[2021] 12 S.C.R. 123 123 THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION A (PRIMARY) & ORS. v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA (Civil Appeal No. 7752 of 2021) B DECEMBER 16, 2021 [HEMANT GUPTA AND V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, JJ.]

Service Law: Compassionate appointment – Appointment on compassionate grounds is not automatic, but subject to strict scrutiny C of various parameters including the financial position of the family, the economic dependence of the family upon the deceased employee and the avocation of the other members of the family – Therefore, no one can claim to have a vested right for appointment on compassionate grounds – In the instant case, respondent’s sister, D employed in Government School, died in harness on 8.12.2010 – Claiming that the deceased was unmarried and that the mother, two brothers and two sisters were entirely dependent on her income, respondent sought appointment on compassionate grounds – Claim was rejected by the competent authority by Order dated 17/ 21.11.2012, on the ground that the amendment made to the E Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate Grounds) (7th amendment) Rules, 2012 on 20.06.2012, extending the benefit of compassionate appointment to the unmarried dependant brother of an unmarried female employee, will not be applicable to the case of the respondent – Respondent moved the Administrative Tribunal F by way of an application which was allowed on the ground that the amendment made to the Rules on 20.06.2012 would apply retrospectively covering the case of the respondent, though his sister died in harness on 8.12.2010. Writ petition by State was dismissed

– Hence instant appeal – Held: Admittedly, the appointment on compassionate grounds in the State of Karnataka is governed by a G set of Rules known as Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate grounds) Rules, 1996, issued in exercise of the powers conferred by s.3(1) read with s.8 of the Karnataka State Civil Services Act, 1978 – The Rules as they stood, on the date on which the sister of the respondent died in harness, did not include H 123 124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A an unmarried brother, within the definition of the expression “dependent of a deceased Government servant” under r.2(1)(a) of the said Rules vis-a-vis a deceased female unmarried Government servant – But it was only by way of an amendment proposed under a draft Notification dated 20.06.2012 which was given effect on 11.07.2012 that an unmarried brother of a deceased female B unmarried Government servant was included within the definition – There is no dispute about the fact that the sister of the respondent died as an unmarried female Government servant, but on 8.12.2010, before the amendment was made to the Rules – Respondent’s application dismissed. C Interpretation of statutes: There is no principle of statutory interpretation which permits a decision on the applicability of a rule, to be based upon an indeterminate or variable factor – A rule of interpretation which produces different results, depending upon what the individuals do or do not do, is inconceivable. D

Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. Every appointment to a post or service must be made strictly by adhering to the mandate of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. Appointment on compassionate grounds, is an exception to the regular mode of recruitment, as it is intended to E provide succor to the family of the deceased Government servant, which is thrown out of gear both financially and otherwise, due to the sudden death of the Government servant in harness. [Para 7][128-H; 129-A-B] 2. Admittedly, the appointment on compassionate grounds F in the State of Karnataka is governed by a set of Rules known as Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate grounds) Rules, 1996, issued in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3(1) read with Section 8 of the Karnataka State Civil Services Act, 1978. The Rules as they stood, on the date on which G the sister of the respondent died in harness, did not include an unmarried brother, within the definition of the expression “dependant of a deceased Government servant” under Rule 2(1)(a) of the said Rules vis-a-vis a deceased female unmarried Government servant. But it was only by way of an amendment proposed under a draft Notification dated 20.06.2012 which was H THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 125 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA

given effect under the final Notification bearing No. DPAR 55 A SCA 2012, Bangalore dated 11.07.2012 that an unmarried brother of a deceased female unmarried Government servant was included within the definition. There is no dispute about the fact that the sister of the respondent died as an unmarried female Government servant, but on 8.12.2010, before the amendment was made to B the Rules. [Para 8][129-B-E] State Bank of India vs. Sheo Shankar Tewari (2019) 5 SCC 600 : [2019] 3 SCR 718 – referred to. 3. It is no doubt true that there are, two lines of decisions rendered by Benches of equal strength. But the apparent conflict C between those two lines of decisions, was on account of the difference between an amendment by which an existing benefit was withdrawn or diluted and an amendment by which the existing benefit was enhanced. The interpretation adopted by this Court varied depending upon the nature of the amendment. D [Para 12][130-G] State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Amit Shrivas (2020) 10 SCC 496; State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Ashish Awasthi (2022) 2 SCC 157 – referred to.

