[2022] 6 S.C.R. 1041 1041 JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE & ORS. A v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. (Civil Appeal No. 5220 of 2022) B AUGUST 10, 2022 [HEMANT GUPTA AND VIKRAM NATH, JJ.]

Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 – s.166 – Motor Accident claim – Grant of compensation - The victim-deceased was driving motorcycle when a car came from the opposite direction and dashed into the C motorcycle of the victim – Victim died and his appellant-wife received injuries – FIR was registered and charge-sheet was filed against the driver of the vehicle – An application u/s. 166 of the 1988 Act was filed for grant of compensation – A total sum of Rs.8,90,000/-was assessed as compensation by the Tribunal and it was held that Dthe accident occurred by the car owned by the owner – However, the High Court did not accept the findings that the accident was caused by the car owned by the owner and the negligent driving on the part of the driver – The High Court noticed the fact that neither the owner of the offending car nor the Insurance Company has examined the driver to prove that the offending car was not involved E in the accident – Thus, doubting the statement of appellant regarding the accident, the appeal filed by the Insurance Company was allowed and the claim petition was dismissed – On appeal, held: Rule of evidence to prove charges in a criminal trial cannot be used while deciding an application u/s. 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 F which is summary in nature – The application under the Act has to be decided on the basis of evidence led before it and not on the basis of evidence which should have been or could have been led in a criminal trial – There is no reason to doubt the veracity of the statement of appellant who suffered injuries in the accident – The Gentire approach of the High Court is clearly not sustainable – Appellants have not filed any appeal seeking enhancement of compensation awarded by the Tribunal before the High Court – Appellants entitled to enhanced compensation – Therefore, in exercise of powers conferred u/Art. 142 of the Constitution, this Court decides to recompute the amount of compensation to be in H 1041

1042 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R. A tune with the Constitution Bench Judgment (National Insurance Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi & Ors. (2017) 16 SCC 680: [2017] 13 SCR 100 ) – Hence, the compensation comes out to be Rs. 11,63,000/- along with interest @ 7% p.a. – Consequently, the order passed by the High Court is set aside - Constitution of India – Art. 142. B Allowing the appeal, this Court HELD: 1. The rule of evidence to prove charges in a criminal trial cannot be used while deciding an application under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 which is summary C in nature. There is no reason to doubt the veracity of the statement of appellant No. 1 who suffered injuries in the accident. The application under the Act has to be decided on the basis of evidence led before it and not on the basis of evidence which should have been or could have been led in a criminal trial. We find that the entire approach of the High Court is clearly not D sustainable. If the daughters of the deceased have not been impleaded as claimants, it is immaterial as the amount of compensation payable by the tortfeasor will not get enhanced because of the daughters being party to the claim application. It is since the daughters are married, the mother has not impleaded, E the daughters as the claimants. It is not really of any consequence as held by the High Court. [Paras 10 & 11][1047-A-C]

2. The appellants have not filed any appeal seeking enhancement of compensation awarded by the Tribunal before the High Court. The appellants are entitled to enhanced F compensation particularly in respect of future prospects and other damages in terms of the judgment of this Court in Pranay Sethi. Therefore, in exercise of powers conferred under Article 142 of the Constitution, this Court decides to recompute the amount of compensation to be in tune with the constitution Bench G Judgment. The appellant has claimed compensation on account of love and affection as well on account of spousal consortium for wife and for the parental consortium for the children in the calculation given to this Court but in view of three Judge Bench judgment reported as United India Insurance Company Limited H JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. 1043 LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. Satinder Kaur & Ors., the compensation under the head on A account of loss of love and affection is not permissible but compensation on account of spousal consortium for wife and for the parental consortium for children is admissible. [Paras 12 & 13][1047-D-H]

