618 SUPREME COURT[2021]REPORTS8 S.C.R. 618 [2021] 8 S.C.R. A NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL (Civil Appeal Nos. 5901-5902 of 2021) B OCTOBER 07, 2021 [M. R. SHAH AND A. S. BOPANNA, JJ.] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – s.23A – Proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights – Counter-claim for relief – Scope – Held: By way of counter claim, the C respondent in any proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights can pray for relief by way of counter claim only those reliefs which can be prayed and/or granted under the Hindu Marriage Act – The respondent to such proceedings can pray for reliefs only by way of counter claim and that too between D the petitioner and the respondent – No relief can be prayed qua a third party – Under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act, the relief of divorce, judicial separation etc. can be between the husband and the wife only and cannot extend to the third party – On facts, by virtue of s.23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, it was not open for the wife (original defendant) to seek declaration to the effect that E

the marriage between the husband (original plaintiff) and a third party was void – No relief could be prayed by way of counter claim even against the son born out of the alleged wedlock between the husband-original plaintiff and the said third party – In such situation, the only remedy available to the wife–original defendant F would be to file a substantive suit and/or initiate independent proceedings claiming such reliefs – At the most, the wife–original defendant by way of counter claim could have claimed relief and prayed for divorce and/or judicial separation on ground of husband’s adultery – No relief which cannot be granted under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act could not be claimed by way G of counter claim. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 – Order VIII, r.6A – Counter-claim by defendant – Tenability – Held: It is true that as per Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, a defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim H 618 NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 619 against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a A cause of action accruing to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not – However, in the present case, according B

to appellant-wife (defendant), the cause for counter claim (in divorce proceedings initiated by the husband) had accrued after she had delivered her defence (written statement) and more particularly when during cross-examination of the plaintiff (respondent-husband) the factum of marriage with another woman was admitted and the marriage certificate was produced – High C Court, therefore, was not justified in refusing to allow the counter claim proposed by appellant-wife (defendant) – Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – s.23A. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 – Order VI Rule 17, proviso – Amendment of pleadings – Restrictions as per proviso to Order VI D Rule 17 – When not applicable – Held: It is clear from the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced unless the court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of trial – Therefore, if Esome facts have come to the knowledge subsequently and subsequent to the commencement of trial, may be during the course of trial and if it is found that it is necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties, on a fair reading of Order VI Rule 17 CPC, such an application for amendment can be allowed even after the trial has commenced – Pleadings – F Amendment.

Partly allowing the appeals, the Court HELD:1. Order VI Rule 17 CPC provides for amendment of the pleadings. The Court may at any stage of the proceedings Gallow either party to alter or amend his pleadings (including written statement) in such manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties. Proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC further H 620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A provides that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of the trial. Therefore, if some facts have come to the knowledge subsequently and subsequent to the commencement of trial, may B

be during the course of trial and if it is found that it is necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties, on a fair reading of Order VI Rule 17 CPC, such an application for amendment can be allowed even after the trial has commenced. In the present case, the factum of actual C marriage on 14.12.2006 came to the knowledge of the appellant-wife when the marriage certificate was produced during the cross-examination of the respondent-husband and immediately thereafter the application for amendment was made. Therefore, as such, and looking to the case on behalf of the appellant, so pleaded in the written statement, the Family Court was right and D justified in allowing the amendment. The High Court committed error in misapplying the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC and erred in rejecting the amendment. [Para 7][635-B-D; 636-A-D]

2.1. Now so far as the amendment sought, for incorporating prayer to declare the second marriage of respondent as illegal, E void, voidable etc. is concerned, it was in the form of counter-claim. It is true that as per Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, a defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing F to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not. However, in the present case, according to the appellant, the cause for counter claim had accrued after the appellant-G defendant has delivered her defence (written statement) and more particularly when during the cross-examination of the plaintiff (respondent herein) the factum of marriage with ‘H’ on 14.12.2006 was admitted and the marriage certificate was produced. H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 621 Therefore, the High Court is not justified and/or right in refusing A to allow the counter claim as proposed on the ground that the same is not permissible after the appellant as defendant has delivered her defence by filing the written statement. [Para 8][636-D-H]

2.2. However, by way of counter claim, the respondent in B any proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights can pray for the relief by way of counter claim only those reliefs which can be prayed and/or granted under the Hindu Marriage Act, namely, the relief under Section 9 (Restitution of conjugal rights); Section 10 (judicial separation); CSections 11 & 12 (declaration of marriage between the petitioner and the respondent void) and Section 13 (divorce). Therefore, the respondent to the proceedings in question can pray for the aforesaid reliefs only by way of counter claim and that too between the petitioner and the respondent. No relief can be prayed qua the third party. Under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act, D the relief of divorce, judicial separation etc. can be between the husband and the wife only and cannot extend to the third party. Therefore, by virtue of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, it is not open for the appellant– original defendant to seek declaration to the effect that the marriage between the respondent E– original plaintiff and the third party – ‘H’ is void. No relief can be prayed by way of counter claim even against the son born out of the alleged wedlock between the respondent – original plaintiff and the third party – ‘H’. In such a situation, the only remedy available to the appellant would be to file a substantive suit and/ or initiate independent proceedings claiming such reliefs. But F such reliefs cannot be claimed by way of counter claim under Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act in the petition for divorce filed by the respondent against the appellant. At the most, the appellant– original defendant by way of counter claim could have claimed the relief and prayed for divorce and/or judicial separation Gon the ground of husband’s adultery. Beyond that, no relief which cannot be granted under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act can be claimed by way of counter claim. [Para 9][637-F-H; 638-A-F]

Andhra Bank v. ABN Amro Bank (2007) 6 SCC 167 ; Chander Kanta Bansal v. Rajinder Singh Anand (2008) H 622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A 5 SCC 117 : [2008] 4 SCR 748; Abdul Rehman v. Mohd. Ruldu (2012) 11 SCC 341 : [2012] 8 SCR 922 ; Gurbakhsh Singh v. Buta Singh (2018) 6 SCC 567; Ashok Kumar Kalra v. Wing Commander Surendra Agnihotri (2020) 2 SCC 394; Ajendraprasadji N. Pandey v. Swami Keshavprakeshdasji N. (2006) 12 B SCC 1 : [2006] 10 Suppl. SCR 477; M. Revanna v. Anjanamma (dead) by Lrs. (2019) 4 SCC 332; Vidyabai v. Padmalatha (2009) 2 SCC 409 : [2008] 17 SCR 505 – referred to. Damodar v. Urmila, AIR 1980 Raj. 57 – approved. C Case Law Reference (2007) 6 SCC 167 referred to Para 3.12 [2008] 4 SCR 748 referred to Para 3.13 [2012] 8 SCR 922 referred to Para 3.13 D (2018) 6 SCC 567 referred to Para 3.13 (2020) 2 SCC 394 referred to Para 3.16 [2006] 10 Suppl. SCR 477 referred to Para 4.5 (2019) 4 SCC 332 referred to Para 4.5 E [2008] 17 SCR 505 referred to Para 4.5 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos.5901-5902 of 2021 From the Judgment and Order dated 27.09.2019 of the High Court F of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in R/Special Civil Application Nos.11379 and 16101 of 2018. Puneet Jain, Ms. Christi Jain, Advs. for the Appellant. Mihir Thakore, Sr. Adv., Ms. Aastha Mehta, Tirathraj Pandya, Jaimin Dave, Ms. Vishakha, Ms. Prema Mohapatra, Ms. Deepanwita G Priyanka, Advs. for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by M. R. SHAH, J.

1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned common judgment and order dated 27.09.2019 passed by the High Court of Gujarat H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 623 [M. R. SHAH, J.] at Ahmedabad in SCA No. 11379/2018 and SCA No. 16101/2018, by A which the High Court has dismissed writ petition being SCA No. 11379/ 2018 and has allowed SCA No. 16101/2018 and has quashed and set aside the order passed by the learned Family Court dated 8.5.2018 passed below the application (Exhibit 281) in Family Suit No. 862/2007, the original writ petitioner in SCA No. 11379/2018 and the original respondent B in SCA No. 16101/2018 has preferred the present appeals.

2. The facts leading to the present appeals in nutshell are as under: The marriage between the appellant and the respondent took place on 1.3.1987 according to the Hindu rites. Out of the said wedlock, they had a child, named as ‘Devashya’ on 3.5.1990. The appellant was also a C doctor, but it was the case on behalf of the appellant that after the birth of the child she stopped practising as a doctor and remained housewife. The dispute arose between the husband and the wife and the respondent-husband filed a Hindu Marriage Petition No. 862 of 2007 before the learned Family Court under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act for Ddissolution of marriage, mainly on the ground that the appellant-wife is guilty of cruelty. The learned Family Court issued notice. The appellant-wife appeared and filed reply (Exhibit 9) on 11.4.2008. A rejoinder affidavit was also filed by the respondent-husband (Exhibit 10) on 22.9.2008. The appellant further submitted an affidavit-in-sur-rejoinder as Exhibit 13 in the month of November, 2008. The respondent-husband also filed E an affidavit of evidence on record. According to the appellant-wife, the respondent-husband deserted her and their son on 9.2.2006 and the respondent-husband refused to provide maintenance for her and their son.

