fact and law, including a statutory violation – Constitution of India – Art. 226. Writ of mandamus – Issuance of – Writ petition before the High Court in commercial matters against the private individual B seeking issuance of mandamus – Held: Writ of Mandamus is a prerogative writ – In the absence of any legal right, the Court cannot exercise the said power – More circumspection is required in a financial transaction, particularly when one of the parties would not come within the purview of Art. 12. C Judicial deprecation: Interference of the High Courts in matters pertaining to the SARFAESI Act – Held: Said practice is deprecated – Request to the High Courts not to entertain such cases

– When a statute prescribes a particular mode, an attempt to circumvent shall not be encouraged by a writ court – A litigant D cannot avoid the non-compliance of approaching the tribunal which requires the prescription of fees and use the constitutional remedy as an alternative – Constitution of India – Article 226. Judicial notice: Commercial matters, where an effective and efficacious alternative forum has been constituted through a statute E – Interference by certain High Court invoking Art. 226 in such matters leading to a regular supply of cases before this Court – Judicial notice taken by this Court. Hari Vishnu Kamath v. Syed Ahmad Ishaque (1955) 1 SCR 1104; Mardia Chemicals Ltd. v. Union of India, F (2004) 4 SCC 311 : [2004] 3 SCR 982– relied on. Radha Krishan Industries v. State of H.P. (2021) 6 SCC 771; Phoenix Arc Private Limited vs. Vishwa Bharati Vidya Mandir & Ors. (2022) 5 SCC 345; Federal Bank Ltd. vs. Sagar Thomas & Ors. (2003) 10 SCC 733 : G [2003] 4 Suppl. SCR 121; State Bank of India vs. Arvindra Electronics (P) Ltd. 2022 SCC Online SC 1522; United Bank of India vs. Satywati Tondon & Others (2010) 8 SCC 110 : [2010] 9 SCR 1; Authorized Officer, State Bank of Travancore & Another vs. H 20 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A Mathew K.C. (2018) 3 SCC 85 : [2018] 1 SCR 233; Varimadugu OBI Reddy vs. B. Sreenivasulu & Others (2023) 2 SCC 168 – referred to. Case Law Reference (2022) 5 SCC 345 referred to Para 11, 17 B

[2003] 4 Suppl. SCR 121 referred to Para 11, 17 [2010] 9 SCR 1 referred to Para 11, 17 [2018] 1 SCR 233 referred to Para 11, 17 (2023) 2 SCC 168 referred to Para 11, 17C [1955] 1 SCR 1104 relied on Para 14 [2004] 3 SCR 982 relied on Para 15 (2021) 6 SCC 771 referred to Para 16 D CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 2861-2862 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 19.10.2022 of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in WA Nos. 1492 and 1497 of 2022. K. V. Vishwanathan, Sr. Adv., A. Karthik, Arsh Khan, Ms. Smrithi E Suresh, Ms. Sreepriya K, Advs. for the Appellants. Shyam Divan, Sr. Adv., Nishe Rajen Shonker, Mrs. Anu K Joy, Abraham C. Mathew, Alim Anvar, Advs. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by F M. M. SUNDRESH, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Seeking enforcement of a unilateral offer concerning private financial transactions, while questioning the steps taken to recover the dues on the failure to comply with the one-time settlements, extraordinary G jurisdiction of the High Court was sought to be invoked. Acceding to the request made by duly interfering with the action taken by the Appellants, orders were passed, in exercise of the powers conferred under Article 226 of the Constitution of India by the High Court of Kerala, which are impugned in the present appeals. H M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 21 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.]

3. Heard Mr. K.V. Vishwanathan, learned Senior Counsel for the A Appellants and Mr. Shyam Divan, learned Senior Counsel for the Respondents. 4. Two loans were obtained by the Respondents, being a housing / KCC overdraft loan and a business loan. The accounts of the Respondents were declared as non-performing assets (“NPA”) on B 27.05.2021. Notices under Section 13(2) of the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (hereinafter referred to as “SARFAESI Act”) were issued on 07.08.2021 and 12.08.2021, respectively, which were duly replied to by the Respondents on 28.10.2021, seeking twelve months’ time to repay Cthe loan. 5. Strangely enough, within 3 days of the reply dated 28.10.2021, prior to the expiry of the statutory period prescribed, a challenge was laid to the demand notice issued under Section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act, by filing Writ Petition No. 23940 of 2021. Entertaining the said lis, Da direction was issued to the Appellants to consider the proposal placed. In due compliance of the aforesaid order, the Respondents were allowed to remit the dues accrued in five installments instead of twelve. The extended benefit conferred was not utilized by the Respondents, and therefore, a reminder was also sent. Receiving no response, two notices under Section 13(4) of the SARFAESI Act, were issued on 02.12.2021 E and 20.12.2021.