4. In cases where the benefit under the existing Scheme E was taken away or substituted with a lesser benefit, this Court directed the application of the new Scheme. But in cases where the benefits under an existing Scheme were enlarged by a modified Scheme after the death of the employee, this Court applied only the Scheme that was in force on the date of death of F the employee. This is fundamentally due to the fact that compassionate appointment was always considered to be an exception to the normal method of recruitment and perhaps looked down upon with lesser compassion for the individual and greater concern for the rule of law. [Para 17][134-F-G] G 5. If compassionate appointment is one of the conditions of service and is made automatic upon the death of an employee in harness without any kind of scrutiny whatsoever, the same would be treated as a vested right in law. But it is not so. Appointment on compassionate grounds is not automatic, but subject to strict H 126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A scrutiny of various parameters including the financial position of the family, the economic dependence of the family upon the deceased employee and the avocation of the other members of the family. Therefore, no one can claim to have a vested right for appointment on compassionate grounds. Though there is a conflict of opinion in decisions as to whether the Scheme in force on the B

date of death of the employee would apply or the Scheme in force on the date of consideration of the application of appointment on compassionate grounds would apply, there is certainly no conflict about the underlying concern reflected in the above decisions. Wherever the modified Schemes diluted the existing benefits, C this Court applied those benefits, but wherever the modified Scheme granted larger benefits, the old Scheme was made applicable. [Para 18][134-H; 135-A-D] 6. The important aspect about the conflict of opinion is that it revolves around two dates, namely, (i) date of death of the D employee; and (ii) date of consideration of the application of the dependant. Out of these two dates, only one, namely, the date of death alone is a fixed factor that does not change. The next date namely the date of consideration of the claim, is something that depends upon many variables such as the date of filing of application, the date of attaining of majority of the claimant and E the date on which the file is put up to the competent authority. There is no principle of statutory interpretation which permits a decision on the applicability of a rule, to be based upon an indeterminate or variable factor. [Para 19][135-D-F] 7. A rule of interpretation which produces different results, F

depending upon what the individuals do or do not do, is inconceivable. This is why, the managements of a few banks, in the cases tabulated above, have introduced a rule in the modified scheme itself, which provides for all pending applications to be decided under the new/modified scheme. Therefore, the interpretation G as to the applicability of a modified Scheme should depend only upon a determinate and fixed criteria such as the date of death and not an indeterminate and variable factor. [Para 19][136-A-C] H THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 127 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA 8. Coming to the case on hand, the employee died on A 8.12.2010 and the amendment to the Rules was proposed by way of a draft notification on 20.06.2012. The final notification was issued on 11.07.2012. Merely because the application for appointment was taken up for consideration after the issue of the amendment, the respondent could not have sought the benefit of B the amendment. The Judgment of the Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in Akkamahadevamma on which the Tribunal as well as the High Court placed reliance, was not applicable to the case of compassionate appointments, as the amendment in Akkamahadevamma came as a result of the existing rule being declared to be ultra vires Articles 14 and 16 of the C Constitution. [Para 20][136-C-E]

State of Karnataka v. Akkamahadevamma and others decided by Division Bench of Karnataka High Court on 18.11.2010 on Writ Petition No.20914 of 2010 etc – held inapplicable. D Case Law Reference [2019] 3 SCR 718 referred to Para 11 (2020) 10 SCC 496 referred to Para 13 E (2022) 2 SCC 157 referred to Para 14 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 7752 of 2021. From the Judgment and Order dated 20.11.2019 of the High Court F of Karnataka, Dharwad Bench in Writ Petition No.106904 of 2019 (S- KAT). V. N. Raghupathy, Mohd. Apzal Ansari, Ms. Diksha Sharma, Advs. for the Appellants. G Jayanth Muthraj, Sr. Adv., T. S. Sabarish, Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Advs. for the Respondent. H 128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Aggrieved by the order passed by Karnataka State Administrative Tribunal which was also confirmed by the High Court, B directing them to consider the case of the respondent for appointment on compassionate grounds, the State has come up with the above appeal. 3. We have heard Sh. V. N. Raghupathy, learned counsel appearing for the appellants and Sh. Jayanth Muthraj, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent. C

4. Admittedly, the respondent’s sister who was employed as Assistant Teacher in a Government School, died in harness on 8.12.2010, leaving behind her surviving, her mother, two brothers and two sisters. Claiming that the deceased was unmarried and that the mother, two brothers and two sisters were entirely dependent on her income, the D respondent sought appointment on compassionate grounds. The claim was rejected by the competent authority by an Order dated 17/21.11.2012, on the ground that the amendment made to the Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate Grounds) (7th amendment) Rules, 2012 on 20.06.2012, extending the benefit of compassionate appointment to the unmarried dependant brother of an unmarried female employee, will E not be applicable to the case of the respondent. 5. Aggrieved by the said order of rejection, the respondent moved the Karnataka State Administrative Tribunal by way of an application in Application No.9099 of 2014. The said application was allowed by the Tribunal by an Order dated 10.11.2017, on the ground that the amendment F made to the Rules on 20.06.2012 would apply retrospectively covering the case of the respondent, though his sister died in harness on 8.12.2010.

6. Challenging the Order of the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal, the State filed a writ petition before the High Court of Karnataka, Dharwad Bench. The writ petition was dismissed by the High Court by G an Order dated 20.11.2019, on the basis of the decision of another Division Bench of the Court, which held that the amendment to the Rules was retrospective in nature. It is against the said Order that the State has come up with above appeal. 7. As held by this Court repeatedly, every appointment to a post H or service must be made strictly by adhering to the mandate of Articles THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 129 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA [V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J.] 14 and 16 of the Constitution. Appointment on compassionate grounds, A is an exception to the regular mode of recruitment, as it is intended to provide succor to the family of the deceased Government servant, which is thrown out of gear both financially and otherwise, due to the sudden death of the Government servant in harness.

8. Admittedly, the appointment on compassionate grounds in the B State of Karnataka is governed by a set of Rules known as Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate grounds) Rules, 1996, issued in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3(1) read with Section 8 of the Karnataka State Civil Services Act, 1978. The Rules as they stood, on the date on which the sister of the respondent died in Charness, did not include an unmarried brother, within the definition of the expression “dependant of a deceased Government servant” under Rule 2(1)(a) of the said Rules vis-a-vis a deceased female unmarried Government servant. But it was only by way of an amendment proposed under a draft Notification dated 20.06.2012 which was given effect under the final Notification bearing No. DPAR 55 SCA 2012, Bangalore dated D 11.07.2012 that an unmarried brother of a deceased female unmarried Government servant was included within the definition. There is no dispute about the fact that the sister of the respondent died as an unmarried female Government servant, but on 8.12.2010, before the amendment was made to the Rules. E

9. To hold that the amendment will have retrospective application, the High Court as well as the Tribunal relied upon a Judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court of Karnataka in State of Karnataka vs. Akkamahadevamma and others, decided on 18.11.2010 in Writ Petition Nos.20914 of 2010 etc. But it should be pointed out at the outset that the Judgment of the High Court in Akkamahadevamma arose out F of an amendment to the Karnataka Civil Services (General Recruitment) (57th Amendment) Rules, 2000. By the Amendment made on 30.03.2010 to the said Rules, grandson, unmarried granddaughter, daughter in law, widowed daughter and widowed granddaughter were included within the definition of the expression “members of the family” under G Explanation-2 of Rule 9. But the amendment so made on 30.03.2010 expanding the definition of the expression “members of the family” was triggered by an Order of the Tribunal which held the unamended rule to be unconstitutional. It is in that context that the amendment made on 30.03.2010 to the Rules issued on 23.11.2000 was held by the High Court to be retrospective in nature. It must also be remembered that the H 130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R.

A expanded definition was with respect to project displaced persons. The right conferred upon a project displaced person stands on a different footing from the entitlement of a person to seek appointment on compassionate grounds. In any case an amendment brought forth, on the basis of a Judgment of a Court or Tribunal, holding the exclusion of certain categories of persons to be violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the B Constitution, may receive an interpretation such as the one proposed by the High Court in Akkamahadevamma. But the same may not be applicable to amendments of the nature that we are concerned with in this case. 10. Incidentally we must point out that the High Court may not be C correct in holding in Akkamahadevamma that the insertion of additional words in an existing provision would make those additions part of the original provision with effect from the date on which the original provision came into force. The rules of interpretation relating to ‘substitution’ are not to be applied to the case of ‘insertion of additional words’.

11. Be that as it may, Sh. Jayanth Muthraj, learned senior counsel D appearing for the respondent pleaded that there are two lines of Judgments of this Court, one taking the view that the Rules/Scheme in force on the date of death of the Government servant would govern the field and the other holding that the Rules/scheme in force on the date of consideration of the claim would govern the field. Unable to reconcile this conflict, a E two Member Bench of this Court, by its Order dated 08.02.2019 in State Bank of India vs. Sheo Shankar Tewari1, has referred the matter for consideration by a larger Bench. Sh. Jayanth Muthraj, learned senior counsel therefore made a request that the present appeal may either be placed along with the reference or await a decision on the above reference. F 12. But we do not consider it necessary to do so. It is no doubt true that there are, as contended by the learned senior Counsel for the respondent, two lines of decisions rendered by Benches of equal strength. But the apparent conflict between those two lines of decisions, was on account of the difference between an amendment by which an existing G benefit was withdrawn or diluted and an amendment by which the existing benefit was enhanced. The interpretation adopted by this Court varied depending upon the nature of the amendment. This can be seen by presenting the decisions referred to by the learned senior counsel for the respondent in a tabular column as follows: H 1 (2019) 5 SCC 600

THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 131 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA [V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J.] A B C D E F G H 132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A B C D E F G H THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 133 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA [V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J.] A B C D E F 13. Apart from the aforesaid decisions, our attention was also drawn to the decision of the three member Bench in State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Amit Shrivas2. But that case arose out of a claim made by the dependant of a deceased Government servant, who was originally Gappointed on a work charged establishment and who later claimed to have become a permanent employee. The Court went into the distinction between an employee with a permanent status and an employee with a regular status. Despite the claim of the dependant that his father had 2 (2020) 10 SCC 496 H 134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A become a permanent employee, this Court held in that case that as per the policy prevailing on the date of death, a work charged/contingency fund employee was not entitled to compassionate appointment. While holding so, the Bench reiterated the opinion in Indian Bank vs. Promila. 14. The aforesaid decision in Amit Shrivas (supra) was followed B by a two member Bench of this Court in the yet to be reported decision in the State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Ashish Awasthi decided on 18.11.2021.

