312 SUPREME COURT[2023]REPORTS2 S.C.R. 312 [2023] 2 S.C.R. A NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. (Civil Appeal No.4769 of 2022) B FEBRUARY 08, 2023 [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL AND ABHAY S. OKA, JJ.] Insurance – MOU entered into between Appellant-Insurance company and Respondent No.1 to provide insurance cover to the persons deployed for election related work for Bihar Legislative C Assembly Elections in 2000 – Respondent No.2’s husband, a Constable died due to sun stroke while performing election duty – Respondent No.2 sought compensation in 2008 – Respondent No.1 acknowledged the eligibility for payment, Single Judge assigned the liability to pay the amount on the Respondent No.1 and the DM D – Appeal filed by Respondent No.1, Division Bench fastened the liability on the appellant – Held: Respondent No.2’s claim was beyond reasonable time period – It was negligence of Respondent No.1 in lodging the claim – If it was not admissible then there was no reason to forward the claim to the Appellant – Further, considering the Specific clause in the MoU governing the insurance E policy providing for payment of compensation in the event of death, even in the event of a death, it is only in the scenario where it is solely and directly from an accident caused by external violence – However, the death of Respondent No.2’s husband was by sun stroke

– There was no semblance of any violence being the cause of death F – A proximate causal relationship between the accident and the body injury is a necessity – The cause arising from a sun stroke cannot be included within the parameters of the ‘Scope of Cover’ in the insurance policy defining when such insurance amount would become payable – Thus, Appellant is not liable – Impugned judgment of the Division Bench set aside – However, the amount already stands G paid by Respondent No.1 to Respondent No.2 in pursuance of the judgment of the Single Judge – It would not be appropriate to permit Respondent No.1 to recover any amount from Respondent No.2 and that aspect now stands closed. H 312 NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 313 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. Insurance – Insurance contracts – Held: Words used in a A contract of insurance must be given paramount importance and it is not open for the Court to add, delete or substitute any words. Insurance – Law governing insurance contracts – Discussed. Insurance – Insurance claims – Distinction between B“accidental means” and “accidental result” – Discussed. Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1 On consideration of the rival contentions, there are two aspects which needs to be flagged: firstly, the consequences of delay in claiming the amount from the Appellant C insurance company; secondly, whether at all the insurance policy covered the scenario of the death of the constable. On the first aspect, the admitted position is that Respondent No.2 never raised a claim even on the Chief Electoral Officer seeking an entitlement of the claim till the letter dated 21.11.2008 after seven and a half years. Thus, by any standards this claim was beyond D any reasonable time period. Even if the wife had not claimed and the Appellant insurance company were of the view, that the case was covered by the policy, then it was the bounden duty of Respondent No. 1 to have lodged that claim. It cannot countenance the submission that while on one hand the claim made by the wife E was initially rejected, subsequently, it is re-examined, almost as if making it a pre-condition to fasten the liability on the Appellant insurance company. The conditions of the MoU required the claim to be made immediately on the occurrence. It appears that in their own wisdom Respondent No.1 never thought that it was a case for which claim should be lodged with the Appellant F insurance company. Thus, whether the claim was admissible under the insurance policy or not, the conduct of Respondent No.1 would not entitle them to fasten the liability on the Appellant and would have to be borne by them if they are of the view that such an amount ought to have been made. It would be negligence of G Respondent No.1 in lodging the claim. If it was not admissible then there is no reason to forward the claim to the Appellant. Respondent No.1 has been actually playing ducks and drakes with this issue for reasons best know to them. [Para 21-24][321-D-H; 322-B-D]

H 314 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A 1.2 Now turning to the specific clause in the MoU, which would govern the insurance policy providing for payment of compensation in the event of death (only) resulting “solely and directly” from the accident caused by external violent and any other visible means. On a plain reading itself, leave aside the question of strict interpretation of the clauses, it is quite apparent B that the admissibility of the claim is in the event of death. The second part of the same sentence begins with “only”. Thus, even in the event of a death, it is only in the scenario where the consequent situation arises, i.e., it has to be solely and directly from an accident caused by external violence. Here the death is C by sun stroke. There was no semblance of any violence being the cause of death. The last aspect which reads as “any other visible means” would be an expression to be read in the context of ejusdem generis with the external violent death and cannot be read in isolation itself. [Para 31][323-E-G; 324-A] D 1.3 The cause arising from a sun stroke cannot be included within the parameters of the ‘Scope of Cover’ in the insurance policy defining when such insurance amount would become payable. Thus, on the second account also, the Appellant insurance company is not liable. [Paras 34 and 35][324-F-G] E Alka Shukla v. Life Insurance Corporation of India (2019) 6 SCC 64 : [2019] 6 SCR 762 – relied on.

1.4 The impugned judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court is clearly unsustainable and is set aside. In fact, the order passed by the Single Judge was predicated on the own admission of Respondent No.1, which is now sought to be resiled F from by giving a slightly different interpretation but then if the claim was not admissible, there was no reason for Respondent No.1 to forward the claim to the Appellant insurance company merely because it was made and with the objective of somehow benefiting Respondent No.2 at the cost of the Appellant. That G being the position, this Court is quite cognizant of the fact that the amount already stands paid by Respondent No.1 to Respondent No.2 wife in pursuance of the judgment of the learned Single Judge. De hors the complexity of any legal issue, Respondent No.2 having enjoyed the benefit for so many years, H NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 315 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. the stand as taken by Respondent No.1 qua the liability to pay A Respondent No.2, it would not be appropriate to permit Respondent No.1 to recover any amount from Respondent No.2 and that aspect should now stand closed. [Para 36][324-G-H; 325-A-C]

