[2023] 2 S.C.R. 881 881 UNION OF INDIA & ORS. A v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION & ORS. (Curative Pet (C) No. 345-347 of 2010) MARCH 14, 2023 B [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, SANJIV KHANNA, ABHAY S. OKA, VIKRAM NATH AND J. K. MAHESHWARI, JJ.] Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case – Curative petitions filed by the C Union of India seeking increase in the settlement amount – Held: Present petitions were filed by the Union of India 19 years post the settlement seeking to reopen the same – The very basis for the original settlement was the need to provide immediate succour to the victims through medical relief, rehabilitation measures etc. – Without a settlement, immediate funds would not have been available for the D victims – Finality was reached at an early stage by way of the settlement – Endeavours to reopen the same proved unsuccessful – Now the curative petitions have been filed by the Union of India having not filed review petitions – Further, admittedly, the amount of settlement was found to be in surplus of the actual requirement – E Thus, settlement amount was sufficient to compensate the claimants

– Rs.50 crore remains with the Reserve Bank of India lying undisbursed – The exchange rate worked in the Union’s favour as the exchange rate of the Dollar rate escalated – Some interest on the settlement amount also came in – Furthermore, in the review judgment, in case of a shortage, the responsibility was placed on F the Union of India to make good the deficiency and to take out the relevant insurance policies – However, no such insurance policy was taken out – The Union cannot be negligent on this aspect and then seek a prayer to fix such liability on UCC – Rs.50 crore lying with the RBI to be utilised by the Union of India to satisfy pending G claims, if any, in accordance with the 1985 Act and the Scheme framed thereunder – Union of India’s claim for ‘topping up’ the settlement amount has no foundations in any known legal principle – Curative petitions not entertained – Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985. H 881 882 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A Curative petition – Held: A curative petition relates to a re-examination of a final judgment of Supreme Court that has already undergone such re-examination through the review jurisdiction – Court’s inherent power ought not to be exercised as a matter of course – Court should be circumspect in reconsidering an order that had become final on dismissal of the review petition – However, B

in the present case in view of the nature of the matter, the curative petitions were examined despite the preliminary objection on maintainability. Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India & Ors. (1989) 3 SCC 38 : [1989] 3 SCR 128; Union Carbide C Corporation & Others v. Union of India & Others (1991) 4 SCC 584 : [1991] 1 Suppl. SCR 251; Bhopal Gas Peedith Mahila Udyog Sangathan & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. (2007) 9 SCC 707 : [2007] 6 SCR 24; Rupa Ashok Hurra v. Ashok Hurra & Anr. (2002) 4 D SCC 388 : [2002] 2 SCR 1006; Union Carbide Corporation Ltd. v. Union of India (2006) 13 SCC 321 – referred to. Case Law Reference [1989] 3 SCR 128 referred to Para 6 E [1991] 1 Suppl. SCR 251 referred to Para 9 [2007] 6 SCR 24 referred to Para 13 [2002] 2 SCR 1006 referred to Para 23 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Curative Pet (C) No. 345-F 347 of 2010 in R.P. No. 229 of 1989 & 623-624 of 1989 in C.A. No.3187-3188 of 1988 and SLP (C) No. 13080 of 1988. From the Judgment and Order dated 24.02.1989 in R.P. (C) No. 229 of 1989 and dated 15.02.1989 in R.P. (C) Nos. 623 and 624 of 1989 of the Supreme Court of India. G R. Venkataramani, AG, Ms. Madhvi Divan, A.S.G., Saurabh Mishra, A.A.G., R. Balasubramiam, S. Wasim A Qadri, Harish N Salve, Ravindra Shrivastav, Sidharth Luthra, Sanjiv Sen, Sanjay Parikh, Naveen R. Nath, Sr. Advs., Gurmeet Singh Makker, Ms. Chinmayee Chandra, Ms. Shradha Deshmukh, Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Venkataramani, Anandh H

UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 883 CORPORATION & ORS. Venkataramani, Vinayak Mehrotra, Chitvan Singhal, Ms. Mansi Sood, A Ms. Sonali Jain, Abhishek Kumar Pandey, Raman Yadav, Nakul Chengappa K.K., Ms. Akriti A Manubarwala, Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, Ms. Karuna Nundy, Ms. Aparna Bhat, Ms. Karishma Maria, Nischal Anand, Rahul Narayan, Ms. Muskan Tibrewala, Amanpreet Singh, Ragini Nagpal, Ishaan Karki, Sanchith Shiva Kumar, Mrs. Shiraz Contractor B Patodia, Ashish Singh, Ms. Divya Sharma, Ms. Juhi Chawla, Mayank Singhal, Ms. Sanya Shukla, Ms. Devangna Singh, Ms. Gayatri Goswami, Pankaj Singhal, Shakti Singh, Ayush Anand, Ieshan Sharma, Aditya Ghadge, Mrs. Bina Gupta, Ms. Bharti Badesra, Ms. Anjali Singh, Gautam Khaitan, A.T. Patra, Anuj Kapoor, Rahul Jain, Satwik Parik, Ms. Soumya Tandan, Mrinal Gopal Elker, Ms. Mrinal Elker Mazumdar, Sunny C Choudhary, Advs. for the appearing parties. The following Order of the Court was passed: O R D E R

1. A horrendous tragedy occurred on the night of 2nd and 3rd D December 1984, due to the escape of deadly chemical fumes from the factory owned and operated by M/s Union Carbide India Limited (hereinafter referred as ‘UCIL’) in Bhopal. This Court labelled the mass disaster as “unparalleled in its magnitude and devastation and … a ghastly monument to the dehumanizing influence of inherently dangerous Etechnologies”. Union of India has filed the present curative petitions seeking reconsideration of the settlement that was effected in the aftermath of the tragedy. Background and claims in the present petitions 2. In order to provide remuneration to victims, and to create an F institutional framework for disbursal of remedies, the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985 (hereinafter referred as ‘the said Act’), was enacted by the Government of India on 20.02.1985. This granted the Central Government an exclusive right to represent and act in place of every person who was entitled to make a claim for compensation. It also empowered the Central Government to institute G suits or other proceedings and to enter into a compromise. Consequently, the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Registration and Processing of Claims) Scheme, 1985, was framed in exercise of powers conferred under Section 9 of the said Act. This Scheme dealt with the procedure for H 884 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R.

A filing and processing of claims made to the Welfare Commissioner as per Section 6 of the said Act. 3. Thereafter, several actions for compensation were brought in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against Union Carbide Corporation (hereinafter referred as ‘UCC’). B UCC was a New York based corporation which owned 50.9% stock in UCIL at the time of the tragedy. UCC resisted the jurisdiction of the New York Court on grounds of forum non conveniens, claiming that it had subjected itself to the Courts of India. Judge Keenan allowed this plea vide order dated 10.06.1986 and dismissed the consolidated action on the basis of several factors, including the presence of witnesses and C evidence in India. The order however recorded UCC’s statement that it shall consent to submit to the jurisdiction of the Courts of India.

4. As a result of the same, a suit was filed by the Union of India against UCC before the District Judge, Bhopal, seeking compensation of approximately US $ 3.3 billion. Being apprehensive about funds being D made available for compensation to victims, the Union sought interim compensation from UCC. This prayer received a favourable consideration from the District Judge, who passed an interim order on 17.12.1987 directing UCC to deposit a sum of Rs. 350 crores by way of interim compensation. However, in a revision petition(s) filed by UCC, E this amount was reduced to Rs. 250 crores by the Madhya Pradesh High Court vide an order dated 04.04.1988.

5. Being aggrieved by this order, both contesting parties i.e. Union of India and UCC, filed SLPs before this Court. In terms of orders passed in those proceedings, the parties endeavoured to negotiate a settlement, possibly with a little nudge from the Court. The endeavour F was successful and UCC agreed to pay a sum of US $ 470 million to the Union of India in settlement of all claims, rights, and liabilities relating to and arising out of the Bhopal Gas disaster. The terms of the settlement were set out in the orders of this Court passed on 14th and 15th February, 1989. This Court observed that there had been careful consideration for G several days to the facts and circumstances placed before the Court by the parties; including the pleadings, data, material relating to proceedings in the Courts of USA, the offers and counter offers between the parties at different stages of various proceedings, the complex issues of law and facts raised, as well as the enormity of human suffering occasioned by the Bhopal Gas disaster and the pressing urgency to provide immediate H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 885 CORPORATION & ORS. and substantial relief to victims of the disaster. Thus, it was observed A that a sum of US $ 470 million would be just, equitable, and reasonable. This was to be paid on or before 31.03.1989 and all civil and criminal proceedings were to be closed in the process.

