[2021] 4 S.C.R. 153 153 M/s. PLR PROJECTS PVT. LTD. A v. MAHANADI COALFIELDS LTD. & ORS. (Transfer Petition (Civil) No. 2419 of 2019) APRIL 20, 2021 B [S.A. BOBDE, CJI, SANJAY KISHAN KAUL AND SURYA KANT, JJ.] Judiciary – Appointment of High Court Judges – Vacancies in High Courts – Certain timelines were stated for appointment of Judges to the High Court in the Memorandum of Procedure as C finalized by the Supreme Court Collegium on 10.03.2017 – In order to facilitate timely appointment, following additional timelines advised – The Intellligence Bureau (IB) would submit its report/ inputs within 4 to 6 weeks from the date of recommendation of the High Court Collegium, to the Central Government – The Central D Government would then forward the file(s)/recommendations to the Supreme Court within 8 to 12 weeks from the date of receipt of views from the State Government and the report/input from the IB – The Government would thereafter proceed to make the appointment immediately on the aforesaid consideration – In case of Government’s reservations on suitability or in public interest, within E the same period of time it may be sent back to the Supreme Court Collegium with the specific reasons for reservation recorded – If the Supreme Court Collegium after consideration of the aforesaid inputs still reiterates the recommendation(s) unanimously (Cl. 24.1), such appointment should be processed and appointment should be F made within 3 to 4 weeks.

Third Judge’s case (1998) 7 SCC (Special Reference 1 of 1998) – referred to CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Transfer Petition (Civil) No.2419 of 2019. G Petition under Article 139A(2) of the Constitution of India seeking transfer of Writ Petition Civil No. 17476 of 2019 Pending before the High Court of Odisha, Cuttack to the Hon’ble High Court of Telangana or any other High Court. H 153 154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 4 S.C.R. A Kaushik Poddar, Adv. for the Petitioner.

Sunil Kumar, Ravindra Shrivastava, Ashok Panda, Vikas Singh, Mahalakshmi Pavani, Sr. Advs., Sibo Sankar Mishra, Niranjan Sahu, Umakant Mishra, Ashok Kumar Singh, Rajiv Sinha, Kunal Chatterji, Ms. Maitrayee Banerjee, Pravar Veer Misra, Kedar Nath Tripathy, Ms. B Preetika Dwivedi, S.N. Bhat, V.N. Raghupathy, Shibashish Misra, Dhananjai Jain, Gautam Narayan, Ms. Asmita Singh, Ms. Dacchita Shahi, Adithya Nair, Ms. RitikaVohra, Shantanu Sagar, Himanshu Shekhar, Jamnesh Kumar, Mrs. K. Enatoli Sema, Amit Kumar Singh, Apratim Animesh Thakur, Ms. Prachihasija, Arjun Garg, Ms. Shrutika Garg, Gopal Jha, Shreyash Bhardwaj, Ms. Renuka Sahu, Abhimanyu Tewari, Naresh C K. Sharma, Aniruddha P. Mayee, Ms. Shobha Gupta, Ms. Sneha Kalita, Ms. Prerna Kumari, Ms. Bristi Rekha Mahanta, Ms. Sudha Pal, Ms. Mansa Singh, Ms. Bhakti Pasrija Sethi, Ms. Priyanka S. Mathur, Ms. Deepika Kalra, Ms. Preeti Singh, Ms. Reena Rao, Ms. Ruchi Khurana, Ms. Sakie Jhakaria, Ms. Savita Singh, Ms. Sobha, Ms. Swati Garg, Ms. D Yugandhara Pawar Jha, Ms. Priyanka Das, Ms. Ritu Bharadwaj, Ms. Manjula Gupta, Ms. Madhumita Bhattacharjee, Ms. Subra Saha, Ms. Neka Tandon Phookan, Ms. Inklee Roy Baruah, Ms. Maheravish Rein, Ms. Supriya Jain, Ms. Jessy Kurian, Advs. for the Respondents. The following order of the Court was passed: E ORDER 1. The High Courts are in a crisis situation. There are almost 40% vacancies in the High Courts, with many of the larger High Courts working under 50% of their sanctioned strength.