Suraj Mal Ram Niwas Oil Mills (P) Ltd. vs. United India B Insurance Co. Ltd. 2010 SCC OnLine SC 1148; Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited vs. Garg Sons International (2014) 1 SCC 686 : [2013] 1 SCR 336; Vikram Greentech India Ltd. v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (2009) 5 SCC 599 : [2009] 5 SCR C 437 – relied on. Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking v. Basanti Devi & Anr. (1999) 8 SCC 229 : [1999] 3 Suppl. SCR 219; Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Sony Cheriyan (1999) 6 SCC 451 : [1999] 1 Suppl. SCR 622; Polymat India D (P) Lid. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2005) 9 SCC 174 : [2004] 6 Suppl. SCR 535; Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd. v. ONGC Ltd. (2010) 11 SCC 296 : [2010] 9 SCR 176; RashtriyaIspat Nigam Lid. v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran (2012) 5 SCC 599; Lilawanti Devi v. The State of Bihar & Ors. 1998 (2) PLJR 692; Kamlawati E Devi v. The State of Bihar & Ors. (2002) 3 PLJR 450 – referred to. Justice K Kannan, Principles of Insurance Law Chapter 3 (Volume 1, 10th ed. 2017, pg. 31); Colinvaux’s Law of Insurance (11th Edn.) discusses the effect and the F impact of the expressions “violent, external and visible – referred to. Case Law Reference [1999] 3 Suppl. SCR 219 referred to Para 11 G [2013] 1 SCR 336 relied on Para 28 [2009] 5 SCR 437 relied on Para 29 [1999] 1 Suppl. SCR 622 referred to Para 30 [2004] 6 Suppl. SCR 535 referred to Para 30 H 316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R.

A [2010] 9 SCR 176 referred to Para 30 (2012) 5 SCC 599 referred to Para 30 [2019] 6 SCR 762 referred to Para 32 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.4769 B of 2022. From the Judgment and Order dated 03.10.2017 of the High Court of Judicature at Patna in LPA No.1049 of 2011. Ms. Shantha Devi Raman, Garvesh Kabra, Arihant Jain, Advs. for the Appellant. C Amit Sharma, Dipesh Sinha, Ms. Pallavi Barua, Advs. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J. D 1. The non-application of the general strict liability principle, in case of an insurance policy, is sought to be questioned, where an expanded meaning has been given to the relevant term of the insurance policy in order to grant insurance claim, now assailed before us by the insurance company, the Appellant herein, in view of the order dated 03.10.2017 E passed by the Division Bench of Patna High Court in favour of Respondent No. 1 herein. The original claim was made by a writ petition filed by the prospective beneficiary i.e. Respondent No.2 herein, but while granting the benefits to the beneficiary, a liability was placed on Respondent no.1 and not on the insurance company, which aspect was reversed by the Division Bench vide its judgment dated 03.10.2017 F fastening the liability on the insurance company. Facts:

2. The Appellant, insurance company, and Respondent No.1, the Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar, Patna, entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter referred to as ‘MoU’) on 09.02.2000 to G provide insurance cover to the persons deployed for election related work for Bihar Legislative Assembly Elections in the year 2000. The relevant Clause in question of the MoU is Clause 3, which reads as under: H NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 317 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] “Scope of Cover A The insurance is intended to provide for the payment of compensation in the event of death only resulting solely and directly from accident caused by external violent and any other visible means.” B On the MoU being executed, the State Government opted for a Group Insurance Scheme vide letter dated 10.02.2000 to cover its premium paying employees, who were appointed for election related activities. It appears that keeping in mind the period of the by-polls, the duration of the insurance scheme was extended from 24.05.2000 to 23.06.2000 by way of a supplementary policy. The incident, we are C concerned with, was during these by-poll elections.

3. The husband of Respondent No.2, late Deval Ravidas, Constable, Shivhar District Force, was a member of the Static Armed Force, posted at Booth no.67, Primary School, Mathura Sultanpur, Police Station Bidupur, District Vaishali, who died due to a sun stroke/heat stroke D while performing election duty for the Bihar Legislative Assembly. As stated, this was during the extended period of the insurance policy. It appears that the matter rested at that for a fairly long time and it is only in the year 2008 that Respondent No.2, wife of the deceased Constable Deval, sought to raise the issue of compensation vide her letter dated E21.11.2008. 4. The Assistant Election Officer, Bihar-cum-Under Secretary to the Government, vide letter dated 20.11.2009 addressed to the Under Secretary to the Lokayukta, Patna, Bihar, noted that the death of the deceased Constable had occurred on account of heat stroke on 26.05.2000 during election duty and had not occurred on account of any F external violent activity/accident. Thus, compensation to Respondent No.2 could not be found admissible for payment.

5. Respondent No.2 wife filed a Writ Petition, being CWJC No.1781/2011, before the High Court of Judicature at Patna for quashing the aforementioned letter dated 20.11.2009 and sought payment of G compensation amount of Rs.10 lakhs as per the insurance policy since her husband had died while performing election duty. Apparently, on account of some directions of the learned Single Judge, the District Election Officer placed a notice of claim dated 24.04.2011 to the Appellant H 318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A insurance company regarding the claim for insurance. This was, however, not accepted.

6. The learned Single Judge in the Writ Petition, CWJC No.1781/ 2011, decided not to go into the issue whether the accidental death was in terms of the policy because the Chief Electoral Officer in a B supplementary counter affidavit had already acknowledged the eligibility for payment to the wife of the deceased police official. The Court, relying on the judgment in Lilawanti Devi v. The State of Bihar & Ors1, opined that after the expiry of a given policy, no direction could be given for payment of insurance amount. The claim was required to be lodged within the duration of the policy, i.e., 24.05.2000 to 23.06.2000. Thus, C the Court opined that the primary responsibility to raise the claim under the policy was with the officials of the State Government and that they did not raise the claim within the duration of the policy and permitted the policy to lapse. Therefore, the liability to pay the amount to the deceased wife was assigned to the Chief Electoral Officer and the District D Magistrate, Vaishali. 7. The Chief Electoral Officer, preferred an appeal before the Division Bench of the High Court against the order dated 17.05.2011, which is the subject matter of the impugned judgment dated 03.10.2017. The controversy debated before the Division Bench: E