6. Impugning the aforesaid notices, two writ petitions were filed by the Respondents, being Writ Petition No. 30238 of 2021 and 30450 of 2021 questioning the action taken, through a writ of certiorari while praying for a positive direction to accept the unilateral offers made. It is F to be noted that the Debt Recovery Tribunal, though was not functional at the time of filing the aforesaid Writ Petitions, became so from the month of March, 2022. 7. Taking note of the then prevailing situation resulting in the post of Presiding Officer lying vacant for proper adjudication in various G Tribunals, an order was passed by this Court in Special Leave Petition No. 10911 dated 16.12.2021, “Learned Senior Counsel appearing for the petitioner has brought to our notice the difficulty being faced by parties on account of non-appointment of members in DRTs and DRATs. H 22 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A He requested that the matters before DRT and DRAT can be directed to be considered by other Tribunals like Central Administrative Tribunal, Armed Forces Tribunal and Industrial Tribunal within the State. With a view to resolve the problem being faced by the parties, B for the time being and purely as a stop-gap arrangement, we request the concerned High Court(s) to entertain the matters falling within the jurisdiction of DRTs and DRATs under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, till further orders.

We make it clear that once the Tribunal(s) is/are constituted, C the matters can be relegated to the Tribunals by the High Court(s). List the matter on 21-1-2022.” 8. As could be seen, the order is self-explanatory, making it clear that it is only an interim arrangement, and therefore, the pending matters ought to be transferred to the concerned Tribunals when they start D functioning with their respective Presiding Officers duly in-charge. The aforesaid matter was disposed of by the order dated 12.09.2022, “1. Counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioner states that since the post in the Debt Recovery Tribunal has been filled up, the cause does not survive. E 2. The Special Leave Petition is accordingly disposed of without this Court expressing any opinion on the question of law raised. 3. Pending applications, if any, stands disposed of.” 9. Notwithstanding the orders passed above by this Court, the F High Court took upon itself to decide the issues raised, on merit, by allowing the Respondents to make deferred payment in 20 installments, a relief which was more than the one prayed for. The installments were modified by the learned Division Bench in Writ Appeal No. 1492 of 2022 and 1497 of 2022, to 12 months as originally prayed for by the Respondents while declining to interfere with the decision of the learned Single JudgeG on merit. Impugning the aforesaid orders, the lender bank has filed the present appeals.

10. The learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Appellants fairly submitted that the relief granted by the High Court may not be disturbed while pressing for the reiteration of law which might guide the High H M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 23 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] Court in not entertaining such writ petitions in the future. It is further A submitted that the High Court has exercised writ jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, even after the Debt Recovery Tribunal became functional, in about 185 cases pertaining to the Appellants alone. After the filing of the Special Leave Petitions, 35 Writ Petitions have been filed. Resultantly, the Appellants are not in a position to proceed B further to recover the amounts due from the defaulting borrowers/ guarantors, defeating the object of the SARFAESI Act itself. 11. Learned Senior Counsel brought to the notice of this Court that a writ petition involving private individuals over a financial transaction is not maintainable. Despite the position being settled, the interference C

by various High Courts continues. The very objective of the Act 54 of 2002 is being frustrated by such interference. The alternative remedy being effective and efficacious, the extraordinary jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, either be a writ of certiorari or mandamus, ought not to have been invoked. One has to see the impact on the Appellants of the repeated interference by the D High Court. The learned Senior Counsel took us through the following decisions: • Phoenix Arc Private Limited vs.Vishwa Bharati Vidya Mandir & Ors., (2022) 5 SCC 345. E • Federal Bank Ltd. vs. Sagar Thomas & Ors., (2003) 10 SCC 733. • State Bank of India vs. Arvindra Electronics (P) Ltd., 2022 SCC Online SC 1522. • United Bank of India vs. Satywati Tondon & Others, (2010) F 8 SCC 110 • Authorized Officer, State Bank of Travancore & Another vs. Mathew K.C., (2018) 3 SCC 85 • Varimadugu OBI Reddy vs. B. Sreenivasulu & Others, (2023) 2 SCC 168. G 12. The learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Respondents submitted that at the time of filing the Writ Petitions, the Tribunal was not functioning. The power available under Article 226 of the Constitution of India cannot be taken away, notwithstanding the existence of the H 24 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R.

A Tribunal. While appreciating the stand taken by the Appellants, it is submitted that when extreme steps are taken, a litigant may not have any other option except to approach the writ court. 13. In view of the fair stand taken by the learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Appellants, we do not wish to interfere with the B impugned orders passed. We may, however, reiterate the settled position of law on the interference of the High Court invoking Article 226 of the Constitution of India in commercial matters, where an effective and efficacious alternative forum has been constituted through a statute. We are also constrained to take judicial notice of the fact that certain High Courts continue to interfere in such matters, leading to a regular supply C of cases before this Court. One such High Court is that of Punjab & Haryana.

14. A writ of certiorari is to be issued over a decision when the Court finds that the process does not conform to the law or statute. In other words, courts are not expected to substitute themselves with the D decision-making authority while finding fault with the process along with the reasons assigned. Such a writ is not expected to be issued to remedy all violations. When a Tribunal is constituted, it is expected to go into the issues of fact and law, including a statutory violation. A question as to whether such a violation would be over a mandatory prescription as E against a discretionary one is primarily within the domain of the Tribunal. So also, the issue governing waiver, acquiescence, and estoppel. We wish to place reliance on the decision of this Court in Hari Vishnu Kamath v. Syed Ahmad Ishaque, (1955) 1 SCR 1104, “Then the question is whether there are proper grounds for the issue of certiorari in the present case. There was considerableF argument before us as to the character and scope of the writ of certiorari and the conditions under which it could be issued. The question has been considered by this Court in Parry & Co. v. Commercial Employees’ Association, Madras [(1952) SCR 519], Veerappa Pillai v. Raman and Raman Ltd. & Others G [(1952) SCR 583], Ibrahim Aboobaker v. Custodian General [(1952) SCR 696] and quite recently in T.C. Basappa v. T. Nagappa [(1955) SCR 250]. On these authorities, the following propositions may be taken as established: (1) Certiorari will be issued for correcting errors of jurisdiction, as when an inferior Court or Tribunal acts without jurisdiction or in excess of it, orH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 25

MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] fails to exercise it. (2) Certiorari will also be issued when the A Court or Tribunal acts illegally in the exercise of its undoubted jurisdiction, as when it decides without giving an opportunity to the parties to be heard, or violates the principles of natural justice. (3) The Court issuing a writ of certiorari acts in exercise of a supervisory and not appellate jurisdiction. One consequence of B this is that the Court will not review findings of fact reached by the inferior Court or Tribunal, even if they be erroneous. This is on the principle that a Court which has jurisdiction over a subject-matter has jurisdiction to decide wrong as well as right, and when the Legislature does not choose to confer a right of appeal against that decision, it would be defeating its purpose and policy, if a C superior Court were to re-hear the case on the evidence, and substitute its own findings in certiorari. These propositions are well-settled and are not in dispute.

(4) The further question on which there has been some controversy is whether a writ can be issued, when the decision of the inferior D Court or Tribunal is erroneous in law. This question came up for consideration in Rex v. Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [(1951) 1 K.B. 711], and it was held that when a Tribunal made a “speaking order” and the reasons given in that order in support of the decision were bad in law, E certiorari could be granted. It was pointed out by Lord Goddard, C.J. that that had always been understood to be the true scope of the power. Walsall Overseers v. London and North Western Ry. Co. [(1879) 4 A.C. 30] and Rex v. Nat Bell Liquors Ld. [(1922) 2 A.C. 28] were quoted in support of this view. In Walsall F Overseers v. London and North Western Ry. Co. [(1879) 4 A.C. 30] Lord Cairns, L.C. observed as follows: “If there was upon the face of the order of the court of quarter sessions anything which showed that order was erroneous, the Court of Queen’s Bench might be asked to have G the order brought into it, and to look at the order, and view it upon the face of it, and if the court found error upon the face of it, to put an end to its existence by quashing it.” In Rex v. Nat Bell Liquors Ld. [(1922) 2 A.C. 128] Lord Sumner said: H 26 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R.

A “That supervision goes to two points; one is the area of the inferior jurisdiction and the qualifications and conditions of its exercise; the other is the observance of the law in the course of its exercise.” The decision in Rex v. Northumberland Compensation B Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [(1951) 1 K.B. 711] was taken in appeal, and was affirmed by the Court of Appeal in Rex v. Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [(1952) 1 K.B. 338]. In laying down that an error of law was a ground for granting certiorari, the learned Judges emphasised that it must be apparent on the face of the record.C Denning, L.J. who stated the power in broad and general terms observed: “It will have been seen that throughout all the cases there is one governing rule: certiorari is only available to quash a decision for error of law if the error appears on the face of D the record.” The position was thus summed up by Morris, L.J. “It is plain that certiorari will not issue as the cloak of an appeal in disguise. It does not lie in order to bring an order or E decision for rehearing of the issue raised in the proceedings. It exists to correct error of law where revealed on the face of an order or decision, or irregularity, or absence of, or excess of, jurisdiction where shown”.