2.1 At this stage, it is required to be noted that in the written F statement filed by the appellant-wife, it was the case on behalf of the appellant that the respondent-husband as on today is cohabiting with another woman, openly moves around with the said woman and introduces the said lady as his new wife and is travelling not only in the country but abroad with her. It was the case on behalf of the appellant-wife in the Gwritten statement that since the respondent-husband wants to marry the said woman, a false and fabricated story is placed before the Court. However, in the rejoinder affidavit filed by the respondent-husband, so stated in para 20, it was the case on behalf of the respondent-husband that so far as Ms. Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is concerned, the said lady is a manager in the hospital run by him and she is looking after the H 624 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A hospital and accounts as her job, which has nothing to do with the present dispute between the parties. It was the case on behalf of the appellant that subsequently she got to know that the respondent-husband had married the aforesaid Ms. Hinaben Manubhai Panchal and has suppressed the said fact, she filed an application (Exhibit 281) seeking amendment in her written statement by adding paras 35,36 & 37, which B read as under: “Para No.35:

The opponent submits that the petition married with one Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 at Sudama resort, Paldi, Ahmedabad. The opponent stated that after the marriage C solemnized between the petitioner and Hinaben, the petitioner filed the petition for divorce in the month of July 2007 against the opponent. The petitioner never informed to the Hon’ble Court that he married with Hinaben on 14.12.2006. When the petition was filed that time the petitioner intentionally suppress material D facts with malafide intention. When the petitioner did not come before the Hon’ble Court with clean hand than the petitioner petition is legally not tenable under the provisions of the law. Moreover, due to the marriage life with Hinaben, the petitioner have having illegitimate son Dev, who is as on today residing with the petitioner; E The petitioner stated that there is no divorce granted in favour of the petitioner by the Hon’ble Court or the by the family court and opponent are as today alive even though the petitioner married with Hina Panchal, only for sex purpose. Even the petitioner gone to many places of the World with Hina and they were residing to gather because the petitioner accepted Hina as wife. F

Moreover, the petitioner went to so many places with in India, either for honeymoon purpose or for enjoyment. The petitioner as on today living the life in adultery therefore the divorce cannot be granted in favour of the petitioner. Moreover, the person who does not come before the Hon’ble Court with clean hands are not G entitled any relief from the Court. Therefore, the petition filed by the petitioner are require to dismiss with cost. The opponent states that as on today the marriage between the petitioner and the respondent are continued, no divorce are granted by any court even though the petitioner married with Hina Panchal H on 14.12.2006. NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 625 [M. R. SHAH, J.] Therefore, the marriage between the petitioner and Hina Manubhai A Panchal are illegal, void and voidable. Therefore, there is a necessary to declare by Court that the marriage between the petitioner and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal are illegal, void and voidable. Therefore, the present counter claim application are filed by the petitioner. B Para No.36:- The respondent states that by doing the marriage by petitioner with Hinaben Panchal, it is a fraud with the respondent and therefore the provision of the limitation are not applicable in the present matter. C

The opponent states that the cause of action of the counter claim is arisen when the petitioner done the second marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. The cause of action is continue day to day for declaring between the petitioner and Hinaben marriage illegal, void, voidable. Moreover the cause of action have arisen D when the respondent have come to know that the petitioner have intentionally done the fraud with the respondent by doing the second marriage with Hinaben Panchal. Even when the first marriage between the petitioner and respondent are continued. Moreover till the second between the petitioner and Hinaben Panchal are not declare illegal, void and voidable till that the cause of action of E the counter claim are continued. The marriage between the petitioner and Hinaben Panchal are illegal, void and voidable therefore the cause of action of the present counter claim application are arisen in the jurisdiction of this Court. Para No.37:- F Therefore, the respondent prays that, a. Your Honor may allow the present counter claim application and declare that the marriage between the petitioner with Hina Manubhai Panchal dated 14.12.2006 are illegal, void and voidable. Further declare that Hina Panchal is not the G legal wife of the petitioner and also declare that the petitioner are living with Hina Panchal in adultery. b. Your Honor may declare that son Dev, born through the petitioner and Hinaben Panchal marriage life is illegitimate child of the petitioner. H

626 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A c. Your Honor grant any other relief which your Honor think proper and reasonable. d. Cost of this application. e. The proper court fees are affixed upon the application.” B 2.2 By order dated 8.5.2018, the learned Family Court partly allowed the said application (Exhibit 281) and allowed the amendments by permitting the appellant-wife to incorporate paras 35 and 36 in the written statement and refused to permit the appellant-wife to amend the written statement as per para 37. At this stage, it is required to be noted that before the learned Family Court, the appellant-wife in support of C her prayer to permit the amendment by adding para 37 heavily relied upon the provisions of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act. 2.3 Aggrieved by the order passed by the learned Family Court rejecting her prayer to add the prayer clause in terms of para 37 and refusing to permit the amendment in terms of para 37, the appellant-D wife preferred SCA No. 11379/2018 before the High Court.

Simultaneously, the respondent-husband also challenged the order passed by the learned Family Court allowing and/or permitting the appellant-wife to add paras 35 and 36 in the written statement before the High Court being SCA No. 16101/2018. By the impugned judgment and order, the High Court has allowed the respondent-husband’s writ petition being E SCA No. 16101/2018 and dismissed the appellant-wife’s writ petition being SCA No. 11379/2018 on the ground that the amendment could not be allowed at this belated stage. However, the High Court in the impugned judgment and order has observed that the appellant can file a separate suit seeking for a declaration that the second marriage of the respondent-F husband is void. 2.4 Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned common judgment and order passed by the High Court, rejecting the application (Exhibit 281) preferred by the appellant-wife and not permitting the amendment as per paras 35, 36, and 37 in the written statement, the G appellant-wife has preferred the present appeals. At this stage, it is required to be noted that the proposed prayer in terms of para 37 to declare that the second marriage between the respondent-husband and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal dated 14.12.2006 is illegal, void and voidable was as a counter claim and for that Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act was relied upon. H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 627 [M. R. SHAH, J.]

3. Shri Puneet Jain, learned Advocate has appeared on behalf of A the appellant-wife and Shri Mihir Thakore, learned Senior Advocate, assisted by Ms. Aastha Mehta, learned Advocate, has appeared for the respondent-husband. 3.1 Shri Puneet Jain, learned Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant has vehemently submitted that the marriage between the B appellant and the respondent was solemnized on 1.3.1987 and a child named ‘Devashya’ was born. 3.2 It is submitted that during the subsistence of the marriage, the respondent-husband developed illicit relationship with one Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. The respondent-husband filed a petition under Section C 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act on 6.8.2007 seeking divorce from the appellant. The fact regarding his entering into a marriage with the aforesaid Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 was deliberately suppressed by the respondent-husband. It is submitted that however at the relevant time the fact of illicit relationship of the respondent with D Hinaben Manubhai Panchal was only known to the appellant and specific submissions/averments were made in the written statement dated 19.6.2008. 3.3 It is submitted that in the rejoinder affidavit, as such, the respondent-husband did not specifically deny the allegations of illicit E

relationship with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal but submitted that so far as Ms. Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is concerned, the said lady is a manager in the hospital run by him and she is looking after the hospital and accounts as a job. 3.4 It is submitted that when the rejoinder affidavit was filed in F 2008, the respondent-husband did not disclose the factum of marriage on 14.12.2006 between the respondent-husband and the said Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. It is submitted therefore and thus the appellant was not aware about the respondent’s entering into the marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal earlier. It is submitted that it came on record during the cross-examination of the respondent which concluded in 2017 that in G fact he had entered into a second marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006. Even the marriage certificate was produced on record as Exhibit 200. It also came on record that the respondent has a son named ‘Dev’ from the said illegal relationship and his birth certificate has also been produced on record as Exhibit 201. H 628 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R.

A 3.5 It is submitted that therefore the appellant was absolutely justified in submitting the application (Exhibit 281) for amendment of the written statement to add paras 35 and 36 to plead the facts regarding the second marriage and also to seek relief in the nature of counter claim vide para 37 seeking a declaration inter alia that the marriage between the respondent and the said Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is null and void B and that Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is not a legal wife of the respondent-husband and that he was living with her in adultery. 3.6 It is submitted that a declaration was also sought that the son ‘Dev’ born to the respondent with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is an illegitimate child. C 3.7 It is submitted that however the learned Family Court allowed the application in part allowing addition of paras 35 and 36 but did not permit amendment in the written statement to add/introduce counter claim in terms of para 37. It is submitted that even the order dated 8.5.2018 passed by the learned Family Court allowing the introduction/ D addition of paras 35 & 36 has also been set aside by the High Court, by the impugned judgment and order.

3.8 Shri Puneet Jain, learned Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant has vehemently submitted that, as such, in the facts and circumstances of the case, narrated hereinabove, the application filed E by the appellant-wife for amendment of the written statement is required to be allowed in toto. It is submitted that the fact regarding actual marriage of the respondent-husband with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal (third party) was not known to the appellant, which fact came to the knowledge only during cross-examination of the respondent in the present proceedings F when the marriage certificate(|Ex.200) as well as the birth certificate of his son ‘Dev’ (Ex.201) out of the marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal came on record as Ex. 201. 3.9 It is submitted that soon thereafter the appellant filed an application for impleadment of Ms. Hinaben Manubhai Panchal as a G party and the application for amendment of the written statement, Ex. 281. It is submitted that therefore at the first available opportunity after the appellant came to know about the actual marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal, which came to light in the year 2017, the application (Ex. 281) was filed and therefore the same ought to have been allowed. H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 629 [M. R. SHAH, J.]

