728 SUPREME COURT[2019]REPORTS8 S.C.R. 728 [2019] 8 S.C.R. A PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LIMITED v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LIMITED (Civil Appeal No. 9023 of 2018) B MAY 27, 2019 [ARUN MISHRA AND M. R. SHAH, JJ.] Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996: s. 37 – Appeal under – Jurisdiction of the appellate court while considering the award passed by the arbitrator – Coal Mining and Delivery Agreement C between the appellant and the respondent for supply of coal – Disputes between the parties, as regards the escalation price, fixed costs, amount lying in escrow account and cost of construction of railway siding – Award by arbitrator allowing the claims under the heads of ‘price adjustment’, ‘fixed costs’ and ‘escrow account’, D however, rejected under the head ‘construction of railway siding’ – Award confirmed by the commercial court, however, set aside by the High Court – Justification of – On appeal, held: With respect to claim no.1-price adjustment/escalation, interpretation by the arbitrator was both possible as well as plausible – Merely because some other view could have been taken, the High Court was not E

justified in interfering with the interpretation –Though the High Court observed that the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 was against the public policy, but there was no element of public policy – High Court exceeded in its jurisdiction in interfering with the award passed by the arbitrator as regards claim F no. 1 – With respect to claim no.2-fixed costs, the High Court rightly set aside the award passed by the arbitrator – Except the CA’s certificate, no further evidence had been led with respect to actual loss – On the contrary, in the relevant year the quantity of the coal lifted by the respondent was much above the fixed quantity – As regards, claim no.3-escrow account, the object and purpose of G opening the escrow account was to see that the appellant company fulfils the contract as per the agreement and till the closure of the coal blocks – It was not open for the appellant to claim the amount lying in the escrow account, else the object of opening the escrow account would be frustrated – Thus, with respect to claim no.3-H 728 PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 729 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD.

escrow account, the High Court rightly held the reasoning is perverse A or so irrational that no reasonable person could have arrived at on the material/evidence on record – Thus, the order passed by the High Court as regards claim no. 1 is set aside and the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 is restored and the order passed by the High Court setting aside the award with respect to B

claim no.2-fixed costs and claim no.3-escrow account is upheld. Partly allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1 So far as the claim with respect to “price adjustment/escalation” is concerned, the arbitrator held that the date of commencement of the first operating year for the purposes C of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011 and therefore zero year for the purpose of price escalation has to be 2011-12. Accordingly, the arbitrator considered the escalated price in F.Y. 2013-14 at Rs.895/- per MT. However, according to the respondent, as the date of commencement was changed from D25.06.2011 to 25.03.2013, the zero year for the purpose of price escalation would be 2013-14. Price escalation is permissible under the contract/agreement itself and there shall be price escalation every year as per the formulae mentioned in the agreement, commencing from the date of commencement. However, it is true that the initial date of commencement, i.e., 25.06.2011 came to E be extended to 25.03.2013 by mutual agreement. However, the same was due to force majeure as there was a delay of 21 months in obtaining the forest clearance and environmental clearance. The price was quoted in the year 2007-08, applicable from 2011. However, there was a delay in obtaining the forest clearance and Fenvironmental clearance and therefore the date of commencement of supply came to be changed. In between there would be hike in labour charges, transportation charges, etc.

Though the date of commencement of supply was extended, there was no corresponding amendment in the relevant clauses of the agreement with respect to price escalation. There was no specific G agreement that in the year 2013, the appellant would supply the coal at the same price, without any price escalation. Therefore, considering the overall facts and circumstances of the case and by giving cogent reasons, the arbitrator interpreted the relevant clauses of the contract and specifically held that the date of H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A commencement of the first operating year for the purposes of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011 and accordingly the zero year for the purpose of price escalation would be 2011-12 and therefore the appellant shall be entitled to the enhanced amount as is applicable in the year 2013-14 (the price escalation). Having considered the reasoning given by the arbitrator, the B

interpretation by the arbitrator was both possible as well as plausible. Therefore, merely because some other view could have been taken, the High Court is not justified in interfering with the interpretation made by the arbitrator. Therefore, in the facts and circumstances of the case, the High Court has clearly exceeded C in its jurisdiction in interfering with the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1-price adjustment/escalation. Though the High Court has observed that the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 was against the public policy, with respect, there is no element of public policy. It was pure and simple case of interpretation of the relevant clauses D of the agreement which does not involve any public policy. Therefore, the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court for quashing and setting aside the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1-price adjustment/escalation cannot be sustained and the same deserves to be quashed and E set aside. [Para 11.1] [743-D-H; 744-A-F]

1.2 So far as claim no.2-”fixed costs” and an amount of Rs.78 crores awarded by the arbitrator with respect to compensation of loss is concerned, having gone through the relevant material on record, the High Court has rightly set aside the award passed by F the arbitrator with respect to claim no.2. Except the CA’s certificate, no further evidence had been led with respect to actual loss. Considering the material on record, it is on the contrary found that in the relevant year the quantity of the coal lifted by the respondent was much above the fixed quantity. Thus, the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.2 was G contrary to the evidence on record and thus, is rightly set aside by the High Court. [Para 11.2] [743-G-H; 744-B] 1.3 As regards claim no.3-”Escrow Account”, the High Court rightly interfered with the award passed by the arbitrator H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 731 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. with respect to claim no.3. The escrow account was required to A be opened as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Coal, Government of India for the preparation of mine closure plant. The guidelines required, inter alia, the mining company to open an escrow account with any schedule bank. Accordingly, the respondent opened an escrow account and executed an escrow B

agreement. From the correspondence between the parties, it appears that even the appellant consented for opening the escrow account. The appellant also agreed that the amount to be deposited in the escrow account will be recovered by the respondent from immediate next payment of the coal bills of the joint venture company-PKCL raised towards dispatches of coal C from appellant’s coal blocks. Thus, thereafter it was not open for the appellant to claim the amount lying in the escrow account. If the amount lying in the escrow account is returned to the appellant, the purpose and object of opening the escrow account which was as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Coal would be frustrated. D The object and purpose of opening the escrow account was to see that the appellant company fulfils the contract as per the agreement and till the closure of the coal blocks. Therefore, the High Court rightly interfered with the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.3-escrow account by observing that the reasoning is perverse or so irrational that no reasonable E person could have arrived at on the material/evidence on record. [Para 11.3] [744-B-F]

1.4 The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court insofar as quashing and setting aside the award passed by the sole arbitrator, insofar as claim no. 1-price adjustment/escalation F is quashed and set aside and the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 is restored. The impugned judgment and order by the High Court insofar as quashing and setting aside the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to rest of the claim no.2-fixed costs and claim no.3-escrow account is Gconfirmed. [Para 12] [744-G-H; 745-A-B] Associate Builders v. Delhi Development Authority (2015) 3 SCC 49 ; Steel Authority of India Limited v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Limited (2009) 10 SCC 63 : H 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A [2009] 14 SCR 253 ; Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co. Limited v. National Highways Authority of India 2019 SCC Online SC 677 ; ONGC v. Saw Pipes Limited (2003) 5 SCC 705 : [2003] 3 SCR 691 ; Hindustan Zinc Limited v. Friends Coal Carbonisation (2006) 4 SCC 445 ; McDermott B International Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd. (2006) 11 SCC 181 : [2006] 2 Suppl. SCR 409 ; Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran (2012) 5 SCC 306 : [2012] 4 SCR 1 ; National Highways Authority of India v. ITD Cementation India Limited C (2015) 14 SCC 21 : [2015] 6 SCR 107 ; Steel Authority of India Limited v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Limited (2009) 10 SCC 63 : [2009] 14 SCR 253 - referred to. Case Law Reference

(2015) 3 SCC 49 referred to Para 5.3 D [2009] 14 SCR 253 referred to Para 5.3 [2003] 3 SCR 691 referred to Para 6.1 (2006) 4 SCC 445 referred to Para 6.1 [2006] 2 Suppl. SCR 409 referred to Para 9.1 E [2012] 4 SCR 1 referred to Para 9.1 [2015] 6 SCR 107 referred to Para 9.2 [2009] 14 SCR 253 referred to Para 9.2 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 9023 F of 2018. From the Judgment and Order dated 28.02.2018 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in D. B. Civil Misc. Appeal No. 3785 of 2017. G Ranjit Kumar, Vikram Nankani, Sr. Advs., Mahesh Agarwal, Anurup Singh, Salil Sinha, Anshuman Srivastava, Rishi Raj Sharma, E. C. Agrawala, Advs. for the Appellant. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General, Kartik Seth, Ankur S. Kulkarni, Nishant Kumar, Advs. for the Respondents. H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 733 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A M. R. SHAH, J.

1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment and order dated 28.02.2018 passed by the Commercial Appellate Court/ Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Bench at BJaipur in D.B. Civil Miscellaneous Appeal No. 3785 of 2017, by which the High Court has allowed the said appeal preferred by the respondent herein – Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited and has quashed and set aside the award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the Commercial Appellate Court at Jaipur, the appellant – the original claimant – Parsa Kente Collieries Limited has preferred the present C appeal. 2. That in the month of March, 2006, the respondent floated a tender for joint venture to undertake coal block development, mining and transportation of coal and delivery. That one Adani Enterprises Limited (AEL) submitted a bid which was accepted on 12.05.2006. A Letter of D Intent was issued to AEL by the respondent on 23.10.2006. Respondent and AEL entered into a joint venture, namely, Parsa Kente Collieries Limited, the appellant herein. A Coal Mining Service Agreement was entered into between the said Parsa Kente Collieries Limited and AEL. That a Coal Mining and Delivery Agreement (hereinafter referred to as E‘CMDA’) was executed between the appellant and the respondent on 16.07.2008 for supply of coal.

2.1 As per CMDA, the date of commencement of the contract was 25.06.2011. As per CMDA between the appellant and the respondent, the coal supply was to commence at the earliest within 42 months, or within 48 months from the date of allotment of coal blocks, i.e., by F 25.06.2011. CMDA also provided a clause for extending the date of commencement. Clause 3.2.1 of the CMDA provided for scope of work; Clause 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 provided for responsibility of the respondent to inform the appellant as regards the requirement of coal in advance. Clause 4.5 provided for commencement of the date; clause 5.1 provided G for contract of price; clause 5.2.2. provided for calculation of basic price; clause 5.4.3 provided for escalation in price; clause 7.1 provided for force majeure and clause 7.3 provided for effect of force majeure. There was a delay of 21 months in obtaining the forest clearance and environmental clearance. The appellant started supply of coal to the H 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A respondent with effect from 25.3.2013, i.e., after a delay of 21 months. It appears that the date of commencement was extended by mutual agreement from 25.6.2011 to 25.3.2013. However, certain disputes arose between the parties, more particularly the escalation price, fixed costs, amount lying in Escrow account and cost of construction of railway siding. Therefore, the appellant invoked clause 10.2 of the CMDA and B

sought arbitration. A retired Hon’ble Judge of the Rajasthan High Court was appointed as the sole arbitrator. The appellant submitted the statement of claim and thereafter filed another statement of claim. 2.2 Before the learned Arbitrator, the claim was bifurcated into four heads, namely, (1) Price Adjustment; (2) Fixed Costs; (3) Escrow C Account; and (4) Construction of Railway Siding. The learned Arbitrator passed an award dated 27.05.2015 allowing the claims under the heads of ‘Price Adjustment’, ‘Fixed Costs’ and ‘Escrow Account’ and rejected the claim under the head ‘Construction of Railway Siding’. While allowing the claim under the head ‘Price Adjustment’, the learned Arbitrator held D that the date of commencement of the first operating year for the purposes of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011. The learned Arbitrator further held that thus the Zero year for the purpose of price escalation has to be 2011-2012. The learned Arbitrator accordingly held that because the date of commencement of the agreement for the purpose of price escalation is 25.06.2011, the appellant shall be entitled E to the enhanced amount as applicable in 2013-2014. Accordingly, the learned Arbitrator held that the appellant is entitled to the coal price at Rs.837/- PMT in F.Y. 2013-14 and thereafter the escalated price in the subsequent years as per the relevant clauses of the contract – CMDA.

2.3 That while allowing the claim with respect to ‘Fixed Costs’, F the learned Arbitrator held that the respondent could not take the required delivery of the coal from the appellant, thus causing loss to the appellant. The learned Arbitrator held that therefore the appellant is entitled to compensation as claimed for Rs.78 crores. 2.4 That while allowing the claim with respect to ‘Escrow Account’, G the learned Arbitrator held that the undertaking given by the appellant was limited to a contingency where on account of failure of completion of mine closure activity by the appellant led to the forfeiture of any amount deposited in the escrow account, the respondent would be entitled to recover the same from the monthly running bills of the appellant. The learned Arbitrator observed, however, as no such occasion has arisen, H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 735 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] the question of any deduction on the said count does not arise. A Consequently, the learned Arbitrator directed the respondent to return that amount which was lying in the escrow account which was deducted from the monthly running bills of the appellant.

2.5 As observed hereinabove, the learned Arbitrator rejected claim no.4, namely, under the head ‘Construction of Railway Siding’. The B award declared by the learned Arbitrator came to be confirmed by the learned Commercial Court, Jaipur in an application under section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act. 3. Feeling aggrieved, the respondent preferred an appeal under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act before the Commercial Appellate Court/ C Division Bench of the High Court of Rajasthan at Jaipur. By the impugned judgment and order dated 28.02.2018, the High Court has allowed the said appeal and has set aside the award passed by the learned Arbitrator and confirmed by the Commercial Court, Jaipur. 4. Feeling aggrieved by the impugned judgment and order passed D by the Division Bench of the High Court, the original claimant – the appellant has preferred the present appeal. 5. Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Senior Advocate has appeared on behalf of the appellant and Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General of India has appeared on behalf of the respondent. E

5.1 Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant has vehemently submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case, the High Court ought not to have interfered with the concurrent findings of the learned sole Arbitrator and the learned Commercial Court under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act by giving an F alternate construction to the CMDA. It is vehemently submitted that by passing the impugned judgment and order, the High Court has exceeded in its jurisdiction in interfering with the award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial Court, while exercising the powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. G 5.2 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act, the scope of judicial inquiry is narrow and does not entail giving own construction to the contract. It is submitted by disturbing the findings, the High Court has gone beyond the limited scope of inquiry contemplated under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. H 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R.

A 5.3 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that the Division Bench of the High Court has failed to appreciate that the interpretation made by the learned sole Arbitrator on the clauses of CMDA was plausible construction/ interpretation and therefore the same could not have been substituted by the High Court in exercise of powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration B Act. In support of his above submissions, Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Senior Advocate has heavily relied upon the decisions of this Court in the cases of Associate Builders v. Delhi Development Authority, reported in (2015) 3 SCC 49; Steel Authority of India Limited v. C Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Limited, reported in (2009) 10 SCC 63 and the recent decision of this Court in the case of Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co. Limited v. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), rendered on 08.05.2019 in Civil Appeal No. 4779 of 2019, reported in 2019 SCC Online SC 677.

D 5.3.1 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that admittedly there was a delay of 21 months in supply of coal, which was due to the force majeure as there was a delay in obtaining the forest clearance and environmental clearance. It is submitted that the price which was agreed by the E appellant in the year 2008 to be paid in the year 2011 would never remain the same in the year 2013-14. It is submitted that therefore though the commencement date as per CMDA was extended due to an admitted fact of force majeure to 25.3.2013, the commencement date would remain as the date defined under the CMDA, i.e., 25.06.2011 and therefore the price escalation ought to be considered from that date. F 5.3.2 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that though by mutual agreement the commencement date was extended due to an admitted fact of force majeure to 25.03.2013, there was no agreement to supply the coal at the same price which was to be supplied in the year 2011. It is submitted G that there is a specific clause – clause 4.5.2 which allows extension of commencement date in cases of force majeure, however, no such corresponding clause has been provided in clause 5.4.3, which is a clause for price escalation. It is submitted that the intention of parties was never to unilaterally extend the first operating year referred to in clause H

PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 737 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] 5.2.2. It is submitted that therefore the price escalation has to be A necessarily applied from the contractually stipulated date, i., 25.06.2011. 5.3.3 It is submitted that in any case the interpretation by the learned Arbitrator was plausible and as such was equitable also. Merely because some other view was possible, the High Court is not justified in interfering with the interpretations/findings recorded by the learned sole B Arbitrator and that too in exercise of powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. It is submitted that the interpretation of the relevant clauses of the CMDA with respect to claim no.1 was actually in consonance with the relevant clauses of the CMDA. It is submitted therefore the High Court has erred in interfering with the award passed Cby the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial Court. 5.4 Now so far as claim no.2 under the head ‘Fixed Costs’ is concerned, Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Senior Advocate has heavily relied upon clause 8.2(iii) of the CMDA. It is submitted that due to the lapse on the part of the respondent, the respondent was unable to take delivery Dof the coal for the financial year 2013-14. It is submitted that there was an event of default by the respondent as contemplated in clause 8.2(iii) of the CMDA.

5.4.1 It is submitted that due to inability of the respondent to take coal as per the stipulated delivery schedule, the appellant had to operate Eits plant at a sub-optimal level which resulted in incurring fixed costs. It is submitted that it was mandatory for the coal to be lifted within 3 months of production to prevent spontaneous combustion and to ensure that there is no hazard to the plant. It is submitted that despite this, the respondent failed to take delivery. 5.4.2 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate F appearing on behalf of the appellant that the High Court has committed an error by not granting the said claim on the ground that the loss was incurred by AMPL (sub-contractor) under Coal Mining Services Agreement to which the respondent was not a party and secondly that loss of Rs.78 crores is not substantiated beyond the Chartered G Accountant’s certificate. It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that CMDA does not prohibit appointment of AMPL as a sub-contractor and in fact any such appointment was approved by the appellant and therefore AMPL cannot be said to be a complete third party to the CMDA. It is submitted that H 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R.

A therefore when the respondent failed to lift the fixed quantity of the coal and there was a delay in taking the delivery of the coal for the F.Y. 2013-14, the appellant shall be entitled to the loss suffered to the extent of Rs.78 crores. It is submitted therefore the High Court has committed a grave error in disallowing the said claim. B 5.5 Now so far as claim no.3 under the head ‘Escrow Account’ is concerned, it is submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that the High Court has erroneously held that the respondent was entitled to make deductions from the appellant’s bills for payments made in the escrow account. It is submitted that as such the learned sole Arbitrator rightly came to a conclusion that the stage of C closing of mines had not been arrived at and therefore the deductions to make the payments into escrow account were premature. It is submitted that the issue of deduction would arise only after a passage of 30 years at the time of closure of the mining plant. It is further submitted that the deposit of amount in the escrow account had arisen due to the guidelines D issued by the Ministry of Coal, which was subsequent to the execution of the CMDA. It is submitted that therefore the said circular issued by the Ministry of Coal would not bind the parties to the CMDA. It is submitted therefore the High Court has committed a grave error in rejecting claim no.3.

E 5.6 Making the above submissions and relying upon the above decisions, it is prayed to allow the present appeal. 6. Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General of India, while opposing the present appeal, has vehemently submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case and having found that the claims allowed by the learned sole Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial F Court, were just contrary to the relevant clauses of the CMDA, the High Court is justified in reversing the award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial Court. 6.1 It is vehemently submitted by the learned Solicitor General that as per the settled proposition of law, the learned Arbitrator cannot G substitute the terms of the contract and/or interpret the relevant clauses of the contract, which would make the relevant clauses of the contract nugatory. It is submitted that the award, by standing in complete contravention of clear and express provisions of the CMDA, is in conflict with the public policy of India. It is submitted that in the present case, H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 739 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.]

according to the respondent, regarding the “commencement date”, there A was only one possible interpretation that could have been accepted by the learned arbitrator. It is submitted that however the interpretation that has been upheld by the learned arbitrator, apart from being devoid of any reasoning in its support, is wholly incompatible with the terms of the CMDA and the conduct of the parties. It is submitted that any B award, by standing in complete contravention of clear and express provisions of the CMDA, is in conflict with the public policy of India and therefore is liable to be set aside. It is submitted therefore the High Court has rightly set aside the award in exercise of powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. In support of his above submissions, Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General of India has heavily relied upon C the decision of this Court in the case of ONGC v. Saw Pipes Limited, reported in (2003) 5 SCC 705; Hindustan Zinc Limited v. Friends Coal Carbonisation, reported in (2006) 4 SCC 445 and Associate Builders v. DDA, reported in (2015) 3 SCC 49.

6.2 Now so far as claim no.1, namely, price escalation is concerned, D it is vehemently submitted by Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General that the term “commencement date” has been defined in the agreement to have the same meaning as given to it in clause 4.5.1. It is submitted that as per clause 4.5.3 the date of commencement is the essence to the contract. It is submitted that as per the relevant clauses of the CMDA, Ethe commencement date was extendable and in fact with the mutual agreement the same was extended to 25.03.2013. It is submitted that the term “commencement date” is defined to be the date on which the actual supply of coal begins. It is submitted that in the present case, admittedly, the date of supply of the coal is 25.03.2013, and therefore, the appellant shall be entitled to escalation in price only after the completion F of 12 months from the commencement date, i.e., 25.03.2013. It is submitted under the CMDA, the appellant is entitled to the escalation in price in each operating year provided that the first escalation shall occur only after completion of 12 months from the commencement date, i.e., 25.03.2013. It is submitted that thus any escalation in price is linked to Gthe date of commencement of coal supply. It is submitted that thus if the coal supply is commenced as planned on 25.06.2011, the first operating year would have been 25.06.2011 to 31.03.2012. However, since coal supply only commenced on 25.03.2013, the first operating year ought to have been 25.03.2013 to 31.03.2013. It is submitted therefore that when H

740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A the commencement date is 25.06.2011, the first price escalation would be applicable for the F.Y. 2013-14. It is submitted that however if the commencement date is held to be 25.03.2013 (which in fact was extended by mutual agreement), the first price escalation would occur in F.Y. 2014-15. It is submitted that it is evident from clause 5.4.3 of the CMDA that an escalation in price was to be made only after the delivery B of coal had commenced and it is an admitted fact that actual supply of coal started on 25.03.2013. It is submitted therefore that there is no question of price escalation for F.Y. 2013-14. It is submitted that therefore the award passed by the learned Arbitrator was just contrary to the relevant clauses of the CMDA and therefore the same is rightly set C aside by the High Court. 6.3 It is further submitted by the learned Solicitor General of India that in fact the respondent lifted the full quantity of the fixed quantity and therefore there was no loss and in fact the appellant failed to adduce any evidence with respect to the actual loss either due to delay in lifting D the coal and/or lifting the loss quantity of the coal than they agreed. The same is rightly set aside by the High Court.

6.4 It is further submitted by the learned Solicitor General appearing on behalf of the respondent that similarly the High Court has rightly set aside the claim with respect to “escrow account”. It is E submitted that as such the “escrow account” was required to be opened as per the circular issued by the Ministry of Coal. It is submitted that, in fact, the appellant consented to open the escrow account which as such was required to be opened as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Coal. It is submitted that therefore in fact the appellant consented that the money is being recovered from its running bills to be deposited F in the escrow account. It is submitted that even the same is in consonance with clause 3.2.1 of the CMDA. It is submitted therefore the High Court has rightly disallowed the said claim made in escrow account. 6.5 Making the above submissions and relying upon the above decisions, it is prayed to dismiss the present appeal. G 7. We have heard the learned counsel for the respective parties at length. 8. At the outset, it is required to be noted that by the impugned judgment and order, the Division Bench of the High Court in exercise of its powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act has set aside the H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 741 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned A Commercial Court.

Therefore, the short question which is posed for consideration before this Court is, whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, the Division of the High Court is justified in interfering with the award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial B Court, in an appeal under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act? 9. While answering the aforesaid question, certain decisions of this Court and the law declared on the jurisdiction of the appellate Court while considering the award passed by the learned Arbitrator are required to be considered. C

9.1 In the case of Associate Builders (supra), this Court had an occasion to consider in detail the jurisdiction of the Court to interfere with the award passed by the Arbitrator in exercise of powers under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act. In the aforesaid decision, this Court has considered the limits of power of the Court to interfere with the D arbitral award. It is observed and held that only when the award is in conflict with the public policy in India, the Court would be justified in interfering with the arbitral award. In the aforesaid decision, this Court considered different heads of “public policy in India” which, inter alia, includes patent illegality. After referring Section 28(3) of the Arbitration EAct and after considering the decisions of this Court in the cases of McDermott International Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd., reported in (2006) 11 SCC 181 (paras 112-113) and Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran, reported in (2012) 5 SCC 306 (paras 43-45), it is observed and held that an arbitral tribunal must decide in accordance with the terms of the contract, but if an arbitrator F construes a term of the contract in a reasonable manner, it will not mean that the award can be set aside on this ground. It is further observed and held that construction of the terms of a contract is primarily for an arbitrator to decide unless the arbitrator construes the contract in such a way that it could be said to be something that no fair minded or reasonable Gperson could do. It is further observed by this Court in the aforesaid decision in paragraph 33 that when a court is applying the “public policy” test to an arbitration award, it does not act as a court of appeal and consequently errors of fact cannot be corrected. A possible view by the arbitrator on facts has necessarily to pass muster as the arbitrator is the ultimate master of the quantity and quality of evidence to be relied upon H

742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A when he delivers his arbitral award. It is further observed that thus an award based on little evidence or on evidence which does not measure up in quality to a trained legal mind would not be held to be invalid on this score. 9.2 Similar is the view taken by this Court in the cases of National B Highways Authority of India v. ITD Cementation India Limited, reported in (2015) 14 SCC 21(para 25) and Steel Authority of India Limited v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Limited, reported in (2009) 10 SCC 63 (para 29). 10. Applying the law laid down by this Court, we have to examine C whether the Division Bench of the High Court has exceeded in its jurisdiction in setting aside the arbitral award impugned before it. 11. For convenience, we shall deal with the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court claim-wise. The first claim is with respect to “price adjustment/escalation”; the second claim is with respect to “fixed costs” and the third claim is with respect to “escrow account”. D

11.1 Now so far as the claim with respect to “price adjustment/ escalation” is concerned, the learned arbitrator held that the date of commencement of the first operating year for the purposes of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011 and therefore zero year for the purpose of price escalation has to be 2011-12. Accordingly, the E learned arbitrator considered the escalated price in F.Y. 2013-14 at Rs.895/- per MT. However, according to the respondent, as the date of commencement was changed from 25.06.2011 to 25.03.2013, the zero year for the purpose of price escalation would be 2013-14. It is required to be noted that it is not in dispute that price escalation is permissible F under the contract/agreement itself and there shall be price escalation every year as per the formulae mentioned in the agreement, commencing from the date of commencement. However, it is true that the initial date of commencement, i.e., 25.06.2011 came to be extended to 25.03.2013 by mutual agreement. However, the same was due to force majeure as there was a delay of 21 months in obtaining the forest clearance and G environmental clearance. The price was quoted in the year 2007-08, applicable from 2011. However, there was a delay in obtaining the forest clearance and environmental clearance and therefore the date of commencement of supply came to be changed. In between there would be hike in labour charges, transportation charges, etc. Though the date H

PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 743 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] of commencement of supply was extended, there was no corresponding A amendment in the relevant clauses of the agreement with respect to price escalation. There was no specific agreement that in the year 2013, the appellant would supply the coal at the same price, without any price escalation. Therefore, considering the overall facts and circumstances of the case and by giving cogent reasons, the learned B arbitrator interpreted the relevant clauses of the contract and specifically held that the date of commencement of the first operating year for the purposes of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011 and accordingly the zero year for the purpose of price escalation would be 2011-12 and therefore the appellant shall be entitled to the enhanced amount as is applicable in the year 2013-14 (the price escalation). Having C considered the reasoning given by the learned arbitrator, we are of the opinion that the interpretation by the learned arbitrator was both possible as well as plausible. Therefore, merely because some other view could have been taken, the High Court is not justified in interfering with the interpretation made by the arbitrator which as observed was possible D

and plausible. Therefore, in the facts and circumstances of the case, we are of the opinion that the High Court has clearly exceeded in its jurisdiction in interfering with the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 – price adjustment/escalation. At this stage, it is required to be noted that though the High Court has observed that the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 E was against the public policy, with respect, we do not see any element of public policy. It was pure and simple case of interpretation of the relevant clauses of the agreement which does not involve any public policy. Therefore, we are of the opinion that the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court for quashing and setting aside the award passed F by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 – price adjustment/ escalation cannot be sustained and the same deserves to be quashed and set aside. 11.2 Now so far as claim no.2 – “fixed costs” and an amount of Rs.78 crores awarded by the learned arbitrator with respect to Gcompensation of loss is concerned, having gone through the relevant material on record, we are of the opinion that the High Court has rightly set aside the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.2. Except the CA’s certificate, no further evidence had been led with respect to actual loss. Considering the material on record, it is H 744 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R.

A on the contrary found that in the relevant year the quantity of the coal lifted by the respondent was much above the fixed quantity. Thus, the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.2 was contrary to the evidence on record and therefore is rightly set aside by the High Court.

B 11.3 Similarly, even with respect to claim no.3 – “Escrow Account” is concerned, the High Court has rightly interfered with the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.3. It is required to be noted that the escrow account was required to be opened as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Coal, Government of India for the preparation of mine closure plant. The guidelines required, inter alia, the C mining company to open an escrow account with any schedule bank. Accordingly, the respondent opened an escrow account and executed an escrow agreement. From the correspondence between the parties, it appears that even the appellant consented for opening the escrow account. The appellant also agreed that the amount to be deposited in D the escrow account will be recovered by the respondent from immediate next payment of the coal bills of the joint venture company – PKCL raised towards dispatches of coal from appellant’s coal blocks. Thus, thereafter it was not open for the appellant to claim the amount lying in the escrow account. If the amount lying in the escrow account is returned to the appellant, the purpose and object of opening the escrow account E which was as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Coal would be frustrated. The object and purpose of opening the escrow account was to see that the appellant company fulfils the contract as per the agreement and till the closure of the coal blocks. Therefore, the High Court has rightly interfered with the award passed by the learned arbitrator with F respect to claim no.3 – escrow account by observing that the reasoning is perverse or so irrational that no reasonable person could have arrived at on the material/evidence on record. We are in complete agreement with the view taken by the learned Division Bench of the High Court.

12. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, the G present appeal succeeds in part. The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court insofar as quashing and setting aside the award passed by the learned sole arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial Court, insofar as claim no. 1 – price adjustment/escalation is hereby quashed and set aside and the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 is hereby restored. H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 745 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court insofar A as quashing and setting aside the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to rest of the claims, namely, claim no.2 – fixed costs and claim no.3 – escrow account is hereby confirmed. The present appeal is partly allowed to the aforesaid extent only. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs. B Nidhi Jain Appeal partly allowed. C D E F G H

728 SUPREME COURT[2019]REPORTS8 S.C.R. 728 [2019] 8 S.C.R. A PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LIMITED v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LIMITED (Civil Appeal No. 9023 of 2018) B MAY 27, 2019 [ARUN MISHRA AND M. R. SHAH, JJ.] Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996: s. 37 – Appeal under – Jurisdiction of the appellate court while considering the award passed by the arbitrator – Coal Mining and Delivery Agreement C between the appellant and the respondent for supply of coal – Disputes between the parties, as regards the escalation price, fixed costs, amount lying in escrow account and cost of construction of railway siding – Award by arbitrator allowing the claims under the heads of ‘price adjustment’, ‘fixed costs’ and ‘escrow account’, D however, rejected under the head ‘construction of railway siding’ – Award confirmed by the commercial court, however, set aside by the High Court – Justification of – On appeal, held: With respect to claim no.1-price adjustment/escalation, interpretation by the arbitrator was both possible as well as plausible – Merely because some other view could have been taken, the High Court was not E

justified in interfering with the interpretation –Though the High Court observed that the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 was against the public policy, but there was no element of public policy – High Court exceeded in its jurisdiction in interfering with the award passed by the arbitrator as regards claim F no. 1 – With respect to claim no.2-fixed costs, the High Court rightly set aside the award passed by the arbitrator – Except the CA’s certificate, no further evidence had been led with respect to actual loss – On the contrary, in the relevant year the quantity of the coal lifted by the respondent was much above the fixed quantity – As regards, claim no.3-escrow account, the object and purpose of G opening the escrow account was to see that the appellant company fulfils the contract as per the agreement and till the closure of the coal blocks – It was not open for the appellant to claim the amount lying in the escrow account, else the object of opening the escrow account would be frustrated – Thus, with respect to claim no.3-H 728 PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 729 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD.

escrow account, the High Court rightly held the reasoning is perverse A or so irrational that no reasonable person could have arrived at on the material/evidence on record – Thus, the order passed by the High Court as regards claim no. 1 is set aside and the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 is restored and the order passed by the High Court setting aside the award with respect to B

claim no.2-fixed costs and claim no.3-escrow account is upheld. Partly allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1.1 So far as the claim with respect to “price adjustment/escalation” is concerned, the arbitrator held that the date of commencement of the first operating year for the purposes C of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011 and therefore zero year for the purpose of price escalation has to be 2011-12. Accordingly, the arbitrator considered the escalated price in F.Y. 2013-14 at Rs.895/- per MT. However, according to the respondent, as the date of commencement was changed from D25.06.2011 to 25.03.2013, the zero year for the purpose of price escalation would be 2013-14. Price escalation is permissible under the contract/agreement itself and there shall be price escalation every year as per the formulae mentioned in the agreement, commencing from the date of commencement. However, it is true that the initial date of commencement, i.e., 25.06.2011 came to E be extended to 25.03.2013 by mutual agreement. However, the same was due to force majeure as there was a delay of 21 months in obtaining the forest clearance and environmental clearance. The price was quoted in the year 2007-08, applicable from 2011. However, there was a delay in obtaining the forest clearance and Fenvironmental clearance and therefore the date of commencement of supply came to be changed. In between there would be hike in labour charges, transportation charges, etc.

Though the date of commencement of supply was extended, there was no corresponding amendment in the relevant clauses of the agreement with respect to price escalation. There was no specific G agreement that in the year 2013, the appellant would supply the coal at the same price, without any price escalation. Therefore, considering the overall facts and circumstances of the case and by giving cogent reasons, the arbitrator interpreted the relevant clauses of the contract and specifically held that the date of H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A commencement of the first operating year for the purposes of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011 and accordingly the zero year for the purpose of price escalation would be 2011-12 and therefore the appellant shall be entitled to the enhanced amount as is applicable in the year 2013-14 (the price escalation). Having considered the reasoning given by the arbitrator, the B

interpretation by the arbitrator was both possible as well as plausible. Therefore, merely because some other view could have been taken, the High Court is not justified in interfering with the interpretation made by the arbitrator. Therefore, in the facts and circumstances of the case, the High Court has clearly exceeded C in its jurisdiction in interfering with the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1-price adjustment/escalation. Though the High Court has observed that the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 was against the public policy, with respect, there is no element of public policy. It was pure and simple case of interpretation of the relevant clauses D of the agreement which does not involve any public policy. Therefore, the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court for quashing and setting aside the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1-price adjustment/escalation cannot be sustained and the same deserves to be quashed and E set aside. [Para 11.1] [743-D-H; 744-A-F]

1.2 So far as claim no.2-”fixed costs” and an amount of Rs.78 crores awarded by the arbitrator with respect to compensation of loss is concerned, having gone through the relevant material on record, the High Court has rightly set aside the award passed by F the arbitrator with respect to claim no.2. Except the CA’s certificate, no further evidence had been led with respect to actual loss. Considering the material on record, it is on the contrary found that in the relevant year the quantity of the coal lifted by the respondent was much above the fixed quantity. Thus, the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.2 was G contrary to the evidence on record and thus, is rightly set aside by the High Court. [Para 11.2] [743-G-H; 744-B] 1.3 As regards claim no.3-”Escrow Account”, the High Court rightly interfered with the award passed by the arbitrator H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 731 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. with respect to claim no.3. The escrow account was required to A be opened as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Coal, Government of India for the preparation of mine closure plant. The guidelines required, inter alia, the mining company to open an escrow account with any schedule bank. Accordingly, the respondent opened an escrow account and executed an escrow B

agreement. From the correspondence between the parties, it appears that even the appellant consented for opening the escrow account. The appellant also agreed that the amount to be deposited in the escrow account will be recovered by the respondent from immediate next payment of the coal bills of the joint venture company-PKCL raised towards dispatches of coal C from appellant’s coal blocks. Thus, thereafter it was not open for the appellant to claim the amount lying in the escrow account. If the amount lying in the escrow account is returned to the appellant, the purpose and object of opening the escrow account which was as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Coal would be frustrated. D The object and purpose of opening the escrow account was to see that the appellant company fulfils the contract as per the agreement and till the closure of the coal blocks. Therefore, the High Court rightly interfered with the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.3-escrow account by observing that the reasoning is perverse or so irrational that no reasonable E person could have arrived at on the material/evidence on record. [Para 11.3] [744-B-F]

1.4 The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court insofar as quashing and setting aside the award passed by the sole arbitrator, insofar as claim no. 1-price adjustment/escalation F is quashed and set aside and the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 is restored. The impugned judgment and order by the High Court insofar as quashing and setting aside the award passed by the arbitrator with respect to rest of the claim no.2-fixed costs and claim no.3-escrow account is Gconfirmed. [Para 12] [744-G-H; 745-A-B] Associate Builders v. Delhi Development Authority (2015) 3 SCC 49 ; Steel Authority of India Limited v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Limited (2009) 10 SCC 63 : H 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A [2009] 14 SCR 253 ; Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co. Limited v. National Highways Authority of India 2019 SCC Online SC 677 ; ONGC v. Saw Pipes Limited (2003) 5 SCC 705 : [2003] 3 SCR 691 ; Hindustan Zinc Limited v. Friends Coal Carbonisation (2006) 4 SCC 445 ; McDermott B International Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd. (2006) 11 SCC 181 : [2006] 2 Suppl. SCR 409 ; Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran (2012) 5 SCC 306 : [2012] 4 SCR 1 ; National Highways Authority of India v. ITD Cementation India Limited C (2015) 14 SCC 21 : [2015] 6 SCR 107 ; Steel Authority of India Limited v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Limited (2009) 10 SCC 63 : [2009] 14 SCR 253 - referred to. Case Law Reference

(2015) 3 SCC 49 referred to Para 5.3 D [2009] 14 SCR 253 referred to Para 5.3 [2003] 3 SCR 691 referred to Para 6.1 (2006) 4 SCC 445 referred to Para 6.1 [2006] 2 Suppl. SCR 409 referred to Para 9.1 E [2012] 4 SCR 1 referred to Para 9.1 [2015] 6 SCR 107 referred to Para 9.2 [2009] 14 SCR 253 referred to Para 9.2 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 9023 F of 2018. From the Judgment and Order dated 28.02.2018 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jaipur Bench, Jaipur in D. B. Civil Misc. Appeal No. 3785 of 2017. G Ranjit Kumar, Vikram Nankani, Sr. Advs., Mahesh Agarwal, Anurup Singh, Salil Sinha, Anshuman Srivastava, Rishi Raj Sharma, E. C. Agrawala, Advs. for the Appellant. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General, Kartik Seth, Ankur S. Kulkarni, Nishant Kumar, Advs. for the Respondents. H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 733 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A M. R. SHAH, J.

1. Feeling aggrieved and dissatisfied with the impugned judgment and order dated 28.02.2018 passed by the Commercial Appellate Court/ Division Bench of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Bench at BJaipur in D.B. Civil Miscellaneous Appeal No. 3785 of 2017, by which the High Court has allowed the said appeal preferred by the respondent herein – Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited and has quashed and set aside the award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the Commercial Appellate Court at Jaipur, the appellant – the original claimant – Parsa Kente Collieries Limited has preferred the present C appeal. 2. That in the month of March, 2006, the respondent floated a tender for joint venture to undertake coal block development, mining and transportation of coal and delivery. That one Adani Enterprises Limited (AEL) submitted a bid which was accepted on 12.05.2006. A Letter of D Intent was issued to AEL by the respondent on 23.10.2006. Respondent and AEL entered into a joint venture, namely, Parsa Kente Collieries Limited, the appellant herein. A Coal Mining Service Agreement was entered into between the said Parsa Kente Collieries Limited and AEL. That a Coal Mining and Delivery Agreement (hereinafter referred to as E‘CMDA’) was executed between the appellant and the respondent on 16.07.2008 for supply of coal.

2.1 As per CMDA, the date of commencement of the contract was 25.06.2011. As per CMDA between the appellant and the respondent, the coal supply was to commence at the earliest within 42 months, or within 48 months from the date of allotment of coal blocks, i.e., by F 25.06.2011. CMDA also provided a clause for extending the date of commencement. Clause 3.2.1 of the CMDA provided for scope of work; Clause 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 provided for responsibility of the respondent to inform the appellant as regards the requirement of coal in advance. Clause 4.5 provided for commencement of the date; clause 5.1 provided G for contract of price; clause 5.2.2. provided for calculation of basic price; clause 5.4.3 provided for escalation in price; clause 7.1 provided for force majeure and clause 7.3 provided for effect of force majeure. There was a delay of 21 months in obtaining the forest clearance and environmental clearance. The appellant started supply of coal to the H 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A respondent with effect from 25.3.2013, i.e., after a delay of 21 months. It appears that the date of commencement was extended by mutual agreement from 25.6.2011 to 25.3.2013. However, certain disputes arose between the parties, more particularly the escalation price, fixed costs, amount lying in Escrow account and cost of construction of railway siding. Therefore, the appellant invoked clause 10.2 of the CMDA and B

sought arbitration. A retired Hon’ble Judge of the Rajasthan High Court was appointed as the sole arbitrator. The appellant submitted the statement of claim and thereafter filed another statement of claim. 2.2 Before the learned Arbitrator, the claim was bifurcated into four heads, namely, (1) Price Adjustment; (2) Fixed Costs; (3) Escrow C Account; and (4) Construction of Railway Siding. The learned Arbitrator passed an award dated 27.05.2015 allowing the claims under the heads of ‘Price Adjustment’, ‘Fixed Costs’ and ‘Escrow Account’ and rejected the claim under the head ‘Construction of Railway Siding’. While allowing the claim under the head ‘Price Adjustment’, the learned Arbitrator held D that the date of commencement of the first operating year for the purposes of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011. The learned Arbitrator further held that thus the Zero year for the purpose of price escalation has to be 2011-2012. The learned Arbitrator accordingly held that because the date of commencement of the agreement for the purpose of price escalation is 25.06.2011, the appellant shall be entitled E to the enhanced amount as applicable in 2013-2014. Accordingly, the learned Arbitrator held that the appellant is entitled to the coal price at Rs.837/- PMT in F.Y. 2013-14 and thereafter the escalated price in the subsequent years as per the relevant clauses of the contract – CMDA.

2.3 That while allowing the claim with respect to ‘Fixed Costs’, F the learned Arbitrator held that the respondent could not take the required delivery of the coal from the appellant, thus causing loss to the appellant. The learned Arbitrator held that therefore the appellant is entitled to compensation as claimed for Rs.78 crores. 2.4 That while allowing the claim with respect to ‘Escrow Account’, G the learned Arbitrator held that the undertaking given by the appellant was limited to a contingency where on account of failure of completion of mine closure activity by the appellant led to the forfeiture of any amount deposited in the escrow account, the respondent would be entitled to recover the same from the monthly running bills of the appellant. The learned Arbitrator observed, however, as no such occasion has arisen, H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 735 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] the question of any deduction on the said count does not arise. A Consequently, the learned Arbitrator directed the respondent to return that amount which was lying in the escrow account which was deducted from the monthly running bills of the appellant.

2.5 As observed hereinabove, the learned Arbitrator rejected claim no.4, namely, under the head ‘Construction of Railway Siding’. The B award declared by the learned Arbitrator came to be confirmed by the learned Commercial Court, Jaipur in an application under section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act. 3. Feeling aggrieved, the respondent preferred an appeal under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act before the Commercial Appellate Court/ C Division Bench of the High Court of Rajasthan at Jaipur. By the impugned judgment and order dated 28.02.2018, the High Court has allowed the said appeal and has set aside the award passed by the learned Arbitrator and confirmed by the Commercial Court, Jaipur. 4. Feeling aggrieved by the impugned judgment and order passed D by the Division Bench of the High Court, the original claimant – the appellant has preferred the present appeal. 5. Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Senior Advocate has appeared on behalf of the appellant and Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General of India has appeared on behalf of the respondent. E

5.1 Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant has vehemently submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case, the High Court ought not to have interfered with the concurrent findings of the learned sole Arbitrator and the learned Commercial Court under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act by giving an F alternate construction to the CMDA. It is vehemently submitted that by passing the impugned judgment and order, the High Court has exceeded in its jurisdiction in interfering with the award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial Court, while exercising the powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. G 5.2 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act, the scope of judicial inquiry is narrow and does not entail giving own construction to the contract. It is submitted by disturbing the findings, the High Court has gone beyond the limited scope of inquiry contemplated under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. H 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R.

A 5.3 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that the Division Bench of the High Court has failed to appreciate that the interpretation made by the learned sole Arbitrator on the clauses of CMDA was plausible construction/ interpretation and therefore the same could not have been substituted by the High Court in exercise of powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration B Act. In support of his above submissions, Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Senior Advocate has heavily relied upon the decisions of this Court in the cases of Associate Builders v. Delhi Development Authority, reported in (2015) 3 SCC 49; Steel Authority of India Limited v. C Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Limited, reported in (2009) 10 SCC 63 and the recent decision of this Court in the case of Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co. Limited v. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), rendered on 08.05.2019 in Civil Appeal No. 4779 of 2019, reported in 2019 SCC Online SC 677.

D 5.3.1 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that admittedly there was a delay of 21 months in supply of coal, which was due to the force majeure as there was a delay in obtaining the forest clearance and environmental clearance. It is submitted that the price which was agreed by the E appellant in the year 2008 to be paid in the year 2011 would never remain the same in the year 2013-14. It is submitted that therefore though the commencement date as per CMDA was extended due to an admitted fact of force majeure to 25.3.2013, the commencement date would remain as the date defined under the CMDA, i.e., 25.06.2011 and therefore the price escalation ought to be considered from that date. F 5.3.2 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that though by mutual agreement the commencement date was extended due to an admitted fact of force majeure to 25.03.2013, there was no agreement to supply the coal at the same price which was to be supplied in the year 2011. It is submitted G that there is a specific clause – clause 4.5.2 which allows extension of commencement date in cases of force majeure, however, no such corresponding clause has been provided in clause 5.4.3, which is a clause for price escalation. It is submitted that the intention of parties was never to unilaterally extend the first operating year referred to in clause H

PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 737 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] 5.2.2. It is submitted that therefore the price escalation has to be A necessarily applied from the contractually stipulated date, i., 25.06.2011. 5.3.3 It is submitted that in any case the interpretation by the learned Arbitrator was plausible and as such was equitable also. Merely because some other view was possible, the High Court is not justified in interfering with the interpretations/findings recorded by the learned sole B Arbitrator and that too in exercise of powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. It is submitted that the interpretation of the relevant clauses of the CMDA with respect to claim no.1 was actually in consonance with the relevant clauses of the CMDA. It is submitted therefore the High Court has erred in interfering with the award passed Cby the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial Court. 5.4 Now so far as claim no.2 under the head ‘Fixed Costs’ is concerned, Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Senior Advocate has heavily relied upon clause 8.2(iii) of the CMDA. It is submitted that due to the lapse on the part of the respondent, the respondent was unable to take delivery Dof the coal for the financial year 2013-14. It is submitted that there was an event of default by the respondent as contemplated in clause 8.2(iii) of the CMDA.

5.4.1 It is submitted that due to inability of the respondent to take coal as per the stipulated delivery schedule, the appellant had to operate Eits plant at a sub-optimal level which resulted in incurring fixed costs. It is submitted that it was mandatory for the coal to be lifted within 3 months of production to prevent spontaneous combustion and to ensure that there is no hazard to the plant. It is submitted that despite this, the respondent failed to take delivery. 5.4.2 It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate F appearing on behalf of the appellant that the High Court has committed an error by not granting the said claim on the ground that the loss was incurred by AMPL (sub-contractor) under Coal Mining Services Agreement to which the respondent was not a party and secondly that loss of Rs.78 crores is not substantiated beyond the Chartered G Accountant’s certificate. It is further submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that CMDA does not prohibit appointment of AMPL as a sub-contractor and in fact any such appointment was approved by the appellant and therefore AMPL cannot be said to be a complete third party to the CMDA. It is submitted that H 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R.

A therefore when the respondent failed to lift the fixed quantity of the coal and there was a delay in taking the delivery of the coal for the F.Y. 2013-14, the appellant shall be entitled to the loss suffered to the extent of Rs.78 crores. It is submitted therefore the High Court has committed a grave error in disallowing the said claim. B 5.5 Now so far as claim no.3 under the head ‘Escrow Account’ is concerned, it is submitted by the learned Senior Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellant that the High Court has erroneously held that the respondent was entitled to make deductions from the appellant’s bills for payments made in the escrow account. It is submitted that as such the learned sole Arbitrator rightly came to a conclusion that the stage of C closing of mines had not been arrived at and therefore the deductions to make the payments into escrow account were premature. It is submitted that the issue of deduction would arise only after a passage of 30 years at the time of closure of the mining plant. It is further submitted that the deposit of amount in the escrow account had arisen due to the guidelines D issued by the Ministry of Coal, which was subsequent to the execution of the CMDA. It is submitted that therefore the said circular issued by the Ministry of Coal would not bind the parties to the CMDA. It is submitted therefore the High Court has committed a grave error in rejecting claim no.3.

E 5.6 Making the above submissions and relying upon the above decisions, it is prayed to allow the present appeal. 6. Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General of India, while opposing the present appeal, has vehemently submitted that in the facts and circumstances of the case and having found that the claims allowed by the learned sole Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial F Court, were just contrary to the relevant clauses of the CMDA, the High Court is justified in reversing the award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial Court. 6.1 It is vehemently submitted by the learned Solicitor General that as per the settled proposition of law, the learned Arbitrator cannot G substitute the terms of the contract and/or interpret the relevant clauses of the contract, which would make the relevant clauses of the contract nugatory. It is submitted that the award, by standing in complete contravention of clear and express provisions of the CMDA, is in conflict with the public policy of India. It is submitted that in the present case, H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 739 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.]

according to the respondent, regarding the “commencement date”, there A was only one possible interpretation that could have been accepted by the learned arbitrator. It is submitted that however the interpretation that has been upheld by the learned arbitrator, apart from being devoid of any reasoning in its support, is wholly incompatible with the terms of the CMDA and the conduct of the parties. It is submitted that any B award, by standing in complete contravention of clear and express provisions of the CMDA, is in conflict with the public policy of India and therefore is liable to be set aside. It is submitted therefore the High Court has rightly set aside the award in exercise of powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. In support of his above submissions, Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General of India has heavily relied upon C the decision of this Court in the case of ONGC v. Saw Pipes Limited, reported in (2003) 5 SCC 705; Hindustan Zinc Limited v. Friends Coal Carbonisation, reported in (2006) 4 SCC 445 and Associate Builders v. DDA, reported in (2015) 3 SCC 49.

6.2 Now so far as claim no.1, namely, price escalation is concerned, D it is vehemently submitted by Shri Tushar Mehta, learned Solicitor General that the term “commencement date” has been defined in the agreement to have the same meaning as given to it in clause 4.5.1. It is submitted that as per clause 4.5.3 the date of commencement is the essence to the contract. It is submitted that as per the relevant clauses of the CMDA, Ethe commencement date was extendable and in fact with the mutual agreement the same was extended to 25.03.2013. It is submitted that the term “commencement date” is defined to be the date on which the actual supply of coal begins. It is submitted that in the present case, admittedly, the date of supply of the coal is 25.03.2013, and therefore, the appellant shall be entitled to escalation in price only after the completion F of 12 months from the commencement date, i.e., 25.03.2013. It is submitted under the CMDA, the appellant is entitled to the escalation in price in each operating year provided that the first escalation shall occur only after completion of 12 months from the commencement date, i.e., 25.03.2013. It is submitted that thus any escalation in price is linked to Gthe date of commencement of coal supply. It is submitted that thus if the coal supply is commenced as planned on 25.06.2011, the first operating year would have been 25.06.2011 to 31.03.2012. However, since coal supply only commenced on 25.03.2013, the first operating year ought to have been 25.03.2013 to 31.03.2013. It is submitted therefore that when H

740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A the commencement date is 25.06.2011, the first price escalation would be applicable for the F.Y. 2013-14. It is submitted that however if the commencement date is held to be 25.03.2013 (which in fact was extended by mutual agreement), the first price escalation would occur in F.Y. 2014-15. It is submitted that it is evident from clause 5.4.3 of the CMDA that an escalation in price was to be made only after the delivery B of coal had commenced and it is an admitted fact that actual supply of coal started on 25.03.2013. It is submitted therefore that there is no question of price escalation for F.Y. 2013-14. It is submitted that therefore the award passed by the learned Arbitrator was just contrary to the relevant clauses of the CMDA and therefore the same is rightly set C aside by the High Court. 6.3 It is further submitted by the learned Solicitor General of India that in fact the respondent lifted the full quantity of the fixed quantity and therefore there was no loss and in fact the appellant failed to adduce any evidence with respect to the actual loss either due to delay in lifting D the coal and/or lifting the loss quantity of the coal than they agreed. The same is rightly set aside by the High Court.

6.4 It is further submitted by the learned Solicitor General appearing on behalf of the respondent that similarly the High Court has rightly set aside the claim with respect to “escrow account”. It is E submitted that as such the “escrow account” was required to be opened as per the circular issued by the Ministry of Coal. It is submitted that, in fact, the appellant consented to open the escrow account which as such was required to be opened as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Coal. It is submitted that therefore in fact the appellant consented that the money is being recovered from its running bills to be deposited F in the escrow account. It is submitted that even the same is in consonance with clause 3.2.1 of the CMDA. It is submitted therefore the High Court has rightly disallowed the said claim made in escrow account. 6.5 Making the above submissions and relying upon the above decisions, it is prayed to dismiss the present appeal. G 7. We have heard the learned counsel for the respective parties at length. 8. At the outset, it is required to be noted that by the impugned judgment and order, the Division Bench of the High Court in exercise of its powers under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act has set aside the H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 741 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned A Commercial Court.

Therefore, the short question which is posed for consideration before this Court is, whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, the Division of the High Court is justified in interfering with the award passed by the learned Arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial B Court, in an appeal under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act? 9. While answering the aforesaid question, certain decisions of this Court and the law declared on the jurisdiction of the appellate Court while considering the award passed by the learned Arbitrator are required to be considered. C

9.1 In the case of Associate Builders (supra), this Court had an occasion to consider in detail the jurisdiction of the Court to interfere with the award passed by the Arbitrator in exercise of powers under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act. In the aforesaid decision, this Court has considered the limits of power of the Court to interfere with the D arbitral award. It is observed and held that only when the award is in conflict with the public policy in India, the Court would be justified in interfering with the arbitral award. In the aforesaid decision, this Court considered different heads of “public policy in India” which, inter alia, includes patent illegality. After referring Section 28(3) of the Arbitration EAct and after considering the decisions of this Court in the cases of McDermott International Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd., reported in (2006) 11 SCC 181 (paras 112-113) and Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran, reported in (2012) 5 SCC 306 (paras 43-45), it is observed and held that an arbitral tribunal must decide in accordance with the terms of the contract, but if an arbitrator F construes a term of the contract in a reasonable manner, it will not mean that the award can be set aside on this ground. It is further observed and held that construction of the terms of a contract is primarily for an arbitrator to decide unless the arbitrator construes the contract in such a way that it could be said to be something that no fair minded or reasonable Gperson could do. It is further observed by this Court in the aforesaid decision in paragraph 33 that when a court is applying the “public policy” test to an arbitration award, it does not act as a court of appeal and consequently errors of fact cannot be corrected. A possible view by the arbitrator on facts has necessarily to pass muster as the arbitrator is the ultimate master of the quantity and quality of evidence to be relied upon H

742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R. A when he delivers his arbitral award. It is further observed that thus an award based on little evidence or on evidence which does not measure up in quality to a trained legal mind would not be held to be invalid on this score. 9.2 Similar is the view taken by this Court in the cases of National B Highways Authority of India v. ITD Cementation India Limited, reported in (2015) 14 SCC 21(para 25) and Steel Authority of India Limited v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Limited, reported in (2009) 10 SCC 63 (para 29). 10. Applying the law laid down by this Court, we have to examine C whether the Division Bench of the High Court has exceeded in its jurisdiction in setting aside the arbitral award impugned before it. 11. For convenience, we shall deal with the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court claim-wise. The first claim is with respect to “price adjustment/escalation”; the second claim is with respect to “fixed costs” and the third claim is with respect to “escrow account”. D

11.1 Now so far as the claim with respect to “price adjustment/ escalation” is concerned, the learned arbitrator held that the date of commencement of the first operating year for the purposes of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011 and therefore zero year for the purpose of price escalation has to be 2011-12. Accordingly, the E learned arbitrator considered the escalated price in F.Y. 2013-14 at Rs.895/- per MT. However, according to the respondent, as the date of commencement was changed from 25.06.2011 to 25.03.2013, the zero year for the purpose of price escalation would be 2013-14. It is required to be noted that it is not in dispute that price escalation is permissible F under the contract/agreement itself and there shall be price escalation every year as per the formulae mentioned in the agreement, commencing from the date of commencement. However, it is true that the initial date of commencement, i.e., 25.06.2011 came to be extended to 25.03.2013 by mutual agreement. However, the same was due to force majeure as there was a delay of 21 months in obtaining the forest clearance and G environmental clearance. The price was quoted in the year 2007-08, applicable from 2011. However, there was a delay in obtaining the forest clearance and environmental clearance and therefore the date of commencement of supply came to be changed. In between there would be hike in labour charges, transportation charges, etc. Though the date H

PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 743 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] of commencement of supply was extended, there was no corresponding A amendment in the relevant clauses of the agreement with respect to price escalation. There was no specific agreement that in the year 2013, the appellant would supply the coal at the same price, without any price escalation. Therefore, considering the overall facts and circumstances of the case and by giving cogent reasons, the learned B arbitrator interpreted the relevant clauses of the contract and specifically held that the date of commencement of the first operating year for the purposes of clauses 5.2.2 read with 5.4.3 would be 25.06.2011 and accordingly the zero year for the purpose of price escalation would be 2011-12 and therefore the appellant shall be entitled to the enhanced amount as is applicable in the year 2013-14 (the price escalation). Having C considered the reasoning given by the learned arbitrator, we are of the opinion that the interpretation by the learned arbitrator was both possible as well as plausible. Therefore, merely because some other view could have been taken, the High Court is not justified in interfering with the interpretation made by the arbitrator which as observed was possible D

and plausible. Therefore, in the facts and circumstances of the case, we are of the opinion that the High Court has clearly exceeded in its jurisdiction in interfering with the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 – price adjustment/escalation. At this stage, it is required to be noted that though the High Court has observed that the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 E was against the public policy, with respect, we do not see any element of public policy. It was pure and simple case of interpretation of the relevant clauses of the agreement which does not involve any public policy. Therefore, we are of the opinion that the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court for quashing and setting aside the award passed F by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 – price adjustment/ escalation cannot be sustained and the same deserves to be quashed and set aside. 11.2 Now so far as claim no.2 – “fixed costs” and an amount of Rs.78 crores awarded by the learned arbitrator with respect to Gcompensation of loss is concerned, having gone through the relevant material on record, we are of the opinion that the High Court has rightly set aside the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.2. Except the CA’s certificate, no further evidence had been led with respect to actual loss. Considering the material on record, it is H 744 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 8 S.C.R.

A on the contrary found that in the relevant year the quantity of the coal lifted by the respondent was much above the fixed quantity. Thus, the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.2 was contrary to the evidence on record and therefore is rightly set aside by the High Court.

B 11.3 Similarly, even with respect to claim no.3 – “Escrow Account” is concerned, the High Court has rightly interfered with the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.3. It is required to be noted that the escrow account was required to be opened as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Coal, Government of India for the preparation of mine closure plant. The guidelines required, inter alia, the C mining company to open an escrow account with any schedule bank. Accordingly, the respondent opened an escrow account and executed an escrow agreement. From the correspondence between the parties, it appears that even the appellant consented for opening the escrow account. The appellant also agreed that the amount to be deposited in D the escrow account will be recovered by the respondent from immediate next payment of the coal bills of the joint venture company – PKCL raised towards dispatches of coal from appellant’s coal blocks. Thus, thereafter it was not open for the appellant to claim the amount lying in the escrow account. If the amount lying in the escrow account is returned to the appellant, the purpose and object of opening the escrow account E which was as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Coal would be frustrated. The object and purpose of opening the escrow account was to see that the appellant company fulfils the contract as per the agreement and till the closure of the coal blocks. Therefore, the High Court has rightly interfered with the award passed by the learned arbitrator with F respect to claim no.3 – escrow account by observing that the reasoning is perverse or so irrational that no reasonable person could have arrived at on the material/evidence on record. We are in complete agreement with the view taken by the learned Division Bench of the High Court.

12. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, the G present appeal succeeds in part. The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court insofar as quashing and setting aside the award passed by the learned sole arbitrator, confirmed by the learned Commercial Court, insofar as claim no. 1 – price adjustment/escalation is hereby quashed and set aside and the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to claim no.1 is hereby restored. H PARSA KENTE COLLIERIES LTD. v. RAJASTHAN RAJYA 745 VIDYUT UTPADAN NIGAM LTD. [M. R. SHAH, J.] The impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court insofar A as quashing and setting aside the award passed by the learned arbitrator with respect to rest of the claims, namely, claim no.2 – fixed costs and claim no.3 – escrow account is hereby confirmed. The present appeal is partly allowed to the aforesaid extent only. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs. B Nidhi Jain Appeal partly allowed. C D E F G H