In Veerappa Pillai v. Raman & Raman Ltd. [(1952) SCR 583], F it was observed by this Court that under article 226 the writ should be issued “in grave cases where the subordinate tribunals or bodies or officers act wholly without jurisdiction, or in excess of it, or in violation of the principles of natural justice, or refuse to exercise a jurisdiction vested in them, or there is an error apparent on the face of the record”. In T.C. Basappa v. T. Nagappa [(1955) G SCR 250] the law was thus stated: “An error in the decision or determination itself may also be amenable to a writ of ‘certiorari’ but it must be a manifest error apparent on the face of the proceedings, e.g., when it is based on clear ignorance or disregard of the provisions of H M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 27 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] law. In other words, it is a patent error which can be corrected A by ‘certiorari’ but not a mere wrong decision.”

15. The object and reasons behind the Act 54 of 2002 are very clear as observed by this Court in Mardia Chemicals Ltd. v. Union of India, (2004) 4 SCC 311. While it facilitates a faster and smoother mode of recovery sans any interference from the Court, it does provide B a fair mechanism in the form of the Tribunal being manned by a legally trained mind. The Tribunal is clothed with a wide range of powers to set aside an illegal order, and thereafter, grant consequential reliefs, including re-possession and payment of compensation and costs. Section 17(1) of the SARFAESI Act gives an expansive meaning to the expression “any C person”, who could approach the Tribunal. 16. Approaching the High Court for the consideration of an offer by the borrower is also frowned upon by this Court. A writ of mandamus is a prerogative writ. In the absence of any legal right, the Court cannot exercise the said power. More circumspection is required in a financial D transaction, particularly when one of the parties would not come within the purview of Article 12 of the Constitution of India. When a statute prescribes a particular mode, an attempt to circumvent shall not be encouraged by a writ court. A litigant cannot avoid the non-compliance of approaching the Tribunal which requires the prescription of fees and use the constitutional remedy as an alternative. We wish to quote with E profit a recent decision of this Court in Radha Krishan Industries v. State of H.P., (2021) 6 SCC 771,

“25. In this background, it becomes necessary for this Court, to dwell on the “rule of alternate remedy” and its judicial exposition. In Whirlpool Corpn. v. Registrar of Trade Marks (1998) 8 SCC F 1, a two-Judge Bench of this Court after reviewing the case law on this point, noted: (SCC pp. 9-10, paras 14-15) “14. The power to issue prerogative writs under Article 226 of the Constitution is plenary in nature and is not limited by any other provision of the Constitution. This power can be exercised G by the High Court not only for issuing writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights contained in Part III of the Constitution but also for “any other purpose”. H 28 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A 15. Under Article 226 of the Constitution, the High Court, having regard to the facts of the case, has a discretion to entertain or not to entertain a writ petition. But the High Court has imposed upon itself certain restrictions one of which is that if an effective and efficacious remedy is available, the High Court would not normally exercise its jurisdiction. But the alternative remedy B

has been consistently held by this Court not to operate as a bar in at least three contingencies, namely, where the writ petition has been filed for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights or where there has been a violation of the principle of natural justice or where the order or C proceedings are wholly without jurisdiction or the vires of an Act is challenged. There is a plethora of case-law on this point but to cut down this circle of forensic whirlpool, we would rely on some old decisions of the evolutionary era of the constitutional law as they still hold the field”. D (emphasis supplied)

26. Following the dictum of this Court in Whirlpool Corpn. v. Registrar of Trade Marks [(1998) 8 SCC 1], in Harbanslal Sahnia v. Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd. [(2003) 2 SCC 107], this Court noted that: (Harbanslal Sahniacase, SCC p. 110, para 7) E “7. So far as the view taken by the High Court that the remedy by way of recourse to arbitration clause was available to the appellants and therefore the writ petition filed by the appellants was liable to be dismissed is concerned, suffice it to observe that the rule of exclusion of writ jurisdiction by availability of an alternative remedy is a rule of discretion and not one ofF compulsion. In an appropriate case, in spite of availability of the alternative remedy, the High Court may still exercise its writ jurisdiction in at least three contingencies: (i) where the writ petition seeks enforcement of any of the fundamental rights; (ii) where there is failure of principles G of natural justice; or (iii) where the orders or proceedings are wholly without jurisdiction or the vires of an Act is challenged. (See Whirlpool Corpn.v. Registrar of Trade Marks[(1998) 8 SCC 1].) The present case attracts applicability of the first two contingencies. Moreover, as noted, the appellants’ dealership, which is their bread and butter, came toH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 29 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.]