15. Let us now come to the reference pending before the larger Bench. In State Bank of India vs. Sheo Shankar Tewari (supra), a C two member Bench of this Court noted the apparent conflict between State Bank of India vs. Raj Kumar and MGB Gramin Bank on the one hand and Canara Bank vs. M. Mahesh Kumar on the other hand and referred the matter for the consideration of a larger Bench. The order of reference to a larger Bench was actually dated 8.02.2019. 16. It was only after the aforesaid reference to a larger Bench D that this Court decided at least four cases, respectively in (i) Indian Bank vs. Promila; (ii) N.C. Santhosh vs. State of Karnataka; (iii) State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Amit Shrivas; and (iv) State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Ashish Awasthi. Out of these four decisions, N.C. Santosh (supra) was by a three member Bench, which actually took note of the E reference pending before the larger Bench.

17. Keeping the above in mind, if we critically analyse the way in which this Court has proceeded to interpret the applicability of a new or modified Scheme that comes into force after the death of the employee, we may notice an interesting feature. In cases where the benefit under F the existing Scheme was taken away or substituted with a lesser benefit, this Court directed the application of the new Scheme. But in cases where the benefits under an existing Scheme were enlarged by a modified Scheme after the death of the employee, this Court applied only the Scheme that was in force on the date of death of the employee. This is fundamentally due to the fact that compassionate appointment was always G considered to be an exception to the normal method of recruitment and perhaps looked down upon with lesser compassion for the individual and greater concern for the rule of law. 18. If compassionate appointment is one of the conditions of service and is made automatic upon the death of an employee in harness H THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 135 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA [V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J.]

without any kind of scrutiny whatsoever, the same would be treated as a A vested right in law. But it is not so. Appointment on compassionate grounds is not automatic, but subject to strict scrutiny of various parameters including the financial position of the family, the economic dependence of the family upon the deceased employee and the avocation of the other members of the family. Therefore, no one can claim to have a B vested right for appointment on compassionate grounds. This is why some of the decisions which we have tabulated above appear to have interpreted the applicability of revised Schemes differently, leading to conflict of opinion. Though there is a conflict as to whether the Scheme in force on the date of death of the employee would apply or the Scheme in force on the date of consideration of the application of appointment on C compassionate grounds would apply, there is certainly no conflict about the underlying concern reflected in the above decisions. Wherever the modified Schemes diluted the existing benefits, this Court applied those benefits, but wherever the modified Scheme granted larger benefits, the old Scheme was made applicable. D

19. The important aspect about the conflict of opinion is that it revolves around two dates, namely, (i) date of death of the employee; and (ii) date of consideration of the application of the dependant. Out of these two dates, only one, namely, the date of death alone is a fixed factor that does not change. The next date namely the date of Econsideration of the claim, is something that depends upon many variables such as the date of filing of application, the date of attaining of majority of the claimant and the date on which the file is put up to the competent authority. There is no principle of statutory interpretation which permits a decision on the applicability of a rule, to be based upon an indeterminate or variable factor. Let us take for instance a F hypothetical case where 2 Government servants die in harness on January 01, 2020. Let us assume that the dependants of these 2 deceased Government servants make applications for appointment on 2 different dates say 29.05.2020 and 02.06.2020 and a modified Scheme comes into force on June 01, 2020. If the date of consideration of the claim is Gtaken to be the criteria for determining whether the modified Scheme applies or not, it will lead to two different results, one in respect of the person who made the application before June 1, 2020 and another in respect of the person who applied after June 01, 2020. In other words, if two employees die on the same date and the dependants of those employees apply on two different dates, one before the modified Scheme H

136 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A comes into force and another thereafter, they will come in for differential treatment if the date of application and the date of consideration of the same are taken to be the deciding factor. A rule of interpretation which produces different results, depending upon what the individuals do or do not do, is inconceivable. This is why, the managements of a few banks, in the cases tabulated above, have B introduced a rule in the modified scheme itself, which provides for all pending applications to be decided under the new/modified scheme. Therefore, we are of the considered view that the interpretation as to the applicability of a modified Scheme should depend only upon a determinate and fixed criteria such as the date of death and not an C indeterminate and variable factor.

20. Coming to the case on hand, the employee died on 8.12.2010 and the amendment to the Rules was proposed by way of a draft notification on 20.06.2012. The final notification was issued on 11.07.2012. Merely because the application for appointment was taken D up for consideration after the issue of the amendment, the respondent could not have sought the benefit of the amendment. The Judgment of the Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in Akkamahadevamma on which the Tribunal as well as the High Court placed reliance, was not applicable to the case of compassionate appointments, as the amendment in Akkamahadevamma came as a result of the existing rule being E declared to be ultra vires Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. 21. In view of the above, the appeal is allowed and the impugned order of the High Court as well as that of the Tribunal are set aside. The application of the respondent for compassionate appointment shall stand dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. F Devika Gujral Appeal allowed. G H

[2021] 12 S.C.R. 123 123 THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION A (PRIMARY) & ORS. v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA (Civil Appeal No. 7752 of 2021) B DECEMBER 16, 2021 [HEMANT GUPTA AND V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, JJ.]

