(2017] l 1 S.C.R. 540 A NARENDRA & ORS. v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS. (Civil Appeal Nos. I 0429-l 0430of2017) B SEPTEMBER 11 . 2017 [A. K. SIKIU AND ASHOK BHUSHAN, JJ.J

land Acquisition Act, 1894 - ss.4(1), 6(1) and 28 - Fair compensation - Grant of- land uf the appellants acquired by the c State - land Acquisition Officer determined the market value of the land at the rate of Rs.50 per sq. yds. - Unsatisfied with the value determined, appe//ams as well as other villagers sought reference u/s.18 of the Act -District Judge increased the rate of compensation 10 Rs. 90 per sq. yd,, - Unsatisfied with increase in compensalion, appeals were filed - Appellants claimed that compensation be D enhanced to Rs.115 per sq. yds. and some other land owners i/owever. claimed higher compensation - High Court found merit in the appeals filed by the others and raised compensation at the raze of Rs.297 per S<f. yds. - Howeve1; the High Court limited the compensation to Rs. I 15 per sq. yd,. of zhe present appellants because the appellants had demanded compensation at that rateE only and had paid the court fees accordingly - On appeal, held: The mere fact that the compensation which was claimed by some of 1he villagers was al lesser rate than lhe compensation which is ultimately determined to be fair compensation, should no/ be a ground to deny such persons appropriate and f£1ir compensalion F on the grottn<I that 1he.v c/ain11.!<l co111pensativ11 at a lesser rate - Jn such cases. s1rict rule of pleadings are not be made applicable and rendering s11bsta11tial justice to the parties has to be the paramount consideratio11 - Once such a fair compensation is determined judicially, all land owners whose land was taken away by the same Notijicalion should become the beneficiary thereof- Not only it isG an (l.lpect of good governance, j(1iling lo do so would ulso amount to discrimination h_v giving different treatment to the persons though identically situated - On technical ground,, like the one adopted hy the High Court in the impugned judgment, this fair treatment cannot be denied lo them - Simply because the appellants had paid H

540 NARENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 541 court fee on the claim at the rate of Rs.115/- sq. yds. could not be A the reason to deny the compensation at a higher rate - Appellants directed to pay the difference in court fee after calculating the same at the rate of Rs.2971- per sq. yds. - Judgment of the High Court set aside. Administration of Justice - Justice delivetJ' system - Social B Justice - Discussed. T'Vi>rds and Phrases - 'Reflective Equilibrium' - Discussed. Allowing the appeals, the Court

HELD: 1. The purpose and objective behind the s.28, Land C Acquisition Act, 1894 is salutary in nature. It is kept in mind that those land owners who arc agriculturist in most of the cases, and whose land is ac<1uircd for public purpose should get fair compensation. Once a particular rate of compensation is judicially determined, which becomes a fair compensation, benefit thereof is to be given even to those who could not approach the court. D It is with this aim the aforesaid provision is incorporated by the Legislature. The mere fact that the compensation which was claimed by some or the villagers was at lesser rate than the compensation which is ultimately determined to be fair compensation, should not be a ground to deny such persons E appropriate and fair compensation on the ground that they claimed compensation at a lesser rate. In such cases, strict rule of pleadings arc not be made applicable and rendering substantial justice to the parties has to be the paramount consideration. It is to be kept in mind that in the matter of compulsory acquisition or lands by the Government, the villagers whose land gets F acquired arc not willing parties. It was not their voluntary act to sell of their land. They were compelled to give the land to the State for public purpose. For this purpose, the consideration which is to be paid to them is also not of their choice. On the contrary, as per the scheme of the Act, the rate at which compensation G should he paid to the persons divested of their land is determined by the Land Acquisition Collector. Scheme further provides that his detcrmina.tion is subject to judicial scrutiny in the form of reference to the District Judge and appeal to the High Court etc. Jn order to ensure that the land owners are given proper H

542 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A compensation, the Act provides for 'fair compensation'. Once such a fair compensation is determined judicially, all land owners whose land was taken away by the same Notification should become the beneficiary thereof. Not only it is an aspect of good governance, failing to do so would also amount to discrimination by giving different treatment to the persons though identically B situated. On technical grounds, like the one adopted by the High Court in the impugned judgment, this fair treatment cannot be denied to them. (Para 7](548-E-G; 549-A-B) 2. No doubt the judicial system that prevails is based on adversarial form of adjudication. At the same time, recognising c the demerits and limitations of adversarial litigation, clements of social context adjudication are brought into the decision making process, particularly, when it comes to administering justice to the marginalised section of the society. [Para 8)[549-C-D)

3. Justice is a core rnlue of any judicial system. It is the D ultimate aim in the decision making process. In post-traditional liberal democratic theories of justice, the background assumption is that all humans have equal value and should, therefore, be treated as equal, as well as by equal laws. This can be described as 'Reflective Equilibrium'. The method of Reflective Equilibrium E was lirst introduced by Nelson Goodman in 'Fact, Fiction and Forecast' (1955). However, it is John Rawls who elaborated this method of Rcflecth·e Equilibrium by introducing the concept of •Justice as Fairness'. While on the one hand, there is the doctrine of 'justice as fairness', as propounded by John Rawls and elaborated by various jurists thereafter in the field of law and F political philosophy, there is also the notion of 'Distributive Justice' propounded by Hume which aims at achieving a society producing maximum happiness or net satisfaction. When one combines Rawls's notion of 'Justice as Fairness' with the notions of 'Distributive Justice', to which Noble Laureate Prof. Amartya G Sen has also subscribed, one gets jurisprudential basis for achieving just results for doing justice to the weaker section of the society. (Para 11)[550-D-F]

4. From the human rights perspective, persons belonging to the weaker sections arc disadvantaged people who are unable to acquire and use their rights because of poverty, social or other H NARENDRA v. STATE Of UTTAR PRADESH 543 constraints. They arc not in a position to approach the courts A even whc•. their rights arc violated; they arc victimized or deprived uf their legitimate due. Herc lies the importance of access . to justice for socially and economically dbadvantagcd people. When such people arc denied the basic right of survival and access to justice, it further aggravates their poverty. Therefore, B even in order to eliminate poverty, access to justice to the poor sections of the society becomes imperative. In the instant case, it is the poverty which compelled the appellants to restrict the claim to Rs.115/- per sq. yard, as they were not in a position to pay the court fee on a higher amount. (Para 12](550-G-H; 551-A-B] C