be terminated for an irrelevant and non-existent cause. In such A circumstances, we feel that the appellants should have been allowed relief by the High Court itself instead of driving them to the need of initiating arbitration proceedings.” (emphasis supplied) B 27. The principles of law which emerge are that: 27.1. The power under Article 226 of the Constitution to issue writs can be exercised not only for the enforcement of fundamental rights, but for any other purpose as well. 27.2. The High Court has the discretion not to entertain a writ C petition. One of the restrictions placed on the power of the High Court is where an effective alternate remedy is available to the aggrieved person. 27.3. Exceptions to the rule of alternate remedy arise where: (a) the writ petition has been filed for the enforcement of a D fundamental right protected by Part III of the Constitution; (b) there has been a violation of the principles of natural justice; (c) the order or proceedings are wholly without jurisdiction; or (d) the vires of a legislation is challenged. 27.4. An alternate remedy by itself does not divest the High E Court of its powers under Article 226 of the Constitution in an appropriate case though ordinarily, a writ petition should not be entertained when an efficacious alternate remedy is provided by law.

27.5. When a right is created by a statute, which itself F prescribes the remedy or procedure for enforcing the right or liability, resort must be had to that particular statutory remedy before invoking the discretionary remedy under Article 226 of the Constitution. This rule of exhaustion of statutory remedies is a rule of policy, convenience and discretion. G 27.6. In cases where there are disputed questions of fact, the High Court may decide to decline jurisdiction in a writ petition. However, if the High Court is objectively of the view that the nature of the controversy requires the exercise of its writ jurisdiction, such a view would not readily be interfered with.” H 30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A 17. We shall reiterate the position of law regarding the interference of the High Courts in matters pertaining to the SARFAESI Act by quoting a few of the earlier decisions of this Court wherein the said practice has been deprecated while requesting the High Courts not to entertain such cases.

B • Federal Bank Ltd. v. Sagar Thomas, (2003) 10 SCC733, “18. From the decisions referred to above, the position that emerges is that a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India may be maintainable against (i) the State (Government); (ii) an authority; (iii) a statutory body; C (iv) an instrumentality or agency of the State; (v) a company which is financed and owned by the State; (vi) a private body run substantially on State funding; (vii) a private body discharging public duty or positive obligation of public nature; and (viii) a person or a body under liability to discharge any function under any statute, to compel it to perform such a D statutory function. xxx xxx xxx 26.A company registered under the Companies Act for the purposes of carrying on any trade or business is a private E enterprise to earn livelihood and to make profits out of such activities. Banking is also a kind of profession and a commercial activity, the primary motive behind it can well be said to earn returns and profits. Since time immemorial, such activities have been carried on by individuals generally. It is a private affair of the company though the case of F

nationalized banks stands on a different footing. There may well be companies, in which majority of the share capital may be contributed out of the State funds and in that view of the matter there may be more participation or dominant participation of the State in managing the affairs of the G company. But in the present case we are concerned with a banking company which has its own resources to raise its funds without any contribution or shareholding by the State. It has its own Board of Directors elected by its shareholders. It works like any other private company in the banking business having no monopoly status at all. Any companyH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 31 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] carrying on banking business with a capital of five lakhs A will become a scheduled bank. All the same, banking activity as a whole carried on by various banks undoubtedly has an impact and effect on the economy of the country in general. Money of the shareholders and the depositors is with such companies, carrying on banking activity. The banks finance B

the borrowers on any given rate of interest at a particular time. They advance loans as against securities. Therefore, it is obviously necessary to have regulatory check over such activities in the interest of the company itself, the shareholders, the depositors as well as to maintain the proper financial equilibrium of the national economy. The banking C companies have not been set up for the purposes of building the economy of the State; on the other hand such private companies have been voluntarily established for their own purposes and interest but their activities are kept under check so that their activities may not go wayward and harm D the economy in general. A private banking company with all freedom that it has, has to act in a manner that it may not be in conflict with or against the fiscal policies of the State and for such purposes, guidelines are provided by Reserve Bank so that a proper fiscal discipline, to conduct its affairs in carrying on its business, is maintained. So as to E ensure adherence to such fiscal discipline, if need be, at times even the management of the company can be taken over. Nonetheless, as observed earlier, these are all regulatory measures to keep a check and provide guidelines and not a participatory dominance or control over the affairs F

of the company. For other companies in general carrying on other business activities, maybe manufacturing, other industries or any business, such checks are provided under the provisions of the Companies Act, as indicated earlier. There also, the main consideration is that the company itself may not sink because of its own mismanagement or the G interest of the shareholders or people generally may not be jeopardized for that reason. Besides taking care of such interest as indicated above, there is no other interest of the State, to control the affairs and management of the private companies. Care is taken in regard to the industries covered H 32 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R.