8. In LPA No.1049/2011 in so far as the insurance company is concerned, it washed its hands of the liability relying on the judgment in Lilawanti Devi2 case. Thus, primarily, the defence was raised on the absence of any claim being lodged in time, though the death of the Police Constable during the election period of by-poll was not disputed. F 9. The appeal filed by the Chief Electoral Officer was premised on the plea to burden the liability to pay the insurance amount on the Appellant insurance company, as the insurance policy was stated to be subsisting on the relevant date. The entitlement of the family of the deceased officer to receive the amount and that to as claimed, however, G was not disputed and it was stated that the family had already been paid the amount by Respondent No.1 during the pendency of the appeal before the High Court. The grievance was solely assigning the liability on the Chief Electoral Officer and the District Magistrate, Vaishali. In this behalf, 11998 (2) PJLR 692 H 2 (supra) NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 319 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]

reliance was placed, inter alia, on a judgment of this Court in Delhi A Electric Supply Undertaking v. Basanti Devi & Anr.,3 opining that the employer of the deceased had assumed the role of an agent of the insurance company under Section 182 of the Indian Contract Act because the employer had the responsibility of deducting the premium from the monthly salary of the deceased and remitting it to the insurance company. B Therefore, on account of the employer’s failure, as an agent, to remit the premium amount, the insurance company, as the principal, will still have the liability to make payment of the insured amount. 10. We may observe, at this stage itself, that the factual controversy and the legal controversy in this case are quite different. We really do Cnot see how it was relevant for the issue being debated. 11. The Division Bench, however, distinguished the instant case from Lilawanti Devi4 predicated on the premise that the Constable had died while the insurance cover existed, unlike in Lilawanti Devi5. The factum of death, occurring during the existence of the policy, was not Ddisputed, which was before the expiry of the insurance policy and surprisingly, in our view, applied the ratio of Basanti Devi6 on the agency principle. To support its view, the Court made the following observations: Firstly, the net premium for the policy was paid to the insurance company by the Headquarters directly after deducting from the salaries Eof the police personnel;

Secondly, insurance was taken on behalf of the police personnel under the signature of Director General and Inspector General of the Police or their name nominee; Thirdly, the police personnel was prohibited under rules from F making any direct contact with the insurance company and all communications were restricted between the Headquarters and the insurance company; Fourthly, the police personnel did not have an individual right to take out the policy. G 12. On the issue of time for raising the insurance claim, it was opined that no time limit was prescribed and since all pre-requisites to 3 (1999) 8 SCC 229 4 (supra) 5 (supra) 6 (supra) H 320 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A the claim for the insurance policy were available, it was the exclusive liability of the insurance company to pay the insured amount. 13. The insurance company but naturally came into appeal before this Court. Appellant’s contentions: B 14. The Appellant contended before us that the Assistant Election Officer had actually rejected the claim vide letter dated 20.11.2009 but subsequently sought to admit their liability in the writ petition and paid the claim to Respondent No.2. The endeavour thereafter was to somehow fasten the liability on the Appellant. C

15. The policy was also stated to have expired by efflux of time on 23.06.2000. Learned counsel for the Appellant also sought to contend that the cause of death was due to a sun stroke/heat stroke and was not even covered within the scope of the policy as the ‘Scope of Cover’ of the MoU required it to be “external violent and any other visible D means.” 16. On the issue of time period within which the claim was to be made, the terms of the MoU were referred to, requiring the claim to be made and notified immediately to the Appellant, which had admittedly not been done. In fact, it was notified to the Appellant insurance company on 24.04.2011 i.e. after eleven years and after the Respondent No. 2 E had filed the writ petition before the High Court of Patna. 17. The crucial issue, emphasised before us, was that the terms of the insurance policies are to be strictly construed and undisputedly accepted. F Respondent No.1’s case: 18. On behalf of the Chief Electoral Officer, a slightly divergent case as apparent from the impugned order was sought to be made before us countering any admission of liability to pay the insurance amount in the supplementary counter affidavit. It was submitted that the Supplementary Counter Affidavit in the Writ petition only stated that it G was a fit case to be recommended for payment in view of the judgment in Kamlawati Devi v. The State of Bihar & Ors.7

19. The letter dated 10.02.2000 issued by the Chief Electoral Officer had clarified that the primary burden to file the claim for H 7(2002) 3 PLJR 450 NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 321 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] insurance amount before the Appellant insurance company was on the A wife of the deceased. It is mentioned that there was also an inordinate delay in the representation made by Respondent No.2 wife and that it was made for the first time on 21.11.2008, almost seven and a half years after the death of the police official. 20. It had been clarified that the death of the police official was B caused by a heat stroke and his death was not covered under the MoU and, thus, delay in raising claim was not exclusively driven by the Chief Electoral Officer. The role of the Chief Electoral Officer was limited to forwarding the recommendation, which it duly did. The husband of Respondent No.2 C died during the currency of the insurance policy and, thus, it was pleaded that the Appellant insurance company as the insurer was under an obligation to honour the promise of paying the insured amount in case of death of an employee while on election duty during the sustenance of the insurance policy. D Our view:

21. On consideration of the rival contentions, there are two aspects which needs to be flagged: firstly, the consequences of delay in claiming the amount from the Appellant insurance company; secondly, whether at all the insurance policy covered the scenario of the death of the E constable. 22. On the first aspect, the admitted position is that Respondent No.2 never raised a claim even on the Chief Electoral Officer seeking an entitlement of the claim till the letter dated 21.11.2008 after seven and a half years. Thus, by any standards this claim was beyond any F reasonable time period. 23. Let us say that even if the wife had not claimed and the Appellant insurance company were of the view, that the case was covered by the policy, then it was the bounden duty of Respondent No. 1 to have lodged that claim. It cannot countenance the submission that G while on one hand the claim made by the wife was initially rejected, subsequently, it is re- examined, almost as if making it a pre-condition to fasten the liability on the Appellant insurance company. The conditions of the MoU required the claim to be made immediately on the occurrence. The relevant clause is as under: H 322 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A “INVOICE OF CLAIM

The claim will be intimated to the National Insurance Co. Ltd. immediately on its occurrence at its Regional office, Sone Bhawan, Birchand Patel Marg, Patna (Phone: 220979, 223103 Fax: 0612-220973). On receipt of the intimation, the local office at the place B of occurrence shall be liasioning with the govt. Agencies in getting the desired papers completed in all respect.” 24. It appears to us that in their own wisdom Respondent No.1 never thought that it was a case for which claim should be lodged with the Appellant insurance company. Thus, whether the claim was admissible C under the insurance policy or not, the conduct of Respondent No.1 would not entitle them to fasten the liability on the Appellant and would have to be borne by them if they are of the view that such an amount ought to have been made. It would be negligence of Respondent No.1 in lodging the claim. If it was not admissible then there is no reason to forward the claim to the Appellant. Respondent No.1 has been actually playing ducks D and drakes with this issue for reasons best know to them. 25. The aforesaid could actually end the discussion before us but since the issue of the liability of Respondent No.1 has in turn raised the question about the incident being covered by the insurance policy, we consider it appropriate to even answer that question. E