Service Law: Compassionate appointment – Appointment on compassionate grounds is not automatic, but subject to strict scrutiny C of various parameters including the financial position of the family, the economic dependence of the family upon the deceased employee and the avocation of the other members of the family – Therefore, no one can claim to have a vested right for appointment on compassionate grounds – In the instant case, respondent’s sister, D employed in Government School, died in harness on 8.12.2010 – Claiming that the deceased was unmarried and that the mother, two brothers and two sisters were entirely dependent on her income, respondent sought appointment on compassionate grounds – Claim was rejected by the competent authority by Order dated 17/ 21.11.2012, on the ground that the amendment made to the E Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate Grounds) (7th amendment) Rules, 2012 on 20.06.2012, extending the benefit of compassionate appointment to the unmarried dependant brother of an unmarried female employee, will not be applicable to the case of the respondent – Respondent moved the Administrative Tribunal F by way of an application which was allowed on the ground that the amendment made to the Rules on 20.06.2012 would apply retrospectively covering the case of the respondent, though his sister died in harness on 8.12.2010. Writ petition by State was dismissed

– Hence instant appeal – Held: Admittedly, the appointment on compassionate grounds in the State of Karnataka is governed by a G set of Rules known as Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate grounds) Rules, 1996, issued in exercise of the powers conferred by s.3(1) read with s.8 of the Karnataka State Civil Services Act, 1978 – The Rules as they stood, on the date on which the sister of the respondent died in harness, did not include H 123 124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A an unmarried brother, within the definition of the expression “dependent of a deceased Government servant” under r.2(1)(a) of the said Rules vis-a-vis a deceased female unmarried Government servant – But it was only by way of an amendment proposed under a draft Notification dated 20.06.2012 which was given effect on 11.07.2012 that an unmarried brother of a deceased female B unmarried Government servant was included within the definition – There is no dispute about the fact that the sister of the respondent died as an unmarried female Government servant, but on 8.12.2010, before the amendment was made to the Rules – Respondent’s application dismissed. C Interpretation of statutes: There is no principle of statutory interpretation which permits a decision on the applicability of a rule, to be based upon an indeterminate or variable factor – A rule of interpretation which produces different results, depending upon what the individuals do or do not do, is inconceivable. D

Allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. Every appointment to a post or service must be made strictly by adhering to the mandate of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. Appointment on compassionate grounds, is an exception to the regular mode of recruitment, as it is intended to E provide succor to the family of the deceased Government servant, which is thrown out of gear both financially and otherwise, due to the sudden death of the Government servant in harness. [Para 7][128-H; 129-A-B] 2. Admittedly, the appointment on compassionate grounds F in the State of Karnataka is governed by a set of Rules known as Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate grounds) Rules, 1996, issued in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3(1) read with Section 8 of the Karnataka State Civil Services Act, 1978. The Rules as they stood, on the date on which G the sister of the respondent died in harness, did not include an unmarried brother, within the definition of the expression “dependant of a deceased Government servant” under Rule 2(1)(a) of the said Rules vis-a-vis a deceased female unmarried Government servant. But it was only by way of an amendment proposed under a draft Notification dated 20.06.2012 which was H THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 125 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA

given effect under the final Notification bearing No. DPAR 55 A SCA 2012, Bangalore dated 11.07.2012 that an unmarried brother of a deceased female unmarried Government servant was included within the definition. There is no dispute about the fact that the sister of the respondent died as an unmarried female Government servant, but on 8.12.2010, before the amendment was made to B the Rules. [Para 8][129-B-E] State Bank of India vs. Sheo Shankar Tewari (2019) 5 SCC 600 : [2019] 3 SCR 718 – referred to. 3. It is no doubt true that there are, two lines of decisions rendered by Benches of equal strength. But the apparent conflict C between those two lines of decisions, was on account of the difference between an amendment by which an existing benefit was withdrawn or diluted and an amendment by which the existing benefit was enhanced. The interpretation adopted by this Court varied depending upon the nature of the amendment. D [Para 12][130-G] State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Amit Shrivas (2020) 10 SCC 496; State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Ashish Awasthi (2022) 2 SCC 157 – referred to.

4. In cases where the benefit under the existing Scheme E was taken away or substituted with a lesser benefit, this Court directed the application of the new Scheme. But in cases where the benefits under an existing Scheme were enlarged by a modified Scheme after the death of the employee, this Court applied only the Scheme that was in force on the date of death of F the employee. This is fundamentally due to the fact that compassionate appointment was always considered to be an exception to the normal method of recruitment and perhaps looked down upon with lesser compassion for the individual and greater concern for the rule of law. [Para 17][134-F-G] G 5. If compassionate appointment is one of the conditions of service and is made automatic upon the death of an employee in harness without any kind of scrutiny whatsoever, the same would be treated as a vested right in law. But it is not so. Appointment on compassionate grounds is not automatic, but subject to strict H 126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A scrutiny of various parameters including the financial position of the family, the economic dependence of the family upon the deceased employee and the avocation of the other members of the family. Therefore, no one can claim to have a vested right for appointment on compassionate grounds. Though there is a conflict of opinion in decisions as to whether the Scheme in force on the B