A under the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 that their production, which is important for the economy, may not go down, yet the business activity is carried on by such companies or corporations which only remains a private activity of the entrepreneurs/companies. B 27. Such private companies would normally not be amenable to the writ jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution. But in certain circumstances a writ may issue to such private bodies or persons as there may be statutes which need to be complied with by all concerned including the private companies. For example, there are certain C legislations like the Industrial Disputes Act, the Minimum Wages Act, the Factories Act or for maintaining proper environment, say the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 or the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 etc. or statutes of the like nature D which fasten certain duties and responsibilities statutorily upon such private bodies which they are bound to comply with. If they violate such a statutory provision a writ would certainly be issued for compliance with those provisions. For instance, if a private employer dispenses with the service of its employee in violation of the provisions contained under E the Industrial Disputes Act, in innumerable cases the High Court interfered and has issued the writ to the private bodies and the companies in that regard. But the difficulty in issuing a writ may arise where there may not be any non-compliance with or violation of any statutory provision by F the private body. In that event a writ may not be issued at all. Other remedies, as may be available, may have to be resorted to.”

• United Bank of India v. Satyawati Tondon, (2010) 8 SCC 110, G “42.There is another reason why the impugned order should be set aside. If Respondent 1 had any tangible grievance against the notice issued under Section 13(4) or action taken under Section 14, then she could have availed remedy by filing an application under Section 17(1). The expression “any person” used in Section 17(1) is of wideH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 33 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] import. It takes within its fold, not only the borrower but A also the guarantor or any other person who may be affected by the action taken under Section 13(4) or Section 14. Both, the Tribunal and the Appellate Tribunal are empowered to pass interim orders under Sections 17 and 18 and are required to decide the matters within a fixed time schedule. B It is thus evident that the remedies available to an aggrieved person under the SARFAESI Act are both expeditious and effective.

43. Unfortunately, the High Court overlooked the settled law that the High Court will ordinarily not entertain a petition C under Article 226 of the Constitution if an effective remedy is available to the aggrieved person and that this rule applies with greater rigour in matters involving recovery of taxes, cess, fees, other types of public money and the dues of banks and other financial institutions. In our view, while dealing with the petitions involving challenge to the action D taken for recovery of the public dues, etc. the High Court must keep in mind that the legislations enacted by Parliament and State Legislatures for recovery of such dues are a code unto themselves inasmuch as they not only contain comprehensive procedure for recovery of the dues E but also envisage constitution of quasi-judicial bodies for redressal of the grievance of any aggrieved person. Therefore, in all such cases, the High Court must insist that before availing remedy under Article 226 of the Constitution, a person must exhaust the remedies available under the relevant statute. F

44. While expressing the aforesaid view, we are conscious that the powers conferred upon the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any Government, directions, orders or writs including the five prerogative writs G for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III or for any other purpose are very wide and there is no express limitation on exercise of that power but, at the same time, we cannot be oblivious of the rules of self-imposed restraint evolved by this Court, which every High Court is H 34 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A bound to keep in view while exercising power under Article 226 of the Constitution. 45. It is true that the rule of exhaustion of alternative remedy is a rule of discretion and not one of compulsion, but it is difficult to fathom any reason why the High Court B should entertain a petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution and pass interim order ignoring the fact that the petitioner can avail effective alternative remedy by filing application, appeal, revision, etc. and the particular legislation contains a detailed mechanism for redressal of his grievance. C xxx xxx xxx

55. It is a matter of serious concern that despite repeated pronouncement of this Court, the High Courts continue to ignore the availability of statutory remedies under the DRT Act and the SARFAESI Act and exercise jurisdiction under Article 226 for passing orders which have serious adverseD impact on the right of banks and other financial institutions to recover their dues. We hope and trust that in future the High Courts will exercise their discretion in such matters with greater caution, care and circumspection.” • State Bank of Travancore v. Mathew K.C., (2018) 3E SCC 85, “5. We have considered the submissions on behalf of the parties. Normally this Court in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution is loath to interfere with an interim order passed in a pending proceeding beforeF the High Court, except in special circumstances, to prevent manifest injustice or abuse of the process of the court. In the present case, the facts are not in dispute. The discretionary jurisdiction under Article 226 is not absolute but has to be exercised judiciously in the given facts of a G case and in accordance with law. The normal rule is that a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution ought not to be entertained if alternate statutory remedies are available, except in cases falling within the well-defined exceptions as observed in CIT v. Chhabil Dass Agarwal [(2014) 1 SCC 603], as follows: (SCC p. 611, para 15) H