26. We would first like to elucidate the principles on which a claim under any insurance policy is examined. It is trite to say that the terms of the insurance policy are to be strictly construed. 27. The insurance contracts are in the nature of special class of contracts having distinctive features such as utmost good faith, insurable F interest, indemnity subrogation, contribution and proximate cause which are common to all types of insurances. Each class of insurance also has individual features of its own. The law governing insurance contracts is thus to be studied in three parts, namely, (1) general characteristics of insurance contracts, as contracts; (2) special characteristics of insurance G contracts, as contracts of insurance, and (3) individual characteristics of each class of insurance8. 28. Now turning to some of the judicial pronouncements, wherein it has been opined that the words used in a contract of insurance must 8Justice K Kannan, Principles of Insurance Law Chapter 3 (Volume 1, 10th ed. 2017, H pg. 31) NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 323 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]

be given paramount importance and it is not open for the Court to add, A delete or substitute any words (Suraj Mal Ram Niwas Oil Mills (P) Ltd. vs. United India Insurance Co. Ltd9.). Insurance contracts are in the nature where exceptions cannot be made on ground of equity and the Courts ought not to interfere with the terms of an insurance agreement (Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited vs. Garg B Sons International10). 29. This Court in Vikram Greentech India Ltd. v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd.11 reiterated that the insured cannot claim anything more than what is covered by the insurance policy. The terms of the contract have to be construed strictly, without altering the nature of the Ccontract as the same may affect the interests of the parties adversely. The clauses of an insurance policy have to be read as they are. Consequently, the terms of the insurance policy, that fix the responsibility of the insurance company must also be read strictly. 30. In several other judgements12, this court has held that the Dinsurance contract must be read as a whole and every attempt should be made to harmonise the terms thereof, keeping in mind that the rule of contra proferentem does not apply in case of commercial contract, for the reason that a clause in a commercial contract is bilateral and has mutually been agreed upon.

31. Now we turn to the specific clause in the MoU, which would E govern the insurance policy providing for payment of compensation in the event of death (only) resulting “solely and directly” from the accident caused by external violent and any other visible means. On a plain reading itself, leave aside the question of strict interpretation of the clauses, it is quite apparent that the admissibility of the claim is in the event of death. F The second part of the same sentence begins with “only”. Thus, even in the event of a death, it is only in the scenario where the consequent situation arises, i.e., it has to be solely and directly from an accident caused by external violence. Here the death is by sun stroke. There was no semblance of any violence being the cause of death. The last aspect G 9 2010 SCC OnLine SC 1148 10 2014 1 SCC 686 11(2009) 5 SCC 599 12Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Sony Cheriyan (1999) 6 SCC 451,Polymat India (P) Lid. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2005) 9 SCC 174, Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd. v. ONGC Ltd. (2010) 11 SCC 296 and RashtriyaIspat Nigam Lid. v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran (2012) 5 SCC 599. H 324 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A which reads as “any other visible means” would be an expression to be read in the context of ejusdem generis with the external violent death and cannot be read in isolation itself.

32. We have benefit of elucidation in this behalf arising from the judgment of this Court in Alka Shukla v. Life Insurance Corporation of India13. The Court noted the divergence of opinion of courts between B courts across international jurisdictions making a distinction between “accidental means” and “accidental result” while deciding insurance claims. Thus, an unexpected accident and unforeseen consequence or result from a normal or routine activity may constitute an accident but it would not qualify as “accidental means”. Two illustrative examples given C are: (a) a fatal heart attack while dancing would be called “accidental” but would fail to attract insurance cover as not due to “accidental means”; (b) heart attack suffered as a result of over-exertion on being chased by a ferocious dog the death might attract the insurance cover as it was caused by “accidental means”. In the first example it was a normal D activity while in the second it was an unintended activity and not a normal activity. The given type of injury may thus, fall within or outside the policy according to the event which led to the death and it is this particular cause which is required to be examined.14 The accident, thus, per se postulates a mishap or untoward happening, something which is unexpected or unforeseen. E

33. The aforesaid judgment also emphasises the importance of a plain reading of the policy as a guiding principle. A proximate causal relationship between the accident and the body injury is a necessity. 34. If in the aforesaid context, the policy is analysed, the cause arising from a sun stroke cannot, in our view, be included within the F parameters of the ‘Scope of Cover’ in the insurance policy defining when such insurance amount would become payable. 35. Thus, on the second account also we are of the view that the Appellant insurance company is not liable. Conclusion: G 36. We have, thus, no hesitation in concluding that the impugned judgment of the Division Bench of the Patna High Court is clearly unsustainable and is set aside. In fact, the order passed by the learned 13(2019) 6 SCC 64 14 Colinvaux’s Law of Insurance (11th Edn.) discuses the effect and the impact of the H expresions” violent, external and visible: NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 325 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]

Single Judge was predicated on the own admission of Respondent No.1, A which is now sought to be resiled from by giving a slightly different interpretation but then if the claim was not admissible, there was no reason for Respondent No.1 to forward the claim to the Appellant insurance company merely because it was made and with the objective of somehow benefiting Respondent No.2 at the cost of the Appellant. B That being the position, we are quite cognizant of the fact that the amount already stands paid by Respondent No.1 to Respondent No.2 wife in pursuance of the judgment of the learned Single Judge. We do believe that de hors the complexity of any legal issue, Respondent No.2 having enjoyed the benefit for so many years, the stand as taken by Respondent CNo.1 qua the liability to pay Respondent No.2, it would not be appropriate to permit Respondent No.1 to recover any amount from Respondent No.2 and that aspect should now stand closed. 37. The appeal is accordingly allowed leaving the parties to bear their own costs. D Divya Pandey Appeal allowed. (Assisted by : Roopanshi Virang, LCRA) E F G H