5. It is the aforesaid weighty consideration which justify award of compensation to the appellants at the rate of Rs.297/-pcr square yards. Simply because the appellants had paid court fee on the claim at the rate of Rs. HS/- square yards could not be the reason to deny the compensation at a higher rate. This could D he taken care of by directing the appellants to pay the difference in court fee after calculating the same at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards. Further, it is also directed that the appellants shall make good in deficiency of court fee before the High Court. [Paras 13, 16 and 17((551-B; 552-D-E[ E Ashok Kumar and Another v. State of Hm:vana (2016) 4 SCC 544 : [2016] 1 SCR 1084 - relied on. Case Law Reference . [2016) 1 SCR 1084 relied on Paras F CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. !0429-10430of2017. From the Judgment and Order dated 05.12.2014 and 07.l 0.2016 by the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in First Appeal Defective No. 451of1999 and Civil Misc. Review Application No. 19629 of2015. G Pradccp Kant. Sr. Adv., Divyanshu Sahay. Rohit Kumar Singh, Advs. for the Appellants. Basava Prabhu Patil, Sr. Adv., Rakesh Uttamchandra Upadhyay, Adv. for the Respondents. H 544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017J l l S.C.R.

A The Judgment of the Cowt was delivered by A. K. SIKRI, J. I. A very limited, but pertinent, quest10n oflaw arises for consideration in these appeals. Land of the appellants was acquired by the Government ofUttar Pradesh vide Notification dated 12th September. l 986 issued under Section 4(1) of the Land Acquisition B Act, l 894 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act'). It was followed by the declaration dated 24th February, 1988 issued under Section 6(1) of the Act. It may be mentioned that vide the aforesaid Notification, large tracts of land were acquired, belonging to various land owners/villagers of Village Makanpur Paragana Loni, Tehsil - Dadri, District Ghaziabad, c Uttar Pradesh for planned development ofVaishali. After the acquisition of this land, it was handed over to Ghaziabad Development Authority (for short, 'ODA') for development.

2. The award dated 18th January, l 990 was passed by the Special Land Acquisition Officer determining the market value of the acquired land at the rate of Rs. 50 per square yard. The appellants as well as D other villagers were not satisfied with the rates so fixed and, therefore, sought the reference under Section 18 of the Act. Matter was referred to the Additional District Jml~e, Ghaziabad for determination of market value of the acquired land. Reference court, vide its judgment and order dated 19th April. l 999, increased the rate of compensation from Rs.50/ E - per sq. yards to Rs.90/- per square yards. Even this increase in the compensation was not to the satisfaction of the land owners. Various appeals came to be filed. Appeals were also filed by these appellants claiming that the compensation be enhanced to Rs. l 15/- per square yards. Some of the other land owners whose lands were acquired, however, had claimed higher compensation. The first batch of appeals F filed by others was decided by the High Court by judgment dated 13th November, 2014. The High Court found merit in those appeals and fixed the compensation at the rntc of Rs.297/- per square yards. When the appeals of the appellants herein came up for hearing before the High Court. the High Court took n<>te of'ts earlier judgment and accepted the G fact that the land of the appell.ints was acquired by the same Notification vide which land of others was acquired wherein the High Court had awarded the compensation at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards. Notwithstanding the same, insofar as the appellants are concerned. the High Cowt has limited the compensation to Rs.115/- rcr square yards because of the reasoning that the appellant had demanded compensation H

NARENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 545 [A. K. SIKRI, J.] at that rate only and had paid the court fees also accordingly. Therefore, A opined the High Court, it was difficult to allow compensation at a rate higher than the rate claimed by the appellants. , 3. In this backdrop, the question that falls for consideration is as to whether the High Court was precluded from granting compensation at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards which was the rate of B compensation awarded to other farmers of the said village whose lands were acquired under the same Notification and were similarly situated. 4. Before proceeding to discuss the aforesaid question, we may mention that insofar as the order of the High Court fixing compensation at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards is concerned, special leave c petition was filed by the GDA which was dismissed by this Court. Review thereof was sought which was also dismissed. Even the curative petition filed by the GDA came to be dismissed. Thus, the order of the High Court granting compensation at the rate ofRs.297/- per square yards in respect of these acquisition proceedings has attained finality. D

5. After hearing the counsel for the parties, we are of the opinion that the issue has already been settled by this Court in Ashok K11111ar am/ Another vs. State ofHarya11a 1 wherein it is held that it is the duty of the Court to award just and fair compensation taking into consideration true market value and other relevant factors, irrespective of claim made by the land owner and there is no cap on the maximum rate of E compensation that can be awarded by the court and the courts are not restricted to awarding only that amount that has been claimed by the land owners/applicants in their application before it. The relevant paras of this judgment is quoted as under: "6. Prior to amendment Act 68 of 1984, the amount of F compensation that could be awarded by the Court was limited to the amount claimed by the applicant. Section 25 read as under-Section 25. Rules as to amount of compensation - (I) When the applicant has made a claim to compensation, pursuant to any notice given Under Section 9, the amount awarded to him by the court Cl shall not exceed the amount so claimed or be less than the amount awarded by the Collector Under Section 11. (2) When the applicant has refused to make such claim or has '(2016) 4 sec 544 H 546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l I S.C.R. A omitted w1li1vut sufficient reason (to be allowed by the Judge) to make such claim, the amount awarded by the court shall in no case exceed the amount awarded by the Collector.