M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 35 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] “15. Thus, while it can be said that this Court has A recognised some exceptions to the rule of alternative remedy i.e. where the statutory authority has not acted in accordance with the provisions of the enactment in question, or in defiance of the fundamental principles of judicial procedure, or has resorted to invoke the provisions B which are repealed, or when an order has been passed in total violation of the principles of natural justice, the proposition laid down in Thansingh Nathmal v. Supt. of Taxes [AIR 1964 SC 1419], Titaghur Paper Mills Co. Ltd. v. State of Orissa [(1983) 2 SCC 433: 1983 SCC (Tax) 131] and other similar judgments that the C High Court will not entertain a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution if an effective alternative remedy is available to the aggrieved person or the statute under which the action complained of has been taken itself contains a mechanism for redressal of grievance still D holds the field. Therefore, when a statutory forum is created by law for redressal of grievances, a writ petition should not be entertained ignoring the statutory dispensation.” xxx xxx xxx E

8. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the SARFAESI Act states that the banking and financial sector in the country was felt not to have a level playing field in comparison to other participants in the financial markets in the world. The financial institutions in India did F not have the power to take possession of securities and sell them. The existing legal framework relating to commercial transactions had not kept pace with changing commercial practices and financial sector reforms resulting in tardy recovery of defaulting loans and mounting non-performing assets of banks and financial institutions. Narasimhan G Committee I and II as also the Andhyarujina Committee constituted by the Central Government Act had suggested enactment of new legislation for securitisation and empowering banks and financial institutions to take possession of securities and sell them without court H 36 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A intervention which would enable them to realise long-term assets, manage problems of liquidity, asset liability mismatches and improve recovery. The proceedings under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (hereinafter referred to as “the DRT Act”) with passage of time, had become synonymous withB those before regular courts affecting expeditious adjudication. All these aspects have not been kept in mind and considered before passing the impugned order.

9. Even prior to the SARFAESI Act, considering the alternate remedy available under the DRT Act it was heldC in Punjab National Bank v. O.C. Krishnan [(2001) 6 SCC 569] that: (SCC p. 570, para 6) “6. The Act has been enacted with a view to provide a special procedure for recovery of debts due to the banks and the financial institutions. There is a hierarchy D of appeal provided in the Act, namely, filing of an appeal under Section 20 and this fast-track procedure cannot be allowed to be derailed either by taking recourse to proceedings under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution or by filing a civil suit, which is expressly E barred. Even though a provision under an Act cannot expressly oust the jurisdiction of the court under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution, nevertheless, when there is an alternative remedy available, judicial prudence demands that the Court refrains from exercising its jurisdiction under the said constitutional provisions. ThisF was a case where the High Court should not have entertained the petition under Article 227 of the Constitution and should have directed the respondent to take recourse to the appeal mechanism provided by the Act.” G xxx xxx xxx 15. It is the solemn duty of the court to apply the correct law without waiting for an objection to be raised by a party, especially when the law stands well settled. Any departure, if permissible, has to be for reasons discussed, of the caseH M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 37

MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] falling under a defined exception, duly discussed after A noticing the relevant law. In financial matters grant of ex parte interim orders can have a deleterious effect and it is not sufficient to say that the aggrieved has the remedy to move for vacating the interim order. Loans by financial institutions are granted from public money generated at the B taxpayer’s expense. Such loan does not become the property of the person taking the loan, but retains its character of public money given in a fiduciary capacity as entrustment by the public. Timely repayment also ensures liquidity to facilitate loan to another in need, by circulation of the money and cannot be permitted to be blocked by frivolous litigation C by those who can afford the luxury of the same. The caution required, as expressed in United Bank of India v.

Satyawati Tondon [(2010) 8 SCC 110: (2010) 3 SCC (Civ) 260], has also not been kept in mind before passing the impugned interim order: (SCC pp. 123-24, para 46) D “46. It must be remembered that stay of an action initiated by the State and/or its agencies/instrumentalities for recovery of taxes, cess, fees, etc. seriously impedes execution of projects of public importance and disables them from discharging their constitutional and legal E obligations towards the citizens. In cases relating to recovery of the dues of banks, financial institutions and secured creditors, stay granted by the High Court would have serious adverse impact on the financial health of such bodies/institutions, which (sic will) ultimately prove F detrimental to the economy of the nation. Therefore, the High Court should be extremely careful and circumspect in exercising its discretion to grant stay in such matters. Of course, if the petitioner is able to show that its case falls within any of the exceptions carved out in Baburam Prakash Chandra Maheshwari v. G Antarim Zila Parishad [AIR 1969 SC 556], Whirlpool Corpn. v. Registrar of Trade Marks [(1998) 8 SCC 1] and Harbanslal Sahnia v. Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd. [(2003) 2 SCC 107] and some other judgments, then the High Court may, after considering all the relevant H 38 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A parameters and public interest, pass an appropriate interim order.” • Phoenix ARC (P) Ltd. v. Vishwa Bharati Vidya Mandir, (2022) 5 SCC 345,