3. The evidence of appellant No. 1 on affidavit is that her B husband was getting salary of Rs.12,450/- and that he was over 50 years of age. The learned Tribunal assessed monthly income of the deceased as Rs.10,000/- in the absence of proof of salary. Therefore, keeping in view the income and the age and the future prospects, the compensation is assessed as: a) Loss of earnings C as Rs.10,12,440; b) Loss of Estate as Rs.15000/-; c) Spousal consortium for wife Rs.40,000/-, Parental consortium for two children Rs.80,000/-; d) Funeral Expenses Rs.15000. Hence, the total compensation comes out to be Rs. 11,63,000/- along with interest @ 7% p.a. as awarded by Tribunal from the date of Dfiling of the claim application till realization. [Paras 14 & 15][1049-E-G; 1050-A] National Insurance Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi & Ors. (2017) 16 SCC 680 : [2017] 13 SCR 100 – followed. E United India Insurance Company Limited v. Satinder Kaur & Ors. (2021) 11 SCC 780 – relied on. Case Law Reference [2017] 13 SCR 100 followed Para 12 F CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5220 of 2022. From the Judgment and Order dated 14.12.2018 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay Bench at Aurangabad in First Appeal No. 3333 of 2015. G Atul Babasaheb Dakh, Adv. for the Appellants. Vishnu Mehra, Ms. Sakshi Mittal, Advs. for the Respondent. H 1044 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R. A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by HEMANT GUPTA, J.

1. The legal heirs of deceased Dinkar Shankarrao Ghorpade are in appeal against an order passed by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay on 14.12.2018 whereby, the award passed by the Motor Accident B Claims Tribunal awarding a sum of Rs.8,90,000/- along with interest @7% p.a. was set aside. 2. The deceased was driving motorcycle bearing No. MH-20/ AD-956 on 1.6.2007 when Maruti-800 Car bearing No. MH-41/C-1777 came from the opposite direction and dashed into the motorcycle of the C deceased as per the appellants. The deceased and appellant No. 1 received serious injuries. The deceased was thus admitted in a Government Hospital (Ghati Hospital). On 2.6.2007, the deceased was shifted to Kamal Nayan Bajaj Hospital but he died on 25.6.2007. The cause of death was head injury. D 3. Appellant No. 1 lodged a complaint on 2.7.2007 where an FIR was registered against unknown vehicle and unknown driver. It was on 20.8.2007, the registration of the offending vehicle and the names of the driver and the owner of the vehicle were informed. Thereafter, the Police started its investigation and charge sheeted the driver Sanjay E S/o Ramesh Sonwane.

4. On account of death of the deceased, an application under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 for grant of compensation was filed on 8.5.2009. The owner of the vehicle denied the accident. It was stated by the owner in his written statement that the driver - Sanjay was never F engaged by him and there is no relation of employer and employee between them. The driver neither filed written statement nor appeared as witness. The Insurance Company did not lead any evidence. 5. After considering the evidence of appellant No. 1, Janabai (PW- 1) and the statement of owner - Chudaman Vanji Patil, the learned G Tribunal, in the absence of any salary certificate, assessed the income of the deceased as Rs.10,000/- and after deducting 1/3rd salary towards personal expenses, assessed the monthly expenses as Rs.6,670/-. The multiplier of 11 was applied. A sum of Rs.2,000/- towards funeral expenses, Rs.5,000/- towards loss of consortium, Rs.2,500/- towards loss of estate was awarded, thus, a total sum of Rs.8,90,000/- was assessed as H JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. 1045 LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. [HEMANT GUPTA, J.]

compensation. The learned Tribunal held that the accident occurred by A the vehicle owned by the owner, when the following finding was recorded: “…He admitted that, Cr. No. 58/2007 was registered against driver of his car and charge-sheet was filed against respondent No.3 Sanjay. Police has seized his car and it was returned as per the order of the Court. He admitted that, he had not filed any B proceeding to quash the FIR against Sanjay. He further deposed that he had taken bail of Sanjay in the said crime. The Bail Application and surety and 7/12 extract are at Exhs.68, 69 and 70. It is to be noted that, in the examination-in-chief, Chudaman Patil has stated that he is not concerned with respondent No.3 and C respondent No.3 was not serving as a driver with him. However, the bail application form at Exh.68 shows that, Chudaman Patil i.e. respondent No.1 remained surety for respondent No.3 Sanjay Sonavane and it is mentioned that accused is the driver of the surety’s vehicle. It clearly shows that, respondent No.1 deposed D falsely before the Court that, he was not concerned with respondent No.3. It is also to be noted that, neither respondent No.3 nor respondent No. 1 had filed any petition for quashing the FIR. Police carried out the investigation and thereafter filed the charge-sheet against respondent No.3. So, it clearly shows that, Maruti Car bearing No.MH-41/C-1777 was involved in the accident and gave E dash to the motorcycle of deceased and caused the accident. Respondent No.3 drove the Maruti Car rashly and negligently….”