312 SUPREME COURT[2023]REPORTS2 S.C.R. 312 [2023] 2 S.C.R. A NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. (Civil Appeal No.4769 of 2022) B FEBRUARY 08, 2023 [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL AND ABHAY S. OKA, JJ.] Insurance – MOU entered into between Appellant-Insurance company and Respondent No.1 to provide insurance cover to the persons deployed for election related work for Bihar Legislative C Assembly Elections in 2000 – Respondent No.2’s husband, a Constable died due to sun stroke while performing election duty – Respondent No.2 sought compensation in 2008 – Respondent No.1 acknowledged the eligibility for payment, Single Judge assigned the liability to pay the amount on the Respondent No.1 and the DM D – Appeal filed by Respondent No.1, Division Bench fastened the liability on the appellant – Held: Respondent No.2’s claim was beyond reasonable time period – It was negligence of Respondent No.1 in lodging the claim – If it was not admissible then there was no reason to forward the claim to the Appellant – Further, considering the Specific clause in the MoU governing the insurance E policy providing for payment of compensation in the event of death, even in the event of a death, it is only in the scenario where it is solely and directly from an accident caused by external violence – However, the death of Respondent No.2’s husband was by sun stroke

– There was no semblance of any violence being the cause of death F – A proximate causal relationship between the accident and the body injury is a necessity – The cause arising from a sun stroke cannot be included within the parameters of the ‘Scope of Cover’ in the insurance policy defining when such insurance amount would become payable – Thus, Appellant is not liable – Impugned judgment of the Division Bench set aside – However, the amount already stands G paid by Respondent No.1 to Respondent No.2 in pursuance of the judgment of the Single Judge – It would not be appropriate to permit Respondent No.1 to recover any amount from Respondent No.2 and that aspect now stands closed. H 312 NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 313 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. Insurance – Insurance contracts – Held: Words used in a A contract of insurance must be given paramount importance and it is not open for the Court to add, delete or substitute any words. Insurance – Law governing insurance contracts – Discussed. Insurance – Insurance claims – Distinction between B“accidental means” and “accidental result” – Discussed. Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1 On consideration of the rival contentions, there are two aspects which needs to be flagged: firstly, the consequences of delay in claiming the amount from the Appellant C insurance company; secondly, whether at all the insurance policy covered the scenario of the death of the constable. On the first aspect, the admitted position is that Respondent No.2 never raised a claim even on the Chief Electoral Officer seeking an entitlement of the claim till the letter dated 21.11.2008 after seven and a half years. Thus, by any standards this claim was beyond D any reasonable time period. Even if the wife had not claimed and the Appellant insurance company were of the view, that the case was covered by the policy, then it was the bounden duty of Respondent No. 1 to have lodged that claim. It cannot countenance the submission that while on one hand the claim made by the wife E was initially rejected, subsequently, it is re-examined, almost as if making it a pre-condition to fasten the liability on the Appellant insurance company. The conditions of the MoU required the claim to be made immediately on the occurrence. It appears that in their own wisdom Respondent No.1 never thought that it was a case for which claim should be lodged with the Appellant F insurance company. Thus, whether the claim was admissible under the insurance policy or not, the conduct of Respondent No.1 would not entitle them to fasten the liability on the Appellant and would have to be borne by them if they are of the view that such an amount ought to have been made. It would be negligence of G Respondent No.1 in lodging the claim. If it was not admissible then there is no reason to forward the claim to the Appellant. Respondent No.1 has been actually playing ducks and drakes with this issue for reasons best know to them. [Para 21-24][321-D-H; 322-B-D]

H 314 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A 1.2 Now turning to the specific clause in the MoU, which would govern the insurance policy providing for payment of compensation in the event of death (only) resulting “solely and directly” from the accident caused by external violent and any other visible means. On a plain reading itself, leave aside the question of strict interpretation of the clauses, it is quite apparent B that the admissibility of the claim is in the event of death. The second part of the same sentence begins with “only”. Thus, even in the event of a death, it is only in the scenario where the consequent situation arises, i.e., it has to be solely and directly from an accident caused by external violence. Here the death is C by sun stroke. There was no semblance of any violence being the cause of death. The last aspect which reads as “any other visible means” would be an expression to be read in the context of ejusdem generis with the external violent death and cannot be read in isolation itself. [Para 31][323-E-G; 324-A] D 1.3 The cause arising from a sun stroke cannot be included within the parameters of the ‘Scope of Cover’ in the insurance policy defining when such insurance amount would become payable. Thus, on the second account also, the Appellant insurance company is not liable. [Paras 34 and 35][324-F-G] E Alka Shukla v. Life Insurance Corporation of India (2019) 6 SCC 64 : [2019] 6 SCR 762 – relied on.

1.4 The impugned judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court is clearly unsustainable and is set aside. In fact, the order passed by the Single Judge was predicated on the own admission of Respondent No.1, which is now sought to be resiled F from by giving a slightly different interpretation but then if the claim was not admissible, there was no reason for Respondent No.1 to forward the claim to the Appellant insurance company merely because it was made and with the objective of somehow benefiting Respondent No.2 at the cost of the Appellant. That G being the position, this Court is quite cognizant of the fact that the amount already stands paid by Respondent No.1 to Respondent No.2 wife in pursuance of the judgment of the learned Single Judge. De hors the complexity of any legal issue, Respondent No.2 having enjoyed the benefit for so many years, H NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 315 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. the stand as taken by Respondent No.1 qua the liability to pay A Respondent No.2, it would not be appropriate to permit Respondent No.1 to recover any amount from Respondent No.2 and that aspect should now stand closed. [Para 36][324-G-H; 325-A-C]