date of death of the employee would apply or the Scheme in force on the date of consideration of the application of appointment on compassionate grounds would apply, there is certainly no conflict about the underlying concern reflected in the above decisions. Wherever the modified Schemes diluted the existing benefits, C this Court applied those benefits, but wherever the modified Scheme granted larger benefits, the old Scheme was made applicable. [Para 18][134-H; 135-A-D] 6. The important aspect about the conflict of opinion is that it revolves around two dates, namely, (i) date of death of the D employee; and (ii) date of consideration of the application of the dependant. Out of these two dates, only one, namely, the date of death alone is a fixed factor that does not change. The next date namely the date of consideration of the claim, is something that depends upon many variables such as the date of filing of application, the date of attaining of majority of the claimant and E the date on which the file is put up to the competent authority. There is no principle of statutory interpretation which permits a decision on the applicability of a rule, to be based upon an indeterminate or variable factor. [Para 19][135-D-F] 7. A rule of interpretation which produces different results, F

depending upon what the individuals do or do not do, is inconceivable. This is why, the managements of a few banks, in the cases tabulated above, have introduced a rule in the modified scheme itself, which provides for all pending applications to be decided under the new/modified scheme. Therefore, the interpretation G as to the applicability of a modified Scheme should depend only upon a determinate and fixed criteria such as the date of death and not an indeterminate and variable factor. [Para 19][136-A-C] H THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 127 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA 8. Coming to the case on hand, the employee died on A 8.12.2010 and the amendment to the Rules was proposed by way of a draft notification on 20.06.2012. The final notification was issued on 11.07.2012. Merely because the application for appointment was taken up for consideration after the issue of the amendment, the respondent could not have sought the benefit of B the amendment. The Judgment of the Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in Akkamahadevamma on which the Tribunal as well as the High Court placed reliance, was not applicable to the case of compassionate appointments, as the amendment in Akkamahadevamma came as a result of the existing rule being declared to be ultra vires Articles 14 and 16 of the C Constitution. [Para 20][136-C-E]

State of Karnataka v. Akkamahadevamma and others decided by Division Bench of Karnataka High Court on 18.11.2010 on Writ Petition No.20914 of 2010 etc – held inapplicable. D Case Law Reference [2019] 3 SCR 718 referred to Para 11 (2020) 10 SCC 496 referred to Para 13 E (2022) 2 SCC 157 referred to Para 14 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 7752 of 2021. From the Judgment and Order dated 20.11.2019 of the High Court F of Karnataka, Dharwad Bench in Writ Petition No.106904 of 2019 (S- KAT). V. N. Raghupathy, Mohd. Apzal Ansari, Ms. Diksha Sharma, Advs. for the Appellants. G Jayanth Muthraj, Sr. Adv., T. S. Sabarish, Vishnu Unnikrishnan, Advs. for the Respondent. H 128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Aggrieved by the order passed by Karnataka State Administrative Tribunal which was also confirmed by the High Court, B directing them to consider the case of the respondent for appointment on compassionate grounds, the State has come up with the above appeal. 3. We have heard Sh. V. N. Raghupathy, learned counsel appearing for the appellants and Sh. Jayanth Muthraj, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent. C

4. Admittedly, the respondent’s sister who was employed as Assistant Teacher in a Government School, died in harness on 8.12.2010, leaving behind her surviving, her mother, two brothers and two sisters. Claiming that the deceased was unmarried and that the mother, two brothers and two sisters were entirely dependent on her income, the D respondent sought appointment on compassionate grounds. The claim was rejected by the competent authority by an Order dated 17/21.11.2012, on the ground that the amendment made to the Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate Grounds) (7th amendment) Rules, 2012 on 20.06.2012, extending the benefit of compassionate appointment to the unmarried dependant brother of an unmarried female employee, will E not be applicable to the case of the respondent. 5. Aggrieved by the said order of rejection, the respondent moved the Karnataka State Administrative Tribunal by way of an application in Application No.9099 of 2014. The said application was allowed by the Tribunal by an Order dated 10.11.2017, on the ground that the amendment F made to the Rules on 20.06.2012 would apply retrospectively covering the case of the respondent, though his sister died in harness on 8.12.2010.

6. Challenging the Order of the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal, the State filed a writ petition before the High Court of Karnataka, Dharwad Bench. The writ petition was dismissed by the High Court by G an Order dated 20.11.2019, on the basis of the decision of another Division Bench of the Court, which held that the amendment to the Rules was retrospective in nature. It is against the said Order that the State has come up with above appeal. 7. As held by this Court repeatedly, every appointment to a post H or service must be made strictly by adhering to the mandate of Articles THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 129 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA [V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J.] 14 and 16 of the Constitution. Appointment on compassionate grounds, A is an exception to the regular mode of recruitment, as it is intended to provide succor to the family of the deceased Government servant, which is thrown out of gear both financially and otherwise, due to the sudden death of the Government servant in harness.