3.10 It is submitted that the High Court has materially erred in A rejecting the application (Ex. 281) on the ground that once the written statement has been filed, the defendant cannot be permitted to amend the written statement. It is submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case, the High Court has erred in relying upon and/or has misconstrued the provisions of Order VIII, Rules 8 & 9 CPC and proviso B to Order VI Rule 17 CPC. 3.11 It is submitted that even the factum of actual marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 came to the knowledge of the appellant after filing of the written statement and therefore the appellant can be permitted to amend the written C statement bringing on record the factum of actual marriage on 14.12.2006 between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal and the bar contained in proviso to Order VI rule 17 CPC shall not come in the way and in any case the same may be permitted with the leave of the Court to either amending the written statement or by filing an additional written statement. D

3.12 It is submitted that as such there was no delay in filing the application (Ex.281) under Order VI Rule 17 CPC from the date of knowledge of the actual marriage which came to light during the cross-examination of the respondent. It is submitted that even otherwise delay is no ground for refusal of prayer for amendment of a written statement. E Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in the case of Andhra Bank v. ABN Amro Bank, (2007) 6 SCC 167 (para 5). It is submitted that even the High Court has proceeded on an erroneous premise assuming knowledge of illicit relationship as knowledge of marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. F 3.13 It is further submitted that power to allow amendment is wide and is to be liberally construed; the Court is only required to see that if the amendment causes any prejudice to the other party. It is submitted that as such the learned Family Court has specifically found that no prejudice shall be caused to the respondent due to the amendment. G Reliance is placed on the decisions of this Court in the cases of Chander Kanta Bansal v. Rajinder Singh Anand, (2008) 5 SCC 117 (para 11); Abdul Rehman v. Mohd. Ruldu, (2012) 11 SCC 341 (para 11); and Gurbakhsh Singh v. Buta Singh, (2018) 6 SCC 567 (paras 4 & 5). H 630 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R.

A 3.14 It is submitted that as such the underlying principle behind allowing the application under Order VI Rule 17 CPC or to raise a counter claim under Order VIII Rule 6A is to prevent multiplicity of proceedings. It is submitted that the grounds raised in the amendment vide paras 35 and 36 are not only in the nature of a defence against the allegations of desertion and cruelty, but also constitute necessary pleadings in support B of relief sought for in the counter claim. It is submitted that the amendment sought for would not change the character of the suit. 3.15 It is further submitted that even the relief sought in terms of

para 37 is the counter claim for declaring the marriage of the respondent-husband with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal as null and void and for the C legitimacy of their son ‘Dev’ is consequential in view of the undisputed and admitted fact that the marriage between the appellant and the respondent is still subsisting. It is submitted that it is to be noted that as such the present proceedings filed by the respondent-husband are to seek a decree for divorce under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act D which has yet not been decided and therefore as on today the marriage between the appellant and the respondent is subsisting. It is submitted that therefore the marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is thus illegal under Section 5(a) of the Hindu Marriage Act. It is submitted that therefore the relief sought for in the counter claim is undeniable on admitted facts and will have to be granted E “irrespective” of the outcome of the petition filed by the respondent under Section 13 of the HMA. It is submitted that as such the counter claim is permissible as per Section 23A of the HMA.

3.16 It is further submitted that even otherwise the cause of action for filing the counter claim has arisen after filing of the written statement F and more particularly in the cross-examination of the respondent-husband that the respondent had got married to Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006. It is submitted that therefore also the declaration as sought for in para 37 by way of counter claim ought to have been permitted/ allowed. Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in the case of G Ashok Kumar Kalra v. Wing Commander Surendra Agnihotri, (2020) 2 SCC 394 (paras 12 to 18 & 21). 3.17 It is further submitted that even otherwise a counter claim is in any case is to be decided as an independent suit and so long as the relief sought for is otherwise within limitation, the same can be entertained. In the present case, the petition under Section 13 was still at the stage of H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 631 [M. R. SHAH, J.] evidence, wherein the appellant – original defendant has to lead evidence A in defence who could lead common evidence for defence and counter claim and the respondent-husband can be permitted to rebut, if so required. It is submitted that therefore no prejudice would thus be caused to the respondent if application (Ex. 281) is allowed in toto. 3.18 Making the above submissions and relying upon the aforesaid B decisions, it is prayed to allow the present appeals.

4. The present appeals are vehemently opposed by Shri Mihir Thakore, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the respondent-husband. Insofar as amendment sought vide para 37 in Ex. 281, i.e., declaration sought that marriage between the respondent-husband and C Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is null and void is concerned, it is submitted that such prayer which is in the nature of counter claim cannot be granted.

4.1 It is submitted that it is true that Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act permits the respondent to raise a counter claim. It is submitted that however under Section 23A, by way of counter claim, D firstly, the respondent can seek relief against the petitioner on the ground of petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion and secondly, the petitioner can seek only such relief as is maintainable under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and not otherwise. It is submitted that under the HMA, 1955 the respondent can seek relief under Section 9 to 13 only. It is submitted Ethat therefore by virtue of Section 23A, it is not open for the respondent (appellant herein) to seek a declaration to the effect that marriage between the respondent-husband and the third party (Hinaben Manubhai Panchal) is void. It is submitted that such relief falls within the ambit of Section 34 of the Special Relief Act, 1963 and in any case, it does not fall within any of the provisions of Sections 9 to 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act. Reliance F is placed on the decision of the Rajasthan High Court in the case of Damodar v. Urmila, AIR 1980 Raj. 57.

4.2 Now so far as the amendment sought vide paragraphs 35 and 36 in Ex. 281 application is concerned, it is vehemently submitted that this prayer is required to be rejected inter alia on the ground that it is G barred by proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC. It is submitted that as such the appellant-wife had knowledge about the factum of alleged respondent-husband’s second marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal since 23.03.2007. It is submitted that the appellant-wife in the cross-examination recorded as Ex.359 has categorically admitted that her H 632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A lawyer applied for so called marriage certificate on 12.03.2007 and he was supplied copy thereof on 23.03.2007. It is submitted that she also categorically admitted that despite having knowledge about the alleged marriage certificate since 23.03.2007, she did not mention about the alleged marriage of the respondent-husband with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. It is submitted that therefore it is not open for the appellant-B wife to file such an application at such a belated stage. 4.3 Learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent-husband has relied upon the following timeline which according to him is relevant for the purpose of considering amendment sought vide paragraphs 35 and 36 in Ex.281 application, which are as under: C Date Event

2007 H.M.P. Suit No.862 of 2007 was instituted 27.03.2007 Appellant - Wife admittedly acquired knowledge about alleged marriage of Respondent - Husband D 11.04.2008 Appellant – Wife filed written statement 22.09.2008 Respondent – Husband filed rejoinder 20.04.2017 Application filed for draft amendment It is submitted that not only that but in the impugned judgment and E order the High Court has also arrived at the specific conclusion that the appellant-wife had definite knowledge about the alleged marriage since 2007. 4.4 It is submitted that today we are at the stage of cross-examination of the appellant-wife and at this stage with a mala fide F intention of delaying the proceedings such an application is filed. It is submitted that such an amendment is hit by proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC. 4.5 It is further submitted that proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC virtually prevents an application for amendment of pleadings from being G allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of the trial and a trial is deemed to have commenced. It is submitted therefore that the proviso to an extent curtails absolute discretion to allow amendment at any stage. The burden is on the person who seeks an amendment after commencement of the H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 633 [M. R. SHAH, J.]

trial to show that inspite of due diligence, such an averment could not A have been made earlier. Heavy reliance is placed on the decisions of this Court in the cases of Ajendraprasadji N. Pandey v. Swami Keshavprakeshdasji N., (2006) 12 SCC 1 (Paras 55,60 to 62); M. Revanna v. Anjanamma (dead) by Lrs., (2019) 4 SCC 332 (paras 7 to 9); Chander Kanta Bansal (supra) (paras 11 to 13,15, 17, 19 & B 20); and Vidyabai v. Padmalatha, (2009) 2 SCC 409 (paras 11 to 13, 19 & 21). 4.6 It is submittedthat by virtue of Section 10 of the Family Courts Act, 1984 and Section 21 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the provisions of CPC apply to proceedings under HMA and therefore proviso to Order CVI Rule 17 CPC would come into play. 4.7 Making the above submissions and relying upon the aforesaid decisions, it is prayed to dismiss the present appeals. 5. We have heard the learned counsel for the respective parties at length. D

By the impugned judgment and order, the High Court has dismissed the application (Ex.281) filed by the appellant herein in the family Court by which the appellant prayed to amend the written statement as per paragraphs 35, 36 and 37, reproduced hereinabove. By incorporating paragraphs 35 and 36, the appellant proposed to amend the written E statement bringing on record the factum of marriage of the respondent with one Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 and other factual aspects. So far as the amendment sought vide para 37 is concerned, the same was for incorporating the prayer by way of counter claim under Section 23 of the Hindu Marriage Act. As observed hereinabove, the learned Family Court partly allowed the application (Ex.281) and F permitted the amendment in the written statement as per paras 35 and

36. However, rejected the amendment sought vide para 37. While refusing the amendment sought qua para 37, the learned Family Court observed that the appellant – original defendant cannot seek the proposed relief and in view of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, the defendant G can seek relief under the Hindu Marriage Act only on the ground of adultery, cruelty or desertion and cannot seek the relief to declare that the second marriage of the respondent with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal (third party) is illegal, void, voidable etc. and as the appellant is not seeking any relief under the Hindu Marriage Act, she cannot seek the relief as proposed in para 37 as a counter claim. However, by the impugned H 634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A judgment and order, the High Court has dismissed the entire application (Ex.281) mainly on the ground that once a written statement is filed and the trial has commenced, application to amend the written statement in exercise of powers under Order VI Rule 17 CPC is not required to be entertained and that in view of Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, the defendant can pray for a counter claim against the plaintiff either before or after B the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence (written statement) or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired. Mainly relying upon the embargo under Order VI Rule 17 CPC and Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, the High Court has dismissed the application (Ex.281) in toto.

C 6. While deciding the issues involved in the present appeals, the relevant provisions of the CPC, namely, Order VI Rule 17 CPC and Order VIII Rule 6A CPC are required to be referred to, which read as under: “Order VI Rule 17 D 17. Amendment of Pleadings – The Court may at any stage of the proceedings allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties: E Provided that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of the trial. Order VIII, Rule 6A F 6A – Counter-claim by defendant – (1) A defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but G before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not: Provided that such counter-claim shall not exceed the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of the Court. H

NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 635 [M. R. SHAH, J.] (2) Such counter-claim shall have the same effect as a cross-suit A so as to enable the Court to pronounce a final judgment in the same suit, but on the original claim and on the counter-claim. (3) The plaintiff shall be at liberty to file a written statement in answer to the counter-claim of the defendant within such period as may be fixed by the Court. B (4) The counter-claim shall be treated as a plaint and governed by the rules applicable to plaints.”

7. Order VI Rule 17 CPC provides for amendment of the pleadings. The Court may at any stage of the proceedings allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings (including written statement) in such manner C and on such terms as may be just, and all such amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties. Proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC further provides that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised D the matter before the commencement of the trial. Relying upon the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC, the High Court has refused the amendment sought qua paragraphs 35 and 36. However, it is required to be noted that as per the case of the appellant-wife, she actually came to know about the actual marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai E Panchal on 14.12.2006 only during the cross-examination of the respondent and when the marriage certificate was produced on record. It is required to be noted that right from the very beginning, it was the specific case on behalf of the appellant that the respondent-husband is living in adultery with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal and in the rejoinder affidavit filed by the respondent-husband, the respondent -husband denied F the allegation of adultery and stated that Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is manager in the hospital run by him and she is looking after the hospital and accounts as a job. Though, the respondent-husband had married with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006, he did not disclose the correct and true facts and suppressed the material facts. Only in the G

cross-examination, he admitted the marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 and produced the marriage certificate. Therefore, in view of the above, the restrictions as per the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC shall not be applicable. The proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced unless the court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due H 636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A diligence the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of trial. Therefore, if some facts have come to the knowledge subsequently and subsequent to the commencement of trial, may be during the course of trial and if it is found that it is necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties, on a fair reading of Order VI Rule 17 CPC, such an application B

for amendment can be allowed even after the trial has commenced. In the present case, as observed hereinabove, the factum of actual marriage on 14.12.2006 came to the knowledge of the appellant-wife when the marriage certificate was produced during the cross-examination of the respondent-husband and immediately thereafter the application (Ex.281) C for amendment was made. Therefore, as such, and looking to the case on behalf of the appellant, so pleaded in the written statement, the learned Family Court was right and justified in allowing the amendment sought qua paras 35 and 36. The High Court has committed an error in misapplying the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC and has erred in rejecting the amendment sought qua paras 35 and 36 in application D (Ex.281).

8. Now so far as the amendment sought qua para 37 in Ex.281 application is concerned, at the outset, it is required to be noted that it was in the form of counter-claim. It is true that as per Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, a defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a E set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not. However, in the F present case, according to the appellant, the cause for counter claim had accrued after the appellant-defendant has delivered her defence (written statement) and more particularly when during the cross-examination of the plaintiff (respondent herein) the factum of marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 was admitted and the marriage G certificate was produced. Therefore, the High Court is not justified and/ or right in refusing to allow the counter claim as proposed in para 37 on the ground that the same is not permissible after the appellant as defendant has delivered her defence by filing the written statement. On the aforesaid ground, the High Court ought not to have rejected the amendment sought qua para 37. H

NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 637 [M. R. SHAH, J.] However, at the same time, the core question which is required to A be considered is, whether the appellant-wife could have claimed the relief sought qua para 37 by way of counter claim in a marriage petition filed by the respondent-husband for dissolution of the marriage? 9. As per para 37, the appellant-original defendant has proposed the relief to declare that the marriage between the respondent-original B plaintiff with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 is illegal, void and voidable and further to declare that Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is not a legal wife of the respondent – original plaintiff and also to declare that the original plaintiff – respondent herein is living with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal in adultery. It is also further prayed to declare that Cthe son ‘Dev’ born through the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is not a legitimate child of the respondent-original plaintiff. On a fair reading of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, we are afraid that the relief sought by way of counter claim in the Hindu Marriage Petition filed by the respondent can be claimed. Section 23A Dof the Hindu Marriage Act reads as under:

“23A. Relief for respondent in divorce and other proceedings – In any proceeding for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights, the respondent may not only oppose the relief sought on the ground of petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion, E but also make a counter-claim for any relief under this Act on that ground; and if the petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion is proved, the court may give to the respondent any relief under this Act to which he or she would have been entitled if he or she had presented a petition seeking such relief on that ground.” On a fair reading of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, the F respondent in any proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights, may not only oppose the relief sought on the ground of adultery, cruelty or desertion, but also make a counter-claim for any relief under Hindu Marriage Act, i.e, on the ground of petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion and if the petitioner’s adultery, G cruelty or desertion is proved, the court may give to the respondent any relief under Hindu Marriage Act to which he or she would have been entitled if he or she had presented a petition seeking such relief on that ground, i.e., seeking a divorce or judicial separation on the ground of petitioner’s adultery or cruelty. Therefore, by way of counter claim, the respondent in any proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or H 638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R.

A restitution of conjugal rights can pray for the relief by way of counter claim only those reliefs which can be prayed and/or granted under the Hindu Marriage Act, namely, the relief under Section 9 (Restitution of conjugal rights); Section 10(judicial separation); Sections 11 & 12(declaration of marriage between the petitioner and the respondent void) and Section 13 (divorce). Therefore, the respondent to the aforesaid B proceedings can pray for the aforesaid reliefs only by way of counter claim and that too between the petitioner and the respondent. No relief can be prayed qua the third party. Under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act, the relief of divorce, judicial separation etc. can be between the husband and the wife only and cannot extend to the third party. C Therefore, by virtue of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, it is not open for the appellant herein – original defendant to seek declaration to the effect that the marriage between the respondent – original plaintiff and the third party – Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is void. No relief can be prayed by way of counter claim even against ‘Dev’, the son born out of the alleged wedlock between the respondent – original plaintiff and D

the third party – Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. In such a situation, the only remedy available to the appellant would be to file a substantive suit and/or initiate independent proceedings claiming such reliefs. But such reliefs cannot be claimed by way of counter claim under Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act in the petition for divorce filed by the respondent E herein against the appellant. At the most, the appellant herein – original defendant by way of counter claim could have claimed the relief and prayed for divorce and/or judicial separation on the ground of husband’s adultery. Beyond that, no relief which cannot be granted under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act can be claimed by way of counter claim. F 10. An identical question came to be considered by the Rajasthan High Court in the case of Damodar (supra) and the Rajasthan High Court observed as under: “…As already stated, the matrimonial Court has no jurisdiction to G go into the factum or validity of the alleged divorce obtained by the husband from the community Panchayat in accordance with the so-called custom prevalent in the community. This is a matter which falls squarely within the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts. Section 9 of the CPC lays down that the Civil Courts shall have jurisdiction to try all suits of a civil nature excepting suits of which H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 639 [M. R. SHAH, J.]

their cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred. A perusal A of the relevant provisions of the Act would show that it is a complete code in itself creating new rights for an aggrieved spouse governed by the Act to obtain decree of restitution of conjugal rights judicial separation, nullity of marriage and divorce, as the case may be. Sections 9 to 13 deal with the rights of an aggrieved spouse to B make an application seeking appropriate relief against the other spouse, Section 19 which provides for forum for seeking such relief lays down that every petition under the Act shall be presented to the District Court, within the local limits of whose ordinary original civil jurisdiction the cause of action arose in the manner and circumstances specified in Cls. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) of that C Section. The words “every petition under this Act” occurring in this Section have reference clearly to the petitions under Sections 9 to 13 of the Act. The Act does not make any provision for the grant of relief to a spouse interested in getting a declaration that he or she, has already obtained dissolution of marriage according D

to custom or usage from the community Panchayat and that the aid dissolution is valid and binding on the two spouses. Similarly, there is no provision in the Act, to enable a spouse, against whom a petition is filed by the other spouse under any of the Sections from 9 to 18, to raise a plea in defence that he or she has already obtained dissolution of the marriage from the community Panchayat E or the like according to custom governing the parties, and that, therefore, the marriage is no longer subsisting. It can, therefore, be safely held that the Act which deals with certain matrimonial disputes among the Hindus does not make any provision for adjudication of a claim or defence, that the marriage between the F contending parties already stands dissolved by virtue of the decision of a private forum like the Panchayat of the tribe, community, group or family, as the case may be. Such adjudication can, therefore, be obtained only from the Civil Court and not from the matrimonial Court under the Act.” G We are in complete agreement with the view taken by the Rajasthan High Court. 11. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, the present appeals succeed in part. The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court is hereby quashed and set aside. The order passed by H 640 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R.