Suraj Mal Ram Niwas Oil Mills (P) Ltd. vs. United India B Insurance Co. Ltd. 2010 SCC OnLine SC 1148; Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited vs. Garg Sons International (2014) 1 SCC 686 : [2013] 1 SCR 336; Vikram Greentech India Ltd. v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. (2009) 5 SCC 599 : [2009] 5 SCR C 437 – relied on. Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking v. Basanti Devi & Anr. (1999) 8 SCC 229 : [1999] 3 Suppl. SCR 219; Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Sony Cheriyan (1999) 6 SCC 451 : [1999] 1 Suppl. SCR 622; Polymat India D (P) Lid. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2005) 9 SCC 174 : [2004] 6 Suppl. SCR 535; Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd. v. ONGC Ltd. (2010) 11 SCC 296 : [2010] 9 SCR 176; RashtriyaIspat Nigam Lid. v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran (2012) 5 SCC 599; Lilawanti Devi v. The State of Bihar & Ors. 1998 (2) PLJR 692; Kamlawati E Devi v. The State of Bihar & Ors. (2002) 3 PLJR 450 – referred to. Justice K Kannan, Principles of Insurance Law Chapter 3 (Volume 1, 10th ed. 2017, pg. 31); Colinvaux’s Law of Insurance (11th Edn.) discusses the effect and the F impact of the expressions “violent, external and visible – referred to. Case Law Reference [1999] 3 Suppl. SCR 219 referred to Para 11 G [2013] 1 SCR 336 relied on Para 28 [2009] 5 SCR 437 relied on Para 29 [1999] 1 Suppl. SCR 622 referred to Para 30 [2004] 6 Suppl. SCR 535 referred to Para 30 H 316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R.

A [2010] 9 SCR 176 referred to Para 30 (2012) 5 SCC 599 referred to Para 30 [2019] 6 SCR 762 referred to Para 32 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No.4769 B of 2022. From the Judgment and Order dated 03.10.2017 of the High Court of Judicature at Patna in LPA No.1049 of 2011. Ms. Shantha Devi Raman, Garvesh Kabra, Arihant Jain, Advs. for the Appellant. C Amit Sharma, Dipesh Sinha, Ms. Pallavi Barua, Advs. for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J. D 1. The non-application of the general strict liability principle, in case of an insurance policy, is sought to be questioned, where an expanded meaning has been given to the relevant term of the insurance policy in order to grant insurance claim, now assailed before us by the insurance company, the Appellant herein, in view of the order dated 03.10.2017 E passed by the Division Bench of Patna High Court in favour of Respondent No. 1 herein. The original claim was made by a writ petition filed by the prospective beneficiary i.e. Respondent No.2 herein, but while granting the benefits to the beneficiary, a liability was placed on Respondent no.1 and not on the insurance company, which aspect was reversed by the Division Bench vide its judgment dated 03.10.2017 F fastening the liability on the insurance company. Facts:

2. The Appellant, insurance company, and Respondent No.1, the Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar, Patna, entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter referred to as ‘MoU’) on 09.02.2000 to G provide insurance cover to the persons deployed for election related work for Bihar Legislative Assembly Elections in the year 2000. The relevant Clause in question of the MoU is Clause 3, which reads as under: H NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 317 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] “Scope of Cover A The insurance is intended to provide for the payment of compensation in the event of death only resulting solely and directly from accident caused by external violent and any other visible means.” B On the MoU being executed, the State Government opted for a Group Insurance Scheme vide letter dated 10.02.2000 to cover its premium paying employees, who were appointed for election related activities. It appears that keeping in mind the period of the by-polls, the duration of the insurance scheme was extended from 24.05.2000 to 23.06.2000 by way of a supplementary policy. The incident, we are C concerned with, was during these by-poll elections.

3. The husband of Respondent No.2, late Deval Ravidas, Constable, Shivhar District Force, was a member of the Static Armed Force, posted at Booth no.67, Primary School, Mathura Sultanpur, Police Station Bidupur, District Vaishali, who died due to a sun stroke/heat stroke D while performing election duty for the Bihar Legislative Assembly. As stated, this was during the extended period of the insurance policy. It appears that the matter rested at that for a fairly long time and it is only in the year 2008 that Respondent No.2, wife of the deceased Constable Deval, sought to raise the issue of compensation vide her letter dated E21.11.2008. 4. The Assistant Election Officer, Bihar-cum-Under Secretary to the Government, vide letter dated 20.11.2009 addressed to the Under Secretary to the Lokayukta, Patna, Bihar, noted that the death of the deceased Constable had occurred on account of heat stroke on 26.05.2000 during election duty and had not occurred on account of any F external violent activity/accident. Thus, compensation to Respondent No.2 could not be found admissible for payment.

5. Respondent No.2 wife filed a Writ Petition, being CWJC No.1781/2011, before the High Court of Judicature at Patna for quashing the aforementioned letter dated 20.11.2009 and sought payment of G compensation amount of Rs.10 lakhs as per the insurance policy since her husband had died while performing election duty. Apparently, on account of some directions of the learned Single Judge, the District Election Officer placed a notice of claim dated 24.04.2011 to the Appellant H 318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A insurance company regarding the claim for insurance. This was, however, not accepted.

6. The learned Single Judge in the Writ Petition, CWJC No.1781/ 2011, decided not to go into the issue whether the accidental death was in terms of the policy because the Chief Electoral Officer in a B supplementary counter affidavit had already acknowledged the eligibility for payment to the wife of the deceased police official. The Court, relying on the judgment in Lilawanti Devi v. The State of Bihar & Ors1, opined that after the expiry of a given policy, no direction could be given for payment of insurance amount. The claim was required to be lodged within the duration of the policy, i.e., 24.05.2000 to 23.06.2000. Thus, C the Court opined that the primary responsibility to raise the claim under the policy was with the officials of the State Government and that they did not raise the claim within the duration of the policy and permitted the policy to lapse. Therefore, the liability to pay the amount to the deceased wife was assigned to the Chief Electoral Officer and the District D Magistrate, Vaishali. 7. The Chief Electoral Officer, preferred an appeal before the Division Bench of the High Court against the order dated 17.05.2011, which is the subject matter of the impugned judgment dated 03.10.2017. The controversy debated before the Division Bench: E