(3) When the applicant has omitted for a sufficient reason (to be allowed by the Judge) to make such claim, the amount awarded B to him by the court shall not be less than, and may exceed, the amount awarded by the Collector. The amended Section 25 reads as under: "Section 25. Amount of compensation awarded by Court not c amountto be lowerof compensationthan the amountawardedawardedby theby theCourtCollector-shall notThebe less than the amount awarded by the Collector under Section 11 ." The amendment has come into effect on 24.09.1984. 7. The pre-amended provision put a cap on the maximum: the 0 compensation by court should not be beyond the amount claimed. The amendment in 1984, on the contrary.put a cap on the minimum; compensation cannot be less that what was awarded by th, Land Acquisition Collector. The cap on maximum having been expressly omitted. and the cap that is put is only on minimum, it is clear that E the amount of compensation that a court can award is no longer restricted to the amount claimed by the applicant. It is the duty of the Court to award just and fair comrensation taking into consideration the true market value and other relevant factors, irrespective of the claim made by the owner. F 8. xxx xxx xxx 9. In Bhag Singh and Ors. v. Union Territory of Chandigarh [( 1985) 3 SCC 737], this Cou11 held that there may be situations where the amount higher than claimed may be awarded to the claimant. The Court obscrvcd-

G "3 .... It must be remembered that this was not a dispute between two private citizens where it would be quite just and legitimate to confi : the claimant to the claim made by him and not to award him any higher amount than that claimed though even in such a case there may be situations where an H NARENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 547 [A. K. SIKRI, J.]

amount higher than that claimed can be awarded to the claimant A as for instance where an amount is claimed as due at the foot ofan account. Here was a claim made by the Appellants against the State Government for compensation for acquisition of their land and under the law, the State was bound to pay to the Appellants compensation on the basis of the market value of B the land acquired and if according to the judgments of the learned single Judge and the Division Bench, the market value of the land acquired was higher than that awarded by the Land Acquisition Collector or the Additional District Judge, there is no reason why the Appellants should have been denied the benefit of payment of the market value so determined. To deny C this benefit to the Appellants would tantamount to permitting the State Government to acquire the land of the Appellants on payment of less than the true market value. There may be ca· . , where, as for instance, under' agrarian reform legislation, the holder ofland may, legitimately, as a matter of social justice D with a view to eliminating concentration ofland in the hands of a few and bringing about its equitabl · distribution, be deprived ofl.md which is not being personally cultivated by him or which is in excess of the ceiling area with payment of little compensation or no compensation at all, but where land is acquired underthe LandAcquisitionAct, 1894. it would not be E fair and just to deprive the holder of his land without payment of the true market value when the law, in so many terms, declares that he shall be raid such market value ....

I 0. In Krishi Ulpadan Mandi Samiti v. Kanhaiya Lal ((2000) 7 SCC 756], this Court held that under the amended provisions of F Section 25 of the Act, the Court can grant a higher compensation than claimed by the applicant in his plcadings- 11. Further, in Bhimasha v. Special Land Acquisition Officer and Ors. [(2008) l 0 SCC 797], a three-Judge bench reiterated the principle in Bhag Singh (supra) and rejected the contention that a G higher compensation than claimed by the owner in his pleadings cannot be awarded by the Court.. ... (Emphasis supplied)" 6. Matter can be looked into from another angle as well, viz., in H 548 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] I I S.C.R. A the light of the spint contained in Section 28A of the Act. This provision reads as under:

"(I) Wherein an award under this Part, the Court allows to the applicant any amount of compensation m excess of the amount awarded by the Collector under Section IL the persons interested B in all the other land covered by the same notification under Section 4, sub-section ( l) and who are also aggrieved by the award of the Collector may, notwithstanding that they had not made an application to the Collector under Section 18. by written application to the Collector within three months from the date of the award c of the court require that the amount of compensation payable to them may be re-determined on the basis of the amount of compensation awarded by the court. ..... " It transpires from the bare reading of the aforesaid provision that even in the absence of exemplars and other evidence, higher compensation can be allowed for others whose land was acquired under D the same Notification.

7. The purpose and objective behind the aforesaid provision is salutary in nature. 1t is kept in mind that those land owners who arc agriculturist in most of the cases, and whose land is acquired for public purpose should get fair compensation. Once a particular rate of E compensation is judicially determined. whi.ch becomes a fair compensation, benefit thereof is to be given even to those who could not approach the court. It is with this aim the aforesaid provision is incorporated by the Legislature. Once we keep the aforesaid purpose in mind, the mere fact that the compensation which was claimed by some of the villagers was at lesser rate than the compensation which is F ultimately determined to be fair compensation, should not be a ground to deny such persons appropriate and fair compensation on the ground that they claimed compensation at a lesser rate. In such cases, strict rule of pleadings arc not be made applicable and rendering substantial justice to the parties has to be the paramount consideration. It is to be kept in mind G that in the matter of compulsory acquisition oflands by the Government, the villagers whose land gets acquired arc not willing parties. It was not their voluntary act to sell of their land. They were compelled to give the land to the State for public purpose. For this purpose, the consideration which is to be paid to them is also not of their choice. On the contrary, as per the scheme of the Act, the rate at which compensation should be H NARENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 549

[A. K. SIKRI, J.] paid to the peb. '"s divested of their land is determined by the Land A Acquisition Collector. Scheme further provides that his determination is subject to judicial scrutiny in the form ofrefcrence to the District Judge and appeal to the High Court etc. ln order to ensure that the land owners are given proper compensation, the Act provides for •fair compensation'. Once such a fair compensation is determined judicially, all land owners Bwhose land was taken away by the same Notification should become the beneficiary thereof. Not only it is an aspect of good governance, failing to do so would also amount to discrimination by giving different treatment to the persons though identically situated. On technical grounds, like the one adopted by the High Court in the impugned judgment, this fair treatment cannot be denied to them. c 8. No doubt the judicial system that prevails is based on adversarial form of adjudication. At the same time, recognising the demerits and limitations of adversarial litigation, clements of social context adjudication are brought into the decision making process, particularly, when it comes to administering justice to the marginalised section of the society. D

9. History demonstrates that various forms of conflict resolution have been institutionalized from time to time. Presently, in almost all civil societies, disputes are resolved through courts, though the judicial system maybe different in different jurisdictions. Traditionally, our justice delivery system is adversarial in nature. Of late, capabilities and method of this E adversarial justice system arc questioned and a feeling of disillusionment and frustration is witnessed among the people. After all, what is the purpose of having a judicial mechanism - it is to advance justice. Warren Burger once said: "The obligation of the legal profession is ... to serve as healers of F human conflict...(wc) should provide mechanisms that can produce an acceptable result in shortest possible time, with the least possible expense and with a mi 11imum of stress on the participants. That is what justice is all about." 10. Prof. (Dr.) N.R. Madhava Menon explains the meaning and G contour of social justice ad; udication as the application of equality jurisprudence evolved by the Parliament and the Supreme Court in myriad situations presented before courts where unequal parties arc pitted in adversarial proceedings and where courts are called upon to dispense equal justice. Apart from the socio-economic inequalities accentuating H 550 SUPREME COURT Rt,l'ORTS [2U17J II S.C.R.