A the learned Family Court dated 8.5.2018 passed in the application (Ex.281) is hereby restored and the appellant herein – original defendant is permitted to amend the written statement as prayed qua paras 35 and 36. The amendment sought by the appellant qua para 37 is hereby dismissed. However, it will be open for the appellant to initiate independent proceedings by way of filing a substantive suit and/or any other remedy B which may be available to the appellant under law with respect to prayer sought qua para 37. 12. The present appeals are partly allowed to the aforesaid extent. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs. C Devika Gujral Appeals partly allowed. D E F G H

618 SUPREME COURT[2021]REPORTS8 S.C.R. 618 [2021] 8 S.C.R. A NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL (Civil Appeal Nos. 5901-5902 of 2021) B OCTOBER 07, 2021 [M. R. SHAH AND A. S. BOPANNA, JJ.] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – s.23A – Proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights – Counter-claim for relief – Scope – Held: By way of counter claim, the C respondent in any proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights can pray for relief by way of counter claim only those reliefs which can be prayed and/or granted under the Hindu Marriage Act – The respondent to such proceedings can pray for reliefs only by way of counter claim and that too between D the petitioner and the respondent – No relief can be prayed qua a third party – Under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act, the relief of divorce, judicial separation etc. can be between the husband and the wife only and cannot extend to the third party – On facts, by virtue of s.23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, it was not open for the wife (original defendant) to seek declaration to the effect that E

the marriage between the husband (original plaintiff) and a third party was void – No relief could be prayed by way of counter claim even against the son born out of the alleged wedlock between the husband-original plaintiff and the said third party – In such situation, the only remedy available to the wife–original defendant F would be to file a substantive suit and/or initiate independent proceedings claiming such reliefs – At the most, the wife–original defendant by way of counter claim could have claimed relief and prayed for divorce and/or judicial separation on ground of husband’s adultery – No relief which cannot be granted under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act could not be claimed by way G of counter claim. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 – Order VIII, r.6A – Counter-claim by defendant – Tenability – Held: It is true that as per Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, a defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim H 618 NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 619 against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a A cause of action accruing to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not – However, in the present case, according B

to appellant-wife (defendant), the cause for counter claim (in divorce proceedings initiated by the husband) had accrued after she had delivered her defence (written statement) and more particularly when during cross-examination of the plaintiff (respondent-husband) the factum of marriage with another woman was admitted and the marriage certificate was produced – High C Court, therefore, was not justified in refusing to allow the counter claim proposed by appellant-wife (defendant) – Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – s.23A. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 – Order VI Rule 17, proviso – Amendment of pleadings – Restrictions as per proviso to Order VI D Rule 17 – When not applicable – Held: It is clear from the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced unless the court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of trial – Therefore, if Esome facts have come to the knowledge subsequently and subsequent to the commencement of trial, may be during the course of trial and if it is found that it is necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties, on a fair reading of Order VI Rule 17 CPC, such an application for amendment can be allowed even after the trial has commenced – Pleadings – F Amendment.

Partly allowing the appeals, the Court HELD:1. Order VI Rule 17 CPC provides for amendment of the pleadings. The Court may at any stage of the proceedings Gallow either party to alter or amend his pleadings (including written statement) in such manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties. Proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC further H 620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A provides that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of the trial. Therefore, if some facts have come to the knowledge subsequently and subsequent to the commencement of trial, may B

be during the course of trial and if it is found that it is necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties, on a fair reading of Order VI Rule 17 CPC, such an application for amendment can be allowed even after the trial has commenced. In the present case, the factum of actual C marriage on 14.12.2006 came to the knowledge of the appellant-wife when the marriage certificate was produced during the cross-examination of the respondent-husband and immediately thereafter the application for amendment was made. Therefore, as such, and looking to the case on behalf of the appellant, so pleaded in the written statement, the Family Court was right and D justified in allowing the amendment. The High Court committed error in misapplying the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC and erred in rejecting the amendment. [Para 7][635-B-D; 636-A-D]

2.1. Now so far as the amendment sought, for incorporating prayer to declare the second marriage of respondent as illegal, E void, voidable etc. is concerned, it was in the form of counter-claim. It is true that as per Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, a defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing F to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not. However, in the present case, according to the appellant, the cause for counter claim had accrued after the appellant-G defendant has delivered her defence (written statement) and more particularly when during the cross-examination of the plaintiff (respondent herein) the factum of marriage with ‘H’ on 14.12.2006 was admitted and the marriage certificate was produced. H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 621 Therefore, the High Court is not justified and/or right in refusing A to allow the counter claim as proposed on the ground that the same is not permissible after the appellant as defendant has delivered her defence by filing the written statement. [Para 8][636-D-H]

2.2. However, by way of counter claim, the respondent in B any proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights can pray for the relief by way of counter claim only those reliefs which can be prayed and/or granted under the Hindu Marriage Act, namely, the relief under Section 9 (Restitution of conjugal rights); Section 10 (judicial separation); CSections 11 & 12 (declaration of marriage between the petitioner and the respondent void) and Section 13 (divorce). Therefore, the respondent to the proceedings in question can pray for the aforesaid reliefs only by way of counter claim and that too between the petitioner and the respondent. No relief can be prayed qua the third party. Under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act, D the relief of divorce, judicial separation etc. can be between the husband and the wife only and cannot extend to the third party. Therefore, by virtue of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, it is not open for the appellant– original defendant to seek declaration to the effect that the marriage between the respondent E– original plaintiff and the third party – ‘H’ is void. No relief can be prayed by way of counter claim even against the son born out of the alleged wedlock between the respondent – original plaintiff and the third party – ‘H’. In such a situation, the only remedy available to the appellant would be to file a substantive suit and/ or initiate independent proceedings claiming such reliefs. But F such reliefs cannot be claimed by way of counter claim under Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act in the petition for divorce filed by the respondent against the appellant. At the most, the appellant– original defendant by way of counter claim could have claimed the relief and prayed for divorce and/or judicial separation Gon the ground of husband’s adultery. Beyond that, no relief which cannot be granted under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act can be claimed by way of counter claim. [Para 9][637-F-H; 638-A-F]

Andhra Bank v. ABN Amro Bank (2007) 6 SCC 167 ; Chander Kanta Bansal v. Rajinder Singh Anand (2008) H 622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A 5 SCC 117 : [2008] 4 SCR 748; Abdul Rehman v. Mohd. Ruldu (2012) 11 SCC 341 : [2012] 8 SCR 922 ; Gurbakhsh Singh v. Buta Singh (2018) 6 SCC 567; Ashok Kumar Kalra v. Wing Commander Surendra Agnihotri (2020) 2 SCC 394; Ajendraprasadji N. Pandey v. Swami Keshavprakeshdasji N. (2006) 12 B SCC 1 : [2006] 10 Suppl. SCR 477; M. Revanna v. Anjanamma (dead) by Lrs. (2019) 4 SCC 332; Vidyabai v. Padmalatha (2009) 2 SCC 409 : [2008] 17 SCR 505 – referred to. Damodar v. Urmila, AIR 1980 Raj. 57 – approved. C Case Law Reference (2007) 6 SCC 167 referred to Para 3.12 [2008] 4 SCR 748 referred to Para 3.13 [2012] 8 SCR 922 referred to Para 3.13 D (2018) 6 SCC 567 referred to Para 3.13 (2020) 2 SCC 394 referred to Para 3.16 [2006] 10 Suppl. SCR 477 referred to Para 4.5 (2019) 4 SCC 332 referred to Para 4.5 E [2008] 17 SCR 505 referred to Para 4.5 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos.5901-5902 of 2021 From the Judgment and Order dated 27.09.2019 of the High Court F of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in R/Special Civil Application Nos.11379 and 16101 of 2018. Puneet Jain, Ms. Christi Jain, Advs. for the Appellant. Mihir Thakore, Sr. Adv., Ms. Aastha Mehta, Tirathraj Pandya, Jaimin Dave, Ms. Vishakha, Ms. Prema Mohapatra, Ms. Deepanwita G Priyanka, Advs. for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by M. R. SHAH, J.

1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned common judgment and order dated 27.09.2019 passed by the High Court of Gujarat H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 623 [M. R. SHAH, J.] at Ahmedabad in SCA No. 11379/2018 and SCA No. 16101/2018, by A which the High Court has dismissed writ petition being SCA No. 11379/ 2018 and has allowed SCA No. 16101/2018 and has quashed and set aside the order passed by the learned Family Court dated 8.5.2018 passed below the application (Exhibit 281) in Family Suit No. 862/2007, the original writ petitioner in SCA No. 11379/2018 and the original respondent B in SCA No. 16101/2018 has preferred the present appeals.

2. The facts leading to the present appeals in nutshell are as under: The marriage between the appellant and the respondent took place on 1.3.1987 according to the Hindu rites. Out of the said wedlock, they had a child, named as ‘Devashya’ on 3.5.1990. The appellant was also a C doctor, but it was the case on behalf of the appellant that after the birth of the child she stopped practising as a doctor and remained housewife. The dispute arose between the husband and the wife and the respondent-husband filed a Hindu Marriage Petition No. 862 of 2007 before the learned Family Court under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act for Ddissolution of marriage, mainly on the ground that the appellant-wife is guilty of cruelty. The learned Family Court issued notice. The appellant-wife appeared and filed reply (Exhibit 9) on 11.4.2008. A rejoinder affidavit was also filed by the respondent-husband (Exhibit 10) on 22.9.2008. The appellant further submitted an affidavit-in-sur-rejoinder as Exhibit 13 in the month of November, 2008. The respondent-husband also filed E an affidavit of evidence on record. According to the appellant-wife, the respondent-husband deserted her and their son on 9.2.2006 and the respondent-husband refused to provide maintenance for her and their son.

