[2023] 1 S.C.R. 407 407 GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI A v. SUBHASH GUPTA & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 737 of 2023) FEBRUARY 09, 2023 B [M. R. SHAH AND C. T. RAVIKUMAR, JJ.] Land Acquisition – Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 – s.24(2) – Land Acquisition Act, 1894 – Possession of the land in question could not be taken because of the operation of C the stay order in a writ petition and the same came to be continued by Supreme Court till 11.02.2015 – Therefore, there was a stay operating against the taking over of the possession even on the day on which the Act, 2013 came into force – High Court however, relying upon its’ earlier decision in the case of Jagjit Singh and the D

decision of Supreme Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation, allowed writ petition preferred by respondent No.1 and declared that acquisition proceedings initiated under the Act, 1894 with regard to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under s.24(2) of Act, 2013 as physical possession of the subject land was not taken and compensation was not paid – Held: Decisions in the cases of E Pune Municipal Corporation, and Jagjeet Singh are contrary to the Constitution Bench decision of Supreme Court in the case of Indore Development Authority – As per law laid in the case of Indore Development Authority, the period of stay of taking over the possession has to be excluded for the purpose of s.24(2) of Act, 2013 – Even otherwise, once having obtained the stay of possession, F thereafter, it will not be open for the landowners to contend that as the possession (which is not taken due to stay) has not been taken therefore, there would be lapse under s.24(2) of the Act, 2013 – Twin conditions namely, not taking the possession and not paying the compensation have to be satisfied and if one of the conditions Gis not satisfied there shall not be any lapse of the acquisition – Impugned judgment passed by High Court, accordingly, unsustainable. Indore Development Authority vs Manoharlal & Ors. (2020) 8 SCC 129 : [2020] 3 SCR 1 – followed. H 407 408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 1 S.C.R.

A Pune Municipal Corporation & Anr. v. Harakchand Misrimal Solanki & Ors (2014) 3 SCC 183 – held overruled. Case Law Reference (2014) 3 SCC 183 held overruled Para 2 B [2020] 3 SCR 1 followed Para 3 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.737 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 13.10.2015 of the High Court C of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition (C) No.2458 of 2015. Huzefa Ahmadi, Sr. Adv., Ms. Sujeeta Srivastava, Shivam Singh, Rohan Sharma, Ms. Shaswati Parhi, Gopal Singh, Ms. Iti Sharma, Rahul Bhatia, Mishra Saurabh, Ms. Manika Tripathy, Ashutosh Kaushik, Manish Vashist, Roshan Kumar, Nitin Mishra, Sahil Tagotra, Abhishek Pandey, D Ms. Abhivyakti Banerjee, Ms. Sakshi Garg, Ms. Sunieta Ojha, Advs. for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by M. R. SHAH, J.

E 1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition (C) No. 2458 of 2015 by which the High Court has allowed the said writ petition preferred by the respondent No. 1 herein – original writ petitioner and has declared that the land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (hereinafter referred to F as “Act, 1894”) with regard to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as “Act, 2013”), the Govt. of NCT of Delhi has preferred the present appeal. G 2. From the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court and even so stated in the counter affidavit filed before the High Court, it appears that the possession of the land in question could not be taken because of the operation of the stay order in Writ Petition (C) No. 14129 of 2005 and the same came to be continued by this Court till 11.02.2015. Therefore, there was a stay operating against the taking H GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI v. SUBHASH GUPTA 409 & ORS. [M. R. SHAH, J.]

over of the possession even on the day on which the Act, 2013 came A into force. However, despite the above and relying upon its earlier decision in the case of Jagjit Singh and Ors. Vs. Union of India and Ors., Writ Petition (C) No. 2806 of 2004 and relying upon the decision of this Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation and Anr. Vs. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki and Ors., (2014) 3 SCC 183, the B High Court has allowed the said writ petition and has declared that the land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Act, 1894 with respect to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013 as the physical possession of the subject land was not taken and the compensation has not been paid.

C 3. The decision of this Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation and Anr. (supra), which has been relied upon by the High Court while passing the impugned judgment and order and the decision of the High Court in the case of Jagjeet Singh and Ors. (supra), which has also been relied upon by the High Court are just contrary to the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in the case of D Indore Development Authority Vs. Manoharlal and Ors., (2020) 8 SCC 129. In paragraphs 365 and 366, the Constitution Bench of this Court has observed and held as under:-“365. Resultantly, the decision rendered in Pune Municipal Corpn. [Pune Municipal Corpn. v. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki, E (2014) 3 SCC 183] is hereby overruled and all other decisions in which Pune Municipal Corpn. [Pune Municipal Corpn. v. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki, (2014) 3 SCC 183] has been followed, are also overruled. The decision in Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. [Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. v. State of T.N., (2015) 3 SCC 353] cannot be said to be laying down F good law, is overruled and other decisions following the same are also overruled. In Indore Development Authority v. Shailendra [(2018) 3 SCC 412], the aspect with respect to the proviso to Section 24(2) and whether “or” has to be read as “nor” or as “and” was not placed for consideration. Therefore, that decision G too cannot prevail, in the light of the discussion in the present judgment.

366. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we answer the questions as under: H 410 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 1 S.C.R. A 366.1. Under the provisions of Section 24(1)(a) in case the award is not made as on 1-1-2014, the date of commencement of the 2013 Act, there is no lapse of proceedings. Compensation has to be determined under the provisions of the 2013 Act. 366.2. In case the award has been passed within the B window period of five years excluding the period covered by an interim order of the court, then proceedings shall continue as provided under Section 24(1)(b) of the 2013 Act under the 1894 Act as if it has not been repealed. 366.3. The word “or” used in Section 24(2) between C possession and compensation has to be read as “nor” or as “and”. The deemed lapse of land acquisition proceedings under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act takes place where due to inaction of authorities for five years or more prior to commencement of the said Act, the possession of land has not been taken nor compensation has been paid. In other words, in case possession D has been taken, compensation has not been paid then there is no lapse. Similarly, if compensation has been paid, possession has not been taken then there is no lapse.

366.4. The expression “paid” in the main part of Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not include a deposit of compensation E in court. The consequence of non-deposit is provided in the proviso to Section 24(2) in case it has not been deposited with respect to majority of landholdings then all beneficiaries (landowners) as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act shall be entitled to compensation in accordance with the F provisions of the 2013 Act. In case the obligation under Section 31 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 has not been fulfilled, interest under Section 34 of the said Act can be granted. Non-deposit of compensation (in court) does not result in the lapse of land acquisition proceedings. In case of non-deposit with respect to the majority of holdings for five years or more, compensation under G the 2013 Act has to be paid to the “landowners” as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act. 366.5. In case a person has been tendered the compensation as provided under Section 31(1) of the 1894 Act, it is not open to him to claim that acquisition has lapsed under Section 24(2) due H GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI v. SUBHASH GUPTA 411 & ORS. [M. R. SHAH, J.]

to non-payment or non- deposit of compensation in court. The A obligation to pay is complete by tendering the amount under Section 31(1). The landowners who had refused to accept compensation or who sought reference for higher compensation, cannot claim that the acquisition proceedings had lapsed under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act. B 366.6. The proviso to Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act is to be treated as part of Section 24(2), not part of Section 24(1)(b). 366.7. The mode of taking possession under the 1894 Act and as contemplated under Section 24(2) is by drawing of inquest report/memorandum. Once award has been passed on taking C possession under Section 16 of the 1894 Act, the land vests in State there is no divesting provided under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act, as once possession has been taken there is no lapse under Section 24(2). 366.8. The provisions of Section 24(2) providing for a D deemed lapse of proceedings are applicable in case authorities have failed due to their inaction to take possession and pay compensation for five years or more before the 2013 Act came into force, in a proceeding for land acquisition pending with the authority concerned as on 1-1-2014. The period of subsistence of E interim orders passed by court has to be excluded in the computation of five years.

366.9. Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not give rise to new cause of action to question the legality of concluded proceedings of land acquisition. Section 24 applies to a proceeding F pending on the date of enforcement of the 2013 Act i.e. 1-1-2014. It does not revive stale and time-barred claims and does not reopen concluded proceedings nor allow landowners to question the legality of mode of taking possession to reopen proceedings or mode of deposit of compensation in the treasury instead of court to invalidate acquisition.” G 4. As per the law laid down by this Court in the case of Indore Development Authority (supra), the period of stay of taking over the possession has to be excluded for the purpose of Section 24(2) of Act, 2013. Even otherwise, once having obtained the stay of possession, H 412 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 1 S.C.R. A thereafter, it will not be open for the landowners to contend that as the possession (which is not taken due to stay) has not been taken therefore, there would be lapse under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013.