6. A detailed order setting out the reasons that persuaded this Court to make the order of settlement was passed thereafter on B 04.05.1989, reported as Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India & Ors.1 We would like to highlight a few aspects of the said order. This Court noted that the basic consideration motivating the settlement was the compelling need for urgent relief. It was considered necessary to grant immediate remedy as it was a question of survival for the thousands Cof persons rendered destitute by the ghastly disaster. Regarding the quantum of the settlement, this Court added a caveat in paragraph 14 of the said order. It was observed that if any material was placed before the Court for drawing a reasonable inference that UCC had earlier offered to pay any sum higher than the out-right down payment of US $ 470 million; it would result in the Court initiating a suo motu action, requiring D the parties to show why the settlement should not be set aside and the parties relegated to their respective original positions. Discussion then proceeded to the reasonableness of the settlement amount. It was opined that the question of reasonableness need not necessarily be construed on the basis of an accurate assessment by way of adjudication. Instead, Ethe quantum was a broad and general estimate. What was significant was whether such settlement would avoid delays, uncertainties, and assure immediate payment. The Court considered it appropriate to proceed on some prima facie undisputed figures of cases of death and of substantially compensatable personal injuries. This Court referred to the factual scenario emanating from the High Court order dated F 04.04.1988, where it was recorded that as per the Union of India, a total number of 2660 persons died and between 30,000 to 40,000 sustained serious injuries as a result of the disaster. The figures before the Supreme Court at the time were stated to be about 3000 fatal cases, and the number of grievous and serious personal injuries was about 30,000, as Gverifiable from hospital records. In estimating the amount of compensation, this Court set out the following basis in paragraph 24, which reads as under:

1(1989) 3 SCC 38. H 886 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A “24. So far as personal injury cases are concerned, about 30,000 was estimated as cases of permanent total or partial disability. Compensation ranging from Rs. 2 lakhs to Rs. 50,000 per individual according as the disability is total or partial and degrees of the latter was envisaged. This alone would account for Rs. 250 crores. In another 20,000 cases B of temporary total or partial disability compensation ranging from Rs. 1 lakh down to Rs. 25,000 depending on the nature and extent of the injuries and extent and degree of the temporary incapacitation accounting for a further allocation of Rs. 100 crores, was envisaged. Again, there might be C possibility of injuries of utmost severity in which case even Rs. 4 lakhs per individual might have to be considered. Rs. 80 crores, additionally for about 2000 of such cases were envisaged. A sum of Rs. 500 crores approximately was thought of as allocable to the fatal cases and 42,000 cases of such serious personal injuries leaving behind in their trail total or D partial incapacitation cither of permanent or temporary character.”

7. Outlays were also made for specialised institutional medical treatment (Rs. 25 crores) and provision for cases which were not of permanent/temporary disabilities but of minor injuries, loss of personal E belongings, loss of livestock etc. (Rs. 225 crores). The interest accruing on the corpus of settlement was also taken into account, being 14% to 14 ½ %. 8. On the aspect of the aforesaid broad allocations, it was clearly observed that even if a particular case was found to fall within such F broad categories, the determination of actual compensation payable to the claimant had to be done by the authorities under the said Act. However, the Court concluded that if the total number of cases of death or disability became so large so as to counter the ‘basic assumptions underlying the settlement’, then it would not hesitate to exercise its G powers of review. 9. The next round in the matter related to an endeavour by private parties to open the settlement by filing a review, inter alia on the powers of this Court to record a settlement. A Constitution Bench examined this issue in the Union Carbide Corporation & Others v. Union of India H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 887 CORPORATION & ORS.

& Others.2 The settlement was upheld with one caveat. The A extinguishment of criminal liabilities by the settlement was held to not be appropriate and thus, that aspect of the original order was reviewed. As to the need to arrive at a settlement, Ranganath Mishra, J. (as he then was) detailed the factors that had guided this Court. The Court had to be cognizant of the fact that the Indian assets of UCC, through UCIL were B around Rs. 100 crores at the time. Thus, any decree in excess of that amount would have to be executed in the courts of USA. If such decree were determined on the basis of prevailing law in India, i.e. absolute liability (different from the accepted basis in the USA, i.e. strict liability); the decree would be open to challenge on the grounds of due process and may not be executable. On this aspect, the principal judgment of the C majority laid emphasis on balancing factors such as the need for expedient relief, as recorded in the original judgment. In so far as the present controversy before us is concerned, we would like to flag the Court’s observations on the path to be followed if the compensation is found to be inadequate. These are set out in paragraph 198 of Union Carbide D Corporation & Others v. Union of India & Others3, which reads as under:

“198. After a careful thought, it appears to us that while it may not be wise or proper to deprive the victims of the benefit of the settlement, it is, however, necessary to ensure that in E the — perhaps unlikely — event of the settlement fund being found inadequate to meet the compensation determined in respect of all the present claimants, those persons who may have their claims determined after the fund is exhausted are not left to fend themselves. But, such a contingency may not arise having regard to the size of the settlement fund. If it F should arise, the reasonable way to protect the interests of the victims is to hold that the Union of India, as a welfare State and in the circumstances in which the settlement was made, should not be found wanting in making good the deficiency, if any. We hold and declare accordingly.” G 10. The aforesaid would show that the burden would fall on the Union of India, as a welfare state, to protect the interest of the victims. 2 (1991) 4 SCC 584. 3 (supra). H 888 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A It is to be noted that Ahmadi J., dissented on this aspect of liability of the Union. However, naturally, the majority view prevails.

11. Another aspect noted in the review was qua the members of the population of Bhopal who were put at risk; and who though asymptomatic at the time and not having filed for compensation, might B become symptomatic in future. In addition, care had to be taken of unborn children of mothers exposed to toxicity, where such children later develop congenital defects. For such an eventuality, a medical group insurance cover was envisaged. This is set out in paragraph 207 of Union Carbide Corporation & Others v. Union of India & Others4, which reads as under: C

“207. We are of the view that such contingencies shall be taken care of by obtaining an appropriate medical group insurance cover from the General Insurance Corporation of India or the Life Insurance Corporation of India for compensation to this contingent class of possible prospective D victims. There shall be no individual upper monetary limit for the insurance liability. The period of insurance cover should be a period of eight years in the future. The number of persons to be covered by this Group Insurance scheme should be about and not less than one lakh of persons. Having regard to the E population of the seriously affected wards of Bhopal city at the time of the disaster and having regard to the addition to the population by the subsequent births extrapolated on the basis of national average of birth rates over the past years and the future period of surveillance, this figure broadly accords with the percentage of (sic the) population of the F affected wards bears to the number of persons found to be affected by medical categorisation. This insurance cover will virtually serve to render the settlement an open ended one so far as the contingent class of future victims both existing and after-born are concerned. The possible claimants fall into G two categories: those who were in existence at the time of exposure; and those who were yet unborn and whose congenital defects are traceable to MIC toxicity inherited or derived congenitally.” H 4 (supra)

UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 889 CORPORATION & ORS. 12. There is no dispute that the compensation was deposited within A time. 13. Subsequently, certain endeavours were made on behalf of victims from time to time to open up the settlement. However, these were opposed by the Union of India and were not successful. The most recent such attempt was Bhopal Gas Peedith Mahila Udyog B Sangathan & Anr. V. Union of India & Ors.5 14. We are confronted here with an application filed under this Court’s curative jurisdiction by the Union of India 19 years post the settlement (i.e. in 2010) seeking to reopen the same. It is noteworthy that the Union chose not to file the review petitions which culminated in C this Court’s order dated 02.05.1989. Naturally, the present petitions have been strongly opposed by UCC, whereas groups stated to be representing the victims have endeavoured to ride piggyback on the curative petitions.

15. The curative petitions are broadly predicated on account of “wrong assumption of facts and data” which undergirded the quantum D of the settlement. Thus, the plea is that this ‘incompleteness of facts’, particularly with respect to the number of victims, has vitiated the settlement itself. On this basis, the settlement amount needs to be re-examined by this Court. Nevertheless, we may note that the Union of India was quite conscious of the fact that if the settlement were to be Ereopened, it would result in a revival of the suit, something which the Union has not even claimed. What the Union of India claims in essence is to top up the settlement i.e. maintain the factum of the settlement but to increase the amount as canvassed by Mr. R. Venkataramani, the learned Attorney General. 16. The Union of India’s claims, as set out in the petitions, are F based on three categories: “Claim – I: Claim on account of incorrect and wrong assumption of facts and data in the impugned judgments and orders on following grounds: G (i) Error in computation of Death Cases – Court recorded the estimated number of death cases was 3,000 whereas actual figure of death is 5,295 cases. 5 (2007) 9 SCC 707. H 890 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A (ii) Error in computation of Temporary Injury Cases – Court recorded the estimated number of temporary disability cases was 20,000 whereas actual figure of temporary disability is 35,455 cases.