2.1 At this stage, it is required to be noted that in the written F statement filed by the appellant-wife, it was the case on behalf of the appellant that the respondent-husband as on today is cohabiting with another woman, openly moves around with the said woman and introduces the said lady as his new wife and is travelling not only in the country but abroad with her. It was the case on behalf of the appellant-wife in the Gwritten statement that since the respondent-husband wants to marry the said woman, a false and fabricated story is placed before the Court. However, in the rejoinder affidavit filed by the respondent-husband, so stated in para 20, it was the case on behalf of the respondent-husband that so far as Ms. Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is concerned, the said lady is a manager in the hospital run by him and she is looking after the H 624 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A hospital and accounts as her job, which has nothing to do with the present dispute between the parties. It was the case on behalf of the appellant that subsequently she got to know that the respondent-husband had married the aforesaid Ms. Hinaben Manubhai Panchal and has suppressed the said fact, she filed an application (Exhibit 281) seeking amendment in her written statement by adding paras 35,36 & 37, which B read as under: “Para No.35:

The opponent submits that the petition married with one Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 at Sudama resort, Paldi, Ahmedabad. The opponent stated that after the marriage C solemnized between the petitioner and Hinaben, the petitioner filed the petition for divorce in the month of July 2007 against the opponent. The petitioner never informed to the Hon’ble Court that he married with Hinaben on 14.12.2006. When the petition was filed that time the petitioner intentionally suppress material D facts with malafide intention. When the petitioner did not come before the Hon’ble Court with clean hand than the petitioner petition is legally not tenable under the provisions of the law. Moreover, due to the marriage life with Hinaben, the petitioner have having illegitimate son Dev, who is as on today residing with the petitioner; E The petitioner stated that there is no divorce granted in favour of the petitioner by the Hon’ble Court or the by the family court and opponent are as today alive even though the petitioner married with Hina Panchal, only for sex purpose. Even the petitioner gone to many places of the World with Hina and they were residing to gather because the petitioner accepted Hina as wife. F

Moreover, the petitioner went to so many places with in India, either for honeymoon purpose or for enjoyment. The petitioner as on today living the life in adultery therefore the divorce cannot be granted in favour of the petitioner. Moreover, the person who does not come before the Hon’ble Court with clean hands are not G entitled any relief from the Court. Therefore, the petition filed by the petitioner are require to dismiss with cost. The opponent states that as on today the marriage between the petitioner and the respondent are continued, no divorce are granted by any court even though the petitioner married with Hina Panchal H on 14.12.2006. NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 625 [M. R. SHAH, J.] Therefore, the marriage between the petitioner and Hina Manubhai A Panchal are illegal, void and voidable. Therefore, there is a necessary to declare by Court that the marriage between the petitioner and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal are illegal, void and voidable. Therefore, the present counter claim application are filed by the petitioner. B Para No.36:- The respondent states that by doing the marriage by petitioner with Hinaben Panchal, it is a fraud with the respondent and therefore the provision of the limitation are not applicable in the present matter. C

The opponent states that the cause of action of the counter claim is arisen when the petitioner done the second marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. The cause of action is continue day to day for declaring between the petitioner and Hinaben marriage illegal, void, voidable. Moreover the cause of action have arisen D when the respondent have come to know that the petitioner have intentionally done the fraud with the respondent by doing the second marriage with Hinaben Panchal. Even when the first marriage between the petitioner and respondent are continued. Moreover till the second between the petitioner and Hinaben Panchal are not declare illegal, void and voidable till that the cause of action of E the counter claim are continued. The marriage between the petitioner and Hinaben Panchal are illegal, void and voidable therefore the cause of action of the present counter claim application are arisen in the jurisdiction of this Court. Para No.37:- F Therefore, the respondent prays that, a. Your Honor may allow the present counter claim application and declare that the marriage between the petitioner with Hina Manubhai Panchal dated 14.12.2006 are illegal, void and voidable. Further declare that Hina Panchal is not the G legal wife of the petitioner and also declare that the petitioner are living with Hina Panchal in adultery. b. Your Honor may declare that son Dev, born through the petitioner and Hinaben Panchal marriage life is illegitimate child of the petitioner. H

626 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A c. Your Honor grant any other relief which your Honor think proper and reasonable. d. Cost of this application. e. The proper court fees are affixed upon the application.” B 2.2 By order dated 8.5.2018, the learned Family Court partly allowed the said application (Exhibit 281) and allowed the amendments by permitting the appellant-wife to incorporate paras 35 and 36 in the written statement and refused to permit the appellant-wife to amend the written statement as per para 37. At this stage, it is required to be noted that before the learned Family Court, the appellant-wife in support of C her prayer to permit the amendment by adding para 37 heavily relied upon the provisions of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act. 2.3 Aggrieved by the order passed by the learned Family Court rejecting her prayer to add the prayer clause in terms of para 37 and refusing to permit the amendment in terms of para 37, the appellant-D wife preferred SCA No. 11379/2018 before the High Court.

Simultaneously, the respondent-husband also challenged the order passed by the learned Family Court allowing and/or permitting the appellant-wife to add paras 35 and 36 in the written statement before the High Court being SCA No. 16101/2018. By the impugned judgment and order, the High Court has allowed the respondent-husband’s writ petition being E SCA No. 16101/2018 and dismissed the appellant-wife’s writ petition being SCA No. 11379/2018 on the ground that the amendment could not be allowed at this belated stage. However, the High Court in the impugned judgment and order has observed that the appellant can file a separate suit seeking for a declaration that the second marriage of the respondent-F husband is void. 2.4 Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned common judgment and order passed by the High Court, rejecting the application (Exhibit 281) preferred by the appellant-wife and not permitting the amendment as per paras 35, 36, and 37 in the written statement, the G appellant-wife has preferred the present appeals. At this stage, it is required to be noted that the proposed prayer in terms of para 37 to declare that the second marriage between the respondent-husband and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal dated 14.12.2006 is illegal, void and voidable was as a counter claim and for that Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act was relied upon. H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 627 [M. R. SHAH, J.]

3. Shri Puneet Jain, learned Advocate has appeared on behalf of A the appellant-wife and Shri Mihir Thakore, learned Senior Advocate, assisted by Ms. Aastha Mehta, learned Advocate, has appeared for the respondent-husband. 3.1 Shri Puneet Jain, learned Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant has vehemently submitted that the marriage between the B appellant and the respondent was solemnized on 1.3.1987 and a child named ‘Devashya’ was born. 3.2 It is submitted that during the subsistence of the marriage, the respondent-husband developed illicit relationship with one Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. The respondent-husband filed a petition under Section C 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act on 6.8.2007 seeking divorce from the appellant. The fact regarding his entering into a marriage with the aforesaid Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 was deliberately suppressed by the respondent-husband. It is submitted that however at the relevant time the fact of illicit relationship of the respondent with D Hinaben Manubhai Panchal was only known to the appellant and specific submissions/averments were made in the written statement dated 19.6.2008. 3.3 It is submitted that in the rejoinder affidavit, as such, the respondent-husband did not specifically deny the allegations of illicit E

relationship with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal but submitted that so far as Ms. Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is concerned, the said lady is a manager in the hospital run by him and she is looking after the hospital and accounts as a job. 3.4 It is submitted that when the rejoinder affidavit was filed in F 2008, the respondent-husband did not disclose the factum of marriage on 14.12.2006 between the respondent-husband and the said Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. It is submitted therefore and thus the appellant was not aware about the respondent’s entering into the marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal earlier. It is submitted that it came on record during the cross-examination of the respondent which concluded in 2017 that in G fact he had entered into a second marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006. Even the marriage certificate was produced on record as Exhibit 200. It also came on record that the respondent has a son named ‘Dev’ from the said illegal relationship and his birth certificate has also been produced on record as Exhibit 201. H 628 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R.

A 3.5 It is submitted that therefore the appellant was absolutely justified in submitting the application (Exhibit 281) for amendment of the written statement to add paras 35 and 36 to plead the facts regarding the second marriage and also to seek relief in the nature of counter claim vide para 37 seeking a declaration inter alia that the marriage between the respondent and the said Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is null and void B and that Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is not a legal wife of the respondent-husband and that he was living with her in adultery. 3.6 It is submitted that a declaration was also sought that the son ‘Dev’ born to the respondent with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is an illegitimate child. C 3.7 It is submitted that however the learned Family Court allowed the application in part allowing addition of paras 35 and 36 but did not permit amendment in the written statement to add/introduce counter claim in terms of para 37. It is submitted that even the order dated 8.5.2018 passed by the learned Family Court allowing the introduction/ D addition of paras 35 & 36 has also been set aside by the High Court, by the impugned judgment and order.

3.8 Shri Puneet Jain, learned Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant has vehemently submitted that, as such, in the facts and circumstances of the case, narrated hereinabove, the application filed E by the appellant-wife for amendment of the written statement is required to be allowed in toto. It is submitted that the fact regarding actual marriage of the respondent-husband with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal (third party) was not known to the appellant, which fact came to the knowledge only during cross-examination of the respondent in the present proceedings F when the marriage certificate(|Ex.200) as well as the birth certificate of his son ‘Dev’ (Ex.201) out of the marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal came on record as Ex. 201. 3.9 It is submitted that soon thereafter the appellant filed an application for impleadment of Ms. Hinaben Manubhai Panchal as a G party and the application for amendment of the written statement, Ex. 281. It is submitted that therefore at the first available opportunity after the appellant came to know about the actual marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal, which came to light in the year 2017, the application (Ex. 281) was filed and therefore the same ought to have been allowed. H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 629 [M. R. SHAH, J.]

3.10 It is submitted that the High Court has materially erred in A rejecting the application (Ex. 281) on the ground that once the written statement has been filed, the defendant cannot be permitted to amend the written statement. It is submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case, the High Court has erred in relying upon and/or has misconstrued the provisions of Order VIII, Rules 8 & 9 CPC and proviso B to Order VI Rule 17 CPC. 3.11 It is submitted that even the factum of actual marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 came to the knowledge of the appellant after filing of the written statement and therefore the appellant can be permitted to amend the written C statement bringing on record the factum of actual marriage on 14.12.2006 between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal and the bar contained in proviso to Order VI rule 17 CPC shall not come in the way and in any case the same may be permitted with the leave of the Court to either amending the written statement or by filing an additional written statement. D

3.12 It is submitted that as such there was no delay in filing the application (Ex.281) under Order VI Rule 17 CPC from the date of knowledge of the actual marriage which came to light during the cross-examination of the respondent. It is submitted that even otherwise delay is no ground for refusal of prayer for amendment of a written statement. E Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in the case of Andhra Bank v. ABN Amro Bank, (2007) 6 SCC 167 (para 5). It is submitted that even the High Court has proceeded on an erroneous premise assuming knowledge of illicit relationship as knowledge of marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. F 3.13 It is further submitted that power to allow amendment is wide and is to be liberally construed; the Court is only required to see that if the amendment causes any prejudice to the other party. It is submitted that as such the learned Family Court has specifically found that no prejudice shall be caused to the respondent due to the amendment. G Reliance is placed on the decisions of this Court in the cases of Chander Kanta Bansal v. Rajinder Singh Anand, (2008) 5 SCC 117 (para 11); Abdul Rehman v. Mohd. Ruldu, (2012) 11 SCC 341 (para 11); and Gurbakhsh Singh v. Buta Singh, (2018) 6 SCC 567 (paras 4 & 5). H 630 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R.