8. Admittedly, the appointment on compassionate grounds in the B State of Karnataka is governed by a set of Rules known as Karnataka Civil Services (Appointment on Compassionate grounds) Rules, 1996, issued in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3(1) read with Section 8 of the Karnataka State Civil Services Act, 1978. The Rules as they stood, on the date on which the sister of the respondent died in Charness, did not include an unmarried brother, within the definition of the expression “dependant of a deceased Government servant” under Rule 2(1)(a) of the said Rules vis-a-vis a deceased female unmarried Government servant. But it was only by way of an amendment proposed under a draft Notification dated 20.06.2012 which was given effect under the final Notification bearing No. DPAR 55 SCA 2012, Bangalore dated D 11.07.2012 that an unmarried brother of a deceased female unmarried Government servant was included within the definition. There is no dispute about the fact that the sister of the respondent died as an unmarried female Government servant, but on 8.12.2010, before the amendment was made to the Rules. E

9. To hold that the amendment will have retrospective application, the High Court as well as the Tribunal relied upon a Judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court of Karnataka in State of Karnataka vs. Akkamahadevamma and others, decided on 18.11.2010 in Writ Petition Nos.20914 of 2010 etc. But it should be pointed out at the outset that the Judgment of the High Court in Akkamahadevamma arose out F of an amendment to the Karnataka Civil Services (General Recruitment) (57th Amendment) Rules, 2000. By the Amendment made on 30.03.2010 to the said Rules, grandson, unmarried granddaughter, daughter in law, widowed daughter and widowed granddaughter were included within the definition of the expression “members of the family” under G Explanation-2 of Rule 9. But the amendment so made on 30.03.2010 expanding the definition of the expression “members of the family” was triggered by an Order of the Tribunal which held the unamended rule to be unconstitutional. It is in that context that the amendment made on 30.03.2010 to the Rules issued on 23.11.2000 was held by the High Court to be retrospective in nature. It must also be remembered that the H 130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R.

A expanded definition was with respect to project displaced persons. The right conferred upon a project displaced person stands on a different footing from the entitlement of a person to seek appointment on compassionate grounds. In any case an amendment brought forth, on the basis of a Judgment of a Court or Tribunal, holding the exclusion of certain categories of persons to be violative of Articles 14 and 16 of the B Constitution, may receive an interpretation such as the one proposed by the High Court in Akkamahadevamma. But the same may not be applicable to amendments of the nature that we are concerned with in this case. 10. Incidentally we must point out that the High Court may not be C correct in holding in Akkamahadevamma that the insertion of additional words in an existing provision would make those additions part of the original provision with effect from the date on which the original provision came into force. The rules of interpretation relating to ‘substitution’ are not to be applied to the case of ‘insertion of additional words’.

11. Be that as it may, Sh. Jayanth Muthraj, learned senior counsel D appearing for the respondent pleaded that there are two lines of Judgments of this Court, one taking the view that the Rules/Scheme in force on the date of death of the Government servant would govern the field and the other holding that the Rules/scheme in force on the date of consideration of the claim would govern the field. Unable to reconcile this conflict, a E two Member Bench of this Court, by its Order dated 08.02.2019 in State Bank of India vs. Sheo Shankar Tewari1, has referred the matter for consideration by a larger Bench. Sh. Jayanth Muthraj, learned senior counsel therefore made a request that the present appeal may either be placed along with the reference or await a decision on the above reference. F 12. But we do not consider it necessary to do so. It is no doubt true that there are, as contended by the learned senior Counsel for the respondent, two lines of decisions rendered by Benches of equal strength. But the apparent conflict between those two lines of decisions, was on account of the difference between an amendment by which an existing G benefit was withdrawn or diluted and an amendment by which the existing benefit was enhanced. The interpretation adopted by this Court varied depending upon the nature of the amendment. This can be seen by presenting the decisions referred to by the learned senior counsel for the respondent in a tabular column as follows: H 1 (2019) 5 SCC 600

THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 131 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA [V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J.] A B C D E F G H 132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A B C D E F G H THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 133 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA [V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J.] A B C D E F 13. Apart from the aforesaid decisions, our attention was also drawn to the decision of the three member Bench in State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Amit Shrivas2. But that case arose out of a claim made by the dependant of a deceased Government servant, who was originally Gappointed on a work charged establishment and who later claimed to have become a permanent employee. The Court went into the distinction between an employee with a permanent status and an employee with a regular status. Despite the claim of the dependant that his father had 2 (2020) 10 SCC 496 H 134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A become a permanent employee, this Court held in that case that as per the policy prevailing on the date of death, a work charged/contingency fund employee was not entitled to compassionate appointment. While holding so, the Bench reiterated the opinion in Indian Bank vs. Promila. 14. The aforesaid decision in Amit Shrivas (supra) was followed B by a two member Bench of this Court in the yet to be reported decision in the State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Ashish Awasthi decided on 18.11.2021.