A the disabilities of the poor in an unequal fight, the adversarial process itself operates to the disadvantage of the weaker party. In such a situation, the Court has to be not only sen,itive to the inequalities of parties involved but also positively inclined to the weaker party if the imbalance were not to result in miscarriage ofjusticc. The Courts, in such situations, generally invoke the principle of fairness and equality which arc essential for B dispensingJ ustice. Purposive interpretation is given to subserve the ends of justice particularly when the cases of vulnerable groups arc decided. The Court has to keep in mind the 'problem solving approach' by adopting therapeutic approaches to the maximum extent the law permits rather than 'just deciding' cases, thereby bridging the gap between law and c life, between law and justice. Tli-· notion of access to justice is to be taken in a broader sense. The objective is to render justice to the needy and that means fair solutions to the conflict thereby providing real access to.'justicc'.

11. Justice is a core value ofany judicial system. It is the ultimate D aim in the decision making process. In post-traditional liberal democratic theories of justice, the background assumption is that all humans have equal value and should, therefore, be treated as equal, as well as by equal laws. This can be described as 'Reflective Equilibrium'. The method of Reflective Equilibrium was first introduced by Nelson Goodman in 'Fact, Fiction and Forecast'(l955). However, it is John Rawls who E elaborated this method of Reflective Equilibrium by introducing the concept of 'Justice as Fairness'. While on the one hand, we have the doctrine of 'justice as ji1irness ', as propounded by John Rawls and elaborated by various jurists thereafter in the field of law and political philosophy, we also have the notion of 'Distributive Justice 'propounded F by Hume which aims at achieving a society producing maximum happiness or net satisfaction. When we combine Rawls's notion of 'Justice as Fairness' with the notions of 'Distributive Justice·, to which Noble Laureate Prof. Arnartya Sen has also subscribed, we get jurisprudential basis for achicvingjust results for doing justice to the weaker section of the society. G

12. From the human rights perspective, persons belonging to the weaker sections are disadvantaged people who are unable to acquire and use their rights because of poverty, social or other constraints. They are not in a position to approach the courts even when their rights are violated; they are victimized or deprived of their legitimate due. Herc H NNlENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 551 [A. K. SIKRI, J.J lies the importance of access to jw;tice for socially and economically A disadvantaged people. When such people are denied the basic right of survival and access to justice, it further aggravates their poverty. Therefore, even in order to eliminate poverty, access to justice to the poor sections of the society becomes imperative. In the instant case, it is the poverty which compelled the appellants to restrict the claim to Rs.115/ B - per sq. yard, as they were not in a position to pay the court fee on a higher amount. 13. It is the aforesaid weighty consideration which justify award of compensation to the appellants at the rate of Ri;.297 /- per square yards. Though, the aforesaid reasons arc enough to allow the appeals, in the present case, there is yet another additional circumstance which C justifies this outcome.

14. This Court in Civil Appeal No. 1506-1517of2016 tit!cdPardccp Kumar etc. etc. v. NOIDA which pertains to subsequent acquisition proceeding in the same vilh1ge Makanpur, but falling under NOIDA, h;id on 16th February, 2016 set aside the order passed by the High Court of D Judicature at Allahabad and remanded the matter back to the High Court for reconsideration in view of the judgments passed by the coordinate benches of the same High Court in Kashi Ram's case as well as other cases. The High Court, after the remand vidc its judgment dated 11" April, 2016 in First Appeal No. 522 of2009 titled, Pardeep Kumar and E Others vs. State of U.P. & Anr. awarded the same enhanced compensation at the rate of Rs. 297/- per sq. Yard even in the same case also. The High Court while awarding the compensation at the same rate held: "27. Therefore, one of the questions which needs to be examined F by us is, can the appellants be denied the same rate of compensation only because the filed by them before the reference court did not disclose the rate which they seek now in terms of the judgment of the High Court in the case of Ghaziabad Development Authority (supra). Kanshi Ram case. G xxx xxx xxx 29. It is settled law that the compensation under the Act, 1894 had to be fair and just. Fairness requires that all those similarly situated are treated similarly. Technicalities qua rate as per exemplars filed by poor farmers, who arc illiterate, has to be given H

552 SJ!PREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 11 S.C.R. A only such importance as may not defeat their right of fair and just , compensation qua compulsory acquisition ofland holdings. 30. The determination of acquisition at the rate ofRs.297/- per square yard in the case of Gha.riabad Development Authority (supra) Kashi Ram case has therefore, to be taken as the fair B rate determined for the land situated in the village Makanpur with regard to the notification issued on 12th September, 1986 as well as under Notification dated 15th March, 1988." 15. The High Court, in the process, also took aid of Section 28 of the Act. Thus. even those villagers whose land was acquired subsequently, c arc given compensation at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards. Depriving this rutc to the appellants herein would be nothing but travesty ofjustice. 16. Simply because the appellants had paid court fee on the claim at the rntc of Rs.115/- square yards could not be the reason to deny the D compensation at a higher rate. This could be taken care of by directing the appellants to pay the difference in court fee after calculating the same at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards.

17. In fine, the judgment of the High Court is set aside and these appeals arc allowed holding that appellants arc also entitled to E compensation ut the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards. The difference in compensation along with other statutory benefits under the Act shall be calculated and paid to the appellants within a period of three months from today. It is also dircotcd that the appellants shall make good in deficiency of court fee before the High Court. Appellants shall also be entitled to costs of these appeals. F Ankit Gyan Appi:als allowed.