“18. Even otherwise, it is required to be noted that a B writ petition against the private financial institution — ARC — the appellant herein under Article 226 of the Constitution of India against the proposed action/actions under Section 13(4) of the SARFAESI Act can be said to be not maintainable. In the present case, the ARC proposed to C take action/actions under the SARFAESI Act to recover the borrowed amount as a secured creditor. The ARC as such cannot be said to be performing public functions which are normally expected to be performed by the State authorities. During the course of a commercial transaction and under the contract, the bank/ARC lent the money to D the borrowers herein and therefore the said activity of the bank/ARC cannot be said to be as performing a public function which is normally expected to be performed by the State authorities. If proceedings are initiated under the SARFAESI Act and/or any proposed action is to be E taken and the borrower is aggrieved by any of the actions of the private bank/bank/ARC, borrower has to avail the remedy under the SARFAESI Act and no writ petition would lie and/or is maintainable and/or entertainable. Therefore, decisions of this Court in Praga Tools Corpn. v. C.A. Imanual, [(1969) 1 SCC 585] and Ramesh F Ahluwalia v. State of Punjab, [(2012) 12 SCC 331: (2013) 3 SCC (L&S) 45: 4 SCEC 715] relied upon by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the borrowers are not of any assistance to the borrowers.

xxx xxx xxx G 21. Applying the law laid down by this Court in State Bank of Travancore v. Mathew K.C., [(2018) 3 SCC 85: (2018) 2 SCC (Civ) 41] to the facts on hand, we are of the opinion that filing of the writ petitions by the borrowers before the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution H M/S SOUTH INDIAN BANK LTD. & ORS. v. NAVEEN 39 MATHEW PHILIP & ANR. ETC. ETC. [M. M. SUNDRESH, J.] of India is an abuse of process of the court. The writ petitions A have been filed against the proposed action to be taken under Section 13(4). As observed hereinabove, even assuming that the communication dated 13-8-2015 was a notice under Section 13(4), in that case also, in view of the statutory, efficacious remedy available by way of appeal B

under Section 17 of the SARFAESI Act, the High Court ought not to have entertained the writ petitions. Even the impugned orders passed by the High Court directing to maintain the status quo with respect to the possession of the secured properties on payment of Rs 1 crore only (in all Rs 3 crores) is absolutely unjustifiable. The dues are to the C extent of approximately Rs 117 crores. The ad interim relief has been continued since 2015 and the secured creditor is deprived of proceeding further with the action under the SARFAESI Act. Filing of the writ petition by the borrowers before the High Court is nothing but an abuse of D process of court. It appears that the High Court has initially granted an ex parte ad interim order mechanically and without assigning any reasons. The High Court ought to have appreciated that by passing such an interim order, the rights of the secured creditor to recover the amount due and payable have been seriously prejudiced. The secured E creditor and/or its assignor have a right to recover the amount due and payable to it from the borrowers. The stay granted by the High Court would have serious adverse impact on the financial health of the secured creditor/assignor. Therefore, the High Court should have been extremely F careful and circumspect in exercising its discretion while granting stay in such matters. In these circumstances, the proceedings before the High Court deserve to be dismissed.” • Varimadugu Obi Reddy v. B. Sreenivasulu, G

(2023) 2 SCC 168, “36. In the instant case, although the respondent borrowers initially approached the Debts Recovery Tribunal by filing an application under Section 17 of the SARFAESI Act, 2002, but the order of the Tribunal H 40 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 4 S.C.R. A indeed was appealable under Section 18 of the Act subject to the compliance of condition of pre-deposit and without exhausting the statutory remedy of appeal, the respondent borrowers approached the High Court by filing the writ application under Article 226 of the Constitution. We deprecate such practice of entertaining the writ application B by the High Court in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution without exhausting the alternative statutory remedy available under the law. This circuitous route appears to have been adopted to avoid the condition of pre-deposit contemplated under 2nd proviso to Section C 18 of the 2002 Act.” 18. While doing so, we are conscious of the fact that the powers conferred under Article 226 of the Constitution of India are rather wide but are required to be exercised only in extraordinary circumstances in matters pertaining to proceedings and adjudicatory scheme qua a statute, D more so in commercial matters involving a lender and a borrower, when the legislature has provided for a specific mechanism for appropriate redressal.

19. Reiterating the concern expressed, the present appeals are disposed of. The Registry is directed to mark a copy of this order to the E High Court of Kerala and the High Court of Punjab & Haryana. No costs. Nidhi Jain Appeals disposed of. (Assisted by : Rakhi, LCRA) F G H