6. However, in an appeal filed by the Insurance Company, the High Court did not accept the findings that the accident was caused by the car owned by the owner and the negligent driving on the part of the F driver. The High Court, inter alia, held that the appellants have not examined the Investigating Officer in respect of the source of information disclosing registration number of the offending car as the Appellant No. 1 had given the registration number of the offending car to the Police in G a supplementary statement. Therefore, it cannot be said that link is established in between the accident and the offending car by the appellants. 7. The High Court noticed the fact that neither the owner of the offending car nor the Insurance Company has examined the driver to H 1046 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R.

A prove that the offending car was not involved in the accident. It was further held that appellant No. 1 - the injured pillion rider has lodged report against unknown car driver on 2.7.2007 i.e., after one month from the date of incident. In the FIR, there is no mention that her injured husband was taken to hospital in Maruti-800 bearing Registration No. MH-41/C-1777 but the said vehicle was involved in the accident was B not disclosed. It was also found that the married daughters of the deceased were not made party to the claim petition, doubting the bona fides of the appellants. Thus, doubting the statement of appellant No. 1 regarding the accident, the appeal filed by the Insurance Company was allowed and the claim petition was dismissed. C

8. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and find that the order of the High Court is unsustainable. Appellant No. 1 and her husband had received injuries in an accident which took place on 1.6.2007. She lost her husband on 25.6.2007. The primary concern of appellant No. 1 or other relatives at the time of incident was to take care of the D deceased in his critical condition. The health and well-being of her husband was her priority rather than to lodge an FIR. The High Court has proceeded primarily on the basis of information to the Police regarding non-disclosure of the name of the driver of the car in the FIR. Appellant No.1 has filed her examination-in-chief on 1.8.2011 disclosing the car E number of the offending vehicle. The owner and the Insurance Company had the opportunity to cross-examine the witness in support of their stand that the vehicle number given by her was not involved in the accident. In cross examination, she deposed that she was brought to the hospital in the vehicle which dashed into their vehicle. She deposed that she was mentally disturbed and hospitalized, therefore, she filed the F complaint late. 9. On the other hand, the owner has appeared as a witness. He admitted that he had taken the vehicle on superdari and that he has not filed any proceedings to quash FIR against Sanjay, driver of the Car. He admitted that bail application form and surety bond (Ex.68, 69 and 70) G

show that he has stood surety for the driver wherein he has mentioned the accused as driver of his vehicle. It has also come on record that the owner has not made any complaint in respect of false implication of his vehicle or the driver. H JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. 1047 LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. [HEMANT GUPTA, J.] 10. We find that the rule of evidence to prove charges in a criminal A trial cannot be used while deciding an application under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 which is summary in nature. There is no reason to doubt the veracity of the statement of appellant No. 1 who suffered injuries in the accident. The application under the Act has to be decided on the basis of evidence led before it and not on the basis of B evidence which should have been or could have been led in a criminal trial. We find that the entire approach of the High Court is clearly not sustainable. 11. If the daughters of the deceased have not been impleaded as claimants, it is immaterial as the amount of compensation payable by the C tortfeasor will not get enhanced because of the daughters being party to the claim application. It is since the daughters are married, the mother has not impleaded, the daughters as the claimants. It is not really of any consequence as held by the High Court.

12. The appellants have not filed any appeal seeking enhancement Dof compensation awarded by the Tribunal before the High Court. The Constitution Bench judgment in National Insurance Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi & Ors.1, was rendered when the appeal was pending before the High Court but since the appeal filed by the Insurance Company was accepted, there was no occasion for the High Court to examine the question of enhancement of compensation. We find that the appellants E are entitled to enhanced compensation particularly in respect of future prospects and other damages in terms of the judgment of this Court in Pranay Sethi. Therefore, in exercise of powers conferred under Article 142 of the Constitution, we have decided to recompute the amount of compensation to be in tune with the constitution Bench Judgment. F 13. The appellant has claimed compensation on account of love and affection as well on account of spousal consortium for wife and for the parental consortium for the children in the calculation given to this Court but in view of three Judge Bench judgment reported as United India Insurance Company Limited v. Satinder Kaur & Ors.2, the Gcompensation under the head on account of loss of love and affection is not permissible but compensation on account of spousal consortium for wife and for the parental consortium for children is admissible. This Court held as under: 1 (2017) 16 SCC 680 2 (2021) 11 SCC 780 H 1048 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R.