(2017] l 1 S.C.R. 540 A NARENDRA & ORS. v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS. (Civil Appeal Nos. I 0429-l 0430of2017) B SEPTEMBER 11 . 2017 [A. K. SIKIU AND ASHOK BHUSHAN, JJ.J

land Acquisition Act, 1894 - ss.4(1), 6(1) and 28 - Fair compensation - Grant of- land uf the appellants acquired by the c State - land Acquisition Officer determined the market value of the land at the rate of Rs.50 per sq. yds. - Unsatisfied with the value determined, appe//ams as well as other villagers sought reference u/s.18 of the Act -District Judge increased the rate of compensation 10 Rs. 90 per sq. yd,, - Unsatisfied with increase in compensalion, appeals were filed - Appellants claimed that compensation be D enhanced to Rs.115 per sq. yds. and some other land owners i/owever. claimed higher compensation - High Court found merit in the appeals filed by the others and raised compensation at the raze of Rs.297 per S<f. yds. - Howeve1; the High Court limited the compensation to Rs. I 15 per sq. yd,. of zhe present appellants because the appellants had demanded compensation at that rateE only and had paid the court fees accordingly - On appeal, held: The mere fact that the compensation which was claimed by some of 1he villagers was al lesser rate than lhe compensation which is ultimately determined to be fair compensation, should no/ be a ground to deny such persons appropriate and f£1ir compensalion F on the grottn<I that 1he.v c/ain11.!<l co111pensativ11 at a lesser rate - Jn such cases. s1rict rule of pleadings are not be made applicable and rendering s11bsta11tial justice to the parties has to be the paramount consideratio11 - Once such a fair compensation is determined judicially, all land owners whose land was taken away by the same Notijicalion should become the beneficiary thereof- Not only it isG an (l.lpect of good governance, j(1iling lo do so would ulso amount to discrimination h_v giving different treatment to the persons though identically situated - On technical ground,, like the one adopted hy the High Court in the impugned judgment, this fair treatment cannot be denied lo them - Simply because the appellants had paid H

540 NARENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 541 court fee on the claim at the rate of Rs.115/- sq. yds. could not be A the reason to deny the compensation at a higher rate - Appellants directed to pay the difference in court fee after calculating the same at the rate of Rs.2971- per sq. yds. - Judgment of the High Court set aside. Administration of Justice - Justice delivetJ' system - Social B Justice - Discussed. T'Vi>rds and Phrases - 'Reflective Equilibrium' - Discussed. Allowing the appeals, the Court

HELD: 1. The purpose and objective behind the s.28, Land C Acquisition Act, 1894 is salutary in nature. It is kept in mind that those land owners who arc agriculturist in most of the cases, and whose land is ac<1uircd for public purpose should get fair compensation. Once a particular rate of compensation is judicially determined, which becomes a fair compensation, benefit thereof is to be given even to those who could not approach the court. D It is with this aim the aforesaid provision is incorporated by the Legislature. The mere fact that the compensation which was claimed by some or the villagers was at lesser rate than the compensation which is ultimately determined to be fair compensation, should not be a ground to deny such persons E appropriate and fair compensation on the ground that they claimed compensation at a lesser rate. In such cases, strict rule of pleadings arc not be made applicable and rendering substantial justice to the parties has to be the paramount consideration. It is to be kept in mind that in the matter of compulsory acquisition or lands by the Government, the villagers whose land gets F acquired arc not willing parties. It was not their voluntary act to sell of their land. They were compelled to give the land to the State for public purpose. For this purpose, the consideration which is to be paid to them is also not of their choice. On the contrary, as per the scheme of the Act, the rate at which compensation G should he paid to the persons divested of their land is determined by the Land Acquisition Collector. Scheme further provides that his detcrmina.tion is subject to judicial scrutiny in the form of reference to the District Judge and appeal to the High Court etc. Jn order to ensure that the land owners are given proper H

542 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A compensation, the Act provides for 'fair compensation'. Once such a fair compensation is determined judicially, all land owners whose land was taken away by the same Notification should become the beneficiary thereof. Not only it is an aspect of good governance, failing to do so would also amount to discrimination by giving different treatment to the persons though identically B situated. On technical grounds, like the one adopted by the High Court in the impugned judgment, this fair treatment cannot be denied to them. (Para 7](548-E-G; 549-A-B) 2. No doubt the judicial system that prevails is based on adversarial form of adjudication. At the same time, recognising c the demerits and limitations of adversarial litigation, clements of social context adjudication are brought into the decision making process, particularly, when it comes to administering justice to the marginalised section of the society. [Para 8)[549-C-D)

3. Justice is a core rnlue of any judicial system. It is the D ultimate aim in the decision making process. In post-traditional liberal democratic theories of justice, the background assumption is that all humans have equal value and should, therefore, be treated as equal, as well as by equal laws. This can be described as 'Reflective Equilibrium'. The method of Reflective Equilibrium E was lirst introduced by Nelson Goodman in 'Fact, Fiction and Forecast' (1955). However, it is John Rawls who elaborated this method of Rcflecth·e Equilibrium by introducing the concept of •Justice as Fairness'. While on the one hand, there is the doctrine of 'justice as fairness', as propounded by John Rawls and elaborated by various jurists thereafter in the field of law and F political philosophy, there is also the notion of 'Distributive Justice' propounded by Hume which aims at achieving a society producing maximum happiness or net satisfaction. When one combines Rawls's notion of 'Justice as Fairness' with the notions of 'Distributive Justice', to which Noble Laureate Prof. Amartya G Sen has also subscribed, one gets jurisprudential basis for achieving just results for doing justice to the weaker section of the society. (Para 11)[550-D-F]

4. From the human rights perspective, persons belonging to the weaker sections arc disadvantaged people who are unable to acquire and use their rights because of poverty, social or other H NARENDRA v. STATE Of UTTAR PRADESH 543 constraints. They arc not in a position to approach the courts A even whc•. their rights arc violated; they arc victimized or deprived uf their legitimate due. Herc lies the importance of access . to justice for socially and economically dbadvantagcd people. When such people arc denied the basic right of survival and access to justice, it further aggravates their poverty. Therefore, B even in order to eliminate poverty, access to justice to the poor sections of the society becomes imperative. In the instant case, it is the poverty which compelled the appellants to restrict the claim to Rs.115/- per sq. yard, as they were not in a position to pay the court fee on a higher amount. (Para 12](550-G-H; 551-A-B] C