(iii) Error in computation of Minor Injury Cases – Court B recorded that the estimated number of Minor Injury cases was 50,000 whereas actual figure of Minor Injury is 5,27,894 cases. (iv) Other Cases – In certain categories (viz. Permanent disability, utmost severe injuries, loss of property and loss of C livestock), the actual number assumed by the court has been found to be on the higher side resulting in the extra provision of compensation in those categories.” 17. The total amount claimed under this category was Rs. 675.96 crore at the time of filing the curative petitions. This Court vide order dated 11.10.2022 requested for the latest figures available as on the said D date. These details have been set out in tabular form below: E F G 18. The last column of the chart shows the additional amount required to be paid. While there is an increase in the amount required for compensation for death and temporary disability, there is also a decrease in the amounts required for cases of permanent disability and utmost H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 891 CORPORATION & ORS.

severe cases, as also for loss of property and loss of life. This may have A been the result of some changes in the categorisation of cases on account of the available material. The real increase is on account of minor injuries where it is stated that the additional amount required is of Rs. 955.45 crores. Undoubtedly, a decision was taken by the Government of India on 08.09.1992 to increase the amount of compensation to victims in B view of representations filed by various social action groups. “Claim – II: Claim of Rs.1,743.15 cr. on account of actual expenditure incurred by the State towards relief and rehabilitation measures.” 19. The aforesaid claim was further updated to Rs. 4,949.67 crores. C “Claim – III: Claim of Rs.315.70 crore on account of environment degradation.” 20. The updated amount under this category is Rs. 486.78 crores. 21. The Union of India has also claimed that since the revised D amount is being claimed a number of years after the settlement; several aspects, such as the devaluation of the rupee, interest rate, purchasing power parity, and the inflation index ought to be taken into account. These considerations were pleaded in alternative and are summarized in the following table: E * Calculations based on Yearly LIBOR F $ Calculations by applying Consumer Price Index (CPI) for industrial workers & Calculations based on 7% Compound Interest UCC’s Submissions G

22. The curative petitions were strongly opposed by Mr. Harish Salve, learned senior counsel appearing for UCC. 23. The preliminary objection was on the very maintainability of a curative petitions after two decades of the settlement. It was submitted that this was in breach of the principles enshrined in Rupa Ashok Hurra H 892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A v. Ashok Hurra & Anr.6, wherein this Court had specified very limited contours for its curative jurisdiction: “51. Nevertheless, we think that a petitioner is entitled to relief ex debito justitiae if he establishes (1) violation of principles of natural justice in that he was not a party to the lis but the B judgement adversely affected his interests or, if he was a party to the lis, he was not served with notice of the proceedings and the matter proceeded as if he had notice and (2) where in the proceedings a learned Judge failed to disclose his connection with the subject-matter or the parties giving scope for an apprehension of bias and the judgment adversely C affects the petitioner.”

24. It was submitted that the present curative petitions did not fall under any of these parameters. Counsel for UCC also highlighted another procedural deficiency on the basis of paragraph 52 of Rupa Ashok Hurra,7 wherein the petitioner is required to specifically aver that the D grounds mentioned in the curative petition had been taken in the review petition and subsequently dismissed by circulation. Since Union of India had not filed review petition(s), the curative petitions ought to be thrown out at the threshold. 25. In response, the Learned Attorney General contended that it E was this Court’s prerogative to chart a new course in terms of its curative jurisdiction, and to not limit itself to the extant norms specified in Rupa Ashok Hurra.8 On maintainability 26. On this preliminary point, we may note that a curative petition F relates to a re-examination of a final judgment of this Court, particularly one that has already undergone such re-examination through the Court’s review jurisdiction. Since this Court’s review jurisdiction itself is so restrictive, we find it difficult to accept that this Court can devise a curative jurisdiction that is expansive in character. G 27. On the facts of this case, we have already noticed that when review petitions were filed against the orders recording the settlement, the Union of India sought to support the same. However, the Union 6 (2002) 4 SCC 388. 7 (supra). H 8 (supra). UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 893

CORPORATION & ORS. subsequently opposed all other applications filed for reopening the A settlement. We understand that such a strategy was adopted as the Union of India’s endeavour is not to set aside the settlement but merely to ‘top up’ the settlement amount. 28. We have great hesitation in allowing such a prayer and granting such sui generis relief through the means of curative petitions. Although B this Court in Rupa Ashok Hurra9 chose not to enumerate all the grounds on which a curative petition could be entertained; the Court was clear in observing that its inherent power ought not to be exercised as a matter of course, and that it should be circumspect in reconsidering an order of this Court that had become final on dismissal of the review petition. CNevertheless, looking at the nature of the matter before us, it would be advisable to also examine the curative petition(s), apart from the aforesaid preliminary objection. On Merits 29. Turning to the objections on merits of the claims in the curative D petitions, counsel for UCC emphasised that the US$ 470 million (Rs. 750 crore), required to be deposited were so deposited and, thus, if the settlement is to be set aside, then the only consequence would be to revive the suit. As a corollary, the Union of India would be required to lead evidence to establish UCC’s liability, and UCC would be entitled to Ehave US$ 470 million remitted back to it by the Union of India with interest.

30. It was pointed out that an endeavour was made in the year 2007 by way of interlocutory applications to seek enhancement of the settlement fund by private organisations. This prayer was rejected by this Court in Bhopal Gas Peedith Mahila Udyog Sangathan10 on the F ground that re-examination of the settlement could not be done as the issue had already been decided. With regards to individual victims and organisations, any grievances towards the amount of compensation had to be taken up before the appropriate authorities constituted under the said Act. It is noteworthy that the Union of India had opposed the plea G of the private parties, and had taken a stand before this Court that claims had been adjudicated and compensation had been paid in terms of the scheme devised under the said Act. 9 (supra). 10 (supra). H 894 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A 31. The aforesaid was the latest endeavour prior to the filing of the present curative petitions. However, even before this, certain private organisations had filed interlocutory applications for disbursal of the surplus amount left from the settlement fund. This Court in Union Carbide Corporation Ltd. V. Union of India11 observed that approximately Rs. 1,503.01 crores from the settlement fund were available B as on that date, and thus ordered that this amount be distributed on pro rata basis to those persons whose claims had been settled. 32. There appear to be two reasons for the growth of the fund –

(a) interest on it and (b) more importantly, an exchange rate fluctuation in favour of the US Dollar. We may hasten to add that the learned C Attorney General was correct in submitting that UCC could not have taken benefit of a hypothetical fluctuation in the opposite direction, i.e. in favour of the Rupee. Nevertheless, the fact remains that the settlement fund, and the disbursement from the same underwent a significant increase considering the lapse of time. D 33. Next, learned counsel for UCC contended that the language of this Court’s orders dated 14.02.1989 and 15.02.1989 left no doubt as to the comprehensive nature of the settlement. UCC had agreed to the settlement even without a finding as to its liability. UCC’s Indian holding, i.e. UCIL had been wound up. The settlement was accepted only on the E basis that it was an overall settlement, which ended its potential exposure towards any legal proceedings. As a final stamp upon the settlement; this Court’s order dated 15.02.1989 had imposed a duty on the Union of India and the State of Madhya Pradesh to ensure that any suit, claim, or civil complaint filed in the future against UCC would be defended by the Union of India and would be disposed of in terms of the said order. F

34. It was urged that the review judgment had confirmed the ‘basic assumptions underlying the settlement’ and the settlement itself had been upheld, save the aspect of closure of criminal proceedings. Moreover, the issues sought to be raised in the present curative petitions were in fact raised in the review petitions filed by the private parties and G were finally decided by the order of this Court dated 03.10.1991. 35. Thus, it was contended that the substance of Union of India’s Claim-I, i.e. on account of error in computation of deaths, injuries etc. had actually been addressed by this Court in its review judgment. This H 11 (2006) 13 SCC 321. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 895 CORPORATION & ORS. Court had dealt with the risk of asymptomatic individuals later becoming A ill and had directed the Union of India to obtain insurance cover for eight years and to provide free medical monitoring and treatment of victims. In case of any deficit in the settlement fund, the responsibility was placed on the Union of India as a welfare State to fulfil such deficiency. Mr. Salve emphasised that it would be hazardous to belittle the advantages B of a settlement by questioning it on the anvil of adequacy or fairness, considering the complexity of the matter and the need to protect victims from the prospects of a protracted, exhausting, and uncertain litigation.