A “30. In Magma General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nanu Ram [Magma General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nanu Ram, (2018) 18 SCC 130 : (2019) 3 SCC (Civ) 146 : (2019) 3 SCC (Cri) 153] this Court interpreted “consortium” to be a compendious term, which encompasses spousal consortium, parental consortium, as well as filial consortium. The right to consortium would include the B company, care, help, comfort, guidance, solace and affection of the deceased, which is a loss to his family. With respect to a spouse, it would include sexual relations with the deceased spouse. 31. Parental consortium is granted to the child upon the premature death of a parent, for loss of parental aid, protection, affection, C society, discipline, guidance and training. Filial consortium is the right of the parents to compensation in the case of an accidental death of a child. An accident leading to the death of a child causes great shock and agony to the parents and family of the deceased. The greatest agony for a parent is to lose their child during their D lifetime. Children are valued for their love and affection, and their role in the family unit.

32. Modern jurisdictions world over have recognised that the value of a child’s consortium far exceeds the economic value of the compensation awarded in the case of the death of a child. Most E jurisdictions permit parents to be awarded compensation under the loss of consortium on the death of a child. The amount awarded to the parents is the compensation for loss of love and affection, care and companionship of the deceased child. 33. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 is a beneficial legislation which F has been framed with the object of providing relief to the victims, or their families, in cases of genuine claims. In case where a parent has lost their minor child, or unmarried son or daughter, the parents are entitled to be awarded loss of consortium under the head of filial consortium. Parental consortium is awarded to the G children who lose the care and protection of their parents in motor vehicle accidents. The amount to be awarded for loss consortium will be as per the amount fixed in Pranay Sethi [National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Pranay Sethi, (2017) 16 SCC 680 : (2018) 3 SCC (Civ) 248 : (2018) 2 SCC (Cri) 205]. H JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. 1049 LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. [HEMANT GUPTA, J.]

34. At this stage, we consider it necessary to provide uniformity A with respect to the grant of consortium, and loss of love and affection. Several Tribunals and the High Courts have been awarding compensation for both loss of consortium and loss of love and affection. The Constitution Bench in Pranay Sethi [National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Pranay Sethi, (2017) 16 SCC 680 B : (2018) 3 SCC (Civ) 248 : (2018) 2 SCC (Cri) 205] , has recognised only three conventional heads under which compensation can be awarded viz. loss of estate, loss of consortium and funeral expenses. In Magma General [Magma General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nanu Ram, (2018) 18 SCC 130 : (2019) 3 SCC (Civ) 146 C : (2019) 3 SCC (Cri) 153], this Court gave a comprehensive interpretation to consortium to include spousal consortium, parental consortium, as well as filial consortium. Loss of love and affection is comprehended in loss of consortium. 35. The Tribunals and the High Courts are directed to award D compensation for loss of consortium, which is a legitimate conventional head. There is no justification to award compensation towards loss of love and affection as a separate head.”

14. The evidence of appellant No. 1 on affidavit is that her husband was getting salary of Rs.12,450/- and that he was over 50 years of age. EThe learned Tribunal assessed monthly income of the deceased as Rs.10,000/- in the absence of proof of salary. Therefore, keeping in view the income and the age and the future prospects in terms of judgment of this Court in Pranay Sethi, the compensation is assessed as follows: F G H 1050 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R. A 15. Hence, the compensation comes out to be Rs. 11,63,000/- along with interest @ 7% p.a. as awarded by learned Tribunal from the date of filing of the claim application till realization. 16. Consequently, the order passed by the High Court is set aside. The appeal thus stands allowed. B Ankit Gyan Appeal allowed. C D E F G H

[2022] 6 S.C.R. 1041 1041 JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE & ORS. A v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. (Civil Appeal No. 5220 of 2022) B AUGUST 10, 2022 [HEMANT GUPTA AND VIKRAM NATH, JJ.]

Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 – s.166 – Motor Accident claim – Grant of compensation - The victim-deceased was driving motorcycle when a car came from the opposite direction and dashed into the C motorcycle of the victim – Victim died and his appellant-wife received injuries – FIR was registered and charge-sheet was filed against the driver of the vehicle – An application u/s. 166 of the 1988 Act was filed for grant of compensation – A total sum of Rs.8,90,000/-was assessed as compensation by the Tribunal and it was held that Dthe accident occurred by the car owned by the owner – However, the High Court did not accept the findings that the accident was caused by the car owned by the owner and the negligent driving on the part of the driver – The High Court noticed the fact that neither the owner of the offending car nor the Insurance Company has examined the driver to prove that the offending car was not involved E in the accident – Thus, doubting the statement of appellant regarding the accident, the appeal filed by the Insurance Company was allowed and the claim petition was dismissed – On appeal, held: Rule of evidence to prove charges in a criminal trial cannot be used while deciding an application u/s. 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 F which is summary in nature – The application under the Act has to be decided on the basis of evidence led before it and not on the basis of evidence which should have been or could have been led in a criminal trial – There is no reason to doubt the veracity of the statement of appellant who suffered injuries in the accident – The Gentire approach of the High Court is clearly not sustainable – Appellants have not filed any appeal seeking enhancement of compensation awarded by the Tribunal before the High Court – Appellants entitled to enhanced compensation – Therefore, in exercise of powers conferred u/Art. 142 of the Constitution, this Court decides to recompute the amount of compensation to be in H 1041

1042 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R. A tune with the Constitution Bench Judgment (National Insurance Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi & Ors. (2017) 16 SCC 680: [2017] 13 SCR 100 ) – Hence, the compensation comes out to be Rs. 11,63,000/- along with interest @ 7% p.a. – Consequently, the order passed by the High Court is set aside - Constitution of India – Art. 142. B Allowing the appeal, this Court HELD: 1. The rule of evidence to prove charges in a criminal trial cannot be used while deciding an application under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 which is summary C in nature. There is no reason to doubt the veracity of the statement of appellant No. 1 who suffered injuries in the accident. The application under the Act has to be decided on the basis of evidence led before it and not on the basis of evidence which should have been or could have been led in a criminal trial. We find that the entire approach of the High Court is clearly not D sustainable. If the daughters of the deceased have not been impleaded as claimants, it is immaterial as the amount of compensation payable by the tortfeasor will not get enhanced because of the daughters being party to the claim application. It is since the daughters are married, the mother has not impleaded, E the daughters as the claimants. It is not really of any consequence as held by the High Court. [Paras 10 & 11][1047-A-C]

2. The appellants have not filed any appeal seeking enhancement of compensation awarded by the Tribunal before the High Court. The appellants are entitled to enhanced F compensation particularly in respect of future prospects and other damages in terms of the judgment of this Court in Pranay Sethi. Therefore, in exercise of powers conferred under Article 142 of the Constitution, this Court decides to recompute the amount of compensation to be in tune with the constitution Bench G Judgment. The appellant has claimed compensation on account of love and affection as well on account of spousal consortium for wife and for the parental consortium for the children in the calculation given to this Court but in view of three Judge Bench judgment reported as United India Insurance Company Limited H JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. 1043 LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. v. Satinder Kaur & Ors., the compensation under the head on A account of loss of love and affection is not permissible but compensation on account of spousal consortium for wife and for the parental consortium for children is admissible. [Paras 12 & 13][1047-D-H]

3. The evidence of appellant No. 1 on affidavit is that her B husband was getting salary of Rs.12,450/- and that he was over 50 years of age. The learned Tribunal assessed monthly income of the deceased as Rs.10,000/- in the absence of proof of salary. Therefore, keeping in view the income and the age and the future prospects, the compensation is assessed as: a) Loss of earnings C as Rs.10,12,440; b) Loss of Estate as Rs.15000/-; c) Spousal consortium for wife Rs.40,000/-, Parental consortium for two children Rs.80,000/-; d) Funeral Expenses Rs.15000. Hence, the total compensation comes out to be Rs. 11,63,000/- along with interest @ 7% p.a. as awarded by Tribunal from the date of Dfiling of the claim application till realization. [Paras 14 & 15][1049-E-G; 1050-A] National Insurance Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi & Ors. (2017) 16 SCC 680 : [2017] 13 SCR 100 – followed. E United India Insurance Company Limited v. Satinder Kaur & Ors. (2021) 11 SCC 780 – relied on. Case Law Reference [2017] 13 SCR 100 followed Para 12 F CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5220 of 2022. From the Judgment and Order dated 14.12.2018 of the High Court of Judicature at Bombay Bench at Aurangabad in First Appeal No. 3333 of 2015. G Atul Babasaheb Dakh, Adv. for the Appellants. Vishnu Mehra, Ms. Sakshi Mittal, Advs. for the Respondent. H 1044 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R. A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by HEMANT GUPTA, J.

1. The legal heirs of deceased Dinkar Shankarrao Ghorpade are in appeal against an order passed by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay on 14.12.2018 whereby, the award passed by the Motor Accident B Claims Tribunal awarding a sum of Rs.8,90,000/- along with interest @7% p.a. was set aside. 2. The deceased was driving motorcycle bearing No. MH-20/ AD-956 on 1.6.2007 when Maruti-800 Car bearing No. MH-41/C-1777 came from the opposite direction and dashed into the motorcycle of the C deceased as per the appellants. The deceased and appellant No. 1 received serious injuries. The deceased was thus admitted in a Government Hospital (Ghati Hospital). On 2.6.2007, the deceased was shifted to Kamal Nayan Bajaj Hospital but he died on 25.6.2007. The cause of death was head injury. D 3. Appellant No. 1 lodged a complaint on 2.7.2007 where an FIR was registered against unknown vehicle and unknown driver. It was on 20.8.2007, the registration of the offending vehicle and the names of the driver and the owner of the vehicle were informed. Thereafter, the Police started its investigation and charge sheeted the driver Sanjay E S/o Ramesh Sonwane.

4. On account of death of the deceased, an application under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 for grant of compensation was filed on 8.5.2009. The owner of the vehicle denied the accident. It was stated by the owner in his written statement that the driver - Sanjay was never F engaged by him and there is no relation of employer and employee between them. The driver neither filed written statement nor appeared as witness. The Insurance Company did not lead any evidence. 5. After considering the evidence of appellant No. 1, Janabai (PW- 1) and the statement of owner - Chudaman Vanji Patil, the learned G Tribunal, in the absence of any salary certificate, assessed the income of the deceased as Rs.10,000/- and after deducting 1/3rd salary towards personal expenses, assessed the monthly expenses as Rs.6,670/-. The multiplier of 11 was applied. A sum of Rs.2,000/- towards funeral expenses, Rs.5,000/- towards loss of consortium, Rs.2,500/- towards loss of estate was awarded, thus, a total sum of Rs.8,90,000/- was assessed as H JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. 1045 LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. [HEMANT GUPTA, J.]

compensation. The learned Tribunal held that the accident occurred by A the vehicle owned by the owner, when the following finding was recorded: “…He admitted that, Cr. No. 58/2007 was registered against driver of his car and charge-sheet was filed against respondent No.3 Sanjay. Police has seized his car and it was returned as per the order of the Court. He admitted that, he had not filed any B proceeding to quash the FIR against Sanjay. He further deposed that he had taken bail of Sanjay in the said crime. The Bail Application and surety and 7/12 extract are at Exhs.68, 69 and 70. It is to be noted that, in the examination-in-chief, Chudaman Patil has stated that he is not concerned with respondent No.3 and C respondent No.3 was not serving as a driver with him. However, the bail application form at Exh.68 shows that, Chudaman Patil i.e. respondent No.1 remained surety for respondent No.3 Sanjay Sonavane and it is mentioned that accused is the driver of the surety’s vehicle. It clearly shows that, respondent No.1 deposed D falsely before the Court that, he was not concerned with respondent No.3. It is also to be noted that, neither respondent No.3 nor respondent No. 1 had filed any petition for quashing the FIR. Police carried out the investigation and thereafter filed the charge-sheet against respondent No.3. So, it clearly shows that, Maruti Car bearing No.MH-41/C-1777 was involved in the accident and gave E dash to the motorcycle of deceased and caused the accident. Respondent No.3 drove the Maruti Car rashly and negligently….”

6. However, in an appeal filed by the Insurance Company, the High Court did not accept the findings that the accident was caused by the car owned by the owner and the negligent driving on the part of the F driver. The High Court, inter alia, held that the appellants have not examined the Investigating Officer in respect of the source of information disclosing registration number of the offending car as the Appellant No. 1 had given the registration number of the offending car to the Police in G a supplementary statement. Therefore, it cannot be said that link is established in between the accident and the offending car by the appellants. 7. The High Court noticed the fact that neither the owner of the offending car nor the Insurance Company has examined the driver to H 1046 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R.

A prove that the offending car was not involved in the accident. It was further held that appellant No. 1 - the injured pillion rider has lodged report against unknown car driver on 2.7.2007 i.e., after one month from the date of incident. In the FIR, there is no mention that her injured husband was taken to hospital in Maruti-800 bearing Registration No. MH-41/C-1777 but the said vehicle was involved in the accident was B not disclosed. It was also found that the married daughters of the deceased were not made party to the claim petition, doubting the bona fides of the appellants. Thus, doubting the statement of appellant No. 1 regarding the accident, the appeal filed by the Insurance Company was allowed and the claim petition was dismissed. C

8. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and find that the order of the High Court is unsustainable. Appellant No. 1 and her husband had received injuries in an accident which took place on 1.6.2007. She lost her husband on 25.6.2007. The primary concern of appellant No. 1 or other relatives at the time of incident was to take care of the D deceased in his critical condition. The health and well-being of her husband was her priority rather than to lodge an FIR. The High Court has proceeded primarily on the basis of information to the Police regarding non-disclosure of the name of the driver of the car in the FIR. Appellant No.1 has filed her examination-in-chief on 1.8.2011 disclosing the car E number of the offending vehicle. The owner and the Insurance Company had the opportunity to cross-examine the witness in support of their stand that the vehicle number given by her was not involved in the accident. In cross examination, she deposed that she was brought to the hospital in the vehicle which dashed into their vehicle. She deposed that she was mentally disturbed and hospitalized, therefore, she filed the F complaint late. 9. On the other hand, the owner has appeared as a witness. He admitted that he had taken the vehicle on superdari and that he has not filed any proceedings to quash FIR against Sanjay, driver of the Car. He admitted that bail application form and surety bond (Ex.68, 69 and 70) G

show that he has stood surety for the driver wherein he has mentioned the accused as driver of his vehicle. It has also come on record that the owner has not made any complaint in respect of false implication of his vehicle or the driver. H JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. 1047 LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. [HEMANT GUPTA, J.] 10. We find that the rule of evidence to prove charges in a criminal A trial cannot be used while deciding an application under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 which is summary in nature. There is no reason to doubt the veracity of the statement of appellant No. 1 who suffered injuries in the accident. The application under the Act has to be decided on the basis of evidence led before it and not on the basis of B evidence which should have been or could have been led in a criminal trial. We find that the entire approach of the High Court is clearly not sustainable. 11. If the daughters of the deceased have not been impleaded as claimants, it is immaterial as the amount of compensation payable by the C tortfeasor will not get enhanced because of the daughters being party to the claim application. It is since the daughters are married, the mother has not impleaded, the daughters as the claimants. It is not really of any consequence as held by the High Court.

12. The appellants have not filed any appeal seeking enhancement Dof compensation awarded by the Tribunal before the High Court. The Constitution Bench judgment in National Insurance Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi & Ors.1, was rendered when the appeal was pending before the High Court but since the appeal filed by the Insurance Company was accepted, there was no occasion for the High Court to examine the question of enhancement of compensation. We find that the appellants E are entitled to enhanced compensation particularly in respect of future prospects and other damages in terms of the judgment of this Court in Pranay Sethi. Therefore, in exercise of powers conferred under Article 142 of the Constitution, we have decided to recompute the amount of compensation to be in tune with the constitution Bench Judgment. F 13. The appellant has claimed compensation on account of love and affection as well on account of spousal consortium for wife and for the parental consortium for the children in the calculation given to this Court but in view of three Judge Bench judgment reported as United India Insurance Company Limited v. Satinder Kaur & Ors.2, the Gcompensation under the head on account of loss of love and affection is not permissible but compensation on account of spousal consortium for wife and for the parental consortium for children is admissible. This Court held as under: 1 (2017) 16 SCC 680 2 (2021) 11 SCC 780 H 1048 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R.

A “30. In Magma General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nanu Ram [Magma General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nanu Ram, (2018) 18 SCC 130 : (2019) 3 SCC (Civ) 146 : (2019) 3 SCC (Cri) 153] this Court interpreted “consortium” to be a compendious term, which encompasses spousal consortium, parental consortium, as well as filial consortium. The right to consortium would include the B company, care, help, comfort, guidance, solace and affection of the deceased, which is a loss to his family. With respect to a spouse, it would include sexual relations with the deceased spouse. 31. Parental consortium is granted to the child upon the premature death of a parent, for loss of parental aid, protection, affection, C society, discipline, guidance and training. Filial consortium is the right of the parents to compensation in the case of an accidental death of a child. An accident leading to the death of a child causes great shock and agony to the parents and family of the deceased. The greatest agony for a parent is to lose their child during their D lifetime. Children are valued for their love and affection, and their role in the family unit.

32. Modern jurisdictions world over have recognised that the value of a child’s consortium far exceeds the economic value of the compensation awarded in the case of the death of a child. Most E jurisdictions permit parents to be awarded compensation under the loss of consortium on the death of a child. The amount awarded to the parents is the compensation for loss of love and affection, care and companionship of the deceased child. 33. The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 is a beneficial legislation which F has been framed with the object of providing relief to the victims, or their families, in cases of genuine claims. In case where a parent has lost their minor child, or unmarried son or daughter, the parents are entitled to be awarded loss of consortium under the head of filial consortium. Parental consortium is awarded to the G children who lose the care and protection of their parents in motor vehicle accidents. The amount to be awarded for loss consortium will be as per the amount fixed in Pranay Sethi [National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Pranay Sethi, (2017) 16 SCC 680 : (2018) 3 SCC (Civ) 248 : (2018) 2 SCC (Cri) 205]. H JANABAI WD/O DINKARRAO GHORPADE v. M/S. I.C.I.C.I. 1049 LAMBORD INSURANCE COMPANY LTD. [HEMANT GUPTA, J.]

34. At this stage, we consider it necessary to provide uniformity A with respect to the grant of consortium, and loss of love and affection. Several Tribunals and the High Courts have been awarding compensation for both loss of consortium and loss of love and affection. The Constitution Bench in Pranay Sethi [National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Pranay Sethi, (2017) 16 SCC 680 B : (2018) 3 SCC (Civ) 248 : (2018) 2 SCC (Cri) 205] , has recognised only three conventional heads under which compensation can be awarded viz. loss of estate, loss of consortium and funeral expenses. In Magma General [Magma General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nanu Ram, (2018) 18 SCC 130 : (2019) 3 SCC (Civ) 146 C : (2019) 3 SCC (Cri) 153], this Court gave a comprehensive interpretation to consortium to include spousal consortium, parental consortium, as well as filial consortium. Loss of love and affection is comprehended in loss of consortium. 35. The Tribunals and the High Courts are directed to award D compensation for loss of consortium, which is a legitimate conventional head. There is no justification to award compensation towards loss of love and affection as a separate head.”

14. The evidence of appellant No. 1 on affidavit is that her husband was getting salary of Rs.12,450/- and that he was over 50 years of age. EThe learned Tribunal assessed monthly income of the deceased as Rs.10,000/- in the absence of proof of salary. Therefore, keeping in view the income and the age and the future prospects in terms of judgment of this Court in Pranay Sethi, the compensation is assessed as follows: F G H 1050 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 6 S.C.R. A 15. Hence, the compensation comes out to be Rs. 11,63,000/- along with interest @ 7% p.a. as awarded by learned Tribunal from the date of filing of the claim application till realization. 16. Consequently, the order passed by the High Court is set aside. The appeal thus stands allowed. B Ankit Gyan Appeal allowed. C D E F G H