5. It is the aforesaid weighty consideration which justify award of compensation to the appellants at the rate of Rs.297/-pcr square yards. Simply because the appellants had paid court fee on the claim at the rate of Rs. HS/- square yards could not be the reason to deny the compensation at a higher rate. This could D he taken care of by directing the appellants to pay the difference in court fee after calculating the same at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards. Further, it is also directed that the appellants shall make good in deficiency of court fee before the High Court. [Paras 13, 16 and 17((551-B; 552-D-E[ E Ashok Kumar and Another v. State of Hm:vana (2016) 4 SCC 544 : [2016] 1 SCR 1084 - relied on. Case Law Reference . [2016) 1 SCR 1084 relied on Paras F CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. !0429-10430of2017. From the Judgment and Order dated 05.12.2014 and 07.l 0.2016 by the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in First Appeal Defective No. 451of1999 and Civil Misc. Review Application No. 19629 of2015. G Pradccp Kant. Sr. Adv., Divyanshu Sahay. Rohit Kumar Singh, Advs. for the Appellants. Basava Prabhu Patil, Sr. Adv., Rakesh Uttamchandra Upadhyay, Adv. for the Respondents. H 544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017J l l S.C.R.

A The Judgment of the Cowt was delivered by A. K. SIKRI, J. I. A very limited, but pertinent, quest10n oflaw arises for consideration in these appeals. Land of the appellants was acquired by the Government ofUttar Pradesh vide Notification dated 12th September. l 986 issued under Section 4(1) of the Land Acquisition B Act, l 894 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Act'). It was followed by the declaration dated 24th February, 1988 issued under Section 6(1) of the Act. It may be mentioned that vide the aforesaid Notification, large tracts of land were acquired, belonging to various land owners/villagers of Village Makanpur Paragana Loni, Tehsil - Dadri, District Ghaziabad, c Uttar Pradesh for planned development ofVaishali. After the acquisition of this land, it was handed over to Ghaziabad Development Authority (for short, 'ODA') for development.

2. The award dated 18th January, l 990 was passed by the Special Land Acquisition Officer determining the market value of the acquired land at the rate of Rs. 50 per square yard. The appellants as well as D other villagers were not satisfied with the rates so fixed and, therefore, sought the reference under Section 18 of the Act. Matter was referred to the Additional District Jml~e, Ghaziabad for determination of market value of the acquired land. Reference court, vide its judgment and order dated 19th April. l 999, increased the rate of compensation from Rs.50/ E - per sq. yards to Rs.90/- per square yards. Even this increase in the compensation was not to the satisfaction of the land owners. Various appeals came to be filed. Appeals were also filed by these appellants claiming that the compensation be enhanced to Rs. l 15/- per square yards. Some of the other land owners whose lands were acquired, however, had claimed higher compensation. The first batch of appeals F filed by others was decided by the High Court by judgment dated 13th November, 2014. The High Court found merit in those appeals and fixed the compensation at the rntc of Rs.297/- per square yards. When the appeals of the appellants herein came up for hearing before the High Court. the High Court took n<>te of'ts earlier judgment and accepted the G fact that the land of the appell.ints was acquired by the same Notification vide which land of others was acquired wherein the High Court had awarded the compensation at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards. Notwithstanding the same, insofar as the appellants are concerned. the High Cowt has limited the compensation to Rs.115/- rcr square yards because of the reasoning that the appellant had demanded compensation H

NARENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 545 [A. K. SIKRI, J.] at that rate only and had paid the court fees also accordingly. Therefore, A opined the High Court, it was difficult to allow compensation at a rate higher than the rate claimed by the appellants. , 3. In this backdrop, the question that falls for consideration is as to whether the High Court was precluded from granting compensation at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards which was the rate of B compensation awarded to other farmers of the said village whose lands were acquired under the same Notification and were similarly situated. 4. Before proceeding to discuss the aforesaid question, we may mention that insofar as the order of the High Court fixing compensation at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards is concerned, special leave c petition was filed by the GDA which was dismissed by this Court. Review thereof was sought which was also dismissed. Even the curative petition filed by the GDA came to be dismissed. Thus, the order of the High Court granting compensation at the rate ofRs.297/- per square yards in respect of these acquisition proceedings has attained finality. D

5. After hearing the counsel for the parties, we are of the opinion that the issue has already been settled by this Court in Ashok K11111ar am/ Another vs. State ofHarya11a 1 wherein it is held that it is the duty of the Court to award just and fair compensation taking into consideration true market value and other relevant factors, irrespective of claim made by the land owner and there is no cap on the maximum rate of E compensation that can be awarded by the court and the courts are not restricted to awarding only that amount that has been claimed by the land owners/applicants in their application before it. The relevant paras of this judgment is quoted as under: "6. Prior to amendment Act 68 of 1984, the amount of F compensation that could be awarded by the Court was limited to the amount claimed by the applicant. Section 25 read as under-Section 25. Rules as to amount of compensation - (I) When the applicant has made a claim to compensation, pursuant to any notice given Under Section 9, the amount awarded to him by the court Cl shall not exceed the amount so claimed or be less than the amount awarded by the Collector Under Section 11. (2) When the applicant has refused to make such claim or has '(2016) 4 sec 544 H 546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l I S.C.R. A omitted w1li1vut sufficient reason (to be allowed by the Judge) to make such claim, the amount awarded by the court shall in no case exceed the amount awarded by the Collector.