36. It was further contended that the settlement decree passed by this Court was not an adjudication upon either UCC’s liability or the Cquantum of compensation payable, as the suit never went to trial. A consensual settlement cannot be unilaterally enhanced without the consent of both the parties. The Union of India has not brought forth any allegation against the settlement or any ground to set it aside. The Union was fully aware of the consequences of setting aside the settlement and thus, restricted their petitions to a prayer for ‘topping up’ the settlement amount. D

37. It was also emphasised that there was no basic assumption that could be considered to have gone wrong. In the table reproduced above, it would appear that the only head in which there was any major change was with respect to ‘minor injuries’. This however resulted from the Union’s own categorisation of injuries suffered in the aftermath of E the tragedy, and their decision to expand the coverage of relief to a larger number of individuals. This was possible only because of the large amount of funds available with the Union, as is evident from the fact that this Court had in its order dated 19.05.2004 noted the availability of more than Rs. 1,500 crores available with the RBI and consequently Fawarded disbursal of the same on a pro rata basis. The Welfare Commissioner had recorded that after paying Rs.1,548.95 crores in the first round, a further Rs.1,509.14 crores had been disbursed on pro rata basis. Thus, a total of over Rs.3,000 crore had been paid to the victims. 38. In fact, it is admitted before us by the learned Attorney General Gthat a sum of Rs. 50 crore was still lying with the Reserve Bank of India to take care of victims. 39. We may note that the intervenors, who are organisations representing victims, have also raised a similar line of arguments and their prayer is also to enhance the settlement amount. Mr. Sanjay Parekh, H 896 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R.

A learned senior counsel, while seeking enhancement appeared to mirror the arguments of the learned Attorney General. In addition, he prayed for digitisation of medical records for the benefit of victims who had been attended to in the hospitals so as to enable a fair assessment of their injuries. This aspect is however stated to be pending before the Madhya Pradesh High Court. B Analysis 40. We have bestowed our anxious consideration to the arguments put forth by both sides. While we sympathize with the victims of the awful tragedy, we are unable to disregard settled principles of law, C particularly at the curative stage. Mere sympathy for the sufferers does not enable us to devise a panacea; more so while looking into the nature of dispute, and the multifarious occasions on which this Court has applied its mind to the settlement.

41. The very basis for the original settlement was the need to provide immediate succour to the victims - through medical relief, D rehabilitation measures, setting up of facilities etc. This has been clearly observed by this Court at every step; be it in the orders recording the settlement, the order detailing reasons for the same, and the review judgment. We thus do not appreciate the endeavour by Ms. Karuna Nundy, counsel for the intervenors, in making out a case that there was E a ‘midnight settlement’ whereby a fraud was played upon this Court and the Union. The Court was clearly occupied with the aspect of a settlement being entered into, and it was found, after a number of sittings and rounds of hearings, that this was the most appropriate course of action.

42. On the aspect of adequacy, we must also take note of the F factual scenario which emerges as per the figures of the Union itself. Except for cases of minor injuries, the settlement amount was actually in excess as is apparent from the table reproduced above. As far as the issue of minor injuries is concerned, it appears from the Union’s own affidavit in IA Nos. 48-49/2004 in Civil Appeal No. 3187-88 of 1998 that in cases of injury, Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 4 lakh (original and pro rata G compensation) and an additional Rs. 50,000 were paid in cases of mere presence in the gas affected areas of Bhopal on the fateful night. It has also been admitted in the said affidavit that the amount of compensation for all categories was allocated on the higher side, and after disbursal of the leftover amount on a pro rata basis, the overall rate of compensation H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 897 CORPORATION & ORS. has in fact been doubled. Suffice for us to say that as per the learned A Attorney General, a figure of Rs. 50 crore remains with the Reserve Bank of India lying undisbursed. 43. We are conscious of the fact that the exchange rate worked in the Union’s favour as the exchange rate of the Dollar rate escalated. Some interest on the settlement amount also came in. This has allowed B the Union to work out a more wholesome allotment for the claimants.

44. We are cognizant that no amount is truly adequate when such incidents occur. Nevertheless, a monetary determination had to take place, and the only compensatory mechanism known to common law is that of a lump-sum settlement. This was deemed far more preferable to C the alternative option, whereby the suit would be allowed to be tried without a reasonable expectation of knowing when the trial would come to an end. This determination would of course be subject to further appeals and the process of execution, particularly as UCIL’s assets in India were only about Rs. 100 crores. Without a settlement, immediate funds would Dnot have been available for the victims. All these factors weighed with this Court while arriving at the settlement. 45. It is the Union’s own stand that the Commissioner has adjudicated all claims through procedure established by law where the possibility of appeal was provided. Further, it has been admitted in the Eproceedings culminating in this Court’s order dated 19.07.2004 that the amount of settlement was found to be in surplus of the actual requirement, and thus the claimants had been “provided compensation that was more than what was reasonably awardable to them under law”. This reinforces the position that the settlement amount was sufficient to compensate the claimants. F

46. The Union has filed the present curative petitions seeking to reopen the settlement after opposing attempts by private parties to do so. The scenario arising in case of a shortage was clearly outlined in the review judgment, i.e. the responsibility was placed on the Union of India, being a welfare State to make good the deficiency and to take out the G relevant insurance policies. Surprisingly, we are informed that no such insurance policy was taken out. This is gross negligence on part of the Union of India and is a breach of the directions made in the review judgment. The Union cannot be negligent on this aspect and then seek a prayer from this Court to fix such liability on UCC. H 898 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A 47. Union of India’s claim for a ‘top up’ has no foundations in any known legal principle. Either a settlement is valid or it is to be set aside in cases where it is vitiated by fraud. No such fraud has been pleaded by the Union, and their only contention relates to a number of victims, injuries, and costs that were not contemplated at the time the settlement was effected. There is also specifically no pleading under the heading of B

Claims 2 and 3 that can be said to be admissible, or one that could not be envisaged at the stage of settlement. It was known that medical facilities would have to be extended to rehabilitate people and there was bound to be environmental degradation. In fact, it is the UCC’s allegation that the Union and State Governments did not proactively detoxify or decomission C the site, thereby aggravating the problem. In any case, this cannot be a ground to seek annulment of the compromise, particularly as the settlement had to be reached in an expedient manner. The learned Attorney General’s response has been that a method for ‘topping up’ the settlement amount be devised under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. We believe this would not be an appropriate course of action or a method to impose a D greater liability on UCC than it initially agreed to bear.

48. We are equally dissatisfied with the Union being unable to furnish any rationale for raking up this issue more than two decades after the incident. Even assuming that the figures of affected persons turned out to be larger than contemplated earlier, an excess amount of E funds remained available to satisfy such claims. The Welfare Commissioner has in fact held in its order dated 31.01.2009 that on including the pro rata compensation, nearly six times the amount of compensation has been disbursed to victims in comparison with Motor Vehicle Accident claims. This order came in an application filed by F organisations who sought enhancement of their claim amounts due to fluctuation in the conversion value of the Dollar vis-à-vis the Rupee prevailing at the time of the settlement in 1989. A sum of Rs.50 crore lying with the RBI shall be utilised by the Union of India to satisfy pending claims, if any, in accordance with the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985 and the Scheme framed thereunder. G 49. Providing closure to a lis is also a very important aspect. This is more so in the context of the scenario faced by the Indian judiciary, where delay is almost inevitable. This concern would be further amplified in respect of a tort claim such as the present one - if evidence were to be led for each claimant, this would open a pandora’s box in UCC’s H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 899 CORPORATION & ORS.

favour and would only be to the detriment of the beneficiaries. The A money was needed in the immediate aftermath of the tragedy and not after three decades. 50. Thus, finality was reached at an early stage by way of the settlement. Endeavours to reopen the same proved unsuccessful. Now the curative petitions have been filed by the Union of India having not B filed review petitions. Private parties who are here before us seek to ride on the coattails of the Union. This is not something we can countenance. Conclusion: C 51. We are thus of the view that for all the aforesaid reasons the curative petitions cannot be entertained and we thus dismiss it leaving the parties to bear their own costs. Divya Pandey Petitions dismissed. (Assisted by : Shevali Monga, LCRA) D E F G H