2. We have discussed in detail the aforesaid while dealing with F the aspect of appointment of ad hoc Judges under Article 224A of the Constitution of India in WP(C) No.1236/2019. Vide separate order in the aforementioned matter passed today, we have also discussed the process of appointment under Articles 217 & 224 of the Constitution of India. G 3. Learned Attorney General has placed before us the appointment position in the High Courts to contend that against the sanctioned strength of 1080 Judges, 664 Judges have been appointed with vacancies of 416 Judges. However, the recommendations received and under process with the Government are 196 leaving 220 recommendations to be H received. M/S. PLR PROJECTS PVT. LTD. v. MAHANADI COALFIELDS 155 LTD. & ORS. 4. We cannot but note the importance of the Chief Justices of the A High Courts making recommendations in time. The vacancies are known and the norms permit making recommendations up to six months in advance. However, even recommendations for 220 existing vacancies appear not to have been made much less for vacancies, which are going to arise in the next six months. B

5. We, thus, once again, emphasise the requirement and desirability of the Chief Justices of the High Courts, who will make endeavour to recommend vacancies as early as possible even if they are not made at one go. We may add that even in the earlier orders we have noted the apparent hesitation of some High Courts to recommend names when Cthe earlier list(s) is in the pipeline. We have opined that there is no such impediment to initiate a new process without waiting for the result of the earlier recommendations. 6. We had handed over a chart in the previous proceedings to the learned Attorney General of the names recommended from the High DCourts which were still pending with the Government for more than six months, numbering 45. The last couple of weeks has seen progress in this behalf and those names have reached the Collegium. The second was the list of old proposals in pipeline pending with the Government of India after the Supreme Court Collegium recommendations numbering 10. These have been pending for considerable period of time. On the E last date of hearing, the learned Attorney General had made a statement that a decision would be taken in this behalf within the next three months. Six names reiterated by the Supreme Court Collegium a second time, are also awaiting appointment.

7. Learned Attorney General did not differ with the requirement F of time bound schedule for filling the vacancies at every stage though he emphasised that the trigger for filling up of the vacancies is the recommendations made by the Chief Justices of the High Courts. However, once the recommendations are made, there are two stages at which the matter rests with the Government – the first when the Ministry Gprocesses the names; and the second post the Collegium of the Supreme Court taking a call in recommending such of the names as are approved by the Collegium. 8. Insofar as the Judiciary is concerned, the second stage after the recommendations are made by the Collegium of the High Courts is H 156 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 4 S.C.R. A the time period taken by the Collegium of the Supreme Court in consulting the consultee Judge(s) to take a call on those names. 9. We have looked at the Memorandum of Procedure (for short ‘MoP’) as finalised by the Supreme Court Collegium on 10.3.2017 (which is identical to the MoP of 1999 subsisting earlier on these aspects) where B certain timelines have been stated for appointment of Judges to the High Court. In terms of the timeline prescribed in the MoP, the relevant paras 21, 24 & 24.1 of the existing MoP are as under: a. States may take not more than six weeks to send their views. (Cl. 21) C b. The Central Government can presume no objection of the State Government, if their views are not received within six weeks. (Cl. 21)

c. No timeline prescribed for the Central Government to forward recommendations. D d. The Chief Justice of India to send recommendations/advise to the Law Minister within four weeks. (Cl. 24) e. The Law Minister to put up the proposal to the Prime Minister within three weeks for advise of the President. (Cl. 24.1) E 10. It was submitted that if this Court considers laying down timelines, it would be contrary to the observations made in the Third Judge’s case (!998) 7 SCC (Special Reference 1 of 1998). In para 31, the Court referred the Second Judge’s case and observed as follows: F “31. In the context of the judicial review of appointments, the majority judgment in the Second Judges case said: (SCC pp.707-08, para 480) “Plurality of Judges in the formation of the opinion of the Chief Justice of India, as indicated, is another inbuilt check against the G likelihood of arbitrariness or bias….. The judicial element being predominant in the case of appointments…., as indicated, the need for further judicial review, as in other executive actions, is eliminate.” The judgment added : (SCC p.708, para 482) H M/S. PLR PROJECTS PVT. LTD. v. MAHANADI COALFIELDS 157 LTD. & ORS. “Except on the ground of want of consultation with the named A constitutional functionaries or lack of any condition of eligibility in the case of an appointment, …. these matters are not justiciable on any other ground….”

It is not possible to accept this contention since the above observations of the Court deal with the judicial review of particular B appointment and not such aspects of the appointment process like delay. 11. In the conspectus of the aforesaid and in order to facilitate timely appointment, we are of the view that it would be advisable to follow the following timelines in addition to the aforesaid: C i. The Intelligence Bureau (IB) should submit its report/inputs within 4 to 6 weeks from the date of recommendation of the High Court Collegium, to the Central Government. ii. It would be desirable that the Central Government forward the file(s)/recommendations to the Supreme Court within 8 to 12 weeks from the date of receipt of views from the D State Government and the report/input from the IB. iii. It would be for the Government to thereafter proceed to make the appointment immediately on the aforesaid consideration and undoubtedly if Government has any reservations on suitability or in public interest, within the E same period of time it may be sent back to the Supreme Court Collegium with the specific reasons for reservation recorded. If the Supreme Court Collegium after consideration of the aforesaid inputs still reiterates the recommendation(s) F unanimously (Cl. 24.1), such appointment should be processed and appointment should be made within 3 to 4 weeks.

12. We are conscious that the aforesaid exercise is collaborative in nature and we would expect promptness in this process to facilitate G the larger cause of dispensation of timely justice. 13. With the above directions, we close this proceeding. Devika Gujral Directions issued. H

[2021] 4 S.C.R. 153 153 M/s. PLR PROJECTS PVT. LTD. A v. MAHANADI COALFIELDS LTD. & ORS. (Transfer Petition (Civil) No. 2419 of 2019) APRIL 20, 2021 B [S.A. BOBDE, CJI, SANJAY KISHAN KAUL AND SURYA KANT, JJ.] Judiciary – Appointment of High Court Judges – Vacancies in High Courts – Certain timelines were stated for appointment of Judges to the High Court in the Memorandum of Procedure as C finalized by the Supreme Court Collegium on 10.03.2017 – In order to facilitate timely appointment, following additional timelines advised – The Intellligence Bureau (IB) would submit its report/ inputs within 4 to 6 weeks from the date of recommendation of the High Court Collegium, to the Central Government – The Central D Government would then forward the file(s)/recommendations to the Supreme Court within 8 to 12 weeks from the date of receipt of views from the State Government and the report/input from the IB – The Government would thereafter proceed to make the appointment immediately on the aforesaid consideration – In case of Government’s reservations on suitability or in public interest, within E the same period of time it may be sent back to the Supreme Court Collegium with the specific reasons for reservation recorded – If the Supreme Court Collegium after consideration of the aforesaid inputs still reiterates the recommendation(s) unanimously (Cl. 24.1), such appointment should be processed and appointment should be F made within 3 to 4 weeks.

Third Judge’s case (1998) 7 SCC (Special Reference 1 of 1998) – referred to CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Transfer Petition (Civil) No.2419 of 2019. G Petition under Article 139A(2) of the Constitution of India seeking transfer of Writ Petition Civil No. 17476 of 2019 Pending before the High Court of Odisha, Cuttack to the Hon’ble High Court of Telangana or any other High Court. H 153 154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 4 S.C.R. A Kaushik Poddar, Adv. for the Petitioner.

Sunil Kumar, Ravindra Shrivastava, Ashok Panda, Vikas Singh, Mahalakshmi Pavani, Sr. Advs., Sibo Sankar Mishra, Niranjan Sahu, Umakant Mishra, Ashok Kumar Singh, Rajiv Sinha, Kunal Chatterji, Ms. Maitrayee Banerjee, Pravar Veer Misra, Kedar Nath Tripathy, Ms. B Preetika Dwivedi, S.N. Bhat, V.N. Raghupathy, Shibashish Misra, Dhananjai Jain, Gautam Narayan, Ms. Asmita Singh, Ms. Dacchita Shahi, Adithya Nair, Ms. RitikaVohra, Shantanu Sagar, Himanshu Shekhar, Jamnesh Kumar, Mrs. K. Enatoli Sema, Amit Kumar Singh, Apratim Animesh Thakur, Ms. Prachihasija, Arjun Garg, Ms. Shrutika Garg, Gopal Jha, Shreyash Bhardwaj, Ms. Renuka Sahu, Abhimanyu Tewari, Naresh C K. Sharma, Aniruddha P. Mayee, Ms. Shobha Gupta, Ms. Sneha Kalita, Ms. Prerna Kumari, Ms. Bristi Rekha Mahanta, Ms. Sudha Pal, Ms. Mansa Singh, Ms. Bhakti Pasrija Sethi, Ms. Priyanka S. Mathur, Ms. Deepika Kalra, Ms. Preeti Singh, Ms. Reena Rao, Ms. Ruchi Khurana, Ms. Sakie Jhakaria, Ms. Savita Singh, Ms. Sobha, Ms. Swati Garg, Ms. D Yugandhara Pawar Jha, Ms. Priyanka Das, Ms. Ritu Bharadwaj, Ms. Manjula Gupta, Ms. Madhumita Bhattacharjee, Ms. Subra Saha, Ms. Neka Tandon Phookan, Ms. Inklee Roy Baruah, Ms. Maheravish Rein, Ms. Supriya Jain, Ms. Jessy Kurian, Advs. for the Respondents. The following order of the Court was passed: E ORDER 1. The High Courts are in a crisis situation. There are almost 40% vacancies in the High Courts, with many of the larger High Courts working under 50% of their sanctioned strength.

2. We have discussed in detail the aforesaid while dealing with F the aspect of appointment of ad hoc Judges under Article 224A of the Constitution of India in WP(C) No.1236/2019. Vide separate order in the aforementioned matter passed today, we have also discussed the process of appointment under Articles 217 & 224 of the Constitution of India. G 3. Learned Attorney General has placed before us the appointment position in the High Courts to contend that against the sanctioned strength of 1080 Judges, 664 Judges have been appointed with vacancies of 416 Judges. However, the recommendations received and under process with the Government are 196 leaving 220 recommendations to be H received. M/S. PLR PROJECTS PVT. LTD. v. MAHANADI COALFIELDS 155 LTD. & ORS. 4. We cannot but note the importance of the Chief Justices of the A High Courts making recommendations in time. The vacancies are known and the norms permit making recommendations up to six months in advance. However, even recommendations for 220 existing vacancies appear not to have been made much less for vacancies, which are going to arise in the next six months. B

5. We, thus, once again, emphasise the requirement and desirability of the Chief Justices of the High Courts, who will make endeavour to recommend vacancies as early as possible even if they are not made at one go. We may add that even in the earlier orders we have noted the apparent hesitation of some High Courts to recommend names when Cthe earlier list(s) is in the pipeline. We have opined that there is no such impediment to initiate a new process without waiting for the result of the earlier recommendations. 6. We had handed over a chart in the previous proceedings to the learned Attorney General of the names recommended from the High DCourts which were still pending with the Government for more than six months, numbering 45. The last couple of weeks has seen progress in this behalf and those names have reached the Collegium. The second was the list of old proposals in pipeline pending with the Government of India after the Supreme Court Collegium recommendations numbering 10. These have been pending for considerable period of time. On the E last date of hearing, the learned Attorney General had made a statement that a decision would be taken in this behalf within the next three months. Six names reiterated by the Supreme Court Collegium a second time, are also awaiting appointment.

7. Learned Attorney General did not differ with the requirement F of time bound schedule for filling the vacancies at every stage though he emphasised that the trigger for filling up of the vacancies is the recommendations made by the Chief Justices of the High Courts. However, once the recommendations are made, there are two stages at which the matter rests with the Government – the first when the Ministry Gprocesses the names; and the second post the Collegium of the Supreme Court taking a call in recommending such of the names as are approved by the Collegium. 8. Insofar as the Judiciary is concerned, the second stage after the recommendations are made by the Collegium of the High Courts is H 156 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 4 S.C.R. A the time period taken by the Collegium of the Supreme Court in consulting the consultee Judge(s) to take a call on those names. 9. We have looked at the Memorandum of Procedure (for short ‘MoP’) as finalised by the Supreme Court Collegium on 10.3.2017 (which is identical to the MoP of 1999 subsisting earlier on these aspects) where B certain timelines have been stated for appointment of Judges to the High Court. In terms of the timeline prescribed in the MoP, the relevant paras 21, 24 & 24.1 of the existing MoP are as under: a. States may take not more than six weeks to send their views. (Cl. 21) C b. The Central Government can presume no objection of the State Government, if their views are not received within six weeks. (Cl. 21)

c. No timeline prescribed for the Central Government to forward recommendations. D d. The Chief Justice of India to send recommendations/advise to the Law Minister within four weeks. (Cl. 24) e. The Law Minister to put up the proposal to the Prime Minister within three weeks for advise of the President. (Cl. 24.1) E 10. It was submitted that if this Court considers laying down timelines, it would be contrary to the observations made in the Third Judge’s case (!998) 7 SCC (Special Reference 1 of 1998). In para 31, the Court referred the Second Judge’s case and observed as follows: F “31. In the context of the judicial review of appointments, the majority judgment in the Second Judges case said: (SCC pp.707-08, para 480) “Plurality of Judges in the formation of the opinion of the Chief Justice of India, as indicated, is another inbuilt check against the G likelihood of arbitrariness or bias….. The judicial element being predominant in the case of appointments…., as indicated, the need for further judicial review, as in other executive actions, is eliminate.” The judgment added : (SCC p.708, para 482) H M/S. PLR PROJECTS PVT. LTD. v. MAHANADI COALFIELDS 157 LTD. & ORS. “Except on the ground of want of consultation with the named A constitutional functionaries or lack of any condition of eligibility in the case of an appointment, …. these matters are not justiciable on any other ground….”

It is not possible to accept this contention since the above observations of the Court deal with the judicial review of particular B appointment and not such aspects of the appointment process like delay. 11. In the conspectus of the aforesaid and in order to facilitate timely appointment, we are of the view that it would be advisable to follow the following timelines in addition to the aforesaid: C i. The Intelligence Bureau (IB) should submit its report/inputs within 4 to 6 weeks from the date of recommendation of the High Court Collegium, to the Central Government. ii. It would be desirable that the Central Government forward the file(s)/recommendations to the Supreme Court within 8 to 12 weeks from the date of receipt of views from the D State Government and the report/input from the IB. iii. It would be for the Government to thereafter proceed to make the appointment immediately on the aforesaid consideration and undoubtedly if Government has any reservations on suitability or in public interest, within the E same period of time it may be sent back to the Supreme Court Collegium with the specific reasons for reservation recorded. If the Supreme Court Collegium after consideration of the aforesaid inputs still reiterates the recommendation(s) F unanimously (Cl. 24.1), such appointment should be processed and appointment should be made within 3 to 4 weeks.

12. We are conscious that the aforesaid exercise is collaborative in nature and we would expect promptness in this process to facilitate G the larger cause of dispensation of timely justice. 13. With the above directions, we close this proceeding. Devika Gujral Directions issued. H