A 3.14 It is submitted that as such the underlying principle behind allowing the application under Order VI Rule 17 CPC or to raise a counter claim under Order VIII Rule 6A is to prevent multiplicity of proceedings. It is submitted that the grounds raised in the amendment vide paras 35 and 36 are not only in the nature of a defence against the allegations of desertion and cruelty, but also constitute necessary pleadings in support B of relief sought for in the counter claim. It is submitted that the amendment sought for would not change the character of the suit. 3.15 It is further submitted that even the relief sought in terms of

para 37 is the counter claim for declaring the marriage of the respondent-husband with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal as null and void and for the C legitimacy of their son ‘Dev’ is consequential in view of the undisputed and admitted fact that the marriage between the appellant and the respondent is still subsisting. It is submitted that it is to be noted that as such the present proceedings filed by the respondent-husband are to seek a decree for divorce under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act D which has yet not been decided and therefore as on today the marriage between the appellant and the respondent is subsisting. It is submitted that therefore the marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is thus illegal under Section 5(a) of the Hindu Marriage Act. It is submitted that therefore the relief sought for in the counter claim is undeniable on admitted facts and will have to be granted E “irrespective” of the outcome of the petition filed by the respondent under Section 13 of the HMA. It is submitted that as such the counter claim is permissible as per Section 23A of the HMA.

3.16 It is further submitted that even otherwise the cause of action for filing the counter claim has arisen after filing of the written statement F and more particularly in the cross-examination of the respondent-husband that the respondent had got married to Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006. It is submitted that therefore also the declaration as sought for in para 37 by way of counter claim ought to have been permitted/ allowed. Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court in the case of G Ashok Kumar Kalra v. Wing Commander Surendra Agnihotri, (2020) 2 SCC 394 (paras 12 to 18 & 21). 3.17 It is further submitted that even otherwise a counter claim is in any case is to be decided as an independent suit and so long as the relief sought for is otherwise within limitation, the same can be entertained. In the present case, the petition under Section 13 was still at the stage of H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 631 [M. R. SHAH, J.] evidence, wherein the appellant – original defendant has to lead evidence A in defence who could lead common evidence for defence and counter claim and the respondent-husband can be permitted to rebut, if so required. It is submitted that therefore no prejudice would thus be caused to the respondent if application (Ex. 281) is allowed in toto. 3.18 Making the above submissions and relying upon the aforesaid B decisions, it is prayed to allow the present appeals.

4. The present appeals are vehemently opposed by Shri Mihir Thakore, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the respondent-husband. Insofar as amendment sought vide para 37 in Ex. 281, i.e., declaration sought that marriage between the respondent-husband and C Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is null and void is concerned, it is submitted that such prayer which is in the nature of counter claim cannot be granted.

4.1 It is submitted that it is true that Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act permits the respondent to raise a counter claim. It is submitted that however under Section 23A, by way of counter claim, D firstly, the respondent can seek relief against the petitioner on the ground of petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion and secondly, the petitioner can seek only such relief as is maintainable under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and not otherwise. It is submitted that under the HMA, 1955 the respondent can seek relief under Section 9 to 13 only. It is submitted Ethat therefore by virtue of Section 23A, it is not open for the respondent (appellant herein) to seek a declaration to the effect that marriage between the respondent-husband and the third party (Hinaben Manubhai Panchal) is void. It is submitted that such relief falls within the ambit of Section 34 of the Special Relief Act, 1963 and in any case, it does not fall within any of the provisions of Sections 9 to 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act. Reliance F is placed on the decision of the Rajasthan High Court in the case of Damodar v. Urmila, AIR 1980 Raj. 57.

4.2 Now so far as the amendment sought vide paragraphs 35 and 36 in Ex. 281 application is concerned, it is vehemently submitted that this prayer is required to be rejected inter alia on the ground that it is G barred by proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC. It is submitted that as such the appellant-wife had knowledge about the factum of alleged respondent-husband’s second marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal since 23.03.2007. It is submitted that the appellant-wife in the cross-examination recorded as Ex.359 has categorically admitted that her H 632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A lawyer applied for so called marriage certificate on 12.03.2007 and he was supplied copy thereof on 23.03.2007. It is submitted that she also categorically admitted that despite having knowledge about the alleged marriage certificate since 23.03.2007, she did not mention about the alleged marriage of the respondent-husband with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. It is submitted that therefore it is not open for the appellant-B wife to file such an application at such a belated stage. 4.3 Learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent-husband has relied upon the following timeline which according to him is relevant for the purpose of considering amendment sought vide paragraphs 35 and 36 in Ex.281 application, which are as under: C Date Event

2007 H.M.P. Suit No.862 of 2007 was instituted 27.03.2007 Appellant - Wife admittedly acquired knowledge about alleged marriage of Respondent - Husband D 11.04.2008 Appellant – Wife filed written statement 22.09.2008 Respondent – Husband filed rejoinder 20.04.2017 Application filed for draft amendment It is submitted that not only that but in the impugned judgment and E order the High Court has also arrived at the specific conclusion that the appellant-wife had definite knowledge about the alleged marriage since 2007. 4.4 It is submitted that today we are at the stage of cross-examination of the appellant-wife and at this stage with a mala fide F intention of delaying the proceedings such an application is filed. It is submitted that such an amendment is hit by proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC. 4.5 It is further submitted that proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC virtually prevents an application for amendment of pleadings from being G allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of the trial and a trial is deemed to have commenced. It is submitted therefore that the proviso to an extent curtails absolute discretion to allow amendment at any stage. The burden is on the person who seeks an amendment after commencement of the H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 633 [M. R. SHAH, J.]

trial to show that inspite of due diligence, such an averment could not A have been made earlier. Heavy reliance is placed on the decisions of this Court in the cases of Ajendraprasadji N. Pandey v. Swami Keshavprakeshdasji N., (2006) 12 SCC 1 (Paras 55,60 to 62); M. Revanna v. Anjanamma (dead) by Lrs., (2019) 4 SCC 332 (paras 7 to 9); Chander Kanta Bansal (supra) (paras 11 to 13,15, 17, 19 & B 20); and Vidyabai v. Padmalatha, (2009) 2 SCC 409 (paras 11 to 13, 19 & 21). 4.6 It is submittedthat by virtue of Section 10 of the Family Courts Act, 1984 and Section 21 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the provisions of CPC apply to proceedings under HMA and therefore proviso to Order CVI Rule 17 CPC would come into play. 4.7 Making the above submissions and relying upon the aforesaid decisions, it is prayed to dismiss the present appeals. 5. We have heard the learned counsel for the respective parties at length. D

By the impugned judgment and order, the High Court has dismissed the application (Ex.281) filed by the appellant herein in the family Court by which the appellant prayed to amend the written statement as per paragraphs 35, 36 and 37, reproduced hereinabove. By incorporating paragraphs 35 and 36, the appellant proposed to amend the written E statement bringing on record the factum of marriage of the respondent with one Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 and other factual aspects. So far as the amendment sought vide para 37 is concerned, the same was for incorporating the prayer by way of counter claim under Section 23 of the Hindu Marriage Act. As observed hereinabove, the learned Family Court partly allowed the application (Ex.281) and F permitted the amendment in the written statement as per paras 35 and

36. However, rejected the amendment sought vide para 37. While refusing the amendment sought qua para 37, the learned Family Court observed that the appellant – original defendant cannot seek the proposed relief and in view of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, the defendant G can seek relief under the Hindu Marriage Act only on the ground of adultery, cruelty or desertion and cannot seek the relief to declare that the second marriage of the respondent with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal (third party) is illegal, void, voidable etc. and as the appellant is not seeking any relief under the Hindu Marriage Act, she cannot seek the relief as proposed in para 37 as a counter claim. However, by the impugned H 634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A judgment and order, the High Court has dismissed the entire application (Ex.281) mainly on the ground that once a written statement is filed and the trial has commenced, application to amend the written statement in exercise of powers under Order VI Rule 17 CPC is not required to be entertained and that in view of Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, the defendant can pray for a counter claim against the plaintiff either before or after B the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence (written statement) or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired. Mainly relying upon the embargo under Order VI Rule 17 CPC and Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, the High Court has dismissed the application (Ex.281) in toto.

C 6. While deciding the issues involved in the present appeals, the relevant provisions of the CPC, namely, Order VI Rule 17 CPC and Order VIII Rule 6A CPC are required to be referred to, which read as under: “Order VI Rule 17 D 17. Amendment of Pleadings – The Court may at any stage of the proceedings allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings in such manner and on such terms as may be just, and all such amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties: E Provided that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of the trial. Order VIII, Rule 6A F 6A – Counter-claim by defendant – (1) A defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but G before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not: Provided that such counter-claim shall not exceed the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of the Court. H

NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 635 [M. R. SHAH, J.] (2) Such counter-claim shall have the same effect as a cross-suit A so as to enable the Court to pronounce a final judgment in the same suit, but on the original claim and on the counter-claim. (3) The plaintiff shall be at liberty to file a written statement in answer to the counter-claim of the defendant within such period as may be fixed by the Court. B (4) The counter-claim shall be treated as a plaint and governed by the rules applicable to plaints.”