[2023] 2 S.C.R. 881 881 UNION OF INDIA & ORS. A v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION & ORS. (Curative Pet (C) No. 345-347 of 2010) MARCH 14, 2023 B [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, SANJIV KHANNA, ABHAY S. OKA, VIKRAM NATH AND J. K. MAHESHWARI, JJ.] Bhopal Gas Tragedy Case – Curative petitions filed by the C Union of India seeking increase in the settlement amount – Held: Present petitions were filed by the Union of India 19 years post the settlement seeking to reopen the same – The very basis for the original settlement was the need to provide immediate succour to the victims through medical relief, rehabilitation measures etc. – Without a settlement, immediate funds would not have been available for the D victims – Finality was reached at an early stage by way of the settlement – Endeavours to reopen the same proved unsuccessful – Now the curative petitions have been filed by the Union of India having not filed review petitions – Further, admittedly, the amount of settlement was found to be in surplus of the actual requirement – E Thus, settlement amount was sufficient to compensate the claimants

– Rs.50 crore remains with the Reserve Bank of India lying undisbursed – The exchange rate worked in the Union’s favour as the exchange rate of the Dollar rate escalated – Some interest on the settlement amount also came in – Furthermore, in the review judgment, in case of a shortage, the responsibility was placed on F the Union of India to make good the deficiency and to take out the relevant insurance policies – However, no such insurance policy was taken out – The Union cannot be negligent on this aspect and then seek a prayer to fix such liability on UCC – Rs.50 crore lying with the RBI to be utilised by the Union of India to satisfy pending G claims, if any, in accordance with the 1985 Act and the Scheme framed thereunder – Union of India’s claim for ‘topping up’ the settlement amount has no foundations in any known legal principle – Curative petitions not entertained – Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985. H 881 882 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A Curative petition – Held: A curative petition relates to a re-examination of a final judgment of Supreme Court that has already undergone such re-examination through the review jurisdiction – Court’s inherent power ought not to be exercised as a matter of course – Court should be circumspect in reconsidering an order that had become final on dismissal of the review petition – However, B

in the present case in view of the nature of the matter, the curative petitions were examined despite the preliminary objection on maintainability. Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India & Ors. (1989) 3 SCC 38 : [1989] 3 SCR 128; Union Carbide C Corporation & Others v. Union of India & Others (1991) 4 SCC 584 : [1991] 1 Suppl. SCR 251; Bhopal Gas Peedith Mahila Udyog Sangathan & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. (2007) 9 SCC 707 : [2007] 6 SCR 24; Rupa Ashok Hurra v. Ashok Hurra & Anr. (2002) 4 D SCC 388 : [2002] 2 SCR 1006; Union Carbide Corporation Ltd. v. Union of India (2006) 13 SCC 321 – referred to. Case Law Reference [1989] 3 SCR 128 referred to Para 6 E [1991] 1 Suppl. SCR 251 referred to Para 9 [2007] 6 SCR 24 referred to Para 13 [2002] 2 SCR 1006 referred to Para 23 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Curative Pet (C) No. 345-F 347 of 2010 in R.P. No. 229 of 1989 & 623-624 of 1989 in C.A. No.3187-3188 of 1988 and SLP (C) No. 13080 of 1988. From the Judgment and Order dated 24.02.1989 in R.P. (C) No. 229 of 1989 and dated 15.02.1989 in R.P. (C) Nos. 623 and 624 of 1989 of the Supreme Court of India. G R. Venkataramani, AG, Ms. Madhvi Divan, A.S.G., Saurabh Mishra, A.A.G., R. Balasubramiam, S. Wasim A Qadri, Harish N Salve, Ravindra Shrivastav, Sidharth Luthra, Sanjiv Sen, Sanjay Parikh, Naveen R. Nath, Sr. Advs., Gurmeet Singh Makker, Ms. Chinmayee Chandra, Ms. Shradha Deshmukh, Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Venkataramani, Anandh H

UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 883 CORPORATION & ORS. Venkataramani, Vinayak Mehrotra, Chitvan Singhal, Ms. Mansi Sood, A Ms. Sonali Jain, Abhishek Kumar Pandey, Raman Yadav, Nakul Chengappa K.K., Ms. Akriti A Manubarwala, Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, Ms. Karuna Nundy, Ms. Aparna Bhat, Ms. Karishma Maria, Nischal Anand, Rahul Narayan, Ms. Muskan Tibrewala, Amanpreet Singh, Ragini Nagpal, Ishaan Karki, Sanchith Shiva Kumar, Mrs. Shiraz Contractor B Patodia, Ashish Singh, Ms. Divya Sharma, Ms. Juhi Chawla, Mayank Singhal, Ms. Sanya Shukla, Ms. Devangna Singh, Ms. Gayatri Goswami, Pankaj Singhal, Shakti Singh, Ayush Anand, Ieshan Sharma, Aditya Ghadge, Mrs. Bina Gupta, Ms. Bharti Badesra, Ms. Anjali Singh, Gautam Khaitan, A.T. Patra, Anuj Kapoor, Rahul Jain, Satwik Parik, Ms. Soumya Tandan, Mrinal Gopal Elker, Ms. Mrinal Elker Mazumdar, Sunny C Choudhary, Advs. for the appearing parties. The following Order of the Court was passed: O R D E R

1. A horrendous tragedy occurred on the night of 2nd and 3rd D December 1984, due to the escape of deadly chemical fumes from the factory owned and operated by M/s Union Carbide India Limited (hereinafter referred as ‘UCIL’) in Bhopal. This Court labelled the mass disaster as “unparalleled in its magnitude and devastation and … a ghastly monument to the dehumanizing influence of inherently dangerous Etechnologies”. Union of India has filed the present curative petitions seeking reconsideration of the settlement that was effected in the aftermath of the tragedy. Background and claims in the present petitions 2. In order to provide remuneration to victims, and to create an F institutional framework for disbursal of remedies, the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985 (hereinafter referred as ‘the said Act’), was enacted by the Government of India on 20.02.1985. This granted the Central Government an exclusive right to represent and act in place of every person who was entitled to make a claim for compensation. It also empowered the Central Government to institute G suits or other proceedings and to enter into a compromise. Consequently, the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Registration and Processing of Claims) Scheme, 1985, was framed in exercise of powers conferred under Section 9 of the said Act. This Scheme dealt with the procedure for H 884 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R.

A filing and processing of claims made to the Welfare Commissioner as per Section 6 of the said Act. 3. Thereafter, several actions for compensation were brought in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against Union Carbide Corporation (hereinafter referred as ‘UCC’). B UCC was a New York based corporation which owned 50.9% stock in UCIL at the time of the tragedy. UCC resisted the jurisdiction of the New York Court on grounds of forum non conveniens, claiming that it had subjected itself to the Courts of India. Judge Keenan allowed this plea vide order dated 10.06.1986 and dismissed the consolidated action on the basis of several factors, including the presence of witnesses and C evidence in India. The order however recorded UCC’s statement that it shall consent to submit to the jurisdiction of the Courts of India.

4. As a result of the same, a suit was filed by the Union of India against UCC before the District Judge, Bhopal, seeking compensation of approximately US $ 3.3 billion. Being apprehensive about funds being D made available for compensation to victims, the Union sought interim compensation from UCC. This prayer received a favourable consideration from the District Judge, who passed an interim order on 17.12.1987 directing UCC to deposit a sum of Rs. 350 crores by way of interim compensation. However, in a revision petition(s) filed by UCC, E this amount was reduced to Rs. 250 crores by the Madhya Pradesh High Court vide an order dated 04.04.1988.

5. Being aggrieved by this order, both contesting parties i.e. Union of India and UCC, filed SLPs before this Court. In terms of orders passed in those proceedings, the parties endeavoured to negotiate a settlement, possibly with a little nudge from the Court. The endeavour F was successful and UCC agreed to pay a sum of US $ 470 million to the Union of India in settlement of all claims, rights, and liabilities relating to and arising out of the Bhopal Gas disaster. The terms of the settlement were set out in the orders of this Court passed on 14th and 15th February, 1989. This Court observed that there had been careful consideration for G several days to the facts and circumstances placed before the Court by the parties; including the pleadings, data, material relating to proceedings in the Courts of USA, the offers and counter offers between the parties at different stages of various proceedings, the complex issues of law and facts raised, as well as the enormity of human suffering occasioned by the Bhopal Gas disaster and the pressing urgency to provide immediate H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 885 CORPORATION & ORS. and substantial relief to victims of the disaster. Thus, it was observed A that a sum of US $ 470 million would be just, equitable, and reasonable. This was to be paid on or before 31.03.1989 and all civil and criminal proceedings were to be closed in the process.