8. In LPA No.1049/2011 in so far as the insurance company is concerned, it washed its hands of the liability relying on the judgment in Lilawanti Devi2 case. Thus, primarily, the defence was raised on the absence of any claim being lodged in time, though the death of the Police Constable during the election period of by-poll was not disputed. F 9. The appeal filed by the Chief Electoral Officer was premised on the plea to burden the liability to pay the insurance amount on the Appellant insurance company, as the insurance policy was stated to be subsisting on the relevant date. The entitlement of the family of the deceased officer to receive the amount and that to as claimed, however, G was not disputed and it was stated that the family had already been paid the amount by Respondent No.1 during the pendency of the appeal before the High Court. The grievance was solely assigning the liability on the Chief Electoral Officer and the District Magistrate, Vaishali. In this behalf, 11998 (2) PJLR 692 H 2 (supra) NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 319 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]

reliance was placed, inter alia, on a judgment of this Court in Delhi A Electric Supply Undertaking v. Basanti Devi & Anr.,3 opining that the employer of the deceased had assumed the role of an agent of the insurance company under Section 182 of the Indian Contract Act because the employer had the responsibility of deducting the premium from the monthly salary of the deceased and remitting it to the insurance company. B Therefore, on account of the employer’s failure, as an agent, to remit the premium amount, the insurance company, as the principal, will still have the liability to make payment of the insured amount. 10. We may observe, at this stage itself, that the factual controversy and the legal controversy in this case are quite different. We really do Cnot see how it was relevant for the issue being debated. 11. The Division Bench, however, distinguished the instant case from Lilawanti Devi4 predicated on the premise that the Constable had died while the insurance cover existed, unlike in Lilawanti Devi5. The factum of death, occurring during the existence of the policy, was not Ddisputed, which was before the expiry of the insurance policy and surprisingly, in our view, applied the ratio of Basanti Devi6 on the agency principle. To support its view, the Court made the following observations: Firstly, the net premium for the policy was paid to the insurance company by the Headquarters directly after deducting from the salaries Eof the police personnel;

Secondly, insurance was taken on behalf of the police personnel under the signature of Director General and Inspector General of the Police or their name nominee; Thirdly, the police personnel was prohibited under rules from F making any direct contact with the insurance company and all communications were restricted between the Headquarters and the insurance company; Fourthly, the police personnel did not have an individual right to take out the policy. G 12. On the issue of time for raising the insurance claim, it was opined that no time limit was prescribed and since all pre-requisites to 3 (1999) 8 SCC 229 4 (supra) 5 (supra) 6 (supra) H 320 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A the claim for the insurance policy were available, it was the exclusive liability of the insurance company to pay the insured amount. 13. The insurance company but naturally came into appeal before this Court. Appellant’s contentions: B 14. The Appellant contended before us that the Assistant Election Officer had actually rejected the claim vide letter dated 20.11.2009 but subsequently sought to admit their liability in the writ petition and paid the claim to Respondent No.2. The endeavour thereafter was to somehow fasten the liability on the Appellant. C

15. The policy was also stated to have expired by efflux of time on 23.06.2000. Learned counsel for the Appellant also sought to contend that the cause of death was due to a sun stroke/heat stroke and was not even covered within the scope of the policy as the ‘Scope of Cover’ of the MoU required it to be “external violent and any other visible D means.” 16. On the issue of time period within which the claim was to be made, the terms of the MoU were referred to, requiring the claim to be made and notified immediately to the Appellant, which had admittedly not been done. In fact, it was notified to the Appellant insurance company on 24.04.2011 i.e. after eleven years and after the Respondent No. 2 E had filed the writ petition before the High Court of Patna. 17. The crucial issue, emphasised before us, was that the terms of the insurance policies are to be strictly construed and undisputedly accepted. F Respondent No.1’s case: 18. On behalf of the Chief Electoral Officer, a slightly divergent case as apparent from the impugned order was sought to be made before us countering any admission of liability to pay the insurance amount in the supplementary counter affidavit. It was submitted that the Supplementary Counter Affidavit in the Writ petition only stated that it G was a fit case to be recommended for payment in view of the judgment in Kamlawati Devi v. The State of Bihar & Ors.7

19. The letter dated 10.02.2000 issued by the Chief Electoral Officer had clarified that the primary burden to file the claim for H 7(2002) 3 PLJR 450 NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 321 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.] insurance amount before the Appellant insurance company was on the A wife of the deceased. It is mentioned that there was also an inordinate delay in the representation made by Respondent No.2 wife and that it was made for the first time on 21.11.2008, almost seven and a half years after the death of the police official. 20. It had been clarified that the death of the police official was B caused by a heat stroke and his death was not covered under the MoU and, thus, delay in raising claim was not exclusively driven by the Chief Electoral Officer. The role of the Chief Electoral Officer was limited to forwarding the recommendation, which it duly did. The husband of Respondent No.2 C died during the currency of the insurance policy and, thus, it was pleaded that the Appellant insurance company as the insurer was under an obligation to honour the promise of paying the insured amount in case of death of an employee while on election duty during the sustenance of the insurance policy. D Our view:

21. On consideration of the rival contentions, there are two aspects which needs to be flagged: firstly, the consequences of delay in claiming the amount from the Appellant insurance company; secondly, whether at all the insurance policy covered the scenario of the death of the E constable. 22. On the first aspect, the admitted position is that Respondent No.2 never raised a claim even on the Chief Electoral Officer seeking an entitlement of the claim till the letter dated 21.11.2008 after seven and a half years. Thus, by any standards this claim was beyond any F reasonable time period. 23. Let us say that even if the wife had not claimed and the Appellant insurance company were of the view, that the case was covered by the policy, then it was the bounden duty of Respondent No. 1 to have lodged that claim. It cannot countenance the submission that G while on one hand the claim made by the wife was initially rejected, subsequently, it is re- examined, almost as if making it a pre-condition to fasten the liability on the Appellant insurance company. The conditions of the MoU required the claim to be made immediately on the occurrence. The relevant clause is as under: H 322 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A “INVOICE OF CLAIM

The claim will be intimated to the National Insurance Co. Ltd. immediately on its occurrence at its Regional office, Sone Bhawan, Birchand Patel Marg, Patna (Phone: 220979, 223103 Fax: 0612-220973). On receipt of the intimation, the local office at the place B of occurrence shall be liasioning with the govt. Agencies in getting the desired papers completed in all respect.” 24. It appears to us that in their own wisdom Respondent No.1 never thought that it was a case for which claim should be lodged with the Appellant insurance company. Thus, whether the claim was admissible C under the insurance policy or not, the conduct of Respondent No.1 would not entitle them to fasten the liability on the Appellant and would have to be borne by them if they are of the view that such an amount ought to have been made. It would be negligence of Respondent No.1 in lodging the claim. If it was not admissible then there is no reason to forward the claim to the Appellant. Respondent No.1 has been actually playing ducks D and drakes with this issue for reasons best know to them. 25. The aforesaid could actually end the discussion before us but since the issue of the liability of Respondent No.1 has in turn raised the question about the incident being covered by the insurance policy, we consider it appropriate to even answer that question. E