15. Let us now come to the reference pending before the larger Bench. In State Bank of India vs. Sheo Shankar Tewari (supra), a C two member Bench of this Court noted the apparent conflict between State Bank of India vs. Raj Kumar and MGB Gramin Bank on the one hand and Canara Bank vs. M. Mahesh Kumar on the other hand and referred the matter for the consideration of a larger Bench. The order of reference to a larger Bench was actually dated 8.02.2019. 16. It was only after the aforesaid reference to a larger Bench D that this Court decided at least four cases, respectively in (i) Indian Bank vs. Promila; (ii) N.C. Santhosh vs. State of Karnataka; (iii) State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Amit Shrivas; and (iv) State of Madhya Pradesh vs. Ashish Awasthi. Out of these four decisions, N.C. Santosh (supra) was by a three member Bench, which actually took note of the E reference pending before the larger Bench.

17. Keeping the above in mind, if we critically analyse the way in which this Court has proceeded to interpret the applicability of a new or modified Scheme that comes into force after the death of the employee, we may notice an interesting feature. In cases where the benefit under F the existing Scheme was taken away or substituted with a lesser benefit, this Court directed the application of the new Scheme. But in cases where the benefits under an existing Scheme were enlarged by a modified Scheme after the death of the employee, this Court applied only the Scheme that was in force on the date of death of the employee. This is fundamentally due to the fact that compassionate appointment was always G considered to be an exception to the normal method of recruitment and perhaps looked down upon with lesser compassion for the individual and greater concern for the rule of law. 18. If compassionate appointment is one of the conditions of service and is made automatic upon the death of an employee in harness H THE SECRETARY TO GOVT. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION (PRIMARY) 135 v. BHEEMESH ALIAS BHEEMAPPA [V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN, J.]

without any kind of scrutiny whatsoever, the same would be treated as a A vested right in law. But it is not so. Appointment on compassionate grounds is not automatic, but subject to strict scrutiny of various parameters including the financial position of the family, the economic dependence of the family upon the deceased employee and the avocation of the other members of the family. Therefore, no one can claim to have a B vested right for appointment on compassionate grounds. This is why some of the decisions which we have tabulated above appear to have interpreted the applicability of revised Schemes differently, leading to conflict of opinion. Though there is a conflict as to whether the Scheme in force on the date of death of the employee would apply or the Scheme in force on the date of consideration of the application of appointment on C compassionate grounds would apply, there is certainly no conflict about the underlying concern reflected in the above decisions. Wherever the modified Schemes diluted the existing benefits, this Court applied those benefits, but wherever the modified Scheme granted larger benefits, the old Scheme was made applicable. D

19. The important aspect about the conflict of opinion is that it revolves around two dates, namely, (i) date of death of the employee; and (ii) date of consideration of the application of the dependant. Out of these two dates, only one, namely, the date of death alone is a fixed factor that does not change. The next date namely the date of Econsideration of the claim, is something that depends upon many variables such as the date of filing of application, the date of attaining of majority of the claimant and the date on which the file is put up to the competent authority. There is no principle of statutory interpretation which permits a decision on the applicability of a rule, to be based upon an indeterminate or variable factor. Let us take for instance a F hypothetical case where 2 Government servants die in harness on January 01, 2020. Let us assume that the dependants of these 2 deceased Government servants make applications for appointment on 2 different dates say 29.05.2020 and 02.06.2020 and a modified Scheme comes into force on June 01, 2020. If the date of consideration of the claim is Gtaken to be the criteria for determining whether the modified Scheme applies or not, it will lead to two different results, one in respect of the person who made the application before June 1, 2020 and another in respect of the person who applied after June 01, 2020. In other words, if two employees die on the same date and the dependants of those employees apply on two different dates, one before the modified Scheme H

136 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 12 S.C.R. A comes into force and another thereafter, they will come in for differential treatment if the date of application and the date of consideration of the same are taken to be the deciding factor. A rule of interpretation which produces different results, depending upon what the individuals do or do not do, is inconceivable. This is why, the managements of a few banks, in the cases tabulated above, have B introduced a rule in the modified scheme itself, which provides for all pending applications to be decided under the new/modified scheme. Therefore, we are of the considered view that the interpretation as to the applicability of a modified Scheme should depend only upon a determinate and fixed criteria such as the date of death and not an C indeterminate and variable factor.

20. Coming to the case on hand, the employee died on 8.12.2010 and the amendment to the Rules was proposed by way of a draft notification on 20.06.2012. The final notification was issued on 11.07.2012. Merely because the application for appointment was taken D up for consideration after the issue of the amendment, the respondent could not have sought the benefit of the amendment. The Judgment of the Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in Akkamahadevamma on which the Tribunal as well as the High Court placed reliance, was not applicable to the case of compassionate appointments, as the amendment in Akkamahadevamma came as a result of the existing rule being E declared to be ultra vires Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution. 21. In view of the above, the appeal is allowed and the impugned order of the High Court as well as that of the Tribunal are set aside. The application of the respondent for compassionate appointment shall stand dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. F Devika Gujral Appeal allowed. G H