6. A detailed order setting out the reasons that persuaded this Court to make the order of settlement was passed thereafter on B 04.05.1989, reported as Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India & Ors.1 We would like to highlight a few aspects of the said order. This Court noted that the basic consideration motivating the settlement was the compelling need for urgent relief. It was considered necessary to grant immediate remedy as it was a question of survival for the thousands Cof persons rendered destitute by the ghastly disaster. Regarding the quantum of the settlement, this Court added a caveat in paragraph 14 of the said order. It was observed that if any material was placed before the Court for drawing a reasonable inference that UCC had earlier offered to pay any sum higher than the out-right down payment of US $ 470 million; it would result in the Court initiating a suo motu action, requiring D the parties to show why the settlement should not be set aside and the parties relegated to their respective original positions. Discussion then proceeded to the reasonableness of the settlement amount. It was opined that the question of reasonableness need not necessarily be construed on the basis of an accurate assessment by way of adjudication. Instead, Ethe quantum was a broad and general estimate. What was significant was whether such settlement would avoid delays, uncertainties, and assure immediate payment. The Court considered it appropriate to proceed on some prima facie undisputed figures of cases of death and of substantially compensatable personal injuries. This Court referred to the factual scenario emanating from the High Court order dated F 04.04.1988, where it was recorded that as per the Union of India, a total number of 2660 persons died and between 30,000 to 40,000 sustained serious injuries as a result of the disaster. The figures before the Supreme Court at the time were stated to be about 3000 fatal cases, and the number of grievous and serious personal injuries was about 30,000, as Gverifiable from hospital records. In estimating the amount of compensation, this Court set out the following basis in paragraph 24, which reads as under:

1(1989) 3 SCC 38. H 886 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A “24. So far as personal injury cases are concerned, about 30,000 was estimated as cases of permanent total or partial disability. Compensation ranging from Rs. 2 lakhs to Rs. 50,000 per individual according as the disability is total or partial and degrees of the latter was envisaged. This alone would account for Rs. 250 crores. In another 20,000 cases B of temporary total or partial disability compensation ranging from Rs. 1 lakh down to Rs. 25,000 depending on the nature and extent of the injuries and extent and degree of the temporary incapacitation accounting for a further allocation of Rs. 100 crores, was envisaged. Again, there might be C possibility of injuries of utmost severity in which case even Rs. 4 lakhs per individual might have to be considered. Rs. 80 crores, additionally for about 2000 of such cases were envisaged. A sum of Rs. 500 crores approximately was thought of as allocable to the fatal cases and 42,000 cases of such serious personal injuries leaving behind in their trail total or D partial incapacitation cither of permanent or temporary character.”

7. Outlays were also made for specialised institutional medical treatment (Rs. 25 crores) and provision for cases which were not of permanent/temporary disabilities but of minor injuries, loss of personal E belongings, loss of livestock etc. (Rs. 225 crores). The interest accruing on the corpus of settlement was also taken into account, being 14% to 14 ½ %. 8. On the aspect of the aforesaid broad allocations, it was clearly observed that even if a particular case was found to fall within such F broad categories, the determination of actual compensation payable to the claimant had to be done by the authorities under the said Act. However, the Court concluded that if the total number of cases of death or disability became so large so as to counter the ‘basic assumptions underlying the settlement’, then it would not hesitate to exercise its G powers of review. 9. The next round in the matter related to an endeavour by private parties to open the settlement by filing a review, inter alia on the powers of this Court to record a settlement. A Constitution Bench examined this issue in the Union Carbide Corporation & Others v. Union of India H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 887 CORPORATION & ORS.

& Others.2 The settlement was upheld with one caveat. The A extinguishment of criminal liabilities by the settlement was held to not be appropriate and thus, that aspect of the original order was reviewed. As to the need to arrive at a settlement, Ranganath Mishra, J. (as he then was) detailed the factors that had guided this Court. The Court had to be cognizant of the fact that the Indian assets of UCC, through UCIL were B around Rs. 100 crores at the time. Thus, any decree in excess of that amount would have to be executed in the courts of USA. If such decree were determined on the basis of prevailing law in India, i.e. absolute liability (different from the accepted basis in the USA, i.e. strict liability); the decree would be open to challenge on the grounds of due process and may not be executable. On this aspect, the principal judgment of the C majority laid emphasis on balancing factors such as the need for expedient relief, as recorded in the original judgment. In so far as the present controversy before us is concerned, we would like to flag the Court’s observations on the path to be followed if the compensation is found to be inadequate. These are set out in paragraph 198 of Union Carbide D Corporation & Others v. Union of India & Others3, which reads as under:

“198. After a careful thought, it appears to us that while it may not be wise or proper to deprive the victims of the benefit of the settlement, it is, however, necessary to ensure that in E the — perhaps unlikely — event of the settlement fund being found inadequate to meet the compensation determined in respect of all the present claimants, those persons who may have their claims determined after the fund is exhausted are not left to fend themselves. But, such a contingency may not arise having regard to the size of the settlement fund. If it F should arise, the reasonable way to protect the interests of the victims is to hold that the Union of India, as a welfare State and in the circumstances in which the settlement was made, should not be found wanting in making good the deficiency, if any. We hold and declare accordingly.” G 10. The aforesaid would show that the burden would fall on the Union of India, as a welfare state, to protect the interest of the victims. 2 (1991) 4 SCC 584. 3 (supra). H 888 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A It is to be noted that Ahmadi J., dissented on this aspect of liability of the Union. However, naturally, the majority view prevails.

11. Another aspect noted in the review was qua the members of the population of Bhopal who were put at risk; and who though asymptomatic at the time and not having filed for compensation, might B become symptomatic in future. In addition, care had to be taken of unborn children of mothers exposed to toxicity, where such children later develop congenital defects. For such an eventuality, a medical group insurance cover was envisaged. This is set out in paragraph 207 of Union Carbide Corporation & Others v. Union of India & Others4, which reads as under: C

“207. We are of the view that such contingencies shall be taken care of by obtaining an appropriate medical group insurance cover from the General Insurance Corporation of India or the Life Insurance Corporation of India for compensation to this contingent class of possible prospective D victims. There shall be no individual upper monetary limit for the insurance liability. The period of insurance cover should be a period of eight years in the future. The number of persons to be covered by this Group Insurance scheme should be about and not less than one lakh of persons. Having regard to the E population of the seriously affected wards of Bhopal city at the time of the disaster and having regard to the addition to the population by the subsequent births extrapolated on the basis of national average of birth rates over the past years and the future period of surveillance, this figure broadly accords with the percentage of (sic the) population of the F affected wards bears to the number of persons found to be affected by medical categorisation. This insurance cover will virtually serve to render the settlement an open ended one so far as the contingent class of future victims both existing and after-born are concerned. The possible claimants fall into G two categories: those who were in existence at the time of exposure; and those who were yet unborn and whose congenital defects are traceable to MIC toxicity inherited or derived congenitally.” H 4 (supra)

UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 889 CORPORATION & ORS. 12. There is no dispute that the compensation was deposited within A time. 13. Subsequently, certain endeavours were made on behalf of victims from time to time to open up the settlement. However, these were opposed by the Union of India and were not successful. The most recent such attempt was Bhopal Gas Peedith Mahila Udyog B Sangathan & Anr. V. Union of India & Ors.5 14. We are confronted here with an application filed under this Court’s curative jurisdiction by the Union of India 19 years post the settlement (i.e. in 2010) seeking to reopen the same. It is noteworthy that the Union chose not to file the review petitions which culminated in C this Court’s order dated 02.05.1989. Naturally, the present petitions have been strongly opposed by UCC, whereas groups stated to be representing the victims have endeavoured to ride piggyback on the curative petitions.

15. The curative petitions are broadly predicated on account of “wrong assumption of facts and data” which undergirded the quantum D of the settlement. Thus, the plea is that this ‘incompleteness of facts’, particularly with respect to the number of victims, has vitiated the settlement itself. On this basis, the settlement amount needs to be re-examined by this Court. Nevertheless, we may note that the Union of India was quite conscious of the fact that if the settlement were to be Ereopened, it would result in a revival of the suit, something which the Union has not even claimed. What the Union of India claims in essence is to top up the settlement i.e. maintain the factum of the settlement but to increase the amount as canvassed by Mr. R. Venkataramani, the learned Attorney General. 16. The Union of India’s claims, as set out in the petitions, are F based on three categories: “Claim – I: Claim on account of incorrect and wrong assumption of facts and data in the impugned judgments and orders on following grounds: G (i) Error in computation of Death Cases – Court recorded the estimated number of death cases was 3,000 whereas actual figure of death is 5,295 cases. 5 (2007) 9 SCC 707. H 890 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A (ii) Error in computation of Temporary Injury Cases – Court recorded the estimated number of temporary disability cases was 20,000 whereas actual figure of temporary disability is 35,455 cases.