(3) When the applicant has omitted for a sufficient reason (to be allowed by the Judge) to make such claim, the amount awarded B to him by the court shall not be less than, and may exceed, the amount awarded by the Collector. The amended Section 25 reads as under: "Section 25. Amount of compensation awarded by Court not c amountto be lowerof compensationthan the amountawardedawardedby theby theCourtCollector-shall notThebe less than the amount awarded by the Collector under Section 11 ." The amendment has come into effect on 24.09.1984. 7. The pre-amended provision put a cap on the maximum: the 0 compensation by court should not be beyond the amount claimed. The amendment in 1984, on the contrary.put a cap on the minimum; compensation cannot be less that what was awarded by th, Land Acquisition Collector. The cap on maximum having been expressly omitted. and the cap that is put is only on minimum, it is clear that E the amount of compensation that a court can award is no longer restricted to the amount claimed by the applicant. It is the duty of the Court to award just and fair comrensation taking into consideration the true market value and other relevant factors, irrespective of the claim made by the owner. F 8. xxx xxx xxx 9. In Bhag Singh and Ors. v. Union Territory of Chandigarh [( 1985) 3 SCC 737], this Cou11 held that there may be situations where the amount higher than claimed may be awarded to the claimant. The Court obscrvcd-

G "3 .... It must be remembered that this was not a dispute between two private citizens where it would be quite just and legitimate to confi : the claimant to the claim made by him and not to award him any higher amount than that claimed though even in such a case there may be situations where an H NARENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 547 [A. K. SIKRI, J.]

amount higher than that claimed can be awarded to the claimant A as for instance where an amount is claimed as due at the foot ofan account. Here was a claim made by the Appellants against the State Government for compensation for acquisition of their land and under the law, the State was bound to pay to the Appellants compensation on the basis of the market value of B the land acquired and if according to the judgments of the learned single Judge and the Division Bench, the market value of the land acquired was higher than that awarded by the Land Acquisition Collector or the Additional District Judge, there is no reason why the Appellants should have been denied the benefit of payment of the market value so determined. To deny C this benefit to the Appellants would tantamount to permitting the State Government to acquire the land of the Appellants on payment of less than the true market value. There may be ca· . , where, as for instance, under' agrarian reform legislation, the holder ofland may, legitimately, as a matter of social justice D with a view to eliminating concentration ofland in the hands of a few and bringing about its equitabl · distribution, be deprived ofl.md which is not being personally cultivated by him or which is in excess of the ceiling area with payment of little compensation or no compensation at all, but where land is acquired underthe LandAcquisitionAct, 1894. it would not be E fair and just to deprive the holder of his land without payment of the true market value when the law, in so many terms, declares that he shall be raid such market value ....

I 0. In Krishi Ulpadan Mandi Samiti v. Kanhaiya Lal ((2000) 7 SCC 756], this Court held that under the amended provisions of F Section 25 of the Act, the Court can grant a higher compensation than claimed by the applicant in his plcadings- 11. Further, in Bhimasha v. Special Land Acquisition Officer and Ors. [(2008) l 0 SCC 797], a three-Judge bench reiterated the principle in Bhag Singh (supra) and rejected the contention that a G higher compensation than claimed by the owner in his pleadings cannot be awarded by the Court.. ... (Emphasis supplied)" 6. Matter can be looked into from another angle as well, viz., in H 548 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] I I S.C.R. A the light of the spint contained in Section 28A of the Act. This provision reads as under:

"(I) Wherein an award under this Part, the Court allows to the applicant any amount of compensation m excess of the amount awarded by the Collector under Section IL the persons interested B in all the other land covered by the same notification under Section 4, sub-section ( l) and who are also aggrieved by the award of the Collector may, notwithstanding that they had not made an application to the Collector under Section 18. by written application to the Collector within three months from the date of the award c of the court require that the amount of compensation payable to them may be re-determined on the basis of the amount of compensation awarded by the court. ..... " It transpires from the bare reading of the aforesaid provision that even in the absence of exemplars and other evidence, higher compensation can be allowed for others whose land was acquired under D the same Notification.

7. The purpose and objective behind the aforesaid provision is salutary in nature. 1t is kept in mind that those land owners who arc agriculturist in most of the cases, and whose land is acquired for public purpose should get fair compensation. Once a particular rate of E compensation is judicially determined. whi.ch becomes a fair compensation, benefit thereof is to be given even to those who could not approach the court. It is with this aim the aforesaid provision is incorporated by the Legislature. Once we keep the aforesaid purpose in mind, the mere fact that the compensation which was claimed by some of the villagers was at lesser rate than the compensation which is F ultimately determined to be fair compensation, should not be a ground to deny such persons appropriate and fair compensation on the ground that they claimed compensation at a lesser rate. In such cases, strict rule of pleadings arc not be made applicable and rendering substantial justice to the parties has to be the paramount consideration. It is to be kept in mind G that in the matter of compulsory acquisition oflands by the Government, the villagers whose land gets acquired arc not willing parties. It was not their voluntary act to sell of their land. They were compelled to give the land to the State for public purpose. For this purpose, the consideration which is to be paid to them is also not of their choice. On the contrary, as per the scheme of the Act, the rate at which compensation should be H NARENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 549

[A. K. SIKRI, J.] paid to the peb. '"s divested of their land is determined by the Land A Acquisition Collector. Scheme further provides that his determination is subject to judicial scrutiny in the form ofrefcrence to the District Judge and appeal to the High Court etc. ln order to ensure that the land owners are given proper compensation, the Act provides for •fair compensation'. Once such a fair compensation is determined judicially, all land owners Bwhose land was taken away by the same Notification should become the beneficiary thereof. Not only it is an aspect of good governance, failing to do so would also amount to discrimination by giving different treatment to the persons though identically situated. On technical grounds, like the one adopted by the High Court in the impugned judgment, this fair treatment cannot be denied to them. c 8. No doubt the judicial system that prevails is based on adversarial form of adjudication. At the same time, recognising the demerits and limitations of adversarial litigation, clements of social context adjudication are brought into the decision making process, particularly, when it comes to administering justice to the marginalised section of the society. D

9. History demonstrates that various forms of conflict resolution have been institutionalized from time to time. Presently, in almost all civil societies, disputes are resolved through courts, though the judicial system maybe different in different jurisdictions. Traditionally, our justice delivery system is adversarial in nature. Of late, capabilities and method of this E adversarial justice system arc questioned and a feeling of disillusionment and frustration is witnessed among the people. After all, what is the purpose of having a judicial mechanism - it is to advance justice. Warren Burger once said: "The obligation of the legal profession is ... to serve as healers of F human conflict...(wc) should provide mechanisms that can produce an acceptable result in shortest possible time, with the least possible expense and with a mi 11imum of stress on the participants. That is what justice is all about." 10. Prof. (Dr.) N.R. Madhava Menon explains the meaning and G contour of social justice ad; udication as the application of equality jurisprudence evolved by the Parliament and the Supreme Court in myriad situations presented before courts where unequal parties arc pitted in adversarial proceedings and where courts are called upon to dispense equal justice. Apart from the socio-economic inequalities accentuating H 550 SUPREME COURT Rt,l'ORTS [2U17J II S.C.R.