5. In view of the above and applying the law laid down by this Court in the case of Indore Development Authority (supra), the B impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court declaring that the land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Act, 1894 with respect to land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013 is unsustainable and the same deserves to be quashed and set aside and is accordingly quashed and set aside. C Present appeal is accordingly allowed. No costs. Pending applications, if any, also stand disposed of. Bibhuti Bhushan Bose Appeal allowed. (Assisted by : Abhishek Pratap Singh, LCRA) D E F G H

[2023] 1 S.C.R. 407 407 GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI A v. SUBHASH GUPTA & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 737 of 2023) FEBRUARY 09, 2023 B [M. R. SHAH AND C. T. RAVIKUMAR, JJ.] Land Acquisition – Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 – s.24(2) – Land Acquisition Act, 1894 – Possession of the land in question could not be taken because of the operation of C the stay order in a writ petition and the same came to be continued by Supreme Court till 11.02.2015 – Therefore, there was a stay operating against the taking over of the possession even on the day on which the Act, 2013 came into force – High Court however, relying upon its’ earlier decision in the case of Jagjit Singh and the D

decision of Supreme Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation, allowed writ petition preferred by respondent No.1 and declared that acquisition proceedings initiated under the Act, 1894 with regard to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under s.24(2) of Act, 2013 as physical possession of the subject land was not taken and compensation was not paid – Held: Decisions in the cases of E Pune Municipal Corporation, and Jagjeet Singh are contrary to the Constitution Bench decision of Supreme Court in the case of Indore Development Authority – As per law laid in the case of Indore Development Authority, the period of stay of taking over the possession has to be excluded for the purpose of s.24(2) of Act, 2013 – Even otherwise, once having obtained the stay of possession, F thereafter, it will not be open for the landowners to contend that as the possession (which is not taken due to stay) has not been taken therefore, there would be lapse under s.24(2) of the Act, 2013 – Twin conditions namely, not taking the possession and not paying the compensation have to be satisfied and if one of the conditions Gis not satisfied there shall not be any lapse of the acquisition – Impugned judgment passed by High Court, accordingly, unsustainable. Indore Development Authority vs Manoharlal & Ors. (2020) 8 SCC 129 : [2020] 3 SCR 1 – followed. H 407 408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 1 S.C.R.

A Pune Municipal Corporation & Anr. v. Harakchand Misrimal Solanki & Ors (2014) 3 SCC 183 – held overruled. Case Law Reference (2014) 3 SCC 183 held overruled Para 2 B [2020] 3 SCR 1 followed Para 3 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.737 of 2023. From the Judgment and Order dated 13.10.2015 of the High Court C of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition (C) No.2458 of 2015. Huzefa Ahmadi, Sr. Adv., Ms. Sujeeta Srivastava, Shivam Singh, Rohan Sharma, Ms. Shaswati Parhi, Gopal Singh, Ms. Iti Sharma, Rahul Bhatia, Mishra Saurabh, Ms. Manika Tripathy, Ashutosh Kaushik, Manish Vashist, Roshan Kumar, Nitin Mishra, Sahil Tagotra, Abhishek Pandey, D Ms. Abhivyakti Banerjee, Ms. Sakshi Garg, Ms. Sunieta Ojha, Advs. for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by M. R. SHAH, J.

E 1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Writ Petition (C) No. 2458 of 2015 by which the High Court has allowed the said writ petition preferred by the respondent No. 1 herein – original writ petitioner and has declared that the land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (hereinafter referred to F as “Act, 1894”) with regard to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as “Act, 2013”), the Govt. of NCT of Delhi has preferred the present appeal. G 2. From the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court and even so stated in the counter affidavit filed before the High Court, it appears that the possession of the land in question could not be taken because of the operation of the stay order in Writ Petition (C) No. 14129 of 2005 and the same came to be continued by this Court till 11.02.2015. Therefore, there was a stay operating against the taking H GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI v. SUBHASH GUPTA 409 & ORS. [M. R. SHAH, J.]

over of the possession even on the day on which the Act, 2013 came A into force. However, despite the above and relying upon its earlier decision in the case of Jagjit Singh and Ors. Vs. Union of India and Ors., Writ Petition (C) No. 2806 of 2004 and relying upon the decision of this Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation and Anr. Vs. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki and Ors., (2014) 3 SCC 183, the B High Court has allowed the said writ petition and has declared that the land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Act, 1894 with respect to the land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013 as the physical possession of the subject land was not taken and the compensation has not been paid.

C 3. The decision of this Court in the case of Pune Municipal Corporation and Anr. (supra), which has been relied upon by the High Court while passing the impugned judgment and order and the decision of the High Court in the case of Jagjeet Singh and Ors. (supra), which has also been relied upon by the High Court are just contrary to the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in the case of D Indore Development Authority Vs. Manoharlal and Ors., (2020) 8 SCC 129. In paragraphs 365 and 366, the Constitution Bench of this Court has observed and held as under:-“365. Resultantly, the decision rendered in Pune Municipal Corpn. [Pune Municipal Corpn. v. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki, E (2014) 3 SCC 183] is hereby overruled and all other decisions in which Pune Municipal Corpn. [Pune Municipal Corpn. v. Harakchand Misirimal Solanki, (2014) 3 SCC 183] has been followed, are also overruled. The decision in Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. [Sree Balaji Nagar Residential Assn. v. State of T.N., (2015) 3 SCC 353] cannot be said to be laying down F good law, is overruled and other decisions following the same are also overruled. In Indore Development Authority v. Shailendra [(2018) 3 SCC 412], the aspect with respect to the proviso to Section 24(2) and whether “or” has to be read as “nor” or as “and” was not placed for consideration. Therefore, that decision G too cannot prevail, in the light of the discussion in the present judgment.

366. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we answer the questions as under: H 410 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 1 S.C.R. A 366.1. Under the provisions of Section 24(1)(a) in case the award is not made as on 1-1-2014, the date of commencement of the 2013 Act, there is no lapse of proceedings. Compensation has to be determined under the provisions of the 2013 Act. 366.2. In case the award has been passed within the B window period of five years excluding the period covered by an interim order of the court, then proceedings shall continue as provided under Section 24(1)(b) of the 2013 Act under the 1894 Act as if it has not been repealed. 366.3. The word “or” used in Section 24(2) between C possession and compensation has to be read as “nor” or as “and”. The deemed lapse of land acquisition proceedings under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act takes place where due to inaction of authorities for five years or more prior to commencement of the said Act, the possession of land has not been taken nor compensation has been paid. In other words, in case possession D has been taken, compensation has not been paid then there is no lapse. Similarly, if compensation has been paid, possession has not been taken then there is no lapse.

366.4. The expression “paid” in the main part of Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not include a deposit of compensation E in court. The consequence of non-deposit is provided in the proviso to Section 24(2) in case it has not been deposited with respect to majority of landholdings then all beneficiaries (landowners) as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act shall be entitled to compensation in accordance with the F provisions of the 2013 Act. In case the obligation under Section 31 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 has not been fulfilled, interest under Section 34 of the said Act can be granted. Non-deposit of compensation (in court) does not result in the lapse of land acquisition proceedings. In case of non-deposit with respect to the majority of holdings for five years or more, compensation under G the 2013 Act has to be paid to the “landowners” as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act. 366.5. In case a person has been tendered the compensation as provided under Section 31(1) of the 1894 Act, it is not open to him to claim that acquisition has lapsed under Section 24(2) due H GOVERNMENT OF NCT OF DELHI v. SUBHASH GUPTA 411 & ORS. [M. R. SHAH, J.]

to non-payment or non- deposit of compensation in court. The A obligation to pay is complete by tendering the amount under Section 31(1). The landowners who had refused to accept compensation or who sought reference for higher compensation, cannot claim that the acquisition proceedings had lapsed under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act. B 366.6. The proviso to Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act is to be treated as part of Section 24(2), not part of Section 24(1)(b). 366.7. The mode of taking possession under the 1894 Act and as contemplated under Section 24(2) is by drawing of inquest report/memorandum. Once award has been passed on taking C possession under Section 16 of the 1894 Act, the land vests in State there is no divesting provided under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act, as once possession has been taken there is no lapse under Section 24(2). 366.8. The provisions of Section 24(2) providing for a D deemed lapse of proceedings are applicable in case authorities have failed due to their inaction to take possession and pay compensation for five years or more before the 2013 Act came into force, in a proceeding for land acquisition pending with the authority concerned as on 1-1-2014. The period of subsistence of E interim orders passed by court has to be excluded in the computation of five years.

366.9. Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not give rise to new cause of action to question the legality of concluded proceedings of land acquisition. Section 24 applies to a proceeding F pending on the date of enforcement of the 2013 Act i.e. 1-1-2014. It does not revive stale and time-barred claims and does not reopen concluded proceedings nor allow landowners to question the legality of mode of taking possession to reopen proceedings or mode of deposit of compensation in the treasury instead of court to invalidate acquisition.” G 4. As per the law laid down by this Court in the case of Indore Development Authority (supra), the period of stay of taking over the possession has to be excluded for the purpose of Section 24(2) of Act, 2013. Even otherwise, once having obtained the stay of possession, H 412 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 1 S.C.R. A thereafter, it will not be open for the landowners to contend that as the possession (which is not taken due to stay) has not been taken therefore, there would be lapse under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013.

5. In view of the above and applying the law laid down by this Court in the case of Indore Development Authority (supra), the B impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court declaring that the land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Act, 1894 with respect to land in question is deemed to have lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Act, 2013 is unsustainable and the same deserves to be quashed and set aside and is accordingly quashed and set aside. C Present appeal is accordingly allowed. No costs. Pending applications, if any, also stand disposed of. Bibhuti Bhushan Bose Appeal allowed. (Assisted by : Abhishek Pratap Singh, LCRA) D E F G H