26. We would first like to elucidate the principles on which a claim under any insurance policy is examined. It is trite to say that the terms of the insurance policy are to be strictly construed. 27. The insurance contracts are in the nature of special class of contracts having distinctive features such as utmost good faith, insurable F interest, indemnity subrogation, contribution and proximate cause which are common to all types of insurances. Each class of insurance also has individual features of its own. The law governing insurance contracts is thus to be studied in three parts, namely, (1) general characteristics of insurance contracts, as contracts; (2) special characteristics of insurance G contracts, as contracts of insurance, and (3) individual characteristics of each class of insurance8. 28. Now turning to some of the judicial pronouncements, wherein it has been opined that the words used in a contract of insurance must 8Justice K Kannan, Principles of Insurance Law Chapter 3 (Volume 1, 10th ed. 2017, H pg. 31) NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 323 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]

be given paramount importance and it is not open for the Court to add, A delete or substitute any words (Suraj Mal Ram Niwas Oil Mills (P) Ltd. vs. United India Insurance Co. Ltd9.). Insurance contracts are in the nature where exceptions cannot be made on ground of equity and the Courts ought not to interfere with the terms of an insurance agreement (Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited vs. Garg B Sons International10). 29. This Court in Vikram Greentech India Ltd. v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd.11 reiterated that the insured cannot claim anything more than what is covered by the insurance policy. The terms of the contract have to be construed strictly, without altering the nature of the Ccontract as the same may affect the interests of the parties adversely. The clauses of an insurance policy have to be read as they are. Consequently, the terms of the insurance policy, that fix the responsibility of the insurance company must also be read strictly. 30. In several other judgements12, this court has held that the Dinsurance contract must be read as a whole and every attempt should be made to harmonise the terms thereof, keeping in mind that the rule of contra proferentem does not apply in case of commercial contract, for the reason that a clause in a commercial contract is bilateral and has mutually been agreed upon.

31. Now we turn to the specific clause in the MoU, which would E govern the insurance policy providing for payment of compensation in the event of death (only) resulting “solely and directly” from the accident caused by external violent and any other visible means. On a plain reading itself, leave aside the question of strict interpretation of the clauses, it is quite apparent that the admissibility of the claim is in the event of death. F The second part of the same sentence begins with “only”. Thus, even in the event of a death, it is only in the scenario where the consequent situation arises, i.e., it has to be solely and directly from an accident caused by external violence. Here the death is by sun stroke. There was no semblance of any violence being the cause of death. The last aspect G 9 2010 SCC OnLine SC 1148 10 2014 1 SCC 686 11(2009) 5 SCC 599 12Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Sony Cheriyan (1999) 6 SCC 451,Polymat India (P) Lid. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. (2005) 9 SCC 174, Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd. v. ONGC Ltd. (2010) 11 SCC 296 and RashtriyaIspat Nigam Lid. v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran (2012) 5 SCC 599. H 324 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2023] 2 S.C.R. A which reads as “any other visible means” would be an expression to be read in the context of ejusdem generis with the external violent death and cannot be read in isolation itself.

32. We have benefit of elucidation in this behalf arising from the judgment of this Court in Alka Shukla v. Life Insurance Corporation of India13. The Court noted the divergence of opinion of courts between B courts across international jurisdictions making a distinction between “accidental means” and “accidental result” while deciding insurance claims. Thus, an unexpected accident and unforeseen consequence or result from a normal or routine activity may constitute an accident but it would not qualify as “accidental means”. Two illustrative examples given C are: (a) a fatal heart attack while dancing would be called “accidental” but would fail to attract insurance cover as not due to “accidental means”; (b) heart attack suffered as a result of over-exertion on being chased by a ferocious dog the death might attract the insurance cover as it was caused by “accidental means”. In the first example it was a normal D activity while in the second it was an unintended activity and not a normal activity. The given type of injury may thus, fall within or outside the policy according to the event which led to the death and it is this particular cause which is required to be examined.14 The accident, thus, per se postulates a mishap or untoward happening, something which is unexpected or unforeseen. E

33. The aforesaid judgment also emphasises the importance of a plain reading of the policy as a guiding principle. A proximate causal relationship between the accident and the body injury is a necessity. 34. If in the aforesaid context, the policy is analysed, the cause arising from a sun stroke cannot, in our view, be included within the F parameters of the ‘Scope of Cover’ in the insurance policy defining when such insurance amount would become payable. 35. Thus, on the second account also we are of the view that the Appellant insurance company is not liable. Conclusion: G 36. We have, thus, no hesitation in concluding that the impugned judgment of the Division Bench of the Patna High Court is clearly unsustainable and is set aside. In fact, the order passed by the learned 13(2019) 6 SCC 64 14 Colinvaux’s Law of Insurance (11th Edn.) discuses the effect and the impact of the H expresions” violent, external and visible: NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. THE CHIEF 325 ELECTORAL OFFICER & ORS. [SANJAY KISHAN KAUL, J.]

Single Judge was predicated on the own admission of Respondent No.1, A which is now sought to be resiled from by giving a slightly different interpretation but then if the claim was not admissible, there was no reason for Respondent No.1 to forward the claim to the Appellant insurance company merely because it was made and with the objective of somehow benefiting Respondent No.2 at the cost of the Appellant. B That being the position, we are quite cognizant of the fact that the amount already stands paid by Respondent No.1 to Respondent No.2 wife in pursuance of the judgment of the learned Single Judge. We do believe that de hors the complexity of any legal issue, Respondent No.2 having enjoyed the benefit for so many years, the stand as taken by Respondent CNo.1 qua the liability to pay Respondent No.2, it would not be appropriate to permit Respondent No.1 to recover any amount from Respondent No.2 and that aspect should now stand closed. 37. The appeal is accordingly allowed leaving the parties to bear their own costs. D Divya Pandey Appeal allowed. (Assisted by : Roopanshi Virang, LCRA) E F G H