(iii) Error in computation of Minor Injury Cases – Court B recorded that the estimated number of Minor Injury cases was 50,000 whereas actual figure of Minor Injury is 5,27,894 cases. (iv) Other Cases – In certain categories (viz. Permanent disability, utmost severe injuries, loss of property and loss of C livestock), the actual number assumed by the court has been found to be on the higher side resulting in the extra provision of compensation in those categories.” 17. The total amount claimed under this category was Rs. 675.96 crore at the time of filing the curative petitions. This Court vide order dated 11.10.2022 requested for the latest figures available as on the said D date. These details have been set out in tabular form below: E F G 18. The last column of the chart shows the additional amount required to be paid. While there is an increase in the amount required for compensation for death and temporary disability, there is also a decrease in the amounts required for cases of permanent disability and utmost H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 891 CORPORATION & ORS.

severe cases, as also for loss of property and loss of life. This may have A been the result of some changes in the categorisation of cases on account of the available material. The real increase is on account of minor injuries where it is stated that the additional amount required is of Rs. 955.45 crores. Undoubtedly, a decision was taken by the Government of India on 08.09.1992 to increase the amount of compensation to victims in B view of representations filed by various social action groups. “Claim – II: Claim of Rs.1,743.15 cr. on account of actual expenditure incurred by the State towards relief and rehabilitation measures.” 19. The aforesaid claim was further updated to Rs. 4,949.67 crores. C “Claim – III: Claim of Rs.315.70 crore on account of environment degradation.” 20. The updated amount under this category is Rs. 486.78 crores. 21. The Union of India has also claimed that since the revised D amount is being claimed a number of years after the settlement; several aspects, such as the devaluation of the rupee, interest rate, purchasing power parity, and the inflation index ought to be taken into account. These considerations were pleaded in alternative and are summarized in the following table: E * Calculations based on Yearly LIBOR F $ Calculations by applying Consumer Price Index (CPI) for industrial workers & Calculations based on 7% Compound Interest UCC’s Submissions G

22. The curative petitions were strongly opposed by Mr. Harish Salve, learned senior counsel appearing for UCC. 23. The preliminary objection was on the very maintainability of a curative petitions after two decades of the settlement. It was submitted that this was in breach of the principles enshrined in Rupa Ashok Hurra H 892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A v. Ashok Hurra & Anr.6, wherein this Court had specified very limited contours for its curative jurisdiction: “51. Nevertheless, we think that a petitioner is entitled to relief ex debito justitiae if he establishes (1) violation of principles of natural justice in that he was not a party to the lis but the B judgement adversely affected his interests or, if he was a party to the lis, he was not served with notice of the proceedings and the matter proceeded as if he had notice and (2) where in the proceedings a learned Judge failed to disclose his connection with the subject-matter or the parties giving scope for an apprehension of bias and the judgment adversely C affects the petitioner.”

24. It was submitted that the present curative petitions did not fall under any of these parameters. Counsel for UCC also highlighted another procedural deficiency on the basis of paragraph 52 of Rupa Ashok Hurra,7 wherein the petitioner is required to specifically aver that the D grounds mentioned in the curative petition had been taken in the review petition and subsequently dismissed by circulation. Since Union of India had not filed review petition(s), the curative petitions ought to be thrown out at the threshold. 25. In response, the Learned Attorney General contended that it E was this Court’s prerogative to chart a new course in terms of its curative jurisdiction, and to not limit itself to the extant norms specified in Rupa Ashok Hurra.8 On maintainability 26. On this preliminary point, we may note that a curative petition F relates to a re-examination of a final judgment of this Court, particularly one that has already undergone such re-examination through the Court’s review jurisdiction. Since this Court’s review jurisdiction itself is so restrictive, we find it difficult to accept that this Court can devise a curative jurisdiction that is expansive in character. G 27. On the facts of this case, we have already noticed that when review petitions were filed against the orders recording the settlement, the Union of India sought to support the same. However, the Union 6 (2002) 4 SCC 388. 7 (supra). H 8 (supra). UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 893

CORPORATION & ORS. subsequently opposed all other applications filed for reopening the A settlement. We understand that such a strategy was adopted as the Union of India’s endeavour is not to set aside the settlement but merely to ‘top up’ the settlement amount. 28. We have great hesitation in allowing such a prayer and granting such sui generis relief through the means of curative petitions. Although B this Court in Rupa Ashok Hurra9 chose not to enumerate all the grounds on which a curative petition could be entertained; the Court was clear in observing that its inherent power ought not to be exercised as a matter of course, and that it should be circumspect in reconsidering an order of this Court that had become final on dismissal of the review petition. CNevertheless, looking at the nature of the matter before us, it would be advisable to also examine the curative petition(s), apart from the aforesaid preliminary objection. On Merits 29. Turning to the objections on merits of the claims in the curative D petitions, counsel for UCC emphasised that the US$ 470 million (Rs. 750 crore), required to be deposited were so deposited and, thus, if the settlement is to be set aside, then the only consequence would be to revive the suit. As a corollary, the Union of India would be required to lead evidence to establish UCC’s liability, and UCC would be entitled to Ehave US$ 470 million remitted back to it by the Union of India with interest.

30. It was pointed out that an endeavour was made in the year 2007 by way of interlocutory applications to seek enhancement of the settlement fund by private organisations. This prayer was rejected by this Court in Bhopal Gas Peedith Mahila Udyog Sangathan10 on the F ground that re-examination of the settlement could not be done as the issue had already been decided. With regards to individual victims and organisations, any grievances towards the amount of compensation had to be taken up before the appropriate authorities constituted under the said Act. It is noteworthy that the Union of India had opposed the plea G of the private parties, and had taken a stand before this Court that claims had been adjudicated and compensation had been paid in terms of the scheme devised under the said Act. 9 (supra). 10 (supra). H 894 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A 31. The aforesaid was the latest endeavour prior to the filing of the present curative petitions. However, even before this, certain private organisations had filed interlocutory applications for disbursal of the surplus amount left from the settlement fund. This Court in Union Carbide Corporation Ltd. V. Union of India11 observed that approximately Rs. 1,503.01 crores from the settlement fund were available B as on that date, and thus ordered that this amount be distributed on pro rata basis to those persons whose claims had been settled. 32. There appear to be two reasons for the growth of the fund –

(a) interest on it and (b) more importantly, an exchange rate fluctuation in favour of the US Dollar. We may hasten to add that the learned C Attorney General was correct in submitting that UCC could not have taken benefit of a hypothetical fluctuation in the opposite direction, i.e. in favour of the Rupee. Nevertheless, the fact remains that the settlement fund, and the disbursement from the same underwent a significant increase considering the lapse of time. D 33. Next, learned counsel for UCC contended that the language of this Court’s orders dated 14.02.1989 and 15.02.1989 left no doubt as to the comprehensive nature of the settlement. UCC had agreed to the settlement even without a finding as to its liability. UCC’s Indian holding, i.e. UCIL had been wound up. The settlement was accepted only on the E basis that it was an overall settlement, which ended its potential exposure towards any legal proceedings. As a final stamp upon the settlement; this Court’s order dated 15.02.1989 had imposed a duty on the Union of India and the State of Madhya Pradesh to ensure that any suit, claim, or civil complaint filed in the future against UCC would be defended by the Union of India and would be disposed of in terms of the said order. F

34. It was urged that the review judgment had confirmed the ‘basic assumptions underlying the settlement’ and the settlement itself had been upheld, save the aspect of closure of criminal proceedings. Moreover, the issues sought to be raised in the present curative petitions were in fact raised in the review petitions filed by the private parties and G were finally decided by the order of this Court dated 03.10.1991. 35. Thus, it was contended that the substance of Union of India’s Claim-I, i.e. on account of error in computation of deaths, injuries etc. had actually been addressed by this Court in its review judgment. This H 11 (2006) 13 SCC 321. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 895 CORPORATION & ORS. Court had dealt with the risk of asymptomatic individuals later becoming A ill and had directed the Union of India to obtain insurance cover for eight years and to provide free medical monitoring and treatment of victims. In case of any deficit in the settlement fund, the responsibility was placed on the Union of India as a welfare State to fulfil such deficiency. Mr. Salve emphasised that it would be hazardous to belittle the advantages B of a settlement by questioning it on the anvil of adequacy or fairness, considering the complexity of the matter and the need to protect victims from the prospects of a protracted, exhausting, and uncertain litigation.

36. It was further contended that the settlement decree passed by this Court was not an adjudication upon either UCC’s liability or the Cquantum of compensation payable, as the suit never went to trial. A consensual settlement cannot be unilaterally enhanced without the consent of both the parties. The Union of India has not brought forth any allegation against the settlement or any ground to set it aside. The Union was fully aware of the consequences of setting aside the settlement and thus, restricted their petitions to a prayer for ‘topping up’ the settlement amount. D

37. It was also emphasised that there was no basic assumption that could be considered to have gone wrong. In the table reproduced above, it would appear that the only head in which there was any major change was with respect to ‘minor injuries’. This however resulted from the Union’s own categorisation of injuries suffered in the aftermath of E the tragedy, and their decision to expand the coverage of relief to a larger number of individuals. This was possible only because of the large amount of funds available with the Union, as is evident from the fact that this Court had in its order dated 19.05.2004 noted the availability of more than Rs. 1,500 crores available with the RBI and consequently Fawarded disbursal of the same on a pro rata basis. The Welfare Commissioner had recorded that after paying Rs.1,548.95 crores in the first round, a further Rs.1,509.14 crores had been disbursed on pro rata basis. Thus, a total of over Rs.3,000 crore had been paid to the victims. 38. In fact, it is admitted before us by the learned Attorney General Gthat a sum of Rs. 50 crore was still lying with the Reserve Bank of India to take care of victims. 39. We may note that the intervenors, who are organisations representing victims, have also raised a similar line of arguments and their prayer is also to enhance the settlement amount. Mr. Sanjay Parekh, H 896 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R.

A learned senior counsel, while seeking enhancement appeared to mirror the arguments of the learned Attorney General. In addition, he prayed for digitisation of medical records for the benefit of victims who had been attended to in the hospitals so as to enable a fair assessment of their injuries. This aspect is however stated to be pending before the Madhya Pradesh High Court. B Analysis 40. We have bestowed our anxious consideration to the arguments put forth by both sides. While we sympathize with the victims of the awful tragedy, we are unable to disregard settled principles of law, C particularly at the curative stage. Mere sympathy for the sufferers does not enable us to devise a panacea; more so while looking into the nature of dispute, and the multifarious occasions on which this Court has applied its mind to the settlement.

41. The very basis for the original settlement was the need to provide immediate succour to the victims - through medical relief, D rehabilitation measures, setting up of facilities etc. This has been clearly observed by this Court at every step; be it in the orders recording the settlement, the order detailing reasons for the same, and the review judgment. We thus do not appreciate the endeavour by Ms. Karuna Nundy, counsel for the intervenors, in making out a case that there was E a ‘midnight settlement’ whereby a fraud was played upon this Court and the Union. The Court was clearly occupied with the aspect of a settlement being entered into, and it was found, after a number of sittings and rounds of hearings, that this was the most appropriate course of action.

42. On the aspect of adequacy, we must also take note of the F factual scenario which emerges as per the figures of the Union itself. Except for cases of minor injuries, the settlement amount was actually in excess as is apparent from the table reproduced above. As far as the issue of minor injuries is concerned, it appears from the Union’s own affidavit in IA Nos. 48-49/2004 in Civil Appeal No. 3187-88 of 1998 that in cases of injury, Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 4 lakh (original and pro rata G compensation) and an additional Rs. 50,000 were paid in cases of mere presence in the gas affected areas of Bhopal on the fateful night. It has also been admitted in the said affidavit that the amount of compensation for all categories was allocated on the higher side, and after disbursal of the leftover amount on a pro rata basis, the overall rate of compensation H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 897 CORPORATION & ORS. has in fact been doubled. Suffice for us to say that as per the learned A Attorney General, a figure of Rs. 50 crore remains with the Reserve Bank of India lying undisbursed. 43. We are conscious of the fact that the exchange rate worked in the Union’s favour as the exchange rate of the Dollar rate escalated. Some interest on the settlement amount also came in. This has allowed B the Union to work out a more wholesome allotment for the claimants.

44. We are cognizant that no amount is truly adequate when such incidents occur. Nevertheless, a monetary determination had to take place, and the only compensatory mechanism known to common law is that of a lump-sum settlement. This was deemed far more preferable to C the alternative option, whereby the suit would be allowed to be tried without a reasonable expectation of knowing when the trial would come to an end. This determination would of course be subject to further appeals and the process of execution, particularly as UCIL’s assets in India were only about Rs. 100 crores. Without a settlement, immediate funds would Dnot have been available for the victims. All these factors weighed with this Court while arriving at the settlement. 45. It is the Union’s own stand that the Commissioner has adjudicated all claims through procedure established by law where the possibility of appeal was provided. Further, it has been admitted in the Eproceedings culminating in this Court’s order dated 19.07.2004 that the amount of settlement was found to be in surplus of the actual requirement, and thus the claimants had been “provided compensation that was more than what was reasonably awardable to them under law”. This reinforces the position that the settlement amount was sufficient to compensate the claimants. F

46. The Union has filed the present curative petitions seeking to reopen the settlement after opposing attempts by private parties to do so. The scenario arising in case of a shortage was clearly outlined in the review judgment, i.e. the responsibility was placed on the Union of India, being a welfare State to make good the deficiency and to take out the G relevant insurance policies. Surprisingly, we are informed that no such insurance policy was taken out. This is gross negligence on part of the Union of India and is a breach of the directions made in the review judgment. The Union cannot be negligent on this aspect and then seek a prayer from this Court to fix such liability on UCC. H 898 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A 47. Union of India’s claim for a ‘top up’ has no foundations in any known legal principle. Either a settlement is valid or it is to be set aside in cases where it is vitiated by fraud. No such fraud has been pleaded by the Union, and their only contention relates to a number of victims, injuries, and costs that were not contemplated at the time the settlement was effected. There is also specifically no pleading under the heading of B

Claims 2 and 3 that can be said to be admissible, or one that could not be envisaged at the stage of settlement. It was known that medical facilities would have to be extended to rehabilitate people and there was bound to be environmental degradation. In fact, it is the UCC’s allegation that the Union and State Governments did not proactively detoxify or decomission C the site, thereby aggravating the problem. In any case, this cannot be a ground to seek annulment of the compromise, particularly as the settlement had to be reached in an expedient manner. The learned Attorney General’s response has been that a method for ‘topping up’ the settlement amount be devised under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. We believe this would not be an appropriate course of action or a method to impose a D greater liability on UCC than it initially agreed to bear.

48. We are equally dissatisfied with the Union being unable to furnish any rationale for raking up this issue more than two decades after the incident. Even assuming that the figures of affected persons turned out to be larger than contemplated earlier, an excess amount of E funds remained available to satisfy such claims. The Welfare Commissioner has in fact held in its order dated 31.01.2009 that on including the pro rata compensation, nearly six times the amount of compensation has been disbursed to victims in comparison with Motor Vehicle Accident claims. This order came in an application filed by F organisations who sought enhancement of their claim amounts due to fluctuation in the conversion value of the Dollar vis-à-vis the Rupee prevailing at the time of the settlement in 1989. A sum of Rs.50 crore lying with the RBI shall be utilised by the Union of India to satisfy pending claims, if any, in accordance with the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985 and the Scheme framed thereunder. G 49. Providing closure to a lis is also a very important aspect. This is more so in the context of the scenario faced by the Indian judiciary, where delay is almost inevitable. This concern would be further amplified in respect of a tort claim such as the present one - if evidence were to be led for each claimant, this would open a pandora’s box in UCC’s H UNION OF INDIA & ORS. v. M/S. UNION CARBIDE 899 CORPORATION & ORS.

favour and would only be to the detriment of the beneficiaries. The A money was needed in the immediate aftermath of the tragedy and not after three decades. 50. Thus, finality was reached at an early stage by way of the settlement. Endeavours to reopen the same proved unsuccessful. Now the curative petitions have been filed by the Union of India having not B filed review petitions. Private parties who are here before us seek to ride on the coattails of the Union. This is not something we can countenance. Conclusion: C 51. We are thus of the view that for all the aforesaid reasons the curative petitions cannot be entertained and we thus dismiss it leaving the parties to bear their own costs. Divya Pandey Petitions dismissed. (Assisted by : Shevali Monga, LCRA) D E F G H