[2023] 2 S.C.R. 191 191 UNION OF INDIA THROUGH LAND ACQUISITION A COLLECTOR v. RAJESH KUMAR AND ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 1615 of 2023) B MARCH 13, 2023 [M. R. SHAH AND MANOJ MISRA, JJ.] Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 : s. 24(2) – C Land acquisition when deemed to have lapsed – Writ petitioner’s case that possession of the agricultural land has been taken – Writ petition by the private respondent-writ petitioner seeking declaration that acquisition proceedings pertaining to subject land is deemed to have lapsed in view of s.24(2) – High Court relying upon Pune Municipal Corporation’s case and on the ground that compensation D has not been paid or tendered allowed the writ petition – Sustainability of – Held: Not sustainable – Pune Municipal Corporation’s case has been overruled by this Court in the Constitution Bench decision in Indore Development Authority’s case – Applying the law laid by this Court in Indore Development Authority’s E case to the facts of case, and that the physical possession of the subject land was taken on 22.09.1997, the order of the High Court is quashed and set aside – Land Acquisition Act, 1894. Indore Development Authority v. Manoharlal & Ors. (2020) 8 SCC 129 : [2020] 3 SCR 1 – followed. F Pune Municipal Corporation & Anr. v. Harakchand Misrimal Solanki & Ors. (2014) 3 SCC 183 : [2014] 1 SCR 783 – referred to. Case Law Reference

G[2014] 1 SCR 783 referred to Para 2, 2.1 [2020] 3 SCR 1 followed Para 2.1, 3 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1615 of 2023. H 191 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A From the Judgment and Order dated 02.08.2016 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition (C) No. 9269 of 2014. Madhu Prakash, Rituraj Choudhary, Chandan Kumar, Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, Ms. Sujeeta Srivastava, Advs. for the Appellant. B Vikramjeet Banerjee, A.S.G., Nakul Dewan, Sr. Adv., Pradhuman Gohil, Mrs. Taruna Singh Gohil, Ms. Ranu Purohit, Alapati Sahithya Krishna, Ms. Jaikriti S. Jadeja, Charudatta Vijayrao Mahindrakar, Keshav Hegde, Aftab Rasheed, Aftab Ali Khan, Kanu Agarwal, Rajan Kumar Chourasia, Ms. Baby Devi Bonia, A K Kaul, Shashank Bajpai, Prashant C Singh II, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Sudarsh Menon, Samarendra Beura, Rajesh Rathore, Nitin Mishra, Ishaan Sharma, Ashwani Kumar, Anshay Dhatwalia, Shree Pal Singh, N. S. Vasisht, Ms. Jyoti Kataria, Advs. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D M. R. SHAH, J. 1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition

(C) No. 9269 of 2014 by which the High Court has allowed the said writ petition and has declared that the acquisition proceedings initiated under E the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (hereinafter referred to as “Act, 1894”) with regard to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as “Act, 2013”), the Union of India through Land Acquisition Collector, New Delhi has preferred the present appeal. F 2. From the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court, it appears that it was the specific case on behalf of the appellant before the High Court that the possession of the land in question has been taken. Even in the writ petition before the High Court in para (c), the original writ petitioner had admitted that on 22.09.1997, the possession G of the agricultural land (land in question) has been taken. Despite the above and relying upon the decision of this Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation and Anr. Vs. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki and Ors., (2014) 3 SCC 183 and solely on the ground that the compensation has not been paid or tendered, the High Court has H UNION OF INDIA THROUGH LAND ACQUISITION 193 COLLECTOR v. RAJESH KUMAR AND ORS. [M. R. SHAH, J.] declared that the acquisition with respect to the land in question is deemed A to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013.

2.1 The decision of this Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation and Anr. (supra), which has been relied upon by the High Court, has been overruled by the Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of Indore Development Authority Vs. Manoharlal and B Ors., (2020) 8 SCC 129. In paragraphs 365 and 366, the Constitution Bench of this Court has observed and held as under:-“365. Resultantly, the decision rendered in Pune Municipal Corpn. [Pune Municipal Corpn. v. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki, (2014) 3 SCC 183] is hereby overruled and all other decisions in C which Pune Municipal Corpn. [Pune Municipal Corpn. v. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki, (2014) 3 SCC 183] has been followed, are also overruled. The decision in Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. [Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. v. State of T.N., (2015) 3 SCC 353] cannot be said to be laying down D good law, is overruled and other decisions following the same are also overruled. In Indore Development Authority v. Shailendra [(2018) 3 SCC 412], the aspect with respect to the proviso to Section 24(2) and whether “or” has to be read as “nor” or as “and” was not placed for consideration. Therefore, that decision too cannot prevail, in the light of the discussion in the present E judgment. 366. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we answer the questions as under:

366.1. Under the provisions of Section 24(1)(a) in case the award is not made as on 1-1-2014, the date of commencement of F the 2013 Act, there is no lapse of proceedings. Compensation has to be determined under the provisions of the 2013 Act. 366.2. In case the award has been passed within the window period of five years excluding the period covered by an interim order of the court, then proceedings shall continue as G provided under Section 24(1)(b) of the 2013 Act under the 1894 Act as if it has not been repealed. 366.3. The word “or” used in Section 24(2) between possession and compensation has to be read as “nor” or as “and”. The deemed lapse of land acquisition proceedings under Section H 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A 24(2) of the 2013 Act takes place where due to inaction of authorities for five years or more prior to commencement of the said Act, the possession of land has not been taken nor compensation has been paid. In other words, in case possession has been taken, compensation has not been paid then there is no lapse. Similarly, if compensation has been paid, possession has B not been taken then there is no lapse.

366.4. The expression “paid” in the main part of Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not include a deposit of compensation in court. The consequence of non-deposit is provided in the proviso to Section 24(2) in case it has not been deposited with respect to C majority of landholdings then all beneficiaries (landowners) as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act shall be entitled to compensation in accordance with the provisions of the 2013 Act. In case the obligation under Section 31 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 has not been fulfilled, interest D under Section 34 of the said Act can be granted. Non-deposit of compensation (in court) does not result in the lapse of land acquisition proceedings. In case of non-deposit with respect to the majority of holdings for five years or more, compensation under the 2013 Act has to be paid to the “landowners” as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act. E

366.5. In case a person has been tendered the compensation as provided under Section 31(1) of the 1894 Act, it is not open to him to claim that acquisition has lapsed under Section 24(2) due to non-payment or non- deposit of compensation in court. The obligation to pay is complete by tendering the amount under F Section 31(1). The landowners who had refused to accept compensation or who sought reference for higher compensation, cannot claim that the acquisition proceedings had lapsed under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act. 366.6. The proviso to Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act is to G be treated as part of Section 24(2), not part of Section 24(1)(b). 366.7. The mode of taking possession under the 1894 Act and as contemplated under Section 24(2) is by drawing of inquest report/memorandum. Once award has been passed on taking possession under Section 16 of the 1894 Act, the land vests in H UNION OF INDIA THROUGH LAND ACQUISITION 195 COLLECTOR v. RAJESH KUMAR AND ORS. [M. R. SHAH, J.] State there is no divesting provided under Section 24(2) of the A 2013 Act, as once possession has been taken there is no lapse under Section 24(2).

366.8. The provisions of Section 24(2) providing for a deemed lapse of proceedings are applicable in case authorities have failed due to their inaction to take possession and pay B compensation for five years or more before the 2013 Act came into force, in a proceeding for land acquisition pending with the authority concerned as on 1-1-2014. The period of subsistence of interim orders passed by court has to be excluded in the computation of five years. C 366.9. Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not give rise to new cause of action to question the legality of concluded proceedings of land acquisition. Section 24 applies to a proceeding pending on the date of enforcement of the 2013 Act i.e. 1-1-2014. It does not revive stale and time-barred claims and does not reopen D concluded proceedings nor allow landowners to question the legality of mode of taking possession to reopen proceedings or mode of deposit of compensation in the treasury instead of court to invalidate acquisition.”

3. Applying the law laid down by this Court in the case of Indore EDevelopment Authority (supra) to the facts of the case on hand and more particularly, when even the original writ petitioner also admitted that the possession of the land in question was taken on 22.09.1997, there shall not be any deemed lapse under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013. Under the circumstances, the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court is unsustainable and the same deserves to be quashed F and set aside and is accordingly quashed and set aside. There shall not be any deemed lapse of the acquisition with respect to the land in question. The original writ petition before the High Court stands dismissed. Present appeal is accordingly allowed. No costs. Pending application, if any, also stands disposed of. G Nidhi Jain Appeal allowed. (Assisted by : Abhishek Pratap Singh, LCRA) H

[2023] 2 S.C.R. 191 191 UNION OF INDIA THROUGH LAND ACQUISITION A COLLECTOR v. RAJESH KUMAR AND ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 1615 of 2023) B MARCH 13, 2023 [M. R. SHAH AND MANOJ MISRA, JJ.] Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 : s. 24(2) – C Land acquisition when deemed to have lapsed – Writ petitioner’s case that possession of the agricultural land has been taken – Writ petition by the private respondent-writ petitioner seeking declaration that acquisition proceedings pertaining to subject land is deemed to have lapsed in view of s.24(2) – High Court relying upon Pune Municipal Corporation’s case and on the ground that compensation D has not been paid or tendered allowed the writ petition – Sustainability of – Held: Not sustainable – Pune Municipal Corporation’s case has been overruled by this Court in the Constitution Bench decision in Indore Development Authority’s case – Applying the law laid by this Court in Indore Development Authority’s E case to the facts of case, and that the physical possession of the subject land was taken on 22.09.1997, the order of the High Court is quashed and set aside – Land Acquisition Act, 1894. Indore Development Authority v. Manoharlal & Ors. (2020) 8 SCC 129 : [2020] 3 SCR 1 – followed. F Pune Municipal Corporation & Anr. v. Harakchand Misrimal Solanki & Ors. (2014) 3 SCC 183 : [2014] 1 SCR 783 – referred to. Case Law Reference

G[2014] 1 SCR 783 referred to Para 2, 2.1 [2020] 3 SCR 1 followed Para 2.1, 3 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1615 of 2023. H 191 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A From the Judgment and Order dated 02.08.2016 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition (C) No. 9269 of 2014. Madhu Prakash, Rituraj Choudhary, Chandan Kumar, Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, Ms. Sujeeta Srivastava, Advs. for the Appellant. B Vikramjeet Banerjee, A.S.G., Nakul Dewan, Sr. Adv., Pradhuman Gohil, Mrs. Taruna Singh Gohil, Ms. Ranu Purohit, Alapati Sahithya Krishna, Ms. Jaikriti S. Jadeja, Charudatta Vijayrao Mahindrakar, Keshav Hegde, Aftab Rasheed, Aftab Ali Khan, Kanu Agarwal, Rajan Kumar Chourasia, Ms. Baby Devi Bonia, A K Kaul, Shashank Bajpai, Prashant C Singh II, Arvind Kumar Sharma, Sudarsh Menon, Samarendra Beura, Rajesh Rathore, Nitin Mishra, Ishaan Sharma, Ashwani Kumar, Anshay Dhatwalia, Shree Pal Singh, N. S. Vasisht, Ms. Jyoti Kataria, Advs. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D M. R. SHAH, J. 1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition

(C) No. 9269 of 2014 by which the High Court has allowed the said writ petition and has declared that the acquisition proceedings initiated under E the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (hereinafter referred to as “Act, 1894”) with regard to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as “Act, 2013”), the Union of India through Land Acquisition Collector, New Delhi has preferred the present appeal. F 2. From the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court, it appears that it was the specific case on behalf of the appellant before the High Court that the possession of the land in question has been taken. Even in the writ petition before the High Court in para (c), the original writ petitioner had admitted that on 22.09.1997, the possession G of the agricultural land (land in question) has been taken. Despite the above and relying upon the decision of this Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation and Anr. Vs. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki and Ors., (2014) 3 SCC 183 and solely on the ground that the compensation has not been paid or tendered, the High Court has H UNION OF INDIA THROUGH LAND ACQUISITION 193 COLLECTOR v. RAJESH KUMAR AND ORS. [M. R. SHAH, J.] declared that the acquisition with respect to the land in question is deemed A to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013.

2.1 The decision of this Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation and Anr. (supra), which has been relied upon by the High Court, has been overruled by the Constitution Bench of this Court in the case of Indore Development Authority Vs. Manoharlal and B Ors., (2020) 8 SCC 129. In paragraphs 365 and 366, the Constitution Bench of this Court has observed and held as under:-“365. Resultantly, the decision rendered in Pune Municipal Corpn. [Pune Municipal Corpn. v. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki, (2014) 3 SCC 183] is hereby overruled and all other decisions in C which Pune Municipal Corpn. [Pune Municipal Corpn. v. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki, (2014) 3 SCC 183] has been followed, are also overruled. The decision in Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. [Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. v. State of T.N., (2015) 3 SCC 353] cannot be said to be laying down D good law, is overruled and other decisions following the same are also overruled. In Indore Development Authority v. Shailendra [(2018) 3 SCC 412], the aspect with respect to the proviso to Section 24(2) and whether “or” has to be read as “nor” or as “and” was not placed for consideration. Therefore, that decision too cannot prevail, in the light of the discussion in the present E judgment. 366. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we answer the questions as under:

366.1. Under the provisions of Section 24(1)(a) in case the award is not made as on 1-1-2014, the date of commencement of F the 2013 Act, there is no lapse of proceedings. Compensation has to be determined under the provisions of the 2013 Act. 366.2. In case the award has been passed within the window period of five years excluding the period covered by an interim order of the court, then proceedings shall continue as G provided under Section 24(1)(b) of the 2013 Act under the 1894 Act as if it has not been repealed. 366.3. The word “or” used in Section 24(2) between possession and compensation has to be read as “nor” or as “and”. The deemed lapse of land acquisition proceedings under Section H 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A 24(2) of the 2013 Act takes place where due to inaction of authorities for five years or more prior to commencement of the said Act, the possession of land has not been taken nor compensation has been paid. In other words, in case possession has been taken, compensation has not been paid then there is no lapse. Similarly, if compensation has been paid, possession has B not been taken then there is no lapse.

366.4. The expression “paid” in the main part of Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not include a deposit of compensation in court. The consequence of non-deposit is provided in the proviso to Section 24(2) in case it has not been deposited with respect to C majority of landholdings then all beneficiaries (landowners) as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act shall be entitled to compensation in accordance with the provisions of the 2013 Act. In case the obligation under Section 31 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 has not been fulfilled, interest D under Section 34 of the said Act can be granted. Non-deposit of compensation (in court) does not result in the lapse of land acquisition proceedings. In case of non-deposit with respect to the majority of holdings for five years or more, compensation under the 2013 Act has to be paid to the “landowners” as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act. E

366.5. In case a person has been tendered the compensation as provided under Section 31(1) of the 1894 Act, it is not open to him to claim that acquisition has lapsed under Section 24(2) due to non-payment or non- deposit of compensation in court. The obligation to pay is complete by tendering the amount under F Section 31(1). The landowners who had refused to accept compensation or who sought reference for higher compensation, cannot claim that the acquisition proceedings had lapsed under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act. 366.6. The proviso to Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act is to G be treated as part of Section 24(2), not part of Section 24(1)(b). 366.7. The mode of taking possession under the 1894 Act and as contemplated under Section 24(2) is by drawing of inquest report/memorandum. Once award has been passed on taking possession under Section 16 of the 1894 Act, the land vests in H UNION OF INDIA THROUGH LAND ACQUISITION 195 COLLECTOR v. RAJESH KUMAR AND ORS. [M. R. SHAH, J.] State there is no divesting provided under Section 24(2) of the A 2013 Act, as once possession has been taken there is no lapse under Section 24(2).

366.8. The provisions of Section 24(2) providing for a deemed lapse of proceedings are applicable in case authorities have failed due to their inaction to take possession and pay B compensation for five years or more before the 2013 Act came into force, in a proceeding for land acquisition pending with the authority concerned as on 1-1-2014. The period of subsistence of interim orders passed by court has to be excluded in the computation of five years. C 366.9. Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not give rise to new cause of action to question the legality of concluded proceedings of land acquisition. Section 24 applies to a proceeding pending on the date of enforcement of the 2013 Act i.e. 1-1-2014. It does not revive stale and time-barred claims and does not reopen D concluded proceedings nor allow landowners to question the legality of mode of taking possession to reopen proceedings or mode of deposit of compensation in the treasury instead of court to invalidate acquisition.”

3. Applying the law laid down by this Court in the case of Indore EDevelopment Authority (supra) to the facts of the case on hand and more particularly, when even the original writ petitioner also admitted that the possession of the land in question was taken on 22.09.1997, there shall not be any deemed lapse under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013. Under the circumstances, the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court is unsustainable and the same deserves to be quashed F and set aside and is accordingly quashed and set aside. There shall not be any deemed lapse of the acquisition with respect to the land in question. The original writ petition before the High Court stands dismissed. Present appeal is accordingly allowed. No costs. Pending application, if any, also stands disposed of. G Nidhi Jain Appeal allowed. (Assisted by : Abhishek Pratap Singh, LCRA) H