7. Order VI Rule 17 CPC provides for amendment of the pleadings. The Court may at any stage of the proceedings allow either party to alter or amend his pleadings (including written statement) in such manner C and on such terms as may be just, and all such amendments shall be made as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties. Proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC further provides that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced, unless the Court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due diligence, the party could not have raised D the matter before the commencement of the trial. Relying upon the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC, the High Court has refused the amendment sought qua paragraphs 35 and 36. However, it is required to be noted that as per the case of the appellant-wife, she actually came to know about the actual marriage between the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai E Panchal on 14.12.2006 only during the cross-examination of the respondent and when the marriage certificate was produced on record. It is required to be noted that right from the very beginning, it was the specific case on behalf of the appellant that the respondent-husband is living in adultery with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal and in the rejoinder affidavit filed by the respondent-husband, the respondent -husband denied F the allegation of adultery and stated that Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is manager in the hospital run by him and she is looking after the hospital and accounts as a job. Though, the respondent-husband had married with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006, he did not disclose the correct and true facts and suppressed the material facts. Only in the G

cross-examination, he admitted the marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 and produced the marriage certificate. Therefore, in view of the above, the restrictions as per the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC shall not be applicable. The proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC that no application for amendment shall be allowed after the trial has commenced unless the court comes to the conclusion that in spite of due H 636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R. A diligence the party could not have raised the matter before the commencement of trial. Therefore, if some facts have come to the knowledge subsequently and subsequent to the commencement of trial, may be during the course of trial and if it is found that it is necessary for the purpose of determining the real questions in controversy between the parties, on a fair reading of Order VI Rule 17 CPC, such an application B

for amendment can be allowed even after the trial has commenced. In the present case, as observed hereinabove, the factum of actual marriage on 14.12.2006 came to the knowledge of the appellant-wife when the marriage certificate was produced during the cross-examination of the respondent-husband and immediately thereafter the application (Ex.281) C for amendment was made. Therefore, as such, and looking to the case on behalf of the appellant, so pleaded in the written statement, the learned Family Court was right and justified in allowing the amendment sought qua paras 35 and 36. The High Court has committed an error in misapplying the proviso to Order VI Rule 17 CPC and has erred in rejecting the amendment sought qua paras 35 and 36 in application D (Ex.281).

8. Now so far as the amendment sought qua para 37 in Ex.281 application is concerned, at the outset, it is required to be noted that it was in the form of counter-claim. It is true that as per Order VIII Rule 6A CPC, a defendant in a suit may, in addition to his right of pleading a E set-off under rule 6, set up, by way of counter-claim against the claim of the plaintiff, any right or claim in respect of a cause of action accruing to the defendant against the plaintiff either before or after the filing of the suit but before the defendant has delivered his defence or before the time limited for delivering his defence has expired, whether such counter-claim is in the nature of a claim for damages or not. However, in the F present case, according to the appellant, the cause for counter claim had accrued after the appellant-defendant has delivered her defence (written statement) and more particularly when during the cross-examination of the plaintiff (respondent herein) the factum of marriage with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 was admitted and the marriage G certificate was produced. Therefore, the High Court is not justified and/ or right in refusing to allow the counter claim as proposed in para 37 on the ground that the same is not permissible after the appellant as defendant has delivered her defence by filing the written statement. On the aforesaid ground, the High Court ought not to have rejected the amendment sought qua para 37. H

NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 637 [M. R. SHAH, J.] However, at the same time, the core question which is required to A be considered is, whether the appellant-wife could have claimed the relief sought qua para 37 by way of counter claim in a marriage petition filed by the respondent-husband for dissolution of the marriage? 9. As per para 37, the appellant-original defendant has proposed the relief to declare that the marriage between the respondent-original B plaintiff with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal on 14.12.2006 is illegal, void and voidable and further to declare that Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is not a legal wife of the respondent – original plaintiff and also to declare that the original plaintiff – respondent herein is living with Hinaben Manubhai Panchal in adultery. It is also further prayed to declare that Cthe son ‘Dev’ born through the respondent and Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is not a legitimate child of the respondent-original plaintiff. On a fair reading of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, we are afraid that the relief sought by way of counter claim in the Hindu Marriage Petition filed by the respondent can be claimed. Section 23A Dof the Hindu Marriage Act reads as under:

“23A. Relief for respondent in divorce and other proceedings – In any proceeding for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights, the respondent may not only oppose the relief sought on the ground of petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion, E but also make a counter-claim for any relief under this Act on that ground; and if the petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion is proved, the court may give to the respondent any relief under this Act to which he or she would have been entitled if he or she had presented a petition seeking such relief on that ground.” On a fair reading of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, the F respondent in any proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights, may not only oppose the relief sought on the ground of adultery, cruelty or desertion, but also make a counter-claim for any relief under Hindu Marriage Act, i.e, on the ground of petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion and if the petitioner’s adultery, G cruelty or desertion is proved, the court may give to the respondent any relief under Hindu Marriage Act to which he or she would have been entitled if he or she had presented a petition seeking such relief on that ground, i.e., seeking a divorce or judicial separation on the ground of petitioner’s adultery or cruelty. Therefore, by way of counter claim, the respondent in any proceedings for divorce or judicial separation or H 638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R.

A restitution of conjugal rights can pray for the relief by way of counter claim only those reliefs which can be prayed and/or granted under the Hindu Marriage Act, namely, the relief under Section 9 (Restitution of conjugal rights); Section 10(judicial separation); Sections 11 & 12(declaration of marriage between the petitioner and the respondent void) and Section 13 (divorce). Therefore, the respondent to the aforesaid B proceedings can pray for the aforesaid reliefs only by way of counter claim and that too between the petitioner and the respondent. No relief can be prayed qua the third party. Under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act, the relief of divorce, judicial separation etc. can be between the husband and the wife only and cannot extend to the third party. C Therefore, by virtue of Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act, it is not open for the appellant herein – original defendant to seek declaration to the effect that the marriage between the respondent – original plaintiff and the third party – Hinaben Manubhai Panchal is void. No relief can be prayed by way of counter claim even against ‘Dev’, the son born out of the alleged wedlock between the respondent – original plaintiff and D

the third party – Hinaben Manubhai Panchal. In such a situation, the only remedy available to the appellant would be to file a substantive suit and/or initiate independent proceedings claiming such reliefs. But such reliefs cannot be claimed by way of counter claim under Section 23A of the Hindu Marriage Act in the petition for divorce filed by the respondent E herein against the appellant. At the most, the appellant herein – original defendant by way of counter claim could have claimed the relief and prayed for divorce and/or judicial separation on the ground of husband’s adultery. Beyond that, no relief which cannot be granted under the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act can be claimed by way of counter claim. F 10. An identical question came to be considered by the Rajasthan High Court in the case of Damodar (supra) and the Rajasthan High Court observed as under: “…As already stated, the matrimonial Court has no jurisdiction to G go into the factum or validity of the alleged divorce obtained by the husband from the community Panchayat in accordance with the so-called custom prevalent in the community. This is a matter which falls squarely within the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts. Section 9 of the CPC lays down that the Civil Courts shall have jurisdiction to try all suits of a civil nature excepting suits of which H NITABEN DINESH PATEL v. DINESH DAHYABHAI PATEL 639 [M. R. SHAH, J.]

their cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred. A perusal A of the relevant provisions of the Act would show that it is a complete code in itself creating new rights for an aggrieved spouse governed by the Act to obtain decree of restitution of conjugal rights judicial separation, nullity of marriage and divorce, as the case may be. Sections 9 to 13 deal with the rights of an aggrieved spouse to B make an application seeking appropriate relief against the other spouse, Section 19 which provides for forum for seeking such relief lays down that every petition under the Act shall be presented to the District Court, within the local limits of whose ordinary original civil jurisdiction the cause of action arose in the manner and circumstances specified in Cls. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) of that C Section. The words “every petition under this Act” occurring in this Section have reference clearly to the petitions under Sections 9 to 13 of the Act. The Act does not make any provision for the grant of relief to a spouse interested in getting a declaration that he or she, has already obtained dissolution of marriage according D

to custom or usage from the community Panchayat and that the aid dissolution is valid and binding on the two spouses. Similarly, there is no provision in the Act, to enable a spouse, against whom a petition is filed by the other spouse under any of the Sections from 9 to 18, to raise a plea in defence that he or she has already obtained dissolution of the marriage from the community Panchayat E or the like according to custom governing the parties, and that, therefore, the marriage is no longer subsisting. It can, therefore, be safely held that the Act which deals with certain matrimonial disputes among the Hindus does not make any provision for adjudication of a claim or defence, that the marriage between the F contending parties already stands dissolved by virtue of the decision of a private forum like the Panchayat of the tribe, community, group or family, as the case may be. Such adjudication can, therefore, be obtained only from the Civil Court and not from the matrimonial Court under the Act.” G We are in complete agreement with the view taken by the Rajasthan High Court. 11. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, the present appeals succeed in part. The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court is hereby quashed and set aside. The order passed by H 640 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 8 S.C.R.

A the learned Family Court dated 8.5.2018 passed in the application (Ex.281) is hereby restored and the appellant herein – original defendant is permitted to amend the written statement as prayed qua paras 35 and 36. The amendment sought by the appellant qua para 37 is hereby dismissed. However, it will be open for the appellant to initiate independent proceedings by way of filing a substantive suit and/or any other remedy B which may be available to the appellant under law with respect to prayer sought qua para 37. 12. The present appeals are partly allowed to the aforesaid extent. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs. C Devika Gujral Appeals partly allowed. D E F G H