A the disabilities of the poor in an unequal fight, the adversarial process itself operates to the disadvantage of the weaker party. In such a situation, the Court has to be not only sen,itive to the inequalities of parties involved but also positively inclined to the weaker party if the imbalance were not to result in miscarriage ofjusticc. The Courts, in such situations, generally invoke the principle of fairness and equality which arc essential for B dispensingJ ustice. Purposive interpretation is given to subserve the ends of justice particularly when the cases of vulnerable groups arc decided. The Court has to keep in mind the 'problem solving approach' by adopting therapeutic approaches to the maximum extent the law permits rather than 'just deciding' cases, thereby bridging the gap between law and c life, between law and justice. Tli-· notion of access to justice is to be taken in a broader sense. The objective is to render justice to the needy and that means fair solutions to the conflict thereby providing real access to.'justicc'.

11. Justice is a core value ofany judicial system. It is the ultimate D aim in the decision making process. In post-traditional liberal democratic theories of justice, the background assumption is that all humans have equal value and should, therefore, be treated as equal, as well as by equal laws. This can be described as 'Reflective Equilibrium'. The method of Reflective Equilibrium was first introduced by Nelson Goodman in 'Fact, Fiction and Forecast'(l955). However, it is John Rawls who E elaborated this method of Reflective Equilibrium by introducing the concept of 'Justice as Fairness'. While on the one hand, we have the doctrine of 'justice as ji1irness ', as propounded by John Rawls and elaborated by various jurists thereafter in the field of law and political philosophy, we also have the notion of 'Distributive Justice 'propounded F by Hume which aims at achieving a society producing maximum happiness or net satisfaction. When we combine Rawls's notion of 'Justice as Fairness' with the notions of 'Distributive Justice·, to which Noble Laureate Prof. Arnartya Sen has also subscribed, we get jurisprudential basis for achicvingjust results for doing justice to the weaker section of the society. G

12. From the human rights perspective, persons belonging to the weaker sections are disadvantaged people who are unable to acquire and use their rights because of poverty, social or other constraints. They are not in a position to approach the courts even when their rights are violated; they are victimized or deprived of their legitimate due. Herc H NNlENDRA v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH 551 [A. K. SIKRI, J.J lies the importance of access to jw;tice for socially and economically A disadvantaged people. When such people are denied the basic right of survival and access to justice, it further aggravates their poverty. Therefore, even in order to eliminate poverty, access to justice to the poor sections of the society becomes imperative. In the instant case, it is the poverty which compelled the appellants to restrict the claim to Rs.115/ B - per sq. yard, as they were not in a position to pay the court fee on a higher amount. 13. It is the aforesaid weighty consideration which justify award of compensation to the appellants at the rate of Ri;.297 /- per square yards. Though, the aforesaid reasons arc enough to allow the appeals, in the present case, there is yet another additional circumstance which C justifies this outcome.

14. This Court in Civil Appeal No. 1506-1517of2016 tit!cdPardccp Kumar etc. etc. v. NOIDA which pertains to subsequent acquisition proceeding in the same vilh1ge Makanpur, but falling under NOIDA, h;id on 16th February, 2016 set aside the order passed by the High Court of D Judicature at Allahabad and remanded the matter back to the High Court for reconsideration in view of the judgments passed by the coordinate benches of the same High Court in Kashi Ram's case as well as other cases. The High Court, after the remand vidc its judgment dated 11" April, 2016 in First Appeal No. 522 of2009 titled, Pardeep Kumar and E Others vs. State of U.P. & Anr. awarded the same enhanced compensation at the rate of Rs. 297/- per sq. Yard even in the same case also. The High Court while awarding the compensation at the same rate held: "27. Therefore, one of the questions which needs to be examined F by us is, can the appellants be denied the same rate of compensation only because the filed by them before the reference court did not disclose the rate which they seek now in terms of the judgment of the High Court in the case of Ghaziabad Development Authority (supra). Kanshi Ram case. G xxx xxx xxx 29. It is settled law that the compensation under the Act, 1894 had to be fair and just. Fairness requires that all those similarly situated are treated similarly. Technicalities qua rate as per exemplars filed by poor farmers, who arc illiterate, has to be given H

552 SJ!PREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 11 S.C.R. A only such importance as may not defeat their right of fair and just , compensation qua compulsory acquisition ofland holdings. 30. The determination of acquisition at the rate ofRs.297/- per square yard in the case of Gha.riabad Development Authority (supra) Kashi Ram case has therefore, to be taken as the fair B rate determined for the land situated in the village Makanpur with regard to the notification issued on 12th September, 1986 as well as under Notification dated 15th March, 1988." 15. The High Court, in the process, also took aid of Section 28 of the Act. Thus. even those villagers whose land was acquired subsequently, c arc given compensation at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards. Depriving this rutc to the appellants herein would be nothing but travesty ofjustice. 16. Simply because the appellants had paid court fee on the claim at the rntc of Rs.115/- square yards could not be the reason to deny the D compensation at a higher rate. This could be taken care of by directing the appellants to pay the difference in court fee after calculating the same at the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards.

17. In fine, the judgment of the High Court is set aside and these appeals arc allowed holding that appellants arc also entitled to E compensation ut the rate of Rs.297/- per square yards. The difference in compensation along with other statutory benefits under the Act shall be calculated and paid to the appellants within a period of three months from today. It is also dircotcd that the appellants shall make good in deficiency of court fee before the High Court. Appellants shall also be entitled to costs of these appeals. F Ankit Gyan Appi:als allowed.