[2017] 8 S.C.R. 498 A NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON (Criminal Appeal No. 253 of 2017) B AUGUSTOZ,2017 [KURIAN JOSEPH AND R. BANUMATHI, JJ.j Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 - s.13(2) rlw. s.JJ(l)(d)

- Criminal misconduct by a public servant - Prosecution case that C appellant-the then Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer of NOJDA (New Okhla Industrial Development Authority) had abused her position while committing grave irregularities in the matters of allotments and conversions of land in NO/DA :... Held: The prosecution has successfully proved that the appellant abused her position as a public servant to benefit herself and her kith and kin D - She not only made a mockery of rules and regulations of NO/DA, but also abused her position by completely neglecting her duties -Appellant herself bypassed the Rules and Regulations of NO/DA by submitting ante-dated, half-filled applications for seeking allotment of plots and by not paying the total amount payable in E .lieu of the allotment - Evidence on record shows revision of layout plan was carried out under the direction of the appellant to enhance the area of her plot without following the norms of consulting the Engineering Department, which was mandatory as per rules - The said change layout plan not only benefited the appellant in manifold ways but also caused huge financial loss to NO/DA - That apart, F appellant also secured allotment of two shops for her two daughters and then obtained residential plots in the name of her two major, dependent daughters, by completely defying the rules and regulations - The daughters of the appellant were not even engaged in filing their applications as their signatures were missing from G applications made on their behalf. seeking allotment, conversion etc. - Thus, appellant is guilty of obtaining valuable thing for herself and her daughters by abusing her position as a public servant. Sentence/Sentencing - Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 -s.13(2) rlw. s.J3(l)(d) - Prosecution case that appellant committed the offence of criminal misconduct by abusing her position as public H

498 NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 499 servant, being CCEO of NO/DA in the matter of allotment of shops A as well as plots in the names of her daughters who were dependent on her and as well as in the matter of allotment of resid,ential plot in her favour after closure of scheme and getting it converted with a larger plot in the most developed sector of NO/DA - High Court affirmed the conviction of appellant u/s.13(2) rlw. s.13(J)(d) of the B Act and sentenced her to undergo rigorous imprisonment for period of three years and fine of Rs.1,00,0001- - Held: The occurrence , was of the year 1994 - Appellant undergoing sentence from 14.03.2016 - Husband of appellant filed affidavit stating that the appellant surrendered her plot with building constructed in December, 2013 and physically handed over the plot along with C construction to NO/DA authority - Appellant further submitted that · she will not make any claim for refund -1,n instant case, the sentence of imprisonment of three years imposed on the appellant reduced to two years.

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s. 427 - Appellant D convicted in two different cases - One for abusing the ofjlcial position in getting the plots to herself and her daughters and making irregular changes in the site plan and the other for abusing her position as CCEO, NO/DA by conspiring with another person in allotting plot to him - In the first case, appellant convicted u/s.13(2) rlw. s.13(1)(d) of the P.C. Act and sentenced to R.I.Jor three years E and fine of Rs.1,00,0001- with default clause - lri the second case; convicted u!s.1208 and s.13(2) r!w. s.13(J)(d) of the P.C. Act and sentenced to R.l. for three years with a fine of Rs.50,0001- and similar imprisonment for conviction uls.1208 !PC ~ Appellant pleaded that the sentence of imprisonment imposed upon her in the F two cases may be ordered to run concurrently - Held: The sentencing Court has the discretion to direct concurrency - The investiture of such discretion presupposes that it will be exercised on sound principles and not on whims~ In the Cr.P.C., there are no guidelines or specific provisions to suggest under what circumstances the various sentences of imprisonment shall be directed to run G concurrently or consecutively - Instant case is one covered uls.427 Cr.P. C. - In facts and circumstances of the case, it is not justifiable to direct concurrency of sentence - Any unprincipled exercise of judicial discretion and casual direction regarding concurrency would H

500 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 8 S.C.R. A go against the express provisions of the PC Act and the Cr.PC. -Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 -ss.13(l)(d), 13(2). Prevention of Corruption - Kinds of corruption - Nepotism -Deprecated by the Court. Partly allowing the appeal, the Court B

HELD: 1.1 The prosecution has successfully proved that the appellant abused her position as a public servant to benefit herself and her kith and kin. She not only made a mockery of rules and regulations of NOIDA, but also misused her position by completely neglecting her duties. Being a Chairman-cum-CEO C of NOIDA she was expected to ensure that the allotment of plots in NOIDA are effected in strict compliance with the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA. However, the appellant herself bypassed the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA by submitting ante dated, half-filled applications for seeking allotment of plots and by not D paying the total amount payable in lieu of the allotment. There is no justification as to why the defective application of the appellant seeking allotment of a residential plot was acted upon and same was allotted to her, especially when the appellant had not even adhered to the requisite mode of payment through a demand draft/ Pay order and had instead made deficient payment through cheque. E Also there is no justification as to how deficient lease rent paid by the appellant in lieu of her allotment was accepted against the full payment requisite in the Rules. (Para 4511524-B-El

1.2 The prosecution has clearly proved that the application of the appellant was not included in the list of applications which F were sent to the Bank along with the demand drafts after the cut-off date. In fact it is proved that her cheque was sent for collection after seven days on 28.03.1994. These facts point at the sole inference that the ante-dated application of the appellant was filed only after the dosure of the scheme, thereby indicating that the G appellant put herself above the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA. (Para 461(524-Fl 1.3 It is also proved by the prosecution that the appellant effortlessly got her smaller plot converted to a bigger plot in another sector, measuring 450 sq.m. and thereafter, enhanced H the area of the plot by 37% by illegal means and by abusing her NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 501 position leading to a total area of 562.50 sq.m. Evidence on record A shows that revision of layout plan of one Sector was carried under the direction of the appellant and that too without following the norms of consulting the Engineering Department of NOIDA, which was mandatory as per the rules. The said change in t~e layout plan not only benefitted the appellant in manifold ways but B also caused huge financial loss to NOIDA, as an unnumbered plot was considerably reduced in size and deformed in shape, thereby rendering it completely useless for NOIDA.[Para 471(524-G-H; 525-A-BJ

1.4 Apart from the above mentioned instances of abuse of position, the appellant also secured allotment of two shops for C her two daughters and then obtained residential plots in the name of her two major, dependent daughters, by completely defying the rules and regulations. The appellant managed to seek allotment of shops in the favour of her daughters by herself preferring defective applications on their behalf and making D payments in lieu of the same, with the sole objective of securing a residential plot in lieu of the shops. The prosecution was successful in proving that the daughters of the appellant were dependant on the appellant and that they had purchased the shops and residential plots only out of the money contributed by the appellant and her husband. This amounts to grave violation of E Rules of NOIDA and being a CCEO of NOIDA, the appellant is guilty of obtaining valuable thing for herself and her daughters by abusing her position as a public servant. The daughters of the appellant were not even engaged in filing their applications as their signatures are missing from applications made on their F behalf, seeking allotment, conversion etc. (Para 4811525-C-El

1.5 The appellant acted in breach of rules and regulations of NOIDA, causing financial losses to NOIDA and valuable things were obtained by the appellant and her daughters. The fact that the appellant acted in flagrant violation of the rules, by giving a G complete go-by to the public interest to promote her individual interest, shows that she abused her position to gain undue advantage to herself and to cause loss to NOIDA. An attitude to abuse the official position to gain advantage to herself and this misuse of position erodes collective faith of the people in the H 502 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A system. Corruption paralyses the functioning of the key areas of the State administration. [Para 491[525-F-GJ

1.6 A particular kind of corruption that has become more rampant of late is nepotism to promote the interests of those near and dear to them. Nepotism is in a sense a greater evil B since it involves dispersal of favours by patrons amongst their arm coterie, depriving others of a career or office they deserve more. The practice of promoting the interest of few individuals to the detriment of many others is wholly reprehensible and deserves to be condemned. [Para 50)[525-H; 526-A-BI c 1. 7 Upon consideration of the evidence on record, it is clear that the concurrent findings recorded by the trial court as well as by the High Court are based upon proper appraisal of facts and evidence and the concurrent findings do not suffer from any error warranting interference. [Para 581 [529-G-HI D 2.1 Section 427 Cr.P.C. deals with sentence passed on an offender who is already sentenced for another offence. The power conferred on the Court under Section 427 to order concurrent sentence is discretionary. The salutary principle adopted by the Court is the totality of the sentences. The maximum sentence awarded in one case against the same accused is relevant E consideration while giving concurrent sentence in another case. The policy of the legislature is that normally the sentencing should be done consecutively. Only in appropriate cases, considering the facts of the case, the Court can make the sentence concurrently with an earlier sentence imposed. A person F sentenced to imprisonment must, for the purpose of Section 427 Cr.P.C., be deemed to be undergoing that sentence from the very moment the sentence is passed. The accused may be on bail or in custody in the earlier case at the time of passing of the subsequent sentence. [Para 651[532-F-H; 533-AI G 2.2 The sentencing Court has the discretion to direct concurrency. The investiture of such discretion, presupposes that it will be exercised on sound principles and not on whims. In the Criminal Procedure Code, there are no guidelines or specific provisions to suggest under what circumstances the various sentences of imprisonment shall be directed to run H

NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 503 concurrently or consecutively. There is no strait jacket formula A· for the Court to follow in the matter of issue or refusal of .a direction within the contemplation of Section 427(1) Cr.P.C. Whether or not a direction ought to be issued in a given case would depend upon the nature of the offence or offences committed. [Para 66)(533-B-C) B 3. This instant case is covered under Section 427 Cr.P.C.

The appellant has been convicted in two different cases, one· of abusing the official position in getting the plots allotted to herself and her daughters and other irregularities in making changes in the site plan and another one in abusing her position as CEO, Noida conspired with another person in allotting plot to him. C Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case and considering the nature of allegations, it is not justifiable to direct concurrency of sentence. Any unprincipled exercise of judicial discretion and casual direction made regarding concurrency would go against the express provisions of the Prevention of Corruption D Act, 1988 and the Criminal Procedure Code. [Para 6911535-E-Fl NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA and Others (2007) 10 SCC 395: NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA- and Others (2011) 6 SCC 526; NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association (Registered) v. New Okhla E Industrial Development Authority and Others (2011) 6 SCC 527; NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA and Others (2011) 6 SCC 508 : [2011) 8 SCR 25; Mano} Narula v. Union of India (2014) 9 SCC 1 : [2014] 9 SCR 965; Niranjan Hemchandra Sashittal F & Anr. v. State of Maharashtra (2013) 4 SCC 642 : · [2013] 4 SCR 767; Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan Singh and Another (2012) 3 SCC 64 : [2012) 3 SCR 52; K.C. Sareen v. C.B.J.. Chandigarh (2001) 6 SCC 584 : [2001) 1 Suppl. SCR 224; Subramanian Swamy v.

Director, Central Bureau of Investigation and Anr. G (2014) 8 SCC 682 : (2014) 6 SCR 873; Nagaraja Rao v. Central Bureau of Investigation (2015) 4 Sec 302: [2015] 12 SCR 424; V K. Bansal v. State of Haryana (2013) 7 SCC 211 : [20131 7 SCR 617; Mohd. Akhtar Hussain v. Asst. Collector, Customs (1988) 4 SCC 183 H 504 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A : [1988) 2 Suppl. SCR 747; Benson v. State of Kera/a (2016) 10 SCC 307 : (2016) 8 SCR 166; V.K. Bansal v. State of Haryana (2013) 7 SCC 211 : [2013) 7 SCR 617 - referred to. K. Prabhakaran v. P Jayarajan (2005} 1 SCC 754 : B [20051 1 SCR 296 - relied on. Case Law Reference (2007) 10 sec 395 referred to Para5 (2011) 6 sec 526 referred to Para 5 (2011) 6 sec 527 referred to Para 5 c [2011) 8 SCR 25 referred to Para5 [2014) 9 SCR 965 referred to Para 51 [20131 4 SCR 767 referred to Para 51 [20121 3 SCR 52 referred to Para 52 D [2001) 1 Suppl. SCR 224 referred to Para 53 (2014( 6 SCR 873 referred to Para 54 [20151 12 SCR 424 referred to Para 60 [2013) 7 SCR 617 referred to Para 60 [20051 1 SCR 296 relied on Para 63 E [1988) 2 Suppl. SCR 747 referred to Para 67 [20161 8 SCR 166 referred to Para 68 [201317 SCR617 referred to Para 68 CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. F 253 of2017.

From the Judgment and Order dated 24.02.2016 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Criminal Appeal No. 4837 of2012. K. V. Vishwanathan, Sr. Adv., P. V. Dinesh, Sindhu T.P., Ms. Arushi Singh, Ravi Raghunath, Bineesh K., Rajendra Beniwal, Abhishek A trey, G Advs .. for the Appellant. Ranjit Kumar, SG, Ms. Binu Tamta, Rajesh Ranjan, Ms. Kiran Bhardwaj, Sarthak S., Shouryendu Ray, Mukesh Kumar Maroria,Abhisth Kumar, Advs. for the Respondents. H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 505 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A R. BANUMATHI, J. I. This appe(ll arises out of the judgment dated 24.02.2016 passed by High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Criminal Appeal No.4837 of2012, affirming the conviction of appeilant-Neera Yadav, the then Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer (CCEO) ofNOIDA(New Okhla Industrial Development Authority) under Section B 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) of Prevention ofCorruptionAct, 1988 (for short 'P.C. Act') and sentencing her to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years and fine ofRs.1,00,000/- and in case of default in payment of fine with simple imprisonment for an additional period of four months. c 2. It is a harsh reality that corruption has become all-pervasive in the present system of bureaucracy. It is a fact that rich and powerful try to stall the trial and conviction. However, fortunately, the present case ha' 1·i sen as an exception.

' 3. It is a well known fact that New Okhla Industrial Development D Authority (N.0.1.D.A.) U.P. (hereinafter referred to as "NOIDA") was established in the year 1976 with the responsibility of developing and managing Asia's largest Integrated Industrial Township for the industrial growth of the area, under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Area Development Act, 1976 in the National Capital Region. Administration of NOIDA E was entrusted to high level public officials so as to develop a planned, integrated, modem Industrial City, well connected to Delhi through a network of roads, national highways and the ultra -modem DND flyover, offering inter - road linkages to all parts of the country. Spread over 20,316 hectares, with many sectors fully developed, NOIDA offers a pollution free, high standard ofliving and is highly supportive ofindustrial F environment with its unique infrastructure providing numerous, matchless facilities. However, the project got marred by land allotment scams worth several crores of rnpees, owing to abuse of position and power by the officials entrusted with the management and control ofNOTDA itself. In this connection, several complaints surfaced alleging irregularities in G allotments and conversions ofland in 'NOIDA'. Explanation was sought in this regard by the then Principal Secretary (Heavy Industries) of the Government ofU.P. from Appellant Neera Yadav, the then Chairperson-cum-Chief Executive Officer (CCEO) ofNOIDA. But, a final decision H

506 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 8 S.C.R. A was taken not to initiate any departmental inquiry in the matter against the officials concerned. 4. One 'NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association' sought inquiry by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in the matter and this Court vide order dated 20.01.1998 directed that the matter be investigated by B the CBI. Consequently, the CBI registered an F.I.R. Crime No. RC/ 3(A)/98-ACU-VII dated 26.02.1998 against Smt. Neera Yadav who was serving as Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer (CCEO) of NOIDA, during the relevant period viz. 10.01.1994 to 08.11.1995, and some other high officials ofNOIDA. The FIR contained allegations to C the effect that Ms. Neera Yadav in conspiracy with other officials abused her position while committing grave irregularities in the matters of allotments and conversions ofland in NOIDA.

5. In NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA and Others (2007) 10 SCC 395, this Court has appointed Mr. K. T. Thomas, retired D Judge of this Court as the sole member of the Commission to inquire into alleged irregularities in the matter of allotments and conversion of the plots. Subsequently, in NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA and Others (2011) 6 SCC 526, NO/DA Entrepreneurs Associatio11 (Registered) v. New Okhla Industrial Development Authority and Others (2011) 6 SCC 527 and NO IDA Entrepre11eurs Association v. E NOJDA and Others (201l) 6 SCC 508, this Court has issued various directions. The reference is made to these decisions only to show that the registration of FIR by CBI was pursuant to the direction of this Court. 6. Appellant-Neera Yadav held the post of Chairman-cum-Chief F Executive Officer (CCEO) ofNOIDA for the period from 10.01.1994 to 08.11.1995. During her tenure, residential scheme No. 1994(1) was announced and the date of submission ofapplication was extended up to 15.03.1994. The prosecution alleges a case of complete abuse of power in the matter of allotment of land; out of turn allotments; their illegal G conversions thereof; and unwarranted changes in layout plan of most developed Sector ofNOIDA, so as to satisfy to the whims of the appellant and thus abused her position.

7. Briefly stated the case of the prosecution is as follows:- Smt. Neera Yadav, while working as CCEO, NOIDA, abused her official H position in the matter of allotment of plot No.B-002 in Sector-32 measuring NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON S07 . [R. BANUMATHI, J .] 300 sq.ms. in the draw oflottery. Within one week, of the allotment; the A appellant made request for allotment of another plot in any developed Sector, through conversion. Based on her request, plot-No.B-002 in Sector-32 was converted to plot No.26 in Sector-l 4A ofNoida, comprising an area of 4SO sq.ms. Further case of prosecution is that at the direction ofSmt. Neera Yadav, CCEb NOIDA, the then Chief Architect Planner B (CAP) Mr. S.P. Gautam ofNOIDA put up a note dated 28.0S.1994 for revising the layout of the plot nos. 26, 27 and 28 by increasing the sizes ·of the said plots from 4SO to S62.SO sq.ms., S2S sq.ms. and 487 .SO sq.ms. · respectively. Thereby the area of plot No.26 was increased by 112.SO sq.ms. and the same was approved by the appellant Smt. Neera Yadav on 31.0S.1994, benefittingthe appellant herself. By a further change in . C the plot, a 7 .SO ms. wide road was carved to the east of plot No.26 which again resulted in benefitting the appellant.

8. Further, the appellant abused her position in getting two plots in the name of her two daughters Ms. Sanskriti and Ms. Suruchi. Shop No.9 in Sector-28 of NOIDA was allotted in the name of the eldest D unmarried daughter of Neera Yadav, Ms. Sanskriti who was studying abroad since 1991 and who had received possession of her shop through her younger sister Ms. Suruchi. She requested for issuance of the functional certificate and the same was issued immediately on the same date viz. 06,06.1994. On the strength of the ownership of shop No.9 in E Sector-28, Ms. Sanskriti had applied for allotment of a residential plot under the scheme of 1994 (ii) ofNOIDA. Consequently, plot No.B-73 in Sector-44, Noida was allotted in the name of Ms. Sanskriti which she . later on got converted to plot No.A-33.in Sector-44. Likewise, Ms. Suruchi, another daughter ofNeera Yadav, was also allotted a shop viz. shop No.74 in Sector-ls ofNoida and after obtaining possession of the F same, the shop was declared to be functional ori 28.0S.1994. On the strength of ownership of the said shop, Ms. Suruchi also applied for. allotment ofa residential plot uri.der the scheme ofl 994(iii). Consequently, ·plot No.B-88 in Sector-S 1, comprising of an area of 4SO sq.ms., was allotted in the name of Ms. Suruchi, which she subsequently got converted to plotno.A~32 adjoining toplotNo.A-33 (allotted to her sister) in Sector- G 44Noida.

9. As noted earlier, in furtherance of direction issued by the Supreme Court (20.01.1998), FIR was registered by CBI on 26.02.1998 in Crime Case No.RCNo.3(A)/98-ACU~VII inter a,fia against the H 508 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A appellant Neera Yadav alleging that she abused her position in the matter of allotment of plots, conversion of plots in her name and in the name of her daughters. Sanction was obtained under Section 19(1) of the P.C. Act, 1988 and after completion of investigation, chargesheet was filed against the appellant. B 10. To substantiate the charges against the appellant, the prosecution, apart from producing a number of documentary evidences, examined as many as thirty nine witnesses. The appellant was questioned under Section 313 Cr.P.C. about the incriminating evidence and circumstance and the appellant denied all of them. Upon consideration ofevidence, the Special Judge CBI, Ghaziabad, vide judgment and order C dated 20.11.2012 in Special Trial No.19 of2002, held that the prosecution has proved the guilt of the appellant beyond reasonable doubt and convicted the appellant under Section 13(2) read with Section 13( 1)(d) of P. C. Act and sentenced her to undergo rigorous imprisonment of three years and fine of Rs.1,00,000/, with default clause. Vide impugned order D and judgment, the High Court confirmed the conviction of the appellant and also the sentence ofimprisonment and fine imposed on the appellant.

11. Mr. K. V. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel urged that as an officer ofNOIDA, the appellant was eligible to apply for a residential plot and the appellant made her application along with the cheque of E Rs.40,000/- as registration money and that plot No.B-002, Sector-32, was lawfully allotted to the appellant. It was further submitted that conversion of plot in Sector-32 into plot No.26, Sector-14A was in compliance with relevant rules and due procedure and was not a case of illegality. F 12. Further contention of the appellant is that she never directed S.P. Gautam, the then Chief Architect Planner, NO IDA, to increase the size of her plot, or to carve out a 7.5 m. wide road between her plot and plot No.25. The said increase arose out of necessity of providing privacy and security to the Chairman, Greater Noida and thus there was no abuse of position by the appellant. It was contended that the daughters G of the appellant had applied for allotment of the shops and shops were allotted to them in the normal course and declared functional as per the rules ofNOIDA. It was further submitted that at the time of preferring application for shops and plots, the appellant's daughters were not dependent upon the appellant and they were major and income tax H assessees, having independent source of income and were thus eligible NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 509 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

for allotment of concerned shops and plots. It was urged that neither A there was any violation of rules ofNOIDA, nor any loss was caused to NO IDA due to allotment/conversion of shops and plots in favour of the appellant or in favour of her daughters. 13. The learned Solicitor General Mr. Ranjit Kumar submitted that with ma/a fide intention, appellant abused her position and managed B to get plot No.B-002 in Sector-32 after the closure.of the Scheme 1994(i) vide her incomplete application. The learned Solicitor General further urged that by abusing her position as Chief Executive Officer, the appellant managed to get the above plot converted to a bigger plot i.e. plot No.A-26, from 450 sq.ms. to 562.50 sq.ms. in a developed Sector-14A, by altering the site plan which was approved by the appellant herself on C 31.05.1994. Drawing our attention to the allotments made in favour of appellant's daughters, the learned Solicitor General further submitted that by abusing her position as CCEO; the appellant managed to get the shops allotted in the name of her daughters, fraudulently obtaining the functional certificate thereafter based on which allotment of residential D plots were made. The learned Solicitor General urged that upon consideration of the evidence and materials on record, the trial court and the High Cpurt rightly convicted the appellant and that the concurrent findin.gs warrant no interference.

14. We have considered the rival contentions and have also perused E the impugned judgment and also the materials on record. · 15. Section 13 of the P.C.Act in general lays down that ifa public servant, by corrupt or illegal means or otherwise abusing his position as a public servant obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage, he would be guilty of 'criminal misconduct'. F Sub-section (2) of Section 13 speaks of the punishment for such misconduct. Section 13(l)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the P.C. Act lays down the essentials and punishment respectively for the offence of 'criminal misconduct' by a public servant. Section 13( 1)( d) reads as . under: -, G "13. Criminal misconduct by a public servant._:_ (1) A public servant is said to commit the offence of criminal misconduct, (d) ifhe,- H 510 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A (i) by corrupt or illegal means, obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage; or (ii) by abusing his position as a public servant, obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage; or 8 (iii) while holding office as a public servant, obtains for any person aey valuable thing or pecuniary advantage without any pubtre interest; or"

A perusal of the above provision makes it clear that if the elements of any of the three sub-clauses are met, the same wouW be sufficient to C constitute an offence of'criminal misconduct' under Section 13(l)(d). Undoubtedly, all the three wings of clause (d) of Section 13( 1) are independent, alternative and disjunctive. Thus, under Section 13( 1)( d)(i) obtaining any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage by corrupt or illegal means by a public servant in itself would amount to criminal misconduct. D On the same reasoning "obtaining a valuable thing or pecuniary advantage" by abusing his official position as a public servant, either for himself or for any other person would amount to criminal misconduct. Illegality in Allotment of Plot No.B-002 Sector 32 and subsequent conversion to Plot No.26, Sector-14A E 16. Case of prosecution is that the appellant Neera Yadav sought allotment of a residential plot in her name vide an undated application, allegedly ntbved after closure of the concerned scheme, with undated cheque. Appellant preferred an undated application (Ext. Ka-37) for allotment of a residential Plot under Category-VI (Regular Employees F ofNOIDA or regular Government/Public Sector Undertaking Employees on deputation to NOIDA) under the Scheme l 994(i), which was issued inviting applications for allotment of residential plots in Sectors 23, 32, 33, 34, 35, 49 and 53 as per the brochure. The scheme offered five categories of plots, based on size. The concerned application No.648 (Ext. Ka-3 7) was preferred by the appellant for Plot code 05 i.e. plot of G 350sq.ms.

17. As per the brochure, in order to seek registration, the applicant had tp submit a duly filled application form for allotment of plot in the prescribed form alongwith all the enclosures; and 30% of the premium amount at the rate of Rs.1200/- per sq.m. for regular plot and Rs.1215/-H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON . 511 [R. BANUMATHI, J.] per sq.m,for a comer or park facing plot, ought to be paid: The appellant A · · is alleged to have paid Rs.40,000/- as registration amount for allotment of plot measuring 350 sq.ms. by an undated cheque dated 15.03.1994. · 18. Case of the prosecution is that allotment of the plot under the concerned scheme in favour of the appellant is marred by grave infirmities which is in complete violation of the norms ofthe·scheme as.stated in B the. brochure. Firstly, the prosecution alleged thatthe application (Ex. Ka-37) was completely defective as it was neither completely filled, nor requisiteAnnexures were append~4 to it. Secondly, the prosecution alleged .that neither the mode of payment of the registration amount was as per the norms, nor the actual requisite amount due was paid by the appellant. c The application No. 648 (Ex.Ka-37), when tested on the anvil ofthe norms stated in the brochure of the scheme, it was found defective on follo~ing counts:- (i) The application was undated. The date on which the application was made was not mentioned; · · · D

(ii) The application did not bear duly attested passport size photograph of the applicant; (iii) The column of husband/father name was left bl'ank; (iv) The Disclosure to the effect that no other person of her family being her spouse, or daughters, own or, have obtained pfots or, E shops in any sector ofNoida was not made; (v) Signatures ofapplicants were not attested by a gazetted officer. (vi) The required certificate from personal department ofNoida, · certifying that she was an employee ofNoida, was not enclosed. · F (vii) The required notarized affidavit in prescribed form was not enclosed. (viii) The application which was mandatorily required to be accompanied with ale payee crossed' demand draft' or 'pay order' of registration amount did not accompany with any demand draft G or pay order rather was accompanied by an antedated cheque. 19. Clause 3 of the brochure provides that incomplete application . without encfosures shall not be registered. Relevant portion of Clause 3 of the brochure is as under: H 512 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A " ...... Incomplete application and applications without enclosures as mentioned above for allotment of specific plot shall not be registered. Therefore, the applicants are requested to submit complete application form in all respect alongwith the required enclosures and requisite amount of registration money for registration." B

As per the brochure of the concerned scheme, the documents as indicated thereon must be attached to the application form in order to establish the eligibility of the applicant for obtaining plot in NOIDA. Legally, no allotment of plot could have been made on such a defective application presented after cut-off date. Since the appellant was the C CCEO ofNOIDA, she abused her position in ensuring that her application, though incomplete, is processed.

20. As per the brochure, the application must be accompanied with account payee Demand Draft/Pay Order. From the records, it is seen that the appellant had not given the demand draft/pay order; on the D other hand, she only gave cheque dated 15.03.1994, (Ex.Ka-8). Though the said cheque is dated 15.03.1994, there is ample evidence to show that the cheque was ante dated. As per the clearing register, the said Cheque No.395207 dated 15.03.1994 was cleared by the Bank only on 28.03.1994. That apart, Ex. Ka-14 to Ex. Ka-24 contains the names, E draft numbers and amount paid by each of the applicants. As seen from Ex.Ka-44, Log Book, total amount of all the demand drafts was only Rs.65,20,200/-. By perusal ofEx.Ka-84, it is seen that SI. No.163 was cut off and SI. No.164 Cheque of Neera Yadav was included and consequently altering the total amount as Rs.65,60,200/-. As seen from Ex.Ka-85, the Bank Statement, as on 21.03.1994, only Rs.65,20,200/-F alone was received by the bank from NOIDA. This cTearly shows that the Cheque (Ex. Ka-8), though dated 15.03.1994 was not presented on 15.03.1994 or on 18.03.1994 and that is why the same was neither included in the Clearing register of instruments sent for clearing on 18.03.1994 nor in the Bank Statement as on 21.03.1994.

G 21. An appreciation of the evidence on record shows that the list of applications and cheques received by the bank on the cut-off date, did not contain details of the application and cheque given by the Appellant. Thus, it is clear that the defective application and the accompanying cheque were issued beyond cut-off date and records of NO IDA were H manipulated with dishonest intention to bring in the application of the NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 513 [R. BANUMATHI, J .]

appellant within the cut-off date. Various circumstances pointed out by A the prosecution, viz. non-mentioning of date on the application; making payment through cheque instead of through Ale payee Demand Draft/ Pay Order; and the amount of the cheque being collected only on 28.03.1994 leads to an inference that the application of the appellant, who was the then CCEO of the NOIDA, was not given before the cut- B off date i.e. 15.03.1994. The only possible inference which can be drawn in such circumstances is that though, the appellant had conveniently submitted an ante-dated application after the closure of the scheme, ante-dated 'demand draft' or 'pay order' could not have been obtained, and hence, she submitted Ex. Ka-8 cheque by mentioning a back date. The fact that appellant's cheque (Ex.Ka-8) was sent for collection on C 28.03.1994, after seven days of collection of amount of demand drafts in respect of other applications clearly leads to an irresistible conclusion that appellant's application was only subsequently included in the register. The trial court and the High Court rightly held that the appellant abused her position in ensuring that her incomplete application with ante-dated D cheque was processed.

22. Plot No.B-002 in Sector-32 was allotted to the appellant on 08.04.1994 vide allotment letter Ex. A-78. The appellant submitted Ex.Ka-39 application on 15.04..1994 seeking conversion of her plot to a plot measuring 450 sq.ms. in a developed sector. As is seen from Ex.Ka-90, the proposal for conversion was put up by G.C. Tiwari on 02.05.1994 E and PW-35 Stuti Kacker, Officer on Special Duty ofNOIDA, allowed the conversion of the plot on 06.05.1994. As per the conversion policy any conversion of plot is required to be done by CEO, NOIDA. Case of prosecution is that since CEO herself was the applicant for conversion of the plot, the matter ought to have been placed before the Board; F rather than before a subordinate officer like PW-35 Stuti Kacker . . Allowing of conversion of appellant's plot to plot No.27, Sector-J 4A by a subordinate officer is in clear violation of the conversion policy. 23. As per the policy of the allotment and also as per the terms of the brochure, the successful applicant has to deposit 30% of the total G premium for allotment of Plot No.26 in Sector-l 4A measuring 450 sq.ms. The total premium payable works out to Rs.5,40,000/-, 30% of which comes to Rs.1,62,000/-. By the communication dated 04.05.1994 it is seen that the appellant was asked to deposit only an amount of Rs.1,08,000/-, which again is in violation of the terms of the allotment H 514 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A and conversion.

24. The very fact that the application was 'undated' and that the_ cheque was issued instead of demand draft and the same was cleared only on 28.03.1994, clearly prove that by abusing the position, the appellant obtained undue advantage for herself. This is further strengthened by B the subsequent conversion of the plot, allotment of additional area in her favour and reduction of the size of the unnumbered plot available in Sector-14A, Noida. The High Court and the trial court rightly recorded concurrent findings of fact that the application of the appellant suffered from material defects which were sufficient to discard the application; C but by illegal means, the application was processed by the appellant. Unjustified change in layout plan of Sector-14A: Resultant loss to NOIDA and advantage to the appellant:-

25. Lease deed of plot No.26 (Ext. A-45) was executed on 19.05.1994 in favour of the appellant. On28.05.1994 S.P. Gautam, Chief D -Architect Planner proposed vide proposal dated 28.05.1994 Ext. A-64 a plan for making provision ofa 7.5 m. wide road between the official residence of CCEO of Greater Noida and plot No.26 of the appellant. The Chief Architect Planner also proposed enhancement of area of plot No.26 by 112.50 sq.ms. with further proposal for re-organization of plots in view ofloss of area of225 sq.ms. in the proposed road. Without any E questioning, the said proposal was approved by the appellant herself on 31.05.1994 and size of plot No.26 was thus enhanced to 562.50 sq.ms. No cogent reason has been furnished by the appellant for approving the above plan of site re-arrangement, which directly benefits the appellant herself and causes loss to NOIDA. The said 7.5 ms. wide road carved F to the East of plot No.26 and enhancement of area of plot No.26 only resulted in benefitting the appellant by increasing her plot size and by making her plot as comer plot. The maps depicting site plan ofSet:tor-l 4A of NOIDA were prepared by the Chief Architect and the Chief Architect Planner as per the direction of Dy. SP and these maps were marked as Exs. Al 8 to A23 in Raj iv Kumar's case [Sp!. Case No. 19 of G 2002] and certified copies of the same were produced in this case as Talvitha.

26. The following table as given by the High Court in its judgment in Criminal Appeal No. 4 717 of 2007 pertaining t9 Raj iv Kumar (which we have also extracted in C.A. No.251-252/2017) will depict the frequent H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTlGATON 515 . [R. BANUMATHI, J.] changes made and the loss of land caused to NOIDA at the behest of A the appellants. SL Plot No. Map No.I llapNo.2 M.tpNoJ llap No.4 MapNo.5 llap!'io.6 Am Total area of No. Elt•. A-18 Elt.A-19 EtlA-20 EltA-21 Ext.A-22 EILA-23 of plot 1lith JUiy 1984 11.m 11.l.94 28.5.94 28.5.94 Latest appurt 1ppurt1111al (wrona!Y Before After 31.10.99 eaant. GretnBtlt showln& Cutt1n11 cuttlDJ! w.e.l. Gmn B Road In 6.IL95 . Btll In . East) North I 26 610.00 450.00 450.00 562.iO 562.iO 562.iO 783;86 1346.36 2 27 482.50 450.00 4SQ.OO m:oo 300.00 405.00 ill. IS 940.75 l 28 371.25 450.00 450.00 487.iO 487.50 481.50 i93.4 10&0.11 4 Unnumbered Nil. 529.JS 304.ll . 90.00. 304.li · Trapezium of 49.8 140.75 plot towards (l.!H.57}2 c West Xj0:2Jl.45 5 Gretn Belt R'cfJn~c R'cfJn~c Rman~e Trapezrum RtcfJn~e Trapezium o • l31.4i Area towards of of of (1.13•1.93Y of (7;9Hl0)1 West .(7.9Jx30) (7.9jxJ0=2 7.93'30= 2'30=227:4 7.9JxJo: x30=23l.45 . . =237.90 31.90 m.9o 231.90

6 Total Area 2311.65 2706.29 2481.89 249J.S9 2445.89 2469.74 3840.02 Note: As seen from the endorsement inthe above maps, the maps D have been prepared by th.e architect and the Chief Architect Planner (30.10.1999) with reference to the letter No. Dy.SP.ACV Vll/1999/ 0603 dated 08.09.1999 and direction given by the SP ACU Vil CBI and in the meeting held on 25.10.1999 and28.l0.1999. 27. A perusal of the above table of the exhibited maps shows that E from 1984 to 1993, for about a decade, there was no alteration in the area and position of the plot nos. 26, 27 and28 iii. Sector-14~. However, from 10.01.1994 to 08.11.1995 the area and position of plots were changed at least five times. Initially in Sector-14A, apart from plots 26, 27 and 28 there was an.unnumbered plot with area of' 529.35 sq.ms. as shown in F Map No.2 dated 11.02.1994. However, after effecting several changes, the same was reduced to 90 sq.ms. On 28.05.94, as depicted .in Map No.4 and as per Map No.6, it was brought to a shape of small trapezium with area just measuring 190.95 sq.ms., thereby causing substantial loss of land to Noida. G 28. It is noteworthy that the unnumbered plot measuring 529.35 sq.ms. completely disappeared, as is clear from Map No.5 and the left over area was of no use to NOIDA as the same being trapezium in shape and resultantly left unsuitable for allotment. The provision of7.50 ms. wide road to the right of plot No.26 is completely devoid of any H

·516 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A justification. As also available on record, appellant Neera Yadav and one Mr. Raj iv Kumar got allotted plots adjacent to each other viz. plot No.26 and 27, followed by about 8 ms. or 26 feet wide green belt and Delhi Border in West about I 0 meters or 33 feet very wide green belt in North and 40 feet wide road in South making the plots bigger in size with B appurtenant green belt area. 29. The above mentioned change in the site plan ofSector-14A, apart from resulting in direct loss ofland to NO IDA, is also contrary to the Rules ofNOIDA. Clause 11 of the brochure of the scheme provides that the area of a plot allotted or handed over may vary from the size of the plots advertised in the scheme and applied for, and a marginal increase C or decrease in area upto a maximum of 20% on either side may be allowed. Clause 11 of the brochure reads as follows:- "11• AREA OF PLOT:

Area of plot allotted or handed over may vary from the size of the plots advertized in the scheme and applied for. If the area of the D plot indicated in the allotment letter issued by the Authority or actually handed over to the allottee is found to be in excess or less than the area applied for, a proportionate change in the amount of premium would be made. No dispute would be allowed to be raised by the allottee on the ground of variation in the size of the E plot. He would also have no right to change of plot or refund of earnest money deposited by him on this account. If the variation between the plot and area applied for and the area allotted is more than 20% and the allottee is unwilling to accept the enhanced or reduced area, registration money deposited by the allottee will be refunded without interest if he applies for refund within 30 F days from the date of issue of allotment letter."

The High Court has made an apt observation in this regard that the purpose of clause 11 is to avoid any kind of dispute in case of any marginal increase or decrease of area and to restrict the enhancement G or decrease in the area of the plot beyond 20%. However, if we cqnsider the case. of the appellant, it emerges that firstly by conversion of her plot, the appellant first sought enhancement of area of her plot by 50% (300 sq.m. to 450 sq.m.) and secondly by further reorganisation, the appellant sought further enhancement of area of her plot by 37.5% (450 sq.m. to 562.50 sq.ms.). Also, by approving the intervening road between H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 517 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

the two plots, the appellant not only converted her plot into a comer plot A having two side opening on very wide roads and very wide green belt on the other side, but also shifted her plot towards West by 7.5 ms. and further extended iftowards West by another 3.75 sq.ms. by enhancing area of her plot by 112.50 sq.ms., and thereby causing loss of the area of 225 sq.ms. plus 112.50 sq.ms. total 337.50 sq.ms. and getting undue B advantage to herself. ·30. That apart, as discussed by the High Gciurt, in Map No.3 dated 11.02.1994, the roadln east of plotNo.26 has been wrongly shown since as seen from the evidence of PW-19 S.P. Gaut11rri, Chief Architect Planner the road was· introduced for the first time· vi de proposal dated· · 28.05.1994 and the same was approved by appellant Neera Yadav on C 3 l.05.1994 vide Map No.6. Be it noted that even in the lease deed dated 19.05.1994, the eastern boundary of the plot was shown as 'road' which in fact did not actually exist on 19.05.1994. Proposal for road· was put up by PW-19 S.P. Gautam only on 28.05.1994. Map No.3 wrongly shows the road on the eastern side only to make good the o boundaries in the lease deed in respect of plot No.26 allotted to/executed in favour of appellant Neera Yadav on 19.05.1994. This again shows the dishonest intention of the appellant in making provision for road, to gain an undue advantage for herself. · Allotment of shops and plots in favour of daughters of the E Appellant-Illegalities thereo(

31. The appellant Neera Yadav has three daughters, out of which · two daughters viz. Ms. Sanskriti and Ms. Suruchi, who were major, but unmarried at the relevant point of time, had applied for allotment of .shops in NO IDA. Ms. Sanskriti had applied for allotment ofa shop vide F undated application (Paper no. 14Ka/67). On 16.05.1994, shop No.9 in Sector-28 of NO IDA was allotted in the name of Ms. Sanskriti vide allotment letter (Ext. Ka-11 ). As Ms. Sanskriti was studying abroad since . l99 l, for the puri>ose of issuance of functional certificate; she had to obtain possession through her younger sister Ms~ Suruchi. The functional certificate was issued immediately thereafter on 06.06.1994. On the G strength of the ownership of shop No.9 in Sector-28, she had applied for allotment of a residential plot under, the Housing Scheme (II) of 1994, which was launched from 24.05.1994 to 08.06.1994. Consequently, plot No.B-73 in Sector-44 ofNoida, measuring 450 sq.m. was allotted in the name of Ms. Sanskriti vide allotment letter dated 01.08.1994 (Ext. Ka-55, H 518 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A paper no. 15Ka/54-15Ka/56) and on 12.10.1994, she got it converted to plot No.A-33 in Sector-44.

32. Another daughter ofNeera Yadav, Ms. Suruchi had preferred application dated 28.02.1994 and was allotted shop No.74 in Sector-15 vide allotment letter (Ext. Ka-15). After obtaining possession of the B same, the shop was declared functional on 28.05.1994. On the strength of ownership of the said shop, she was allotted plot No.B-88 in Sector-51, measuring 450 sq.ms., under Residential Scheme (Ill) of 1994 vide allotment order dated 23.09.1994 (Ext. Ka-50, paper no. 17Ka/68- 17Ka/ 70), which she subsequently got converted to plot No.A-32 adjoining to C plot No.A-33 (allotted to her sister) in Sector-44 Noida on I 0.10.1994. The lease deed of both the plots were executed on 26.12.1994 (Ext. Ka-58, paper No. 15Ka/36-l5Ka/45; and Ext. Ka-53, paper no.l 7Ka/42-l 7Ka/52). One year lease rent of both these plots was paid only from the joint account of the appellant and her husband. As rightly observed by the trial court that the various applications preferred by the daughters D of the appellant seeking allotment of shops, residential plot and functional certificate were defective and incomplete.

33. It is the case of the prosecution that the allotment of shops and residential plots in favour of daughters of the appellant were in complete violation of terms and conditions of the allotment Scheme 1994 E (II) and (Ill), which provides that no person or his family member can get allotment of more than one plot in NOIDA. The prosecution has stressed on the point that the daughters of the appellant were dependant on the appellant and her husband for their studies and livelihood and that the major payments for the above mentioned shops and plots allotted in the name of the two daughters were made from the joint accounts of the F appellant and her husband, Mr. M.S. Yadav. The prosecution also drew our attention to the fact that after allotment of plot No.A-33 Sector-44, the shop allotted to Ms. Sanskriti was sold to one Ms. Meenakshi Vijayan on 19/20. l 0.1995 (Paper no. 14/Ka-4) and while selling the shop it was mentioned by Ms. Sanskriti that she has already availed the benefit of G seeking allotment of a residential plot against the shop, meaning thereby that the shop was acquired by her only with the ma/a fide intention of getting a residential plot. 34. On the contrary the appellants have maintained that at the time ofapplying·for shops and plots, appellant's daughters were major, H income tax payees and had independent source of income and were NEERA YADAV v.. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 519 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

thus eligible for allotment of plots. It is further maintained that there is A no provision in the rules of NO IDA which prohibits transfer of shop after availing the benefit of taking a residential plot against the shop. 35. As already noted above, the application (Paper No.14 Ka/67) moved in the name of Ms. Sanskriti was undated. The column of Father's · name was left blank and required passport size photograph of the applicant B was also Iiqt pasted. Paper No. 14 Ka/7 5 to 14 Ka/78 do not bear signature of Ms. Sanskriti, as was required. Similarly, the application moved for issuance of Functional Certificate (Paper No.14 Ka-51) is undated. Similarly, Ext. Ka-3 lacks essentials. like date and age of the applicant. Also, the Fatper's name on this application is written as 'Mahendra Singh'. Paper No.16 Ka/32 to 16 Ka/36 do not bear signature of Ms. C Suruchi, as required. Similarly, the application moved by her for issuance ofFunctional Certificate (Paper No.16 Ka-10) is also ante-dated. Taking note of the above I11entioned irregularities and infirmities in the paper work with regard to allotment and functionality of the shops allotted in favour of the daughters of the appellant, the courts below have rightly D concluded that no allotment of shops should have heen made in their favour.

36. lt is an admitted fact that the education and living expenses of the two daughters of the appellant was borne by the appellant and her husbarid. Ms. Sanskriti was living and studying in U.K., while Ms. Suruchi E was studying in India itself. It was neither alleged nor any document, in this behalf was produced to contend that the daughters of the appellant had independent sources. of income and that they were bearing their education and living expenses on their own. It is also available on record that the appellant and her husband maintained several joint accounts with their daughters as also in the name of HUF, and the registration F money for allotment of shops was paid from this joint account only. 37. The two shops allotted in favour of the daughters of the appellant were declared functional, thereby making them eligible for allotment of residential plots under Scheme (II) and (Ill) of 1994, without noticing that the applications moved by Ms. Sanskriti andMs. Suruchi G were defective and that they never carried busi.ness in those shops. The appellant failed to adduce any evidence to show that. her daughters ran any kind of business in those shops; In fact the .prosecution has been able to prove that the appellant had sought allotment of the concerned shops in favour of her daughters only to make them eligible for seeking H 520 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 8 S.C.R.

A allotment of residential plots. It is proved that the shop allotted to Ms. Sanskriti was sold to one Mrs. Meenakshi Vijay on 19.10.1995 (Paper No.14/Ka-4) and while selling the shop it was mentioned by Ms. Sanskriti that she has already availed the benefit of seeking allotment of a residential plot against the shop. B 38. The appellant's contention that merely by showing that the concerned shops had supply of electricity; were registered under 'The Shops Act' for doing the business of' Decorators and Florescent' etc., it has been successfully proved that the shops were fit to be declared functional, does not hold good, especially when the evidences are available · on record to show that appellant had ma/a fide intention of obtaining C residential plots in the guise of seeking allotment of shops. The shop so allotted in the name of Ms. Sanskriti, was sold by her to Meenakshi Vijay on 19.10.1995 vide paper No.14/A-4 for valuable consideration, disclosing to her that she has already obtained advantage of securing allotment of a residential plot.

D 39. The appellant has contended that her daughter Ms. Sanskriti and Ms. Suruchi were income tax assesses, as they were filing income tax returns. As per the appellant, her husband and her daughters together form a Hindu Undivided Family and that they together hold a bank account in such capacity. It was contended that the payments were made from E the said account. However, the appellant did not produce.any evidence to substantiate her claim. More so, it is notew.orthy that before 09 .09 .2005 when Amending Act No.39 of 2005 of Hindu Succession Act came into force (w.e.f. 05.09.2005), daughters were not coparceners of Hindu Undivided Family. Hence, the daughters of the appellant could not have been coparceners of HUF in the relevant period of 1994-95, in the absence F of any direct evidence in this regard. Also, it is noteworthy that the daughters of the appellant were never examined before the Court, nor any documents produced to substantiate their claim.

40. It was also contended that the daughters had inherited certain properties worth around Rs.3.00 lacs and some gold from their G grandmother 'Nani', which sufficed in payment of registration money for the shops and plots allotted in their favour. However, nothing was proved on record to substantiate the said contention. Neither the appellant produced certified copies of the alleged income tax returns, nor she filed any other document supporting her contention that registration amount H was paid out of the independent income of her daughters. In fact evidence NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 521 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

to the contrary have been proved on record. The appellant has brought A on record photocopies ofincome tax returns of their daughters, which is not a certified copy. However, even if we consider the same, it emerges that the concerned income tax returns were filed by the daughters after they received some assets/valuable securities under the Will of their Nani and that the daughters earned a very meagre or nominal annual B income between Rs.25,000/- to Rs.40,000/- including income from interest · on FDRs & securities. Considering the documents produced by the appellant, the approximate value of total assets of the daughters of the appellant comes to around Rs.4.00 lakhs to Rs.5.00 lakhs each. However, value of the shops allotted in favour ofthe daughters was around Rs.4.00 Jakhs to Rs.5.00 lakhs and the value of the residential plots allotted to C Ms. Sanskriti and Ms. Suruchi was Rs.7,31,875/- and Rs.8,89,333/-respectively totalling to Rs.16,21,208/-. The appellant has not produced any document to show that some of the alleged assets or F.D.R. etc. were disposed of to realise the amount ofregistration fee of the shops and plots allotted in their favour. In such circumstances, by no stretch of D imagination it can be proved that the concerned properties worth Rs. I0.00 . Jakhs each were purchased by the daughters of appellant, out of their independent incomes. Even ifthe plea of the appellant is accepted to be true that her daughters had inherited valuable properties through 'Will' executed by their Nani (maternal grandmother), it cannot be proved that the concerned plots were purchased from the said income. E

41. The appellant has further contended that both the daughters of the appellant had borrowed Rs.4. 00 lakhs each from Mis. N.P. Mutual .. Benefits Ltd., Bareilly on 09.. 06.1995 so as to pay for the plots allotted in their favour. In this context, testimony of PW-20, Navin Khandelwal, Managing Director, M/s. N.P. Mutual Benefits Ltd. is relevant. PW-20 F has deposed that he had simply lent the money in the name of the daughters of the appellant on receiving a telephonic call made by Shri M.S. Yadav, husband of the appellant-Neera Yadav. PW-20 had never met the daughters of the appellant and had disbursed the loan amount solely on account of faith in their father. PW-20 was not even cross-G examined on behalfofthe appellant on this aspect. Both the loans were liquidated on 05.10.1996. The above facts show that subsequent transaction ofloan was only a sham transaction to support the fake case of the appellant. ' . 42. Considering the depositions of material witnesses, it is hard to . H 522 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 8 S.C.R.

A believe that the requisite amount for seeking allotment of shops and residential plots were made out of independent income of the daughters of the appellant. So far as the payment for seeking allotment of shop is concerned, deposition of PW-9, Harish Chandra is important who was working as Deputy Manager, Syndicate Bank Branch Sector-18, Noida B at the relevant point of time. On behalf of Ms. Sanskriti pay-orders of Rs. 49,000/- and Rs. 5,500/- were paid towards the allotment of shop and on behalf of Ms. Suruchi demand drafts of Rs. 20,500/- and Rs. 67 ,950/- were submitted.PW9 has deposed that he received in cash Rs. 49,000/- plus Rs. 25/- in lieu of bank commission with an application for purchase of pay-order (Paper No. 20 Ka/3) in favour ofNOIDA, to be C made OIJ. behalf of Ms. Sanskriti. He further deposed that the cash officer had endorsed on this application in his handwriting 'reference Chairman Noida Authority'. He had also received another application (Paper no. 20 Ka/2) for purchase of pay order of Rs. 5,500/~. He deposed that he prepared the demand drafts and handed it over to the concerned person D who had come with the cash amounts. Similarly, as per deposition of PW-13 Rajiv Jain Assistant General Manager, SBI, Chandni Chowk, Delhi, applications for purchase of demand drafts of Rs. 20,500/-(Paper no. 29 ka/9) and Rs. 67,950/- (dated 19.12.1994) were accompanied with cash amounts and not with bank account details from which the requisite amounts could have been deducted. As the daughters of the E appellant were studying at that time and since no source of income, or certified copies of income tax returns have been filed on behalf of the appellant, the only presumption that can be drawn is the fact of payments being made at the behest of the appellant and her husband. The said presumption is further supported from testimony of PW-14 Subhash F Badhawan Retired Deputy Manager, State Bank of India who has deposed that from the Account No. 43504 of Mahendra Singh Yadav and Neera Yadav, Rs. 35, 000/- on 22.02.1994; Rs. 40,000/- and Rs. 2,500/- on 01.03.1994; Rs. 29,000/- and Rs. 6,000/-were debited.

43. It has further come on record that Ms. Sanskriti had issued cheque dated 08.08.1994 (Paper no. 26 ka/2) in favour of herself, G accompanied with an application for purchase of pay order of Rs. One lakhs eighteen thousand seven hundred fifty, in favour ofNOIDA towards payment of purchase amount for residential plot. The said ch~que was drawn on account No. 9180, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Paharganj, New Delhi. PW-32 Rajiv Luthra, Senior Manager, Oriental Bank of H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 523 [R. BANUMATHl, J.]

Commerce, Paharganj, New Delhi has deposed that account No. 9180 A was opened in the name of Ms. Sanskriti, Ms. Neera Yadav and Mr. Mah(fndra Singh Yadav. The said account was opened on the basis of identity card of Mr. Mahendra Singh Yadav and was accessible only by , the appellant and her husband, .as Ms. Sanskriti's occupation was mentiQJJed as student and she being minor was not allowed to operate 8 the account. PW-32 has deposed that he was unaware as to how cheque signed by Ms. Sanskriti was processed. Similarly, Ms. Suruchi had issued cheque dated 08.08.1994 (Paper no. 26 ka/3) in favour of herself, accompanied with an application for purchase of pay order ofRs.50,000/ -, in favour ofNOIDA, drawn on account No. 9181 in the same bank. · PW-32 has further deposed that the bank accounts were opened on th.e C ground that the appellant and Ms. Suruchi held ajoint account (account No. 1205) in the Oriental Bank of Commerce, Hazratganj, Lucknow since 01. 03 .1993. He further deposed that by viitue of transfer payment order amounting to Rs. 474287.82 of Oriental Bank of Commerce, Hazratganj, Lucknow was received in the account No. 9181 and D whatever money came from Lucknow, account No. 9180 was opened from that money itself. In such a factual scenario, the argument of the Appellant that her daughters were major and that they had purchased concerned shops and residential plots from their independent source of income, is not tenable.

44. The prosecution case stands proved with regard to the payment E of registration money or value of shops and residential plots in the name of daughters of the appellant being made by the appellant herself, as the daughters of the appellant were not capable of making such payments. Both the courts below have rightly held so in the light of proper appreciation of evidence proved on record. The applications moved by F the daughters of the appellant, be it for seeking allotment of shops or for issuance offunctional certificate, were defective on various counts and no allotment could have been made by acting on them, as held by the courts below by recording concurrent findings, which we completely endorse. The appellant had sought allotment of shops in favour of her daughters only to seek allotment of residential plots in their name, by G falsely portraying them to be independent income.tax assesses, which was otherwise not possible in the light of provisions of the Scheme of 1994, which mandates that no person or his family member· can get allob:l)~nt of more than one plot in NOIDA. The appellant not only gained H 524 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A pecuniary advantage for herself by manipulating the Rules of NOi DA but. also caused grave loss to NOi DA. Valuable thing obtained by the appellant by abusing her official position

45. The prosecution has successfully proved that the appellant B Neera Yadav abused her position as a public servant to benefit herself and her kith and kin. She not only made a mockery of rules and regulations of NOi DA. but also misused her position by complete!) neglecting her duties. Being a Chairman-ci1m-CEO of NOIDA she was expected to ensure that the allotment of plots in NOIDA are effected in strict (' compliance with the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA. However, the appellant herself bypassed the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA by submitting ante dated, half-filled applications for seeking allotment of plots and by not paying the total amount payable in lieu of the allotment. There is no justification as to why the defoctive application of the appellant seeking allotment of a residential plot was acted upon and plot No.B-[) 002 in Se•:tor-32 was allotted tu her. especially when the appellant had not even adhered to the requisite mode of payment through a demand draft/Pay order and had instead made deficient payment through cheque. Also then: is nu justification as to how deficient lease rent paid by the appellant in lieu of her allotment was accepted against the full payment t-: requisite in the Rules.

46. The prosecution has clearly proved that the application of the appellant was not included in the list of applications which were sent to the Bank along with the dcmimd dratis after the cut-off date. In fact it is proved that her cheque was sent for collection after seven days on 28.03 .1994. These facts point at the sole inference that the ante-dated F application of the appdlant was filed only after the closure oftht: scheme, thereby indicating that the appellant put herself above the Rules and Regulations ofNOIDA. 4 7. It is also proved by the prosecution that the appel !ant effortlessly got her smaller plot in Sector-32, measuring 300 sq.m. converted to aG bigger plot in Scctor- l 4A, measuring 450 sq.m. and thereafter, enhanced the area of the plot by 3 7% by illegal means and by abusing her position leading to a total an:a of 562.50 sq.m. Although the appellant has maintained that she had no role to play in the enhancement of area of plot No. 26 in Sector 14-A and further revision of layout plan of H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 525 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

Sector-14A, evidence available on record show otherwise. Evidence on A record shows that revision of layout plan of Sector-14A was carried under the direction of the appellant and that too without following the norms of consulting the Engineering Department ofNOIDA, which was mandatory as per the rules. The said change in the layout plan not only benefitted the appellant in manifold ways but also caused huge financial B loss to NOIDA, as an unnumbered plot was considerably reduced in size and deformed in shape, thereby rendering it completely useless for NOIDA.

48. Apart from the above mentioned instances of abuse of position, the appellant also secured allotment of two shops for her two daughters and then obtained residential plots in the name ofher two major, dependent C daughters, by completely defying the rules and regulations. The appellant · managed to seek allotment of shops in the favour of her daughters by herself preferring defective applications on their behalf and making payments in lieu of the same, with the sole objective of securing a residential plot in lieu of the shops, under Scheme (II) and (III) of 1994. D The prosecution was successful in proving thaUhe daughters of the appellant were dependant on the appellant and that they had purchased the shops and residential plots only out of the money contributed by the appellant and her husband. This amounts to grave violation of Rules of NO IDA and being a CCEO ofNOIDA, the appellant is guilty of obtaining E valuable thing for herself and her daughters by abusing her position as a public servant. The daughters of the appellant were not even engaged in filing their applications as their signatures are missing from applications made on their behalf, seeking allotment, conversion etc.

49. The appellant acted in breach of rules and regulations of NOIDA, causing financial losses to NOIDA and valuable things were F obtained by the appellant and her daughters. The fact that the appellant acted in flagrant violation of the rules, by giving a complete go-by to the public interest to promote her individual interest, shows that she abused her position to gain undue advantage to herself and to cause loss to NOIDA. An attitude to abuse the official po&'ition to gain advantage to G herself and this misuse of position erodes collective faith of the people in the system. Corruption paralyses the functioning of the key areas of the State administration. 50.A particular kind of corruption that has become more rampant of late is nepotism to promote the interests of those near and dear to H 526 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S,C.R. A them. Nepotism is in a sense a greater evil since it involves dispersal of favours by patrons amongst their arm coterie, depriving others of a career or office they deserve more. The practice of promoting the interest of few individuals to the detriment of many others is wholly reprehensible and deserves to be condemned. B 51. A Constitution Bench of this Court inManoj Naru/a v. Union of India (2014) 9 SCC 1, held that corruption erodes the fundamental tenets of the rule oflaw and quoted with approval its judgment in Niranjan Hemchandra Sashitta/ & Anr. v. State of Maharashtra (2013) 4 SCC 642, it was held as under:-

It can be stated without any fear of contradiction that c "26. corruption is not to be judged by degree, for corruption mothers disorder, di;:stroys societal will to progress, accelerates undeserved ambitions, kills the conscience, jettisons the glory of the institutions, paralyses the economic health of a country, corrodes the sense of civility and mars the marrows of governance." D 52. In Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan Singh and Another (2012) 3 sec 64, it was held as under:-"68. Today, corruption in our country not only poses a grave danger to the concept of constitutional governance, it also threatens the E very foundation of Indian democracy and the Rule of Law. The magnitude of com1ption in our public life is incompatible with the concept of a socialist, secular democratic republic. It cannot be disputed that where corruption begins all rights end. Corrur1H·11 devalues human rights, chokes development and undermu'.. , justice, liberty, equality, fraternity which are the core values in ,,ur F preambular vision. Therefore, the duty of the Court is that any anti-corruption law has to be interpreted and worked out in such a fashion as to strengthen the fight against corruption .... " 53. In K.C. Sareen v. C.B.I., Chandigarh (2001) 6 SCC 584, it was observed:-

G "12. Corruption by public servants has now reached a monstrous dimension in India. Its tentacles have started grappling even the institutions created for the protection of the republic. Unless those tentacles are intercepted and impeded from gripping the normal and orderly functioning of the public offices, through strong H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF lNVESTlGATON 527 [R. BANUMATHI, J.] legislative, executive as well as judicial exercises the corrupt public A . servants could even paralyse the functioning of such institutions and thereby hinder the democratic polity .... " 54. While approving the judgment of Subramanian Swamy v. Director, Central Buteau of Investigation and Anr. (2014) 8 SCC 682, rendered by another Constitution Bench in Manoj Narula's case, B a Constitution Bench of this Court dealing with rampant corruption, observed as under:-

"17. Recently, in Subramanian Swamy v. CBI (2014) 8 SCC 682, the Constitution Bench, speaking through R.M. Lodha, C.J ., while declaring Section 6-A of the Delhi Special Police c Establishment Act, 1946, which was inserted by Act 45 of 2003, as unconstitutional, has opined that: (SCC pp. 725-26, para 59) "59. It seems to us that classification which is made in Section 6-A on the basis of status in the government service is not permissible under Article 14 as it defeats the purpose of finding D prima facie truth into the allegations of graft, which amount to an offence under the PC Act, 1988. Can there be sound differentiation between corrupt public servants based on their status? Surely not, because irrespective of their status or position, corrupt public servants are corrupters of public power. The corrupt public servants, whether high or low, are birds of E the same feather and must be confronted with the process of investigation and inquiry equally. Based on the position or status in service, no distinction can be made between public servants against whom there are allegations amounting to an offence under the PC Act, 1988." F And thereafter, the larger Bench further said: (SCC p. 726, para 60)

"60. Corruption is an enemy of the nation and tracking down corrupt public servants and punishing such persons is a necessary mandate of the PC Act, 1988. It is difficult to justify G the classification which has been made in Section 6-A because the goal of law in the PC Act, 1988 is to meet corruption cases with a very strong hand and all public servants are warned through such a legislative measure that corrupt public servants have to face very serious consequences." H 528 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A And again: (SCC pp. 730-31, paras 71-72) "71. Office of public power cannot be the workshop of personal gain. The probity in public life is of great importance. How can two public servants against whom there are allegations of corruption of graft or bribe-taking or criminal misconduct under B the PC Act, 1988 can be made to be treated differently because one happens to be a junior officer and the other, a senior decision maker. 72. Corruption is an enemy of nation and tracking down corrupt public servant, howsoever high he may be, and punishing such c person is a necessary mandate under the PC Act, 1988. The status or position of public servant does not qualify such public servant from exemption from equal treatment. The decision-making power does not segregate corrupt officers into two classes as they are common crimedoers and have to be tracked down by the same process of inquiry and investigation." D

18. From the aforesaid authorities, it is clear as noonday that corruption has the potentiality to destroy many a progressive aspect and it has acted as the formidable enemy of the nation." 55. Every country feels a constant longing for good governance, E righteous use of power and transparency in administration. Corruption is no longer a moral issue as it is linked with the search of wholesome governance and the society's need for re-assurance that the system functions fairly, free from corruption and nepotism. Corruption has spread its tentacles almost on all the key areas of the State and it is an impediment to the growth of investment and development of the country. If the F conduct of administrative authorities is righteous and duties are performed in good faith with the vigilance and awareness that they are public trustees of people's rights, the issue of lack of accountability would themselves fade into insignificance. 56. To state the ubiquity of corruption, we may refer to the oft-G quoted words of Kautilya, which reads as under:-"Just as it is impossible not to taste the honey or the poison that finds itself' at the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a government servant not to eat up, at least, a bit of the kings revenue. Just as fish moving under water cannot possibly be H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 529 [R. BANUMJ\THI, J.]

found out either as drinking or not drinking water, so A government servants employed in the government work cannot be found out (while) taking money (for themselves). It is possible to mark the movements of birds flying high up in the sky; but not so is it possible to ascertain the movement of government servants of hidden purpose." B [Ref: Kautilya's Arthasastra by R. Shamasastry, Second Edition, Page 77) · As pointed out by Paul H. Douglas in his book on "Ethics of Government'', "corruption was rife in British public life till a hundred years ago and in USA till the beginning of this century. Nor can it be C claimed that it has been altogether eliminated anywhere." (Ref: Santhanam Committee Report, 1962: Para 2.3).

57. Tackling corruption is going to be a priority task for the Government. The Government has been making constant efforts to deal with the problem of corruption. However, the constant legislative reforms D and strict judicial actions have still not been able to completely uproot the deeply rooted evil of corruption. This is the area where the Government needs to be seen taking unrelenting, stern and uncompromising steps. Leaders should think of introducing good and effective leadership at the helm of affairs; only then benefits of E liberalization and various programmes, welfare schemes and programmes would reach the masses. Lack ofawareness and supine attitude of the public has all along been found to be to the advantage of the corrupt. Due to the uncontrolled spread of consumerism and fall in moral values, corruption has taken deep roots in the society. What is needed is a re-awakening and recommitment to the basic values of tradition rooted in F ancient and external wisdom. Unless people rise against bribery and corruption, society can never be rid of this disease. The people can · collectively put off this evil by resisting corruption by any person, howsoever high he or she may be. 58. Upon consideration of the evidence on record, we are of the G view that the concurrent findings recorded by the trial court as well as by the High Court are based upon proper appraisal of facts and evidence and the concurrent findings do not suffer from any error warranting interference.

H 530 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 8 S.C.R. A 59. In Special Case No.28 of 2002 for the conviction of the appellant Neera Yadav under Section 13(2) read with Section 13 ( 1) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, the appellant was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years with a fine ofRs.1,00,000/- with default clause. In Special Trial No.19 of2002 for conviction under Section 120-B IPC and Section 13 (2) read with Section B 13 (1) (d) of P.C. Act, appellant Neera Yadav was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years with a fine ofRs.50,000/ - and similar imprisonment for conviction under Section 120-B !PC. 60. Mr. Vishwanathan, the learned Senior Counsel also submitted that even though the conviction of the appellant is in two different cases, c involving two different transactions, in exercise of power of discretion, the sentence of imprisonment imposed upon the appellant Neera Yadav in the above two cases may be ordered to run concurrently. It was submitted that the direction to order sentences to run concurrently can be passed by the appellate court. In support of his contention, the learned D Senior Counsel placed reliance upon Nagaraja Rao v. Central Bureau ofInvestigation (2015) 4 SCC 302 and V.K. Bansal v. State ofHaryana (2013)7 sec 211.

61. On behalfofCBI, learned Solicitor General Mr. Ranjit Kumar submitted that the c'onviction of the appellant relates to two different E transactions - one abusing appellant's official position to get the plots allotted to herself and her two daughters and one conspiring with Raj iv Kumar to get him allotment of a plot and the irregularities committed thereon and therefore the sentences imposed upon the appellant cannot be ordered to run concurrently. F 62. Section 31 of Cr. P.C. relates to the quantum of punishment that the Court has jurisdiction to pass where the accused is convicted of two or more offences at one trial (Joinder of charges at one trial vide Sections 218-223 Cr.P.C.). Where accused is convicted and sentenced for several offences at one trial, the Court may direct that the sentences shall run concurrently. In the absence of such direction by the Court, G sentences shall run consecutively. It is not obligatory for the trial court to direct in all cases that the sentences shall run concurrently. 63. This Court considered the scope of Section 31 Cr.P.C. and concurrent or consecutive running of sentence in O.M. Cherian alias Tlrankaclran v. State of Kera/a and Others (2015) 2 SCC 50 I. The H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 531 [R. BANUMATHI, J.)

appellant thereon was convicted for the offences under Section 498-A A and Section 306 IPC. The trial court ordered substantive sentences imposed on the appellant thereon to run consecutively and the same was affirmed by the High Court. Considering the scope of Section 31 Cr.P.C. and the discretion of the Court in directing concurrent nmning of sentences, this Court directed sentences to run concurrently. It was B held as under:- "10. Section 31 CrPC relates to the quantum of punishment which may be legally passed when there is (a) one trial, and (b) the accused is convicted of"two or more offences". Section 3 l CrPC says that subject to the provisions of Section 71 IPC, the court C may pass separate sentences for two or more offences of which the accused is found guilty, but the aggregate punishment must not exceed the limit fixed in provisos (a) and (b) of sub-section

(2) of Section 31 CrPC. In Section 31 ( 1) CrPC, since the word "may" is used, in our considered view, when a person ·is convicted for two or more offences at one trial, the court may exercise .its D discretion in directing that the sentence for each offence may · either run consecutively or concurrently subject to the provisions · of Section 71 IPC. But the aggregate must not exceed the limit fixed in provisos (a) and (b) of sub-section (2) of Section 31 CrPC, that is; (i) it should not exceed 14 years; and (ii) it cannot exceed twice the maximum imprisonment awardable by the sentencing E court for a single offence. 12. The words in Section 31 CrPC " ... sentence him for such offences, to the several punishments F prescribed therefor which such court is competent to inflict; such punishments when consisting of imprisonment to commence the one after the expiration of the other in such order as the court may direct" indicate that in case the court directs sentences to run one after G the other, the court has to ~pecify the order in which the sentences, are to run. If the court directs running of sentences concurrently, order of running of sentences is notrequired to be mentioned. Discretion to order running of sentences concurrently or consecutively is judicial discretion of the court which is to be H 532 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 8 S.C.R.

A exercised as per the established law of sentencing. The court before exercising its discretion under Section 31 Cr PC is required to consider the totality of the facts and circumstances of those offences against the accused while deciding whether sentences are to run consecutively or concurrently. B 20. Under Section 31 Cr PC it is left to the full discretion of the court to order the sentences to run concurrently in case of conviction for two or more offences. It is difficult to lay down any straitjacket approach in the matter of exercise of such discretion by the courts. c By and large. trial courts and appellate courts have invoked and exercised their discretion to issue directions for concurrent running of sentences. favouring the benefit to be given to the accused. Whether a direction for concurrent running of sentences ought to be issued in a given case would depend upon the nature of the offence or offences committed and the facts and circumstances D of the case. The discretion has to be exercised along the judicial lines and not mechanically." (Underlining added)

64. Section 31 Cr.P.C deals with quantum of punishment which may be legally passed when there is:- (a) one trial; and (b) the accused is convicted of two or more offences. The ambit of Section 31 is wide, E covering not only a single transaction constituting two or more offences but also offences arising out of two or more transactions provided that those transactions/charges were framed together at one trial. 65. Section 31 relates to the quantum of the punishment that the court has jurisdiction to pass that the accused is convicted of two or F more offences at one trial. Section 427 Cr.P.C. deals with sentence passed on an offender who is already sentenced for another offence. The power conferred on the Court under Section 427 to order concurrent sentence is discretionary. The salutary principle adopted by the Court is the totality of the sentences. The maximum sentence awarded in one G case against the same accused is relevant consideration while giving concurrent sentence in another case. The policy of the legislature is that normally the sentencing should be done consecutively. Only in appropriate cases, considering the facts of the case, the Court can make the sentence concurrently with an earlier sentence imposed. A person sentenced to imprisonment must, for the purpose of Section 42 7 Cr.P. C., H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 533 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

be deemed to be undergoing that sentence from the very moment the A sentence is passed. The accused may be on bail or in custody in the earlier case at the time of passing of the subsequent sentence. 66. The sentencing Court has the discretion to direct concurrency. The investiture of such discretion, presupposes that it will be exercised on sound principles and not on whims. In the Criminal Procedure Code, . B there are no guidelines or specific provisions to suggest under what · circumstances the various sentences of imprisonment shall· be directed to run concurrently or consecutively. There is no strait jacket formula for the Court to follow in the matter of issue or refusal of a direction within the. contemplation of Section 427(1) Cr.P.C. Whether or not a C. direction ought to be issued in a given case would depend upon the ·nature of the offence or offences committed. In para (69) in K. Prabhakaran v. P. Jayarajan (2005) 1 SCC 754, contains a discussion on the topic. To quote:- "69. In the case of the re~pondent, the Magistrate ordered that the sentence on various counts shall run consecutively. That does D not mean that the respondent had been convicted of any offence, for which the sentence of imprisonment is two years or more.

The direction for the sentence to run concurrently or consecutively is a direction as to the mode in which the sentence is to be executed, That does not affect the nature of the sentence. It is E also important to note that in the Code of Criminal Procedure. there are no guidelines or specific provisions to suggest under what circumstances the various sentences of imprisonment shall be directed to run concurrently or consecutively. There are no judicial decisions, to my knowledge, by superior courts laving down the guidelines as to what should be the criteria for di:ecting the F convict to undergo imprisonment on various counts concurrently or consecutively. In certain cases, if the person convicted is a habitual offender and he had been found guilty of offences on various counts and it is suspected that he would be a menace ifhe is let loose on the society, then the court would direct that such G person shall undergo the imprisonment consecutively ...... " 67. It is well settled that where there are different transactions, . different crime numbers and cases have been decided by different judgments, concurrent sentences cannot be awarded under Section 427 Cr.P.C. In Mohd. Akhtar Hussain v. Asst. Collector, Customs (1988) H 534 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A 4 SCC 183, it was held as under:-

"10. The basic rule of thumb over the years has been the so-called single transaction rule for concurrent sentences. If a given transaction constitutes two offences under two enactments generally, it is wrong to have consecutive sentences. It is proper B and legitimate to have concurrent sentences. But this rule has no application if the transaction relating to offences is not the same or the facts constituting the two offences are quite different. 12. The submission, in our opinion, appears to be misconceived. c The material produced by the State unmistakably indicates that the two offences for which the appellant was prosecuted are quite distinct and different. The case under the Customs Act may, to some extent, overlap the case under the Gold (Control) Act, but it is evidently on different transac.tions. The complaint under the Gold (Control) Act relates to possession of7000 to las of primary D gold prohibited under Section 8 of the said Act. The complaint under the Customs Act is with regard to smuggling of gold worth Rs 12.5 crores and export of silver worth Rs 11.5 crores. On these facts, the courts are not unjustified in directing that the sentences should be consecutive and not concurrent." E

68. The above general rule that there cannot be concurrency of sentence if conviction relates to two different transactions, can be changed by an order of the Court. There is no straitjacket formula for the Court to follow in the matter of issue or refusal of a direction within the contemplation of Section 427(1) Cr.P.C. Depending on the special F and peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, it is for the court to make the sentence of imprisonment in the subsequent trial run concurrently with the sentence in the previous one. In Benson v. State of Kera/a (2016) 10 SCC 307, this Court directed the substantive sentences imposed on the appellant to nm concurrently. In V.K. Bansal G v. State of H aryana ( 2013) 7 SCC 211 , some sentences were to run concurrently and some consecutively. In paras (14) and (16) in V.K. Bansal's case, it was held as under:-"14. We may at this stage refer to the decision of this Court in Mohd. Akhtar Hussain v. Collector of Customs ( 1988) 4 SCC 183 in which this Court recognised the basic rule of H NEERA Y~DAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 535 [R. BANUMATHI, i.J

convictions arising out of a single transaction justifying A concurrent running of the sentences. The following passage is in this regard apposite: (SCC p. 187, para 10) "10. The basic rule of thumb over the years has been the so-called single transaction rule for concurrent sentences. If a given transaction constitutes two offences under two B enactments generally, it is wrong to have consecutive sentences. It is proper and legitimate to have concurrent sentences. But this rule has no application if the transaction relating to offences is not the same or the facts constituting the two offences are quite different." c 16. In conclusion, we may say that the legal position favours exercise of discretion to the bene.fit ofthe prisoner in cases where the prosecution is based on a single transaction no matter different complaints in relation thereto may have been filed as is the position in cases involving dishonour of cheques issued by the borrower . towards repayment of a loan to the creditor." D

69. This instant. case is one covered under Section 427 Cr.P.C. As noted earlier appellant Neera Yadav has been convicted in two different cases, one of abusing the official position in getting the plots allotted to herself and her daughters and other irregularities in making changes in the site plan and another one in abusing her position as CEO, E Noida conspired with Rajiv Kumar in allotting plot to him. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case and considering the nature of allegations, in our view, it is not justifiable to direct concurrency of sentence. Any unprincipled exercise of judicial discretion and casual ' direction made regarding concurrency would go against the express F provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and the Criminal Pro9edure Code. 70. Insofar as the sentence is concerned, the occurrence was of the year 1994. The appellant Neera Yadav is undergoing sentence from 14.03 .2016. With her conviction, the service and getting retiral benefits G are in jeopardy, Further, husband of appellant Neera Yadav has filed an affidavit stating that the appellant surrendered plot No.26 in Sector-14A along with building constructed in December, 2013 and surrendered lease deed has been executed on 20.12.2013,.in pursuance of the order dated 20.05.2013 of the Chief Executive Officer, NOIDA. It is also H 536 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R.

A stated that the said plot along with building constructed has been physically handed over to NO ID A authority on 24.12.2013. The appellant's husband has also withdrawn the protest affidavit dated 14.07.2014 filed before this Court in Writ Petition No.150of1997 titled as NO/DA Entrepreneur Association v. NO/DA and Others. It is also submitted that she will not B make any claim for refund. In the above facts and circumstances of the present case, sentence of imprisonment of three years imposed on the appellant is reduced to two years. 71. In the result, the conviction of the appellant Neera Yadav is confirmed. The sentence of imprisonment of three years imposed on the C appellant is reduced to two years and the appeal is partly allowed. Prayer for concurrent running of sentences of imprisonment is rejected. Ankit Gyan Appeal partly allowed.

[2017] 8 S.C.R. 498 A NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON (Criminal Appeal No. 253 of 2017) B AUGUSTOZ,2017 [KURIAN JOSEPH AND R. BANUMATHI, JJ.j Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 - s.13(2) rlw. s.JJ(l)(d)

- Criminal misconduct by a public servant - Prosecution case that C appellant-the then Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer of NOJDA (New Okhla Industrial Development Authority) had abused her position while committing grave irregularities in the matters of allotments and conversions of land in NO/DA :... Held: The prosecution has successfully proved that the appellant abused her position as a public servant to benefit herself and her kith and kin D - She not only made a mockery of rules and regulations of NO/DA, but also abused her position by completely neglecting her duties -Appellant herself bypassed the Rules and Regulations of NO/DA by submitting ante-dated, half-filled applications for seeking allotment of plots and by not paying the total amount payable in E .lieu of the allotment - Evidence on record shows revision of layout plan was carried out under the direction of the appellant to enhance the area of her plot without following the norms of consulting the Engineering Department, which was mandatory as per rules - The said change layout plan not only benefited the appellant in manifold ways but also caused huge financial loss to NO/DA - That apart, F appellant also secured allotment of two shops for her two daughters and then obtained residential plots in the name of her two major, dependent daughters, by completely defying the rules and regulations - The daughters of the appellant were not even engaged in filing their applications as their signatures were missing from G applications made on their behalf. seeking allotment, conversion etc. - Thus, appellant is guilty of obtaining valuable thing for herself and her daughters by abusing her position as a public servant. Sentence/Sentencing - Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 -s.13(2) rlw. s.J3(l)(d) - Prosecution case that appellant committed the offence of criminal misconduct by abusing her position as public H

498 NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 499 servant, being CCEO of NO/DA in the matter of allotment of shops A as well as plots in the names of her daughters who were dependent on her and as well as in the matter of allotment of resid,ential plot in her favour after closure of scheme and getting it converted with a larger plot in the most developed sector of NO/DA - High Court affirmed the conviction of appellant u/s.13(2) rlw. s.13(J)(d) of the B Act and sentenced her to undergo rigorous imprisonment for period of three years and fine of Rs.1,00,0001- - Held: The occurrence , was of the year 1994 - Appellant undergoing sentence from 14.03.2016 - Husband of appellant filed affidavit stating that the appellant surrendered her plot with building constructed in December, 2013 and physically handed over the plot along with C construction to NO/DA authority - Appellant further submitted that · she will not make any claim for refund -1,n instant case, the sentence of imprisonment of three years imposed on the appellant reduced to two years.

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s. 427 - Appellant D convicted in two different cases - One for abusing the ofjlcial position in getting the plots to herself and her daughters and making irregular changes in the site plan and the other for abusing her position as CCEO, NO/DA by conspiring with another person in allotting plot to him - In the first case, appellant convicted u/s.13(2) rlw. s.13(1)(d) of the P.C. Act and sentenced to R.I.Jor three years E and fine of Rs.1,00,0001- with default clause - lri the second case; convicted u!s.1208 and s.13(2) r!w. s.13(J)(d) of the P.C. Act and sentenced to R.l. for three years with a fine of Rs.50,0001- and similar imprisonment for conviction uls.1208 !PC ~ Appellant pleaded that the sentence of imprisonment imposed upon her in the F two cases may be ordered to run concurrently - Held: The sentencing Court has the discretion to direct concurrency - The investiture of such discretion presupposes that it will be exercised on sound principles and not on whims~ In the Cr.P.C., there are no guidelines or specific provisions to suggest under what circumstances the various sentences of imprisonment shall be directed to run G concurrently or consecutively - Instant case is one covered uls.427 Cr.P. C. - In facts and circumstances of the case, it is not justifiable to direct concurrency of sentence - Any unprincipled exercise of judicial discretion and casual direction regarding concurrency would H

500 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 8 S.C.R. A go against the express provisions of the PC Act and the Cr.PC. -Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 -ss.13(l)(d), 13(2). Prevention of Corruption - Kinds of corruption - Nepotism -Deprecated by the Court. Partly allowing the appeal, the Court B

HELD: 1.1 The prosecution has successfully proved that the appellant abused her position as a public servant to benefit herself and her kith and kin. She not only made a mockery of rules and regulations of NOIDA, but also misused her position by completely neglecting her duties. Being a Chairman-cum-CEO C of NOIDA she was expected to ensure that the allotment of plots in NOIDA are effected in strict compliance with the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA. However, the appellant herself bypassed the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA by submitting ante dated, half-filled applications for seeking allotment of plots and by not D paying the total amount payable in lieu of the allotment. There is no justification as to why the defective application of the appellant seeking allotment of a residential plot was acted upon and same was allotted to her, especially when the appellant had not even adhered to the requisite mode of payment through a demand draft/ Pay order and had instead made deficient payment through cheque. E Also there is no justification as to how deficient lease rent paid by the appellant in lieu of her allotment was accepted against the full payment requisite in the Rules. (Para 4511524-B-El

1.2 The prosecution has clearly proved that the application of the appellant was not included in the list of applications which F were sent to the Bank along with the demand drafts after the cut-off date. In fact it is proved that her cheque was sent for collection after seven days on 28.03.1994. These facts point at the sole inference that the ante-dated application of the appellant was filed only after the dosure of the scheme, thereby indicating that the G appellant put herself above the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA. (Para 461(524-Fl 1.3 It is also proved by the prosecution that the appellant effortlessly got her smaller plot converted to a bigger plot in another sector, measuring 450 sq.m. and thereafter, enhanced H the area of the plot by 37% by illegal means and by abusing her NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 501 position leading to a total area of 562.50 sq.m. Evidence on record A shows that revision of layout plan of one Sector was carried under the direction of the appellant and that too without following the norms of consulting the Engineering Department of NOIDA, which was mandatory as per the rules. The said change in t~e layout plan not only benefitted the appellant in manifold ways but B also caused huge financial loss to NOIDA, as an unnumbered plot was considerably reduced in size and deformed in shape, thereby rendering it completely useless for NOIDA.[Para 471(524-G-H; 525-A-BJ

1.4 Apart from the above mentioned instances of abuse of position, the appellant also secured allotment of two shops for C her two daughters and then obtained residential plots in the name of her two major, dependent daughters, by completely defying the rules and regulations. The appellant managed to seek allotment of shops in the favour of her daughters by herself preferring defective applications on their behalf and making D payments in lieu of the same, with the sole objective of securing a residential plot in lieu of the shops. The prosecution was successful in proving that the daughters of the appellant were dependant on the appellant and that they had purchased the shops and residential plots only out of the money contributed by the appellant and her husband. This amounts to grave violation of E Rules of NOIDA and being a CCEO of NOIDA, the appellant is guilty of obtaining valuable thing for herself and her daughters by abusing her position as a public servant. The daughters of the appellant were not even engaged in filing their applications as their signatures are missing from applications made on their F behalf, seeking allotment, conversion etc. (Para 4811525-C-El

1.5 The appellant acted in breach of rules and regulations of NOIDA, causing financial losses to NOIDA and valuable things were obtained by the appellant and her daughters. The fact that the appellant acted in flagrant violation of the rules, by giving a G complete go-by to the public interest to promote her individual interest, shows that she abused her position to gain undue advantage to herself and to cause loss to NOIDA. An attitude to abuse the official position to gain advantage to herself and this misuse of position erodes collective faith of the people in the H 502 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A system. Corruption paralyses the functioning of the key areas of the State administration. [Para 491[525-F-GJ

1.6 A particular kind of corruption that has become more rampant of late is nepotism to promote the interests of those near and dear to them. Nepotism is in a sense a greater evil B since it involves dispersal of favours by patrons amongst their arm coterie, depriving others of a career or office they deserve more. The practice of promoting the interest of few individuals to the detriment of many others is wholly reprehensible and deserves to be condemned. [Para 50)[525-H; 526-A-BI c 1. 7 Upon consideration of the evidence on record, it is clear that the concurrent findings recorded by the trial court as well as by the High Court are based upon proper appraisal of facts and evidence and the concurrent findings do not suffer from any error warranting interference. [Para 581 [529-G-HI D 2.1 Section 427 Cr.P.C. deals with sentence passed on an offender who is already sentenced for another offence. The power conferred on the Court under Section 427 to order concurrent sentence is discretionary. The salutary principle adopted by the Court is the totality of the sentences. The maximum sentence awarded in one case against the same accused is relevant E consideration while giving concurrent sentence in another case. The policy of the legislature is that normally the sentencing should be done consecutively. Only in appropriate cases, considering the facts of the case, the Court can make the sentence concurrently with an earlier sentence imposed. A person F sentenced to imprisonment must, for the purpose of Section 427 Cr.P.C., be deemed to be undergoing that sentence from the very moment the sentence is passed. The accused may be on bail or in custody in the earlier case at the time of passing of the subsequent sentence. [Para 651[532-F-H; 533-AI G 2.2 The sentencing Court has the discretion to direct concurrency. The investiture of such discretion, presupposes that it will be exercised on sound principles and not on whims. In the Criminal Procedure Code, there are no guidelines or specific provisions to suggest under what circumstances the various sentences of imprisonment shall be directed to run H

NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 503 concurrently or consecutively. There is no strait jacket formula A· for the Court to follow in the matter of issue or refusal of .a direction within the contemplation of Section 427(1) Cr.P.C. Whether or not a direction ought to be issued in a given case would depend upon the nature of the offence or offences committed. [Para 66)(533-B-C) B 3. This instant case is covered under Section 427 Cr.P.C.

The appellant has been convicted in two different cases, one· of abusing the official position in getting the plots allotted to herself and her daughters and other irregularities in making changes in the site plan and another one in abusing her position as CEO, Noida conspired with another person in allotting plot to him. C Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case and considering the nature of allegations, it is not justifiable to direct concurrency of sentence. Any unprincipled exercise of judicial discretion and casual direction made regarding concurrency would go against the express provisions of the Prevention of Corruption D Act, 1988 and the Criminal Procedure Code. [Para 6911535-E-Fl NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA and Others (2007) 10 SCC 395: NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA- and Others (2011) 6 SCC 526; NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association (Registered) v. New Okhla E Industrial Development Authority and Others (2011) 6 SCC 527; NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA and Others (2011) 6 SCC 508 : [2011) 8 SCR 25; Mano} Narula v. Union of India (2014) 9 SCC 1 : [2014] 9 SCR 965; Niranjan Hemchandra Sashittal F & Anr. v. State of Maharashtra (2013) 4 SCC 642 : · [2013] 4 SCR 767; Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan Singh and Another (2012) 3 SCC 64 : [2012) 3 SCR 52; K.C. Sareen v. C.B.J.. Chandigarh (2001) 6 SCC 584 : [2001) 1 Suppl. SCR 224; Subramanian Swamy v.

Director, Central Bureau of Investigation and Anr. G (2014) 8 SCC 682 : (2014) 6 SCR 873; Nagaraja Rao v. Central Bureau of Investigation (2015) 4 Sec 302: [2015] 12 SCR 424; V K. Bansal v. State of Haryana (2013) 7 SCC 211 : [20131 7 SCR 617; Mohd. Akhtar Hussain v. Asst. Collector, Customs (1988) 4 SCC 183 H 504 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A : [1988) 2 Suppl. SCR 747; Benson v. State of Kera/a (2016) 10 SCC 307 : (2016) 8 SCR 166; V.K. Bansal v. State of Haryana (2013) 7 SCC 211 : [2013) 7 SCR 617 - referred to. K. Prabhakaran v. P Jayarajan (2005} 1 SCC 754 : B [20051 1 SCR 296 - relied on. Case Law Reference (2007) 10 sec 395 referred to Para5 (2011) 6 sec 526 referred to Para 5 (2011) 6 sec 527 referred to Para 5 c [2011) 8 SCR 25 referred to Para5 [2014) 9 SCR 965 referred to Para 51 [20131 4 SCR 767 referred to Para 51 [20121 3 SCR 52 referred to Para 52 D [2001) 1 Suppl. SCR 224 referred to Para 53 (2014( 6 SCR 873 referred to Para 54 [20151 12 SCR 424 referred to Para 60 [2013) 7 SCR 617 referred to Para 60 [20051 1 SCR 296 relied on Para 63 E [1988) 2 Suppl. SCR 747 referred to Para 67 [20161 8 SCR 166 referred to Para 68 [201317 SCR617 referred to Para 68 CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. F 253 of2017.

From the Judgment and Order dated 24.02.2016 of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Criminal Appeal No. 4837 of2012. K. V. Vishwanathan, Sr. Adv., P. V. Dinesh, Sindhu T.P., Ms. Arushi Singh, Ravi Raghunath, Bineesh K., Rajendra Beniwal, Abhishek A trey, G Advs .. for the Appellant. Ranjit Kumar, SG, Ms. Binu Tamta, Rajesh Ranjan, Ms. Kiran Bhardwaj, Sarthak S., Shouryendu Ray, Mukesh Kumar Maroria,Abhisth Kumar, Advs. for the Respondents. H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 505 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A R. BANUMATHI, J. I. This appe(ll arises out of the judgment dated 24.02.2016 passed by High Court of Judicature at Allahabad in Criminal Appeal No.4837 of2012, affirming the conviction of appeilant-Neera Yadav, the then Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer (CCEO) ofNOIDA(New Okhla Industrial Development Authority) under Section B 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) of Prevention ofCorruptionAct, 1988 (for short 'P.C. Act') and sentencing her to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years and fine ofRs.1,00,000/- and in case of default in payment of fine with simple imprisonment for an additional period of four months. c 2. It is a harsh reality that corruption has become all-pervasive in the present system of bureaucracy. It is a fact that rich and powerful try to stall the trial and conviction. However, fortunately, the present case ha' 1·i sen as an exception.

' 3. It is a well known fact that New Okhla Industrial Development D Authority (N.0.1.D.A.) U.P. (hereinafter referred to as "NOIDA") was established in the year 1976 with the responsibility of developing and managing Asia's largest Integrated Industrial Township for the industrial growth of the area, under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Area Development Act, 1976 in the National Capital Region. Administration of NOIDA E was entrusted to high level public officials so as to develop a planned, integrated, modem Industrial City, well connected to Delhi through a network of roads, national highways and the ultra -modem DND flyover, offering inter - road linkages to all parts of the country. Spread over 20,316 hectares, with many sectors fully developed, NOIDA offers a pollution free, high standard ofliving and is highly supportive ofindustrial F environment with its unique infrastructure providing numerous, matchless facilities. However, the project got marred by land allotment scams worth several crores of rnpees, owing to abuse of position and power by the officials entrusted with the management and control ofNOTDA itself. In this connection, several complaints surfaced alleging irregularities in G allotments and conversions ofland in 'NOIDA'. Explanation was sought in this regard by the then Principal Secretary (Heavy Industries) of the Government ofU.P. from Appellant Neera Yadav, the then Chairperson-cum-Chief Executive Officer (CCEO) ofNOIDA. But, a final decision H

506 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 8 S.C.R. A was taken not to initiate any departmental inquiry in the matter against the officials concerned. 4. One 'NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association' sought inquiry by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in the matter and this Court vide order dated 20.01.1998 directed that the matter be investigated by B the CBI. Consequently, the CBI registered an F.I.R. Crime No. RC/ 3(A)/98-ACU-VII dated 26.02.1998 against Smt. Neera Yadav who was serving as Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer (CCEO) of NOIDA, during the relevant period viz. 10.01.1994 to 08.11.1995, and some other high officials ofNOIDA. The FIR contained allegations to C the effect that Ms. Neera Yadav in conspiracy with other officials abused her position while committing grave irregularities in the matters of allotments and conversions ofland in NOIDA.

5. In NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA and Others (2007) 10 SCC 395, this Court has appointed Mr. K. T. Thomas, retired D Judge of this Court as the sole member of the Commission to inquire into alleged irregularities in the matter of allotments and conversion of the plots. Subsequently, in NOIDA Entrepreneurs Association v. NOIDA and Others (2011) 6 SCC 526, NO/DA Entrepreneurs Associatio11 (Registered) v. New Okhla Industrial Development Authority and Others (2011) 6 SCC 527 and NO IDA Entrepre11eurs Association v. E NOJDA and Others (201l) 6 SCC 508, this Court has issued various directions. The reference is made to these decisions only to show that the registration of FIR by CBI was pursuant to the direction of this Court. 6. Appellant-Neera Yadav held the post of Chairman-cum-Chief F Executive Officer (CCEO) ofNOIDA for the period from 10.01.1994 to 08.11.1995. During her tenure, residential scheme No. 1994(1) was announced and the date of submission ofapplication was extended up to 15.03.1994. The prosecution alleges a case of complete abuse of power in the matter of allotment of land; out of turn allotments; their illegal G conversions thereof; and unwarranted changes in layout plan of most developed Sector ofNOIDA, so as to satisfy to the whims of the appellant and thus abused her position.

7. Briefly stated the case of the prosecution is as follows:- Smt. Neera Yadav, while working as CCEO, NOIDA, abused her official H position in the matter of allotment of plot No.B-002 in Sector-32 measuring NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON S07 . [R. BANUMATHI, J .] 300 sq.ms. in the draw oflottery. Within one week, of the allotment; the A appellant made request for allotment of another plot in any developed Sector, through conversion. Based on her request, plot-No.B-002 in Sector-32 was converted to plot No.26 in Sector-l 4A ofNoida, comprising an area of 4SO sq.ms. Further case of prosecution is that at the direction ofSmt. Neera Yadav, CCEb NOIDA, the then Chief Architect Planner B (CAP) Mr. S.P. Gautam ofNOIDA put up a note dated 28.0S.1994 for revising the layout of the plot nos. 26, 27 and 28 by increasing the sizes ·of the said plots from 4SO to S62.SO sq.ms., S2S sq.ms. and 487 .SO sq.ms. · respectively. Thereby the area of plot No.26 was increased by 112.SO sq.ms. and the same was approved by the appellant Smt. Neera Yadav on 31.0S.1994, benefittingthe appellant herself. By a further change in . C the plot, a 7 .SO ms. wide road was carved to the east of plot No.26 which again resulted in benefitting the appellant.

8. Further, the appellant abused her position in getting two plots in the name of her two daughters Ms. Sanskriti and Ms. Suruchi. Shop No.9 in Sector-28 of NOIDA was allotted in the name of the eldest D unmarried daughter of Neera Yadav, Ms. Sanskriti who was studying abroad since 1991 and who had received possession of her shop through her younger sister Ms. Suruchi. She requested for issuance of the functional certificate and the same was issued immediately on the same date viz. 06,06.1994. On the strength of the ownership of shop No.9 in E Sector-28, Ms. Sanskriti had applied for allotment of a residential plot under the scheme of 1994 (ii) ofNOIDA. Consequently, plot No.B-73 in Sector-44, Noida was allotted in the name of Ms. Sanskriti which she . later on got converted to plot No.A-33.in Sector-44. Likewise, Ms. Suruchi, another daughter ofNeera Yadav, was also allotted a shop viz. shop No.74 in Sector-ls ofNoida and after obtaining possession of the F same, the shop was declared to be functional ori 28.0S.1994. On the strength of ownership of the said shop, Ms. Suruchi also applied for. allotment ofa residential plot uri.der the scheme ofl 994(iii). Consequently, ·plot No.B-88 in Sector-S 1, comprising of an area of 4SO sq.ms., was allotted in the name of Ms. Suruchi, which she subsequently got converted to plotno.A~32 adjoining toplotNo.A-33 (allotted to her sister) in Sector- G 44Noida.

9. As noted earlier, in furtherance of direction issued by the Supreme Court (20.01.1998), FIR was registered by CBI on 26.02.1998 in Crime Case No.RCNo.3(A)/98-ACU~VII inter a,fia against the H 508 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A appellant Neera Yadav alleging that she abused her position in the matter of allotment of plots, conversion of plots in her name and in the name of her daughters. Sanction was obtained under Section 19(1) of the P.C. Act, 1988 and after completion of investigation, chargesheet was filed against the appellant. B 10. To substantiate the charges against the appellant, the prosecution, apart from producing a number of documentary evidences, examined as many as thirty nine witnesses. The appellant was questioned under Section 313 Cr.P.C. about the incriminating evidence and circumstance and the appellant denied all of them. Upon consideration ofevidence, the Special Judge CBI, Ghaziabad, vide judgment and order C dated 20.11.2012 in Special Trial No.19 of2002, held that the prosecution has proved the guilt of the appellant beyond reasonable doubt and convicted the appellant under Section 13(2) read with Section 13( 1)(d) of P. C. Act and sentenced her to undergo rigorous imprisonment of three years and fine of Rs.1,00,000/, with default clause. Vide impugned order D and judgment, the High Court confirmed the conviction of the appellant and also the sentence ofimprisonment and fine imposed on the appellant.

11. Mr. K. V. Vishwanathan, learned senior counsel urged that as an officer ofNOIDA, the appellant was eligible to apply for a residential plot and the appellant made her application along with the cheque of E Rs.40,000/- as registration money and that plot No.B-002, Sector-32, was lawfully allotted to the appellant. It was further submitted that conversion of plot in Sector-32 into plot No.26, Sector-14A was in compliance with relevant rules and due procedure and was not a case of illegality. F 12. Further contention of the appellant is that she never directed S.P. Gautam, the then Chief Architect Planner, NO IDA, to increase the size of her plot, or to carve out a 7.5 m. wide road between her plot and plot No.25. The said increase arose out of necessity of providing privacy and security to the Chairman, Greater Noida and thus there was no abuse of position by the appellant. It was contended that the daughters G of the appellant had applied for allotment of the shops and shops were allotted to them in the normal course and declared functional as per the rules ofNOIDA. It was further submitted that at the time of preferring application for shops and plots, the appellant's daughters were not dependent upon the appellant and they were major and income tax H assessees, having independent source of income and were thus eligible NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 509 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

for allotment of concerned shops and plots. It was urged that neither A there was any violation of rules ofNOIDA, nor any loss was caused to NO IDA due to allotment/conversion of shops and plots in favour of the appellant or in favour of her daughters. 13. The learned Solicitor General Mr. Ranjit Kumar submitted that with ma/a fide intention, appellant abused her position and managed B to get plot No.B-002 in Sector-32 after the closure.of the Scheme 1994(i) vide her incomplete application. The learned Solicitor General further urged that by abusing her position as Chief Executive Officer, the appellant managed to get the above plot converted to a bigger plot i.e. plot No.A-26, from 450 sq.ms. to 562.50 sq.ms. in a developed Sector-14A, by altering the site plan which was approved by the appellant herself on C 31.05.1994. Drawing our attention to the allotments made in favour of appellant's daughters, the learned Solicitor General further submitted that by abusing her position as CCEO; the appellant managed to get the shops allotted in the name of her daughters, fraudulently obtaining the functional certificate thereafter based on which allotment of residential D plots were made. The learned Solicitor General urged that upon consideration of the evidence and materials on record, the trial court and the High Cpurt rightly convicted the appellant and that the concurrent findin.gs warrant no interference.

14. We have considered the rival contentions and have also perused E the impugned judgment and also the materials on record. · 15. Section 13 of the P.C.Act in general lays down that ifa public servant, by corrupt or illegal means or otherwise abusing his position as a public servant obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage, he would be guilty of 'criminal misconduct'. F Sub-section (2) of Section 13 speaks of the punishment for such misconduct. Section 13(l)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the P.C. Act lays down the essentials and punishment respectively for the offence of 'criminal misconduct' by a public servant. Section 13( 1)( d) reads as . under: -, G "13. Criminal misconduct by a public servant._:_ (1) A public servant is said to commit the offence of criminal misconduct, (d) ifhe,- H 510 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A (i) by corrupt or illegal means, obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage; or (ii) by abusing his position as a public servant, obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage; or 8 (iii) while holding office as a public servant, obtains for any person aey valuable thing or pecuniary advantage without any pubtre interest; or"

A perusal of the above provision makes it clear that if the elements of any of the three sub-clauses are met, the same wouW be sufficient to C constitute an offence of'criminal misconduct' under Section 13(l)(d). Undoubtedly, all the three wings of clause (d) of Section 13( 1) are independent, alternative and disjunctive. Thus, under Section 13( 1)( d)(i) obtaining any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage by corrupt or illegal means by a public servant in itself would amount to criminal misconduct. D On the same reasoning "obtaining a valuable thing or pecuniary advantage" by abusing his official position as a public servant, either for himself or for any other person would amount to criminal misconduct. Illegality in Allotment of Plot No.B-002 Sector 32 and subsequent conversion to Plot No.26, Sector-14A E 16. Case of prosecution is that the appellant Neera Yadav sought allotment of a residential plot in her name vide an undated application, allegedly ntbved after closure of the concerned scheme, with undated cheque. Appellant preferred an undated application (Ext. Ka-37) for allotment of a residential Plot under Category-VI (Regular Employees F ofNOIDA or regular Government/Public Sector Undertaking Employees on deputation to NOIDA) under the Scheme l 994(i), which was issued inviting applications for allotment of residential plots in Sectors 23, 32, 33, 34, 35, 49 and 53 as per the brochure. The scheme offered five categories of plots, based on size. The concerned application No.648 (Ext. Ka-3 7) was preferred by the appellant for Plot code 05 i.e. plot of G 350sq.ms.

17. As per the brochure, in order to seek registration, the applicant had tp submit a duly filled application form for allotment of plot in the prescribed form alongwith all the enclosures; and 30% of the premium amount at the rate of Rs.1200/- per sq.m. for regular plot and Rs.1215/-H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON . 511 [R. BANUMATHI, J.] per sq.m,for a comer or park facing plot, ought to be paid: The appellant A · · is alleged to have paid Rs.40,000/- as registration amount for allotment of plot measuring 350 sq.ms. by an undated cheque dated 15.03.1994. · 18. Case of the prosecution is that allotment of the plot under the concerned scheme in favour of the appellant is marred by grave infirmities which is in complete violation of the norms ofthe·scheme as.stated in B the. brochure. Firstly, the prosecution alleged thatthe application (Ex. Ka-37) was completely defective as it was neither completely filled, nor requisiteAnnexures were append~4 to it. Secondly, the prosecution alleged .that neither the mode of payment of the registration amount was as per the norms, nor the actual requisite amount due was paid by the appellant. c The application No. 648 (Ex.Ka-37), when tested on the anvil ofthe norms stated in the brochure of the scheme, it was found defective on follo~ing counts:- (i) The application was undated. The date on which the application was made was not mentioned; · · · D

(ii) The application did not bear duly attested passport size photograph of the applicant; (iii) The column of husband/father name was left bl'ank; (iv) The Disclosure to the effect that no other person of her family being her spouse, or daughters, own or, have obtained pfots or, E shops in any sector ofNoida was not made; (v) Signatures ofapplicants were not attested by a gazetted officer. (vi) The required certificate from personal department ofNoida, · certifying that she was an employee ofNoida, was not enclosed. · F (vii) The required notarized affidavit in prescribed form was not enclosed. (viii) The application which was mandatorily required to be accompanied with ale payee crossed' demand draft' or 'pay order' of registration amount did not accompany with any demand draft G or pay order rather was accompanied by an antedated cheque. 19. Clause 3 of the brochure provides that incomplete application . without encfosures shall not be registered. Relevant portion of Clause 3 of the brochure is as under: H 512 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A " ...... Incomplete application and applications without enclosures as mentioned above for allotment of specific plot shall not be registered. Therefore, the applicants are requested to submit complete application form in all respect alongwith the required enclosures and requisite amount of registration money for registration." B

As per the brochure of the concerned scheme, the documents as indicated thereon must be attached to the application form in order to establish the eligibility of the applicant for obtaining plot in NOIDA. Legally, no allotment of plot could have been made on such a defective application presented after cut-off date. Since the appellant was the C CCEO ofNOIDA, she abused her position in ensuring that her application, though incomplete, is processed.

20. As per the brochure, the application must be accompanied with account payee Demand Draft/Pay Order. From the records, it is seen that the appellant had not given the demand draft/pay order; on the D other hand, she only gave cheque dated 15.03.1994, (Ex.Ka-8). Though the said cheque is dated 15.03.1994, there is ample evidence to show that the cheque was ante dated. As per the clearing register, the said Cheque No.395207 dated 15.03.1994 was cleared by the Bank only on 28.03.1994. That apart, Ex. Ka-14 to Ex. Ka-24 contains the names, E draft numbers and amount paid by each of the applicants. As seen from Ex.Ka-44, Log Book, total amount of all the demand drafts was only Rs.65,20,200/-. By perusal ofEx.Ka-84, it is seen that SI. No.163 was cut off and SI. No.164 Cheque of Neera Yadav was included and consequently altering the total amount as Rs.65,60,200/-. As seen from Ex.Ka-85, the Bank Statement, as on 21.03.1994, only Rs.65,20,200/-F alone was received by the bank from NOIDA. This cTearly shows that the Cheque (Ex. Ka-8), though dated 15.03.1994 was not presented on 15.03.1994 or on 18.03.1994 and that is why the same was neither included in the Clearing register of instruments sent for clearing on 18.03.1994 nor in the Bank Statement as on 21.03.1994.

G 21. An appreciation of the evidence on record shows that the list of applications and cheques received by the bank on the cut-off date, did not contain details of the application and cheque given by the Appellant. Thus, it is clear that the defective application and the accompanying cheque were issued beyond cut-off date and records of NO IDA were H manipulated with dishonest intention to bring in the application of the NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 513 [R. BANUMATHI, J .]

appellant within the cut-off date. Various circumstances pointed out by A the prosecution, viz. non-mentioning of date on the application; making payment through cheque instead of through Ale payee Demand Draft/ Pay Order; and the amount of the cheque being collected only on 28.03.1994 leads to an inference that the application of the appellant, who was the then CCEO of the NOIDA, was not given before the cut- B off date i.e. 15.03.1994. The only possible inference which can be drawn in such circumstances is that though, the appellant had conveniently submitted an ante-dated application after the closure of the scheme, ante-dated 'demand draft' or 'pay order' could not have been obtained, and hence, she submitted Ex. Ka-8 cheque by mentioning a back date. The fact that appellant's cheque (Ex.Ka-8) was sent for collection on C 28.03.1994, after seven days of collection of amount of demand drafts in respect of other applications clearly leads to an irresistible conclusion that appellant's application was only subsequently included in the register. The trial court and the High Court rightly held that the appellant abused her position in ensuring that her incomplete application with ante-dated D cheque was processed.

22. Plot No.B-002 in Sector-32 was allotted to the appellant on 08.04.1994 vide allotment letter Ex. A-78. The appellant submitted Ex.Ka-39 application on 15.04..1994 seeking conversion of her plot to a plot measuring 450 sq.ms. in a developed sector. As is seen from Ex.Ka-90, the proposal for conversion was put up by G.C. Tiwari on 02.05.1994 E and PW-35 Stuti Kacker, Officer on Special Duty ofNOIDA, allowed the conversion of the plot on 06.05.1994. As per the conversion policy any conversion of plot is required to be done by CEO, NOIDA. Case of prosecution is that since CEO herself was the applicant for conversion of the plot, the matter ought to have been placed before the Board; F rather than before a subordinate officer like PW-35 Stuti Kacker . . Allowing of conversion of appellant's plot to plot No.27, Sector-J 4A by a subordinate officer is in clear violation of the conversion policy. 23. As per the policy of the allotment and also as per the terms of the brochure, the successful applicant has to deposit 30% of the total G premium for allotment of Plot No.26 in Sector-l 4A measuring 450 sq.ms. The total premium payable works out to Rs.5,40,000/-, 30% of which comes to Rs.1,62,000/-. By the communication dated 04.05.1994 it is seen that the appellant was asked to deposit only an amount of Rs.1,08,000/-, which again is in violation of the terms of the allotment H 514 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A and conversion.

24. The very fact that the application was 'undated' and that the_ cheque was issued instead of demand draft and the same was cleared only on 28.03.1994, clearly prove that by abusing the position, the appellant obtained undue advantage for herself. This is further strengthened by B the subsequent conversion of the plot, allotment of additional area in her favour and reduction of the size of the unnumbered plot available in Sector-14A, Noida. The High Court and the trial court rightly recorded concurrent findings of fact that the application of the appellant suffered from material defects which were sufficient to discard the application; C but by illegal means, the application was processed by the appellant. Unjustified change in layout plan of Sector-14A: Resultant loss to NOIDA and advantage to the appellant:-

25. Lease deed of plot No.26 (Ext. A-45) was executed on 19.05.1994 in favour of the appellant. On28.05.1994 S.P. Gautam, Chief D -Architect Planner proposed vide proposal dated 28.05.1994 Ext. A-64 a plan for making provision ofa 7.5 m. wide road between the official residence of CCEO of Greater Noida and plot No.26 of the appellant. The Chief Architect Planner also proposed enhancement of area of plot No.26 by 112.50 sq.ms. with further proposal for re-organization of plots in view ofloss of area of225 sq.ms. in the proposed road. Without any E questioning, the said proposal was approved by the appellant herself on 31.05.1994 and size of plot No.26 was thus enhanced to 562.50 sq.ms. No cogent reason has been furnished by the appellant for approving the above plan of site re-arrangement, which directly benefits the appellant herself and causes loss to NOIDA. The said 7.5 ms. wide road carved F to the East of plot No.26 and enhancement of area of plot No.26 only resulted in benefitting the appellant by increasing her plot size and by making her plot as comer plot. The maps depicting site plan ofSet:tor-l 4A of NOIDA were prepared by the Chief Architect and the Chief Architect Planner as per the direction of Dy. SP and these maps were marked as Exs. Al 8 to A23 in Raj iv Kumar's case [Sp!. Case No. 19 of G 2002] and certified copies of the same were produced in this case as Talvitha.

26. The following table as given by the High Court in its judgment in Criminal Appeal No. 4 717 of 2007 pertaining t9 Raj iv Kumar (which we have also extracted in C.A. No.251-252/2017) will depict the frequent H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTlGATON 515 . [R. BANUMATHI, J.] changes made and the loss of land caused to NOIDA at the behest of A the appellants. SL Plot No. Map No.I llapNo.2 M.tpNoJ llap No.4 MapNo.5 llap!'io.6 Am Total area of No. Elt•. A-18 Elt.A-19 EtlA-20 EltA-21 Ext.A-22 EILA-23 of plot 1lith JUiy 1984 11.m 11.l.94 28.5.94 28.5.94 Latest appurt 1ppurt1111al (wrona!Y Before After 31.10.99 eaant. GretnBtlt showln& Cutt1n11 cuttlDJ! w.e.l. Gmn B Road In 6.IL95 . Btll In . East) North I 26 610.00 450.00 450.00 562.iO 562.iO 562.iO 783;86 1346.36 2 27 482.50 450.00 4SQ.OO m:oo 300.00 405.00 ill. IS 940.75 l 28 371.25 450.00 450.00 487.iO 487.50 481.50 i93.4 10&0.11 4 Unnumbered Nil. 529.JS 304.ll . 90.00. 304.li · Trapezium of 49.8 140.75 plot towards (l.!H.57}2 c West Xj0:2Jl.45 5 Gretn Belt R'cfJn~c R'cfJn~c Rman~e Trapezrum RtcfJn~e Trapezium o • l31.4i Area towards of of of (1.13•1.93Y of (7;9Hl0)1 West .(7.9Jx30) (7.9jxJ0=2 7.93'30= 2'30=227:4 7.9JxJo: x30=23l.45 . . =237.90 31.90 m.9o 231.90

6 Total Area 2311.65 2706.29 2481.89 249J.S9 2445.89 2469.74 3840.02 Note: As seen from the endorsement inthe above maps, the maps D have been prepared by th.e architect and the Chief Architect Planner (30.10.1999) with reference to the letter No. Dy.SP.ACV Vll/1999/ 0603 dated 08.09.1999 and direction given by the SP ACU Vil CBI and in the meeting held on 25.10.1999 and28.l0.1999. 27. A perusal of the above table of the exhibited maps shows that E from 1984 to 1993, for about a decade, there was no alteration in the area and position of the plot nos. 26, 27 and28 iii. Sector-14~. However, from 10.01.1994 to 08.11.1995 the area and position of plots were changed at least five times. Initially in Sector-14A, apart from plots 26, 27 and 28 there was an.unnumbered plot with area of' 529.35 sq.ms. as shown in F Map No.2 dated 11.02.1994. However, after effecting several changes, the same was reduced to 90 sq.ms. On 28.05.94, as depicted .in Map No.4 and as per Map No.6, it was brought to a shape of small trapezium with area just measuring 190.95 sq.ms., thereby causing substantial loss of land to Noida. G 28. It is noteworthy that the unnumbered plot measuring 529.35 sq.ms. completely disappeared, as is clear from Map No.5 and the left over area was of no use to NOIDA as the same being trapezium in shape and resultantly left unsuitable for allotment. The provision of7.50 ms. wide road to the right of plot No.26 is completely devoid of any H

·516 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A justification. As also available on record, appellant Neera Yadav and one Mr. Raj iv Kumar got allotted plots adjacent to each other viz. plot No.26 and 27, followed by about 8 ms. or 26 feet wide green belt and Delhi Border in West about I 0 meters or 33 feet very wide green belt in North and 40 feet wide road in South making the plots bigger in size with B appurtenant green belt area. 29. The above mentioned change in the site plan ofSector-14A, apart from resulting in direct loss ofland to NO IDA, is also contrary to the Rules ofNOIDA. Clause 11 of the brochure of the scheme provides that the area of a plot allotted or handed over may vary from the size of the plots advertised in the scheme and applied for, and a marginal increase C or decrease in area upto a maximum of 20% on either side may be allowed. Clause 11 of the brochure reads as follows:- "11• AREA OF PLOT:

Area of plot allotted or handed over may vary from the size of the plots advertized in the scheme and applied for. If the area of the D plot indicated in the allotment letter issued by the Authority or actually handed over to the allottee is found to be in excess or less than the area applied for, a proportionate change in the amount of premium would be made. No dispute would be allowed to be raised by the allottee on the ground of variation in the size of the E plot. He would also have no right to change of plot or refund of earnest money deposited by him on this account. If the variation between the plot and area applied for and the area allotted is more than 20% and the allottee is unwilling to accept the enhanced or reduced area, registration money deposited by the allottee will be refunded without interest if he applies for refund within 30 F days from the date of issue of allotment letter."

The High Court has made an apt observation in this regard that the purpose of clause 11 is to avoid any kind of dispute in case of any marginal increase or decrease of area and to restrict the enhancement G or decrease in the area of the plot beyond 20%. However, if we cqnsider the case. of the appellant, it emerges that firstly by conversion of her plot, the appellant first sought enhancement of area of her plot by 50% (300 sq.m. to 450 sq.m.) and secondly by further reorganisation, the appellant sought further enhancement of area of her plot by 37.5% (450 sq.m. to 562.50 sq.ms.). Also, by approving the intervening road between H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 517 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

the two plots, the appellant not only converted her plot into a comer plot A having two side opening on very wide roads and very wide green belt on the other side, but also shifted her plot towards West by 7.5 ms. and further extended iftowards West by another 3.75 sq.ms. by enhancing area of her plot by 112.50 sq.ms., and thereby causing loss of the area of 225 sq.ms. plus 112.50 sq.ms. total 337.50 sq.ms. and getting undue B advantage to herself. ·30. That apart, as discussed by the High Gciurt, in Map No.3 dated 11.02.1994, the roadln east of plotNo.26 has been wrongly shown since as seen from the evidence of PW-19 S.P. Gaut11rri, Chief Architect Planner the road was· introduced for the first time· vi de proposal dated· · 28.05.1994 and the same was approved by appellant Neera Yadav on C 3 l.05.1994 vide Map No.6. Be it noted that even in the lease deed dated 19.05.1994, the eastern boundary of the plot was shown as 'road' which in fact did not actually exist on 19.05.1994. Proposal for road· was put up by PW-19 S.P. Gautam only on 28.05.1994. Map No.3 wrongly shows the road on the eastern side only to make good the o boundaries in the lease deed in respect of plot No.26 allotted to/executed in favour of appellant Neera Yadav on 19.05.1994. This again shows the dishonest intention of the appellant in making provision for road, to gain an undue advantage for herself. · Allotment of shops and plots in favour of daughters of the E Appellant-Illegalities thereo(

31. The appellant Neera Yadav has three daughters, out of which · two daughters viz. Ms. Sanskriti and Ms. Suruchi, who were major, but unmarried at the relevant point of time, had applied for allotment of .shops in NO IDA. Ms. Sanskriti had applied for allotment ofa shop vide F undated application (Paper no. 14Ka/67). On 16.05.1994, shop No.9 in Sector-28 of NO IDA was allotted in the name of Ms. Sanskriti vide allotment letter (Ext. Ka-11 ). As Ms. Sanskriti was studying abroad since . l99 l, for the puri>ose of issuance of functional certificate; she had to obtain possession through her younger sister Ms~ Suruchi. The functional certificate was issued immediately thereafter on 06.06.1994. On the G strength of the ownership of shop No.9 in Sector-28, she had applied for allotment of a residential plot under, the Housing Scheme (II) of 1994, which was launched from 24.05.1994 to 08.06.1994. Consequently, plot No.B-73 in Sector-44 ofNoida, measuring 450 sq.m. was allotted in the name of Ms. Sanskriti vide allotment letter dated 01.08.1994 (Ext. Ka-55, H 518 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A paper no. 15Ka/54-15Ka/56) and on 12.10.1994, she got it converted to plot No.A-33 in Sector-44.

32. Another daughter ofNeera Yadav, Ms. Suruchi had preferred application dated 28.02.1994 and was allotted shop No.74 in Sector-15 vide allotment letter (Ext. Ka-15). After obtaining possession of the B same, the shop was declared functional on 28.05.1994. On the strength of ownership of the said shop, she was allotted plot No.B-88 in Sector-51, measuring 450 sq.ms., under Residential Scheme (Ill) of 1994 vide allotment order dated 23.09.1994 (Ext. Ka-50, paper no. 17Ka/68- 17Ka/ 70), which she subsequently got converted to plot No.A-32 adjoining to C plot No.A-33 (allotted to her sister) in Sector-44 Noida on I 0.10.1994. The lease deed of both the plots were executed on 26.12.1994 (Ext. Ka-58, paper No. 15Ka/36-l5Ka/45; and Ext. Ka-53, paper no.l 7Ka/42-l 7Ka/52). One year lease rent of both these plots was paid only from the joint account of the appellant and her husband. As rightly observed by the trial court that the various applications preferred by the daughters D of the appellant seeking allotment of shops, residential plot and functional certificate were defective and incomplete.

33. It is the case of the prosecution that the allotment of shops and residential plots in favour of daughters of the appellant were in complete violation of terms and conditions of the allotment Scheme 1994 E (II) and (Ill), which provides that no person or his family member can get allotment of more than one plot in NOIDA. The prosecution has stressed on the point that the daughters of the appellant were dependant on the appellant and her husband for their studies and livelihood and that the major payments for the above mentioned shops and plots allotted in the name of the two daughters were made from the joint accounts of the F appellant and her husband, Mr. M.S. Yadav. The prosecution also drew our attention to the fact that after allotment of plot No.A-33 Sector-44, the shop allotted to Ms. Sanskriti was sold to one Ms. Meenakshi Vijayan on 19/20. l 0.1995 (Paper no. 14/Ka-4) and while selling the shop it was mentioned by Ms. Sanskriti that she has already availed the benefit of G seeking allotment of a residential plot against the shop, meaning thereby that the shop was acquired by her only with the ma/a fide intention of getting a residential plot. 34. On the contrary the appellants have maintained that at the time ofapplying·for shops and plots, appellant's daughters were major, H income tax payees and had independent source of income and were NEERA YADAV v.. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 519 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

thus eligible for allotment of plots. It is further maintained that there is A no provision in the rules of NO IDA which prohibits transfer of shop after availing the benefit of taking a residential plot against the shop. 35. As already noted above, the application (Paper No.14 Ka/67) moved in the name of Ms. Sanskriti was undated. The column of Father's · name was left blank and required passport size photograph of the applicant B was also Iiqt pasted. Paper No. 14 Ka/7 5 to 14 Ka/78 do not bear signature of Ms. Sanskriti, as was required. Similarly, the application moved for issuance of Functional Certificate (Paper No.14 Ka-51) is undated. Similarly, Ext. Ka-3 lacks essentials. like date and age of the applicant. Also, the Fatper's name on this application is written as 'Mahendra Singh'. Paper No.16 Ka/32 to 16 Ka/36 do not bear signature of Ms. C Suruchi, as required. Similarly, the application moved by her for issuance ofFunctional Certificate (Paper No.16 Ka-10) is also ante-dated. Taking note of the above I11entioned irregularities and infirmities in the paper work with regard to allotment and functionality of the shops allotted in favour of the daughters of the appellant, the courts below have rightly D concluded that no allotment of shops should have heen made in their favour.

36. lt is an admitted fact that the education and living expenses of the two daughters of the appellant was borne by the appellant and her husbarid. Ms. Sanskriti was living and studying in U.K., while Ms. Suruchi E was studying in India itself. It was neither alleged nor any document, in this behalf was produced to contend that the daughters of the appellant had independent sources. of income and that they were bearing their education and living expenses on their own. It is also available on record that the appellant and her husband maintained several joint accounts with their daughters as also in the name of HUF, and the registration F money for allotment of shops was paid from this joint account only. 37. The two shops allotted in favour of the daughters of the appellant were declared functional, thereby making them eligible for allotment of residential plots under Scheme (II) and (Ill) of 1994, without noticing that the applications moved by Ms. Sanskriti andMs. Suruchi G were defective and that they never carried busi.ness in those shops. The appellant failed to adduce any evidence to show that. her daughters ran any kind of business in those shops; In fact the .prosecution has been able to prove that the appellant had sought allotment of the concerned shops in favour of her daughters only to make them eligible for seeking H 520 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 8 S.C.R.

A allotment of residential plots. It is proved that the shop allotted to Ms. Sanskriti was sold to one Mrs. Meenakshi Vijay on 19.10.1995 (Paper No.14/Ka-4) and while selling the shop it was mentioned by Ms. Sanskriti that she has already availed the benefit of seeking allotment of a residential plot against the shop. B 38. The appellant's contention that merely by showing that the concerned shops had supply of electricity; were registered under 'The Shops Act' for doing the business of' Decorators and Florescent' etc., it has been successfully proved that the shops were fit to be declared functional, does not hold good, especially when the evidences are available · on record to show that appellant had ma/a fide intention of obtaining C residential plots in the guise of seeking allotment of shops. The shop so allotted in the name of Ms. Sanskriti, was sold by her to Meenakshi Vijay on 19.10.1995 vide paper No.14/A-4 for valuable consideration, disclosing to her that she has already obtained advantage of securing allotment of a residential plot.

D 39. The appellant has contended that her daughter Ms. Sanskriti and Ms. Suruchi were income tax assesses, as they were filing income tax returns. As per the appellant, her husband and her daughters together form a Hindu Undivided Family and that they together hold a bank account in such capacity. It was contended that the payments were made from E the said account. However, the appellant did not produce.any evidence to substantiate her claim. More so, it is notew.orthy that before 09 .09 .2005 when Amending Act No.39 of 2005 of Hindu Succession Act came into force (w.e.f. 05.09.2005), daughters were not coparceners of Hindu Undivided Family. Hence, the daughters of the appellant could not have been coparceners of HUF in the relevant period of 1994-95, in the absence F of any direct evidence in this regard. Also, it is noteworthy that the daughters of the appellant were never examined before the Court, nor any documents produced to substantiate their claim.

40. It was also contended that the daughters had inherited certain properties worth around Rs.3.00 lacs and some gold from their G grandmother 'Nani', which sufficed in payment of registration money for the shops and plots allotted in their favour. However, nothing was proved on record to substantiate the said contention. Neither the appellant produced certified copies of the alleged income tax returns, nor she filed any other document supporting her contention that registration amount H was paid out of the independent income of her daughters. In fact evidence NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 521 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

to the contrary have been proved on record. The appellant has brought A on record photocopies ofincome tax returns of their daughters, which is not a certified copy. However, even if we consider the same, it emerges that the concerned income tax returns were filed by the daughters after they received some assets/valuable securities under the Will of their Nani and that the daughters earned a very meagre or nominal annual B income between Rs.25,000/- to Rs.40,000/- including income from interest · on FDRs & securities. Considering the documents produced by the appellant, the approximate value of total assets of the daughters of the appellant comes to around Rs.4.00 lakhs to Rs.5.00 lakhs each. However, value of the shops allotted in favour ofthe daughters was around Rs.4.00 Jakhs to Rs.5.00 lakhs and the value of the residential plots allotted to C Ms. Sanskriti and Ms. Suruchi was Rs.7,31,875/- and Rs.8,89,333/-respectively totalling to Rs.16,21,208/-. The appellant has not produced any document to show that some of the alleged assets or F.D.R. etc. were disposed of to realise the amount ofregistration fee of the shops and plots allotted in their favour. In such circumstances, by no stretch of D imagination it can be proved that the concerned properties worth Rs. I0.00 . Jakhs each were purchased by the daughters of appellant, out of their independent incomes. Even ifthe plea of the appellant is accepted to be true that her daughters had inherited valuable properties through 'Will' executed by their Nani (maternal grandmother), it cannot be proved that the concerned plots were purchased from the said income. E

41. The appellant has further contended that both the daughters of the appellant had borrowed Rs.4. 00 lakhs each from Mis. N.P. Mutual .. Benefits Ltd., Bareilly on 09.. 06.1995 so as to pay for the plots allotted in their favour. In this context, testimony of PW-20, Navin Khandelwal, Managing Director, M/s. N.P. Mutual Benefits Ltd. is relevant. PW-20 F has deposed that he had simply lent the money in the name of the daughters of the appellant on receiving a telephonic call made by Shri M.S. Yadav, husband of the appellant-Neera Yadav. PW-20 had never met the daughters of the appellant and had disbursed the loan amount solely on account of faith in their father. PW-20 was not even cross-G examined on behalfofthe appellant on this aspect. Both the loans were liquidated on 05.10.1996. The above facts show that subsequent transaction ofloan was only a sham transaction to support the fake case of the appellant. ' . 42. Considering the depositions of material witnesses, it is hard to . H 522 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 8 S.C.R.

A believe that the requisite amount for seeking allotment of shops and residential plots were made out of independent income of the daughters of the appellant. So far as the payment for seeking allotment of shop is concerned, deposition of PW-9, Harish Chandra is important who was working as Deputy Manager, Syndicate Bank Branch Sector-18, Noida B at the relevant point of time. On behalf of Ms. Sanskriti pay-orders of Rs. 49,000/- and Rs. 5,500/- were paid towards the allotment of shop and on behalf of Ms. Suruchi demand drafts of Rs. 20,500/- and Rs. 67 ,950/- were submitted.PW9 has deposed that he received in cash Rs. 49,000/- plus Rs. 25/- in lieu of bank commission with an application for purchase of pay-order (Paper No. 20 Ka/3) in favour ofNOIDA, to be C made OIJ. behalf of Ms. Sanskriti. He further deposed that the cash officer had endorsed on this application in his handwriting 'reference Chairman Noida Authority'. He had also received another application (Paper no. 20 Ka/2) for purchase of pay order of Rs. 5,500/~. He deposed that he prepared the demand drafts and handed it over to the concerned person D who had come with the cash amounts. Similarly, as per deposition of PW-13 Rajiv Jain Assistant General Manager, SBI, Chandni Chowk, Delhi, applications for purchase of demand drafts of Rs. 20,500/-(Paper no. 29 ka/9) and Rs. 67,950/- (dated 19.12.1994) were accompanied with cash amounts and not with bank account details from which the requisite amounts could have been deducted. As the daughters of the E appellant were studying at that time and since no source of income, or certified copies of income tax returns have been filed on behalf of the appellant, the only presumption that can be drawn is the fact of payments being made at the behest of the appellant and her husband. The said presumption is further supported from testimony of PW-14 Subhash F Badhawan Retired Deputy Manager, State Bank of India who has deposed that from the Account No. 43504 of Mahendra Singh Yadav and Neera Yadav, Rs. 35, 000/- on 22.02.1994; Rs. 40,000/- and Rs. 2,500/- on 01.03.1994; Rs. 29,000/- and Rs. 6,000/-were debited.

43. It has further come on record that Ms. Sanskriti had issued cheque dated 08.08.1994 (Paper no. 26 ka/2) in favour of herself, G accompanied with an application for purchase of pay order of Rs. One lakhs eighteen thousand seven hundred fifty, in favour ofNOIDA towards payment of purchase amount for residential plot. The said ch~que was drawn on account No. 9180, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Paharganj, New Delhi. PW-32 Rajiv Luthra, Senior Manager, Oriental Bank of H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 523 [R. BANUMATHl, J.]

Commerce, Paharganj, New Delhi has deposed that account No. 9180 A was opened in the name of Ms. Sanskriti, Ms. Neera Yadav and Mr. Mah(fndra Singh Yadav. The said account was opened on the basis of identity card of Mr. Mahendra Singh Yadav and was accessible only by , the appellant and her husband, .as Ms. Sanskriti's occupation was mentiQJJed as student and she being minor was not allowed to operate 8 the account. PW-32 has deposed that he was unaware as to how cheque signed by Ms. Sanskriti was processed. Similarly, Ms. Suruchi had issued cheque dated 08.08.1994 (Paper no. 26 ka/3) in favour of herself, accompanied with an application for purchase of pay order ofRs.50,000/ -, in favour ofNOIDA, drawn on account No. 9181 in the same bank. · PW-32 has further deposed that the bank accounts were opened on th.e C ground that the appellant and Ms. Suruchi held ajoint account (account No. 1205) in the Oriental Bank of Commerce, Hazratganj, Lucknow since 01. 03 .1993. He further deposed that by viitue of transfer payment order amounting to Rs. 474287.82 of Oriental Bank of Commerce, Hazratganj, Lucknow was received in the account No. 9181 and D whatever money came from Lucknow, account No. 9180 was opened from that money itself. In such a factual scenario, the argument of the Appellant that her daughters were major and that they had purchased concerned shops and residential plots from their independent source of income, is not tenable.

44. The prosecution case stands proved with regard to the payment E of registration money or value of shops and residential plots in the name of daughters of the appellant being made by the appellant herself, as the daughters of the appellant were not capable of making such payments. Both the courts below have rightly held so in the light of proper appreciation of evidence proved on record. The applications moved by F the daughters of the appellant, be it for seeking allotment of shops or for issuance offunctional certificate, were defective on various counts and no allotment could have been made by acting on them, as held by the courts below by recording concurrent findings, which we completely endorse. The appellant had sought allotment of shops in favour of her daughters only to seek allotment of residential plots in their name, by G falsely portraying them to be independent income.tax assesses, which was otherwise not possible in the light of provisions of the Scheme of 1994, which mandates that no person or his family member· can get allob:l)~nt of more than one plot in NOIDA. The appellant not only gained H 524 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A pecuniary advantage for herself by manipulating the Rules of NOi DA but. also caused grave loss to NOi DA. Valuable thing obtained by the appellant by abusing her official position

45. The prosecution has successfully proved that the appellant B Neera Yadav abused her position as a public servant to benefit herself and her kith and kin. She not only made a mockery of rules and regulations of NOi DA. but also misused her position by complete!) neglecting her duties. Being a Chairman-ci1m-CEO of NOIDA she was expected to ensure that the allotment of plots in NOIDA are effected in strict (' compliance with the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA. However, the appellant herself bypassed the Rules and Regulations of NOIDA by submitting ante dated, half-filled applications for seeking allotment of plots and by not paying the total amount payable in lieu of the allotment. There is no justification as to why the defoctive application of the appellant seeking allotment of a residential plot was acted upon and plot No.B-[) 002 in Se•:tor-32 was allotted tu her. especially when the appellant had not even adhered to the requisite mode of payment through a demand draft/Pay order and had instead made deficient payment through cheque. Also then: is nu justification as to how deficient lease rent paid by the appellant in lieu of her allotment was accepted against the full payment t-: requisite in the Rules.

46. The prosecution has clearly proved that the application of the appellant was not included in the list of applications which were sent to the Bank along with the dcmimd dratis after the cut-off date. In fact it is proved that her cheque was sent for collection after seven days on 28.03 .1994. These facts point at the sole inference that the ante-dated F application of the appdlant was filed only after the closure oftht: scheme, thereby indicating that the appellant put herself above the Rules and Regulations ofNOIDA. 4 7. It is also proved by the prosecution that the appel !ant effortlessly got her smaller plot in Sector-32, measuring 300 sq.m. converted to aG bigger plot in Scctor- l 4A, measuring 450 sq.m. and thereafter, enhanced the area of the plot by 3 7% by illegal means and by abusing her position leading to a total an:a of 562.50 sq.m. Although the appellant has maintained that she had no role to play in the enhancement of area of plot No. 26 in Sector 14-A and further revision of layout plan of H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 525 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

Sector-14A, evidence available on record show otherwise. Evidence on A record shows that revision of layout plan of Sector-14A was carried under the direction of the appellant and that too without following the norms of consulting the Engineering Department ofNOIDA, which was mandatory as per the rules. The said change in the layout plan not only benefitted the appellant in manifold ways but also caused huge financial B loss to NOIDA, as an unnumbered plot was considerably reduced in size and deformed in shape, thereby rendering it completely useless for NOIDA.

48. Apart from the above mentioned instances of abuse of position, the appellant also secured allotment of two shops for her two daughters and then obtained residential plots in the name ofher two major, dependent C daughters, by completely defying the rules and regulations. The appellant · managed to seek allotment of shops in the favour of her daughters by herself preferring defective applications on their behalf and making payments in lieu of the same, with the sole objective of securing a residential plot in lieu of the shops, under Scheme (II) and (III) of 1994. D The prosecution was successful in proving thaUhe daughters of the appellant were dependant on the appellant and that they had purchased the shops and residential plots only out of the money contributed by the appellant and her husband. This amounts to grave violation of Rules of NO IDA and being a CCEO ofNOIDA, the appellant is guilty of obtaining E valuable thing for herself and her daughters by abusing her position as a public servant. The daughters of the appellant were not even engaged in filing their applications as their signatures are missing from applications made on their behalf, seeking allotment, conversion etc.

49. The appellant acted in breach of rules and regulations of NOIDA, causing financial losses to NOIDA and valuable things were F obtained by the appellant and her daughters. The fact that the appellant acted in flagrant violation of the rules, by giving a complete go-by to the public interest to promote her individual interest, shows that she abused her position to gain undue advantage to herself and to cause loss to NOIDA. An attitude to abuse the official po&'ition to gain advantage to G herself and this misuse of position erodes collective faith of the people in the system. Corruption paralyses the functioning of the key areas of the State administration. 50.A particular kind of corruption that has become more rampant of late is nepotism to promote the interests of those near and dear to H 526 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S,C.R. A them. Nepotism is in a sense a greater evil since it involves dispersal of favours by patrons amongst their arm coterie, depriving others of a career or office they deserve more. The practice of promoting the interest of few individuals to the detriment of many others is wholly reprehensible and deserves to be condemned. B 51. A Constitution Bench of this Court inManoj Naru/a v. Union of India (2014) 9 SCC 1, held that corruption erodes the fundamental tenets of the rule oflaw and quoted with approval its judgment in Niranjan Hemchandra Sashitta/ & Anr. v. State of Maharashtra (2013) 4 SCC 642, it was held as under:-

It can be stated without any fear of contradiction that c "26. corruption is not to be judged by degree, for corruption mothers disorder, di;:stroys societal will to progress, accelerates undeserved ambitions, kills the conscience, jettisons the glory of the institutions, paralyses the economic health of a country, corrodes the sense of civility and mars the marrows of governance." D 52. In Subramanian Swamy v. Manmohan Singh and Another (2012) 3 sec 64, it was held as under:-"68. Today, corruption in our country not only poses a grave danger to the concept of constitutional governance, it also threatens the E very foundation of Indian democracy and the Rule of Law. The magnitude of com1ption in our public life is incompatible with the concept of a socialist, secular democratic republic. It cannot be disputed that where corruption begins all rights end. Corrur1H·11 devalues human rights, chokes development and undermu'.. , justice, liberty, equality, fraternity which are the core values in ,,ur F preambular vision. Therefore, the duty of the Court is that any anti-corruption law has to be interpreted and worked out in such a fashion as to strengthen the fight against corruption .... " 53. In K.C. Sareen v. C.B.I., Chandigarh (2001) 6 SCC 584, it was observed:-

G "12. Corruption by public servants has now reached a monstrous dimension in India. Its tentacles have started grappling even the institutions created for the protection of the republic. Unless those tentacles are intercepted and impeded from gripping the normal and orderly functioning of the public offices, through strong H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF lNVESTlGATON 527 [R. BANUMATHI, J.] legislative, executive as well as judicial exercises the corrupt public A . servants could even paralyse the functioning of such institutions and thereby hinder the democratic polity .... " 54. While approving the judgment of Subramanian Swamy v. Director, Central Buteau of Investigation and Anr. (2014) 8 SCC 682, rendered by another Constitution Bench in Manoj Narula's case, B a Constitution Bench of this Court dealing with rampant corruption, observed as under:-

"17. Recently, in Subramanian Swamy v. CBI (2014) 8 SCC 682, the Constitution Bench, speaking through R.M. Lodha, C.J ., while declaring Section 6-A of the Delhi Special Police c Establishment Act, 1946, which was inserted by Act 45 of 2003, as unconstitutional, has opined that: (SCC pp. 725-26, para 59) "59. It seems to us that classification which is made in Section 6-A on the basis of status in the government service is not permissible under Article 14 as it defeats the purpose of finding D prima facie truth into the allegations of graft, which amount to an offence under the PC Act, 1988. Can there be sound differentiation between corrupt public servants based on their status? Surely not, because irrespective of their status or position, corrupt public servants are corrupters of public power. The corrupt public servants, whether high or low, are birds of E the same feather and must be confronted with the process of investigation and inquiry equally. Based on the position or status in service, no distinction can be made between public servants against whom there are allegations amounting to an offence under the PC Act, 1988." F And thereafter, the larger Bench further said: (SCC p. 726, para 60)

"60. Corruption is an enemy of the nation and tracking down corrupt public servants and punishing such persons is a necessary mandate of the PC Act, 1988. It is difficult to justify G the classification which has been made in Section 6-A because the goal of law in the PC Act, 1988 is to meet corruption cases with a very strong hand and all public servants are warned through such a legislative measure that corrupt public servants have to face very serious consequences." H 528 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A And again: (SCC pp. 730-31, paras 71-72) "71. Office of public power cannot be the workshop of personal gain. The probity in public life is of great importance. How can two public servants against whom there are allegations of corruption of graft or bribe-taking or criminal misconduct under B the PC Act, 1988 can be made to be treated differently because one happens to be a junior officer and the other, a senior decision maker. 72. Corruption is an enemy of nation and tracking down corrupt public servant, howsoever high he may be, and punishing such c person is a necessary mandate under the PC Act, 1988. The status or position of public servant does not qualify such public servant from exemption from equal treatment. The decision-making power does not segregate corrupt officers into two classes as they are common crimedoers and have to be tracked down by the same process of inquiry and investigation." D

18. From the aforesaid authorities, it is clear as noonday that corruption has the potentiality to destroy many a progressive aspect and it has acted as the formidable enemy of the nation." 55. Every country feels a constant longing for good governance, E righteous use of power and transparency in administration. Corruption is no longer a moral issue as it is linked with the search of wholesome governance and the society's need for re-assurance that the system functions fairly, free from corruption and nepotism. Corruption has spread its tentacles almost on all the key areas of the State and it is an impediment to the growth of investment and development of the country. If the F conduct of administrative authorities is righteous and duties are performed in good faith with the vigilance and awareness that they are public trustees of people's rights, the issue of lack of accountability would themselves fade into insignificance. 56. To state the ubiquity of corruption, we may refer to the oft-G quoted words of Kautilya, which reads as under:-"Just as it is impossible not to taste the honey or the poison that finds itself' at the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a government servant not to eat up, at least, a bit of the kings revenue. Just as fish moving under water cannot possibly be H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 529 [R. BANUMJ\THI, J.]

found out either as drinking or not drinking water, so A government servants employed in the government work cannot be found out (while) taking money (for themselves). It is possible to mark the movements of birds flying high up in the sky; but not so is it possible to ascertain the movement of government servants of hidden purpose." B [Ref: Kautilya's Arthasastra by R. Shamasastry, Second Edition, Page 77) · As pointed out by Paul H. Douglas in his book on "Ethics of Government'', "corruption was rife in British public life till a hundred years ago and in USA till the beginning of this century. Nor can it be C claimed that it has been altogether eliminated anywhere." (Ref: Santhanam Committee Report, 1962: Para 2.3).

57. Tackling corruption is going to be a priority task for the Government. The Government has been making constant efforts to deal with the problem of corruption. However, the constant legislative reforms D and strict judicial actions have still not been able to completely uproot the deeply rooted evil of corruption. This is the area where the Government needs to be seen taking unrelenting, stern and uncompromising steps. Leaders should think of introducing good and effective leadership at the helm of affairs; only then benefits of E liberalization and various programmes, welfare schemes and programmes would reach the masses. Lack ofawareness and supine attitude of the public has all along been found to be to the advantage of the corrupt. Due to the uncontrolled spread of consumerism and fall in moral values, corruption has taken deep roots in the society. What is needed is a re-awakening and recommitment to the basic values of tradition rooted in F ancient and external wisdom. Unless people rise against bribery and corruption, society can never be rid of this disease. The people can · collectively put off this evil by resisting corruption by any person, howsoever high he or she may be. 58. Upon consideration of the evidence on record, we are of the G view that the concurrent findings recorded by the trial court as well as by the High Court are based upon proper appraisal of facts and evidence and the concurrent findings do not suffer from any error warranting interference.

H 530 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 8 S.C.R. A 59. In Special Case No.28 of 2002 for the conviction of the appellant Neera Yadav under Section 13(2) read with Section 13 ( 1) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, the appellant was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years with a fine ofRs.1,00,000/- with default clause. In Special Trial No.19 of2002 for conviction under Section 120-B IPC and Section 13 (2) read with Section B 13 (1) (d) of P.C. Act, appellant Neera Yadav was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three years with a fine ofRs.50,000/ - and similar imprisonment for conviction under Section 120-B !PC. 60. Mr. Vishwanathan, the learned Senior Counsel also submitted that even though the conviction of the appellant is in two different cases, c involving two different transactions, in exercise of power of discretion, the sentence of imprisonment imposed upon the appellant Neera Yadav in the above two cases may be ordered to run concurrently. It was submitted that the direction to order sentences to run concurrently can be passed by the appellate court. In support of his contention, the learned D Senior Counsel placed reliance upon Nagaraja Rao v. Central Bureau ofInvestigation (2015) 4 SCC 302 and V.K. Bansal v. State ofHaryana (2013)7 sec 211.

61. On behalfofCBI, learned Solicitor General Mr. Ranjit Kumar submitted that the c'onviction of the appellant relates to two different E transactions - one abusing appellant's official position to get the plots allotted to herself and her two daughters and one conspiring with Raj iv Kumar to get him allotment of a plot and the irregularities committed thereon and therefore the sentences imposed upon the appellant cannot be ordered to run concurrently. F 62. Section 31 of Cr. P.C. relates to the quantum of punishment that the Court has jurisdiction to pass where the accused is convicted of two or more offences at one trial (Joinder of charges at one trial vide Sections 218-223 Cr.P.C.). Where accused is convicted and sentenced for several offences at one trial, the Court may direct that the sentences shall run concurrently. In the absence of such direction by the Court, G sentences shall run consecutively. It is not obligatory for the trial court to direct in all cases that the sentences shall run concurrently. 63. This Court considered the scope of Section 31 Cr.P.C. and concurrent or consecutive running of sentence in O.M. Cherian alias Tlrankaclran v. State of Kera/a and Others (2015) 2 SCC 50 I. The H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 531 [R. BANUMATHI, J.)

appellant thereon was convicted for the offences under Section 498-A A and Section 306 IPC. The trial court ordered substantive sentences imposed on the appellant thereon to run consecutively and the same was affirmed by the High Court. Considering the scope of Section 31 Cr.P.C. and the discretion of the Court in directing concurrent nmning of sentences, this Court directed sentences to run concurrently. It was B held as under:- "10. Section 31 CrPC relates to the quantum of punishment which may be legally passed when there is (a) one trial, and (b) the accused is convicted of"two or more offences". Section 3 l CrPC says that subject to the provisions of Section 71 IPC, the court C may pass separate sentences for two or more offences of which the accused is found guilty, but the aggregate punishment must not exceed the limit fixed in provisos (a) and (b) of sub-section

(2) of Section 31 CrPC. In Section 31 ( 1) CrPC, since the word "may" is used, in our considered view, when a person ·is convicted for two or more offences at one trial, the court may exercise .its D discretion in directing that the sentence for each offence may · either run consecutively or concurrently subject to the provisions · of Section 71 IPC. But the aggregate must not exceed the limit fixed in provisos (a) and (b) of sub-section (2) of Section 31 CrPC, that is; (i) it should not exceed 14 years; and (ii) it cannot exceed twice the maximum imprisonment awardable by the sentencing E court for a single offence. 12. The words in Section 31 CrPC " ... sentence him for such offences, to the several punishments F prescribed therefor which such court is competent to inflict; such punishments when consisting of imprisonment to commence the one after the expiration of the other in such order as the court may direct" indicate that in case the court directs sentences to run one after G the other, the court has to ~pecify the order in which the sentences, are to run. If the court directs running of sentences concurrently, order of running of sentences is notrequired to be mentioned. Discretion to order running of sentences concurrently or consecutively is judicial discretion of the court which is to be H 532 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 8 S.C.R.

A exercised as per the established law of sentencing. The court before exercising its discretion under Section 31 Cr PC is required to consider the totality of the facts and circumstances of those offences against the accused while deciding whether sentences are to run consecutively or concurrently. B 20. Under Section 31 Cr PC it is left to the full discretion of the court to order the sentences to run concurrently in case of conviction for two or more offences. It is difficult to lay down any straitjacket approach in the matter of exercise of such discretion by the courts. c By and large. trial courts and appellate courts have invoked and exercised their discretion to issue directions for concurrent running of sentences. favouring the benefit to be given to the accused. Whether a direction for concurrent running of sentences ought to be issued in a given case would depend upon the nature of the offence or offences committed and the facts and circumstances D of the case. The discretion has to be exercised along the judicial lines and not mechanically." (Underlining added)

64. Section 31 Cr.P.C deals with quantum of punishment which may be legally passed when there is:- (a) one trial; and (b) the accused is convicted of two or more offences. The ambit of Section 31 is wide, E covering not only a single transaction constituting two or more offences but also offences arising out of two or more transactions provided that those transactions/charges were framed together at one trial. 65. Section 31 relates to the quantum of the punishment that the court has jurisdiction to pass that the accused is convicted of two or F more offences at one trial. Section 427 Cr.P.C. deals with sentence passed on an offender who is already sentenced for another offence. The power conferred on the Court under Section 427 to order concurrent sentence is discretionary. The salutary principle adopted by the Court is the totality of the sentences. The maximum sentence awarded in one G case against the same accused is relevant consideration while giving concurrent sentence in another case. The policy of the legislature is that normally the sentencing should be done consecutively. Only in appropriate cases, considering the facts of the case, the Court can make the sentence concurrently with an earlier sentence imposed. A person sentenced to imprisonment must, for the purpose of Section 42 7 Cr.P. C., H NEERA YADAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 533 [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

be deemed to be undergoing that sentence from the very moment the A sentence is passed. The accused may be on bail or in custody in the earlier case at the time of passing of the subsequent sentence. 66. The sentencing Court has the discretion to direct concurrency. The investiture of such discretion, presupposes that it will be exercised on sound principles and not on whims. In the Criminal Procedure Code, . B there are no guidelines or specific provisions to suggest under what · circumstances the various sentences of imprisonment shall· be directed to run concurrently or consecutively. There is no strait jacket formula for the Court to follow in the matter of issue or refusal of a direction within the. contemplation of Section 427(1) Cr.P.C. Whether or not a C. direction ought to be issued in a given case would depend upon the ·nature of the offence or offences committed. In para (69) in K. Prabhakaran v. P. Jayarajan (2005) 1 SCC 754, contains a discussion on the topic. To quote:- "69. In the case of the re~pondent, the Magistrate ordered that the sentence on various counts shall run consecutively. That does D not mean that the respondent had been convicted of any offence, for which the sentence of imprisonment is two years or more.

The direction for the sentence to run concurrently or consecutively is a direction as to the mode in which the sentence is to be executed, That does not affect the nature of the sentence. It is E also important to note that in the Code of Criminal Procedure. there are no guidelines or specific provisions to suggest under what circumstances the various sentences of imprisonment shall be directed to run concurrently or consecutively. There are no judicial decisions, to my knowledge, by superior courts laving down the guidelines as to what should be the criteria for di:ecting the F convict to undergo imprisonment on various counts concurrently or consecutively. In certain cases, if the person convicted is a habitual offender and he had been found guilty of offences on various counts and it is suspected that he would be a menace ifhe is let loose on the society, then the court would direct that such G person shall undergo the imprisonment consecutively ...... " 67. It is well settled that where there are different transactions, . different crime numbers and cases have been decided by different judgments, concurrent sentences cannot be awarded under Section 427 Cr.P.C. In Mohd. Akhtar Hussain v. Asst. Collector, Customs (1988) H 534 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R. A 4 SCC 183, it was held as under:-

"10. The basic rule of thumb over the years has been the so-called single transaction rule for concurrent sentences. If a given transaction constitutes two offences under two enactments generally, it is wrong to have consecutive sentences. It is proper B and legitimate to have concurrent sentences. But this rule has no application if the transaction relating to offences is not the same or the facts constituting the two offences are quite different. 12. The submission, in our opinion, appears to be misconceived. c The material produced by the State unmistakably indicates that the two offences for which the appellant was prosecuted are quite distinct and different. The case under the Customs Act may, to some extent, overlap the case under the Gold (Control) Act, but it is evidently on different transac.tions. The complaint under the Gold (Control) Act relates to possession of7000 to las of primary D gold prohibited under Section 8 of the said Act. The complaint under the Customs Act is with regard to smuggling of gold worth Rs 12.5 crores and export of silver worth Rs 11.5 crores. On these facts, the courts are not unjustified in directing that the sentences should be consecutive and not concurrent." E

68. The above general rule that there cannot be concurrency of sentence if conviction relates to two different transactions, can be changed by an order of the Court. There is no straitjacket formula for the Court to follow in the matter of issue or refusal of a direction within the contemplation of Section 427(1) Cr.P.C. Depending on the special F and peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, it is for the court to make the sentence of imprisonment in the subsequent trial run concurrently with the sentence in the previous one. In Benson v. State of Kera/a (2016) 10 SCC 307, this Court directed the substantive sentences imposed on the appellant to nm concurrently. In V.K. Bansal G v. State of H aryana ( 2013) 7 SCC 211 , some sentences were to run concurrently and some consecutively. In paras (14) and (16) in V.K. Bansal's case, it was held as under:-"14. We may at this stage refer to the decision of this Court in Mohd. Akhtar Hussain v. Collector of Customs ( 1988) 4 SCC 183 in which this Court recognised the basic rule of H NEERA Y~DAV v. CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATON 535 [R. BANUMATHI, i.J

convictions arising out of a single transaction justifying A concurrent running of the sentