[2018] 1 S.C.R. 909 909 THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. A v. SHANKAR BABURAO KANGRALKAR & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 1612 of 2018) FEBRUARY 06, 2018 B [MADAN B. LOKUR AND DEEPAK GUPTA, JJ.] Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002 – Recruitment Rules – Interpretation of – Recruitment notification was C issued by the appellants for the appointment of High School Assistant Teacher Grade-2 – In terms of the notification the eligibility criteria for Hindi Language Assistant in Government High School was: (i) One must be a holder of Bachelor Degree with Hindi as major subject and (ii) One must be holder of degree in Education with the concerned subject or subjects as teaching methods – Respondent D No.1 was not selected on the ground that he did not possess the requisite qualification for appointment – Both Tribunal and High Court held that Respondent No.1 was entitled to be considered for selection to the post of Language Assistant – On appeal, held: The recruitment rules make a specific category for a Hindi Language E

Assistant by requiring a candidate to not only hold a Bachelor’s Degree but hold such a degree with Hindi as a major subject – The additional requirement under the Recruitment Rules is that the candidate must hold a degree in Education with the concerned subject (Hindi) as a teaching method – Respondent No.1 is a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject but does not F hold a B.Ed Degree with Hindi as a teaching method – That being so, the appellants were justified in not accepting the candidature of Respondent No.1 and the Tribunal as well as the High Court were in error in granting relief to Respondent No.1 – Service Law. Interpretation of Statutes – Principle of harmonious G construction – Primacy given to, and application of special law as against general law – Held: If a special provision is made on a certain matter, that matter is excluded from general provision – This principle is fully applicable to the Karnataka Education Department Services Rules which has carved out a special set of eligibility H 909 910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 1 S.C.R. A requirements for a Hindi Language Assistant and there is no challenge to such a specific requirement – Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002. Allowing the appeal, the Court

B HELD: 1. Both the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal as well as the High Court were in error and took a rather narrow and restricted view of the eligibility criteria. [Para 9] [913-D] 2. There is no doubt that under the Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) C (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002, a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts in the concerned language is a pre-requisite as also a B.Ed Degree but as far as a Hindi Language Assistant is concerned, the eligibility criterion for that post has been singled out with other requirements. The Recruitment Rules make a specific category for a Hindi Language Assistant by requiring a D candidate to not only hold a Bachelor’s Degree but hold such a degree with Hindi as a major subject and not only as an optional subject. The additional requirement under the Recruitment Rules is that the candidate must hold a degree in Education with the concerned subject (Hindi) as a teaching method. In other words, E the requirement for a Hindi Language Assistant is much stricter than it is for any other language such as Kannada, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil etc. Essentially, the Recruitment Rules have carved out a special set of requirements for a Hindi Language Assistant and there is no challenge to such a specific requirement. [Para 10] [913-E-G] F

3. It is well settled that if a special provision is made on a certain matter, that matter is excluded from the general provision. This principle is fully applicable to The Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002 and the provision G relating to the post of a Hindi Language Assistant. [Para 12] [914-D] 4. The undisputed facts are that although Respondent No.1 does have a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject, but he does not have a B.Ed with Hindi as a teaching method. H That being so, the appellants were justified in not accepting the THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. v. SHANKAR 911 BABURAO KANGRALKAR & ANR. candidature of Respondent No.1 and the Karnataka Administrative A Tribunal as well as the High Court were in error in granting relief to Respondent No.1. [Para 13] [914-E] Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 800 ; Atma Ram Properties Pvt. Ltd. v. The Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. 2017 SCC OnLine SC 1424 ; B St. Stephen’s College v. University of Delhi (1992) 1 SCC 558 : [1991] 3 Suppl. SCR 121 – referred to. Case Law Reference (2017) 10 SCC 800 referred to Para 11 C [1991] 3 Suppl. SCR 121 referred to Para 11 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1612 of 2018. From the Judgment and Order dated 09.09.2011 of the High Court D of Karnataka, Circuit Bench at Dharwad in W. P. No. 63822 of 2010. V. N. Raghupathy, Adv for the Appellants.

Anirudh Sanganeria, Chinmay Deshpande, Ms. Astha Deep, Nicholas Choudhury, Brij Kishor Sah, Shivaji M. Jadhav, S.K. Jain, Advs E for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MADAN B. LOKUR, J. 1. Leave granted. F 2. The appellants are aggrieved by a judgment and order dated 9th September, 2011 passed by the Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in Writ Petition No.63822/2010 and Writ Petition No.65517/ 2010. The controversy in this appeal is narrow and concerns the non-selection of Respondent No.1 (Shankar Baburao Kangralkar) to the post of Hindi Language Assistant in a Government High School in Karnataka. G 3. A recruitment notification was issued by the appellants on 30th July, 2003 for the appointment of High School Assistant Teacher Grade- 2. We are concerned with the appointment of Hindi Language Assistant. In terms of the notification the eligibility criteria was as follows: H 912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 1 S.C.R. A “In case of Hindi Language Assistant, must be a holder of Bachelor Degree with Hindi as major subject. AND Must be holder of degree in Education with the concerned subject or subjects as teaching methods” B

4. Admittedly, Respondent No.1 is a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject but does not hold a B.Ed Degree with Hindi as a teaching method although he does hold a B.Ed Degree from Karnataka University. Consequently, even though Respondent No.1 had done quite well in the selection process, he was not selected on the C ground that he did not possess the requisite qualification for appointment. 5. Feeling aggrieved, Respondent No.1 preferred Application No. 931 of 2004 before the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal challenging his non-selection. By its judgment and order dated 4th December, 2009 the Tribunal came to the conclusion that under the Recruitment Rules, D namely, The Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002 there are three sets of qualifications postulated for appointment to the post of Language Assistant. Broadly, a Language Assistant must have a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts with the concerned language as one of the optional subjects and must be the holder of a degree in Education. E Secondly, in the case of a Hindi Language Assistant, the candidate must be a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject and must be the holder of a B.Ed Degree with the concerned subject as teaching methods. Thirdly, a special provision is made for a Language Assistant in Hindi in the case of a certain category of candidates. We F are not concerned with the third category.

6. The Tribunal took the view that as long as Respondent No.1 holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts with Hindi as a major subject and holds a degree in Education from the Karnataka University, he fulfills the eligibility requirement and therefore is entitled to a direction for being G considered for selection as per his merit by removing the last selected candidate. 7. Feeling aggrieved by the decision of the Tribunal, the appellants preferred a writ petition in the Karnataka High Court and the last selected candidate Prakash Kundalik Patil also preferred a writ petition in the H THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. v. SHANKAR 913 BABURAO KANGRALKAR & ANR. [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] High Court. Both the writ petitions were heard and dismissed by the A High Court with the result that Respondent No.1 was required to be considered for the post of Language Assistant.

8. The High Court took the view that as long as Respondent No.1 holds a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject and a B.Ed Degree from Karnataka University, he was entitled to be considered for B selection to the post of Language Assistant. The High Court held that the primary requirement under the Recruitment Rules was that a candidate for appointment as a Language Assistant must be a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts with the concerned language as one of the optional subjects and must be the holder of degree in Education. Since Respondent No.1 Csatisfied both the requirements, he was entitled to be considered for selection. 9. Feeling aggrieved, the present appeal has been preferred by the State of Karnataka. Prakash Kundalik Patil has not preferred any appeal in this Court. In our opinion, both the Karnataka Administrative DTribunal as well as the High Court were in error and took a rather narrow and restricted view of the eligibility criteria.

10. There is no doubt that under the Recruitment Rules a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts in the concerned language is a pre-requisite as also a B.Ed Degree but as far as a Hindi Language Assistant is Econcerned, the eligibility criterion for that post has been singled out with other requirements. The Recruitment Rules make a specific category for a Hindi Language Assistant by requiring a candidate to not only hold a Bachelor’s Degree but hold such a degree with Hindi as a major subject and not only as an optional subject. The additional requirement under the Recruitment Rules is that the candidate must hold a degree in Education F with the concerned subject (Hindi) as a teaching method. In other words, the requirement for a Hindi Language Assistant is much stricter than it is for any other language such as Kannada, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil etc. Essentially, the Recruitment Rules have carved out a special set of requirements for a Hindi Language Assistant and there is no challenge Gto such a specific requirement. 11. Recently, in Independent Thought v. Union of India1 we have discussed the primacy given to and the application of a special law as against a general law from paragraph 95 onwards of the Report. 1(2017) 10 SCC 800 H 914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 1 S.C.R.

A More recently in Atma Ram Properties Pvt. Ltd. v. The Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd.2 a reference was made to the following passage from St. Stephen’s College v. University of Delhi3 (1992) 1 SCC 558 wherein it was held: “140. … The golden rule of interpretation is that words should be B read in the ordinary, natural and grammatical meaning and the principle of harmonious construction merely applies the rule that where there is a general provision of law dealing with a subject, and a special provision dealing with the same subject, the special prevails over the general. If it is not constructed in that way the result would be that the special provision would be wholly C defeated.” 12. Clearly therefore, it is well settled that if a special provision is made on a certain matter, that matter is excluded from the general provision. This principle is fully applicable to The Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) D (Amendment) Rules, 2002 and the provision relating to the post of a Hindi Language Assistant. 13. The undisputed facts are that although Respondent No.1 does have a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject, but he does not have a B.Ed with Hindi as a teaching method. That being so, the appellants E were justified in not accepting the candidature of Respondent No.1 and the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal as well as the High Court were in error in granting relief to Respondent No.1.

14. The appeal is allowed in the above circumstances but with no order as to costs. F Ankit Gyan Appeal allowed. G 22017 SCC OnLine SC 1424 3 (1992) 1 SCC 558 H

[2018] 1 S.C.R. 909 909 THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. A v. SHANKAR BABURAO KANGRALKAR & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 1612 of 2018) FEBRUARY 06, 2018 B [MADAN B. LOKUR AND DEEPAK GUPTA, JJ.] Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002 – Recruitment Rules – Interpretation of – Recruitment notification was C issued by the appellants for the appointment of High School Assistant Teacher Grade-2 – In terms of the notification the eligibility criteria for Hindi Language Assistant in Government High School was: (i) One must be a holder of Bachelor Degree with Hindi as major subject and (ii) One must be holder of degree in Education with the concerned subject or subjects as teaching methods – Respondent D No.1 was not selected on the ground that he did not possess the requisite qualification for appointment – Both Tribunal and High Court held that Respondent No.1 was entitled to be considered for selection to the post of Language Assistant – On appeal, held: The recruitment rules make a specific category for a Hindi Language E

Assistant by requiring a candidate to not only hold a Bachelor’s Degree but hold such a degree with Hindi as a major subject – The additional requirement under the Recruitment Rules is that the candidate must hold a degree in Education with the concerned subject (Hindi) as a teaching method – Respondent No.1 is a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject but does not F hold a B.Ed Degree with Hindi as a teaching method – That being so, the appellants were justified in not accepting the candidature of Respondent No.1 and the Tribunal as well as the High Court were in error in granting relief to Respondent No.1 – Service Law. Interpretation of Statutes – Principle of harmonious G construction – Primacy given to, and application of special law as against general law – Held: If a special provision is made on a certain matter, that matter is excluded from general provision – This principle is fully applicable to the Karnataka Education Department Services Rules which has carved out a special set of eligibility H 909 910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 1 S.C.R. A requirements for a Hindi Language Assistant and there is no challenge to such a specific requirement – Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002. Allowing the appeal, the Court

B HELD: 1. Both the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal as well as the High Court were in error and took a rather narrow and restricted view of the eligibility criteria. [Para 9] [913-D] 2. There is no doubt that under the Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) C (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002, a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts in the concerned language is a pre-requisite as also a B.Ed Degree but as far as a Hindi Language Assistant is concerned, the eligibility criterion for that post has been singled out with other requirements. The Recruitment Rules make a specific category for a Hindi Language Assistant by requiring a D candidate to not only hold a Bachelor’s Degree but hold such a degree with Hindi as a major subject and not only as an optional subject. The additional requirement under the Recruitment Rules is that the candidate must hold a degree in Education with the concerned subject (Hindi) as a teaching method. In other words, E the requirement for a Hindi Language Assistant is much stricter than it is for any other language such as Kannada, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil etc. Essentially, the Recruitment Rules have carved out a special set of requirements for a Hindi Language Assistant and there is no challenge to such a specific requirement. [Para 10] [913-E-G] F

3. It is well settled that if a special provision is made on a certain matter, that matter is excluded from the general provision. This principle is fully applicable to The Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002 and the provision G relating to the post of a Hindi Language Assistant. [Para 12] [914-D] 4. The undisputed facts are that although Respondent No.1 does have a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject, but he does not have a B.Ed with Hindi as a teaching method. H That being so, the appellants were justified in not accepting the THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. v. SHANKAR 911 BABURAO KANGRALKAR & ANR. candidature of Respondent No.1 and the Karnataka Administrative A Tribunal as well as the High Court were in error in granting relief to Respondent No.1. [Para 13] [914-E] Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 800 ; Atma Ram Properties Pvt. Ltd. v. The Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. 2017 SCC OnLine SC 1424 ; B St. Stephen’s College v. University of Delhi (1992) 1 SCC 558 : [1991] 3 Suppl. SCR 121 – referred to. Case Law Reference (2017) 10 SCC 800 referred to Para 11 C [1991] 3 Suppl. SCR 121 referred to Para 11 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1612 of 2018. From the Judgment and Order dated 09.09.2011 of the High Court D of Karnataka, Circuit Bench at Dharwad in W. P. No. 63822 of 2010. V. N. Raghupathy, Adv for the Appellants.

Anirudh Sanganeria, Chinmay Deshpande, Ms. Astha Deep, Nicholas Choudhury, Brij Kishor Sah, Shivaji M. Jadhav, S.K. Jain, Advs E for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MADAN B. LOKUR, J. 1. Leave granted. F 2. The appellants are aggrieved by a judgment and order dated 9th September, 2011 passed by the Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in Writ Petition No.63822/2010 and Writ Petition No.65517/ 2010. The controversy in this appeal is narrow and concerns the non-selection of Respondent No.1 (Shankar Baburao Kangralkar) to the post of Hindi Language Assistant in a Government High School in Karnataka. G 3. A recruitment notification was issued by the appellants on 30th July, 2003 for the appointment of High School Assistant Teacher Grade- 2. We are concerned with the appointment of Hindi Language Assistant. In terms of the notification the eligibility criteria was as follows: H 912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 1 S.C.R. A “In case of Hindi Language Assistant, must be a holder of Bachelor Degree with Hindi as major subject. AND Must be holder of degree in Education with the concerned subject or subjects as teaching methods” B

4. Admittedly, Respondent No.1 is a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject but does not hold a B.Ed Degree with Hindi as a teaching method although he does hold a B.Ed Degree from Karnataka University. Consequently, even though Respondent No.1 had done quite well in the selection process, he was not selected on the C ground that he did not possess the requisite qualification for appointment. 5. Feeling aggrieved, Respondent No.1 preferred Application No. 931 of 2004 before the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal challenging his non-selection. By its judgment and order dated 4th December, 2009 the Tribunal came to the conclusion that under the Recruitment Rules, D namely, The Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) (Amendment) Rules, 2002 there are three sets of qualifications postulated for appointment to the post of Language Assistant. Broadly, a Language Assistant must have a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts with the concerned language as one of the optional subjects and must be the holder of a degree in Education. E Secondly, in the case of a Hindi Language Assistant, the candidate must be a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject and must be the holder of a B.Ed Degree with the concerned subject as teaching methods. Thirdly, a special provision is made for a Language Assistant in Hindi in the case of a certain category of candidates. We F are not concerned with the third category.

6. The Tribunal took the view that as long as Respondent No.1 holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts with Hindi as a major subject and holds a degree in Education from the Karnataka University, he fulfills the eligibility requirement and therefore is entitled to a direction for being G considered for selection as per his merit by removing the last selected candidate. 7. Feeling aggrieved by the decision of the Tribunal, the appellants preferred a writ petition in the Karnataka High Court and the last selected candidate Prakash Kundalik Patil also preferred a writ petition in the H THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. v. SHANKAR 913 BABURAO KANGRALKAR & ANR. [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] High Court. Both the writ petitions were heard and dismissed by the A High Court with the result that Respondent No.1 was required to be considered for the post of Language Assistant.

8. The High Court took the view that as long as Respondent No.1 holds a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject and a B.Ed Degree from Karnataka University, he was entitled to be considered for B selection to the post of Language Assistant. The High Court held that the primary requirement under the Recruitment Rules was that a candidate for appointment as a Language Assistant must be a holder of a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts with the concerned language as one of the optional subjects and must be the holder of degree in Education. Since Respondent No.1 Csatisfied both the requirements, he was entitled to be considered for selection. 9. Feeling aggrieved, the present appeal has been preferred by the State of Karnataka. Prakash Kundalik Patil has not preferred any appeal in this Court. In our opinion, both the Karnataka Administrative DTribunal as well as the High Court were in error and took a rather narrow and restricted view of the eligibility criteria.

10. There is no doubt that under the Recruitment Rules a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts in the concerned language is a pre-requisite as also a B.Ed Degree but as far as a Hindi Language Assistant is Econcerned, the eligibility criterion for that post has been singled out with other requirements. The Recruitment Rules make a specific category for a Hindi Language Assistant by requiring a candidate to not only hold a Bachelor’s Degree but hold such a degree with Hindi as a major subject and not only as an optional subject. The additional requirement under the Recruitment Rules is that the candidate must hold a degree in Education F with the concerned subject (Hindi) as a teaching method. In other words, the requirement for a Hindi Language Assistant is much stricter than it is for any other language such as Kannada, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil etc. Essentially, the Recruitment Rules have carved out a special set of requirements for a Hindi Language Assistant and there is no challenge Gto such a specific requirement. 11. Recently, in Independent Thought v. Union of India1 we have discussed the primacy given to and the application of a special law as against a general law from paragraph 95 onwards of the Report. 1(2017) 10 SCC 800 H 914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2018] 1 S.C.R.

A More recently in Atma Ram Properties Pvt. Ltd. v. The Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd.2 a reference was made to the following passage from St. Stephen’s College v. University of Delhi3 (1992) 1 SCC 558 wherein it was held: “140. … The golden rule of interpretation is that words should be B read in the ordinary, natural and grammatical meaning and the principle of harmonious construction merely applies the rule that where there is a general provision of law dealing with a subject, and a special provision dealing with the same subject, the special prevails over the general. If it is not constructed in that way the result would be that the special provision would be wholly C defeated.” 12. Clearly therefore, it is well settled that if a special provision is made on a certain matter, that matter is excluded from the general provision. This principle is fully applicable to The Karnataka Education Department Services (Department of Public Instructions) (Recruitment) D (Amendment) Rules, 2002 and the provision relating to the post of a Hindi Language Assistant. 13. The undisputed facts are that although Respondent No.1 does have a Bachelor’s Degree with Hindi as a major subject, but he does not have a B.Ed with Hindi as a teaching method. That being so, the appellants E were justified in not accepting the candidature of Respondent No.1 and the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal as well as the High Court were in error in granting relief to Respondent No.1.

14. The appeal is allowed in the above circumstances but with no order as to costs. F Ankit Gyan Appeal allowed. G 22017 SCC OnLine SC 1424 3 (1992) 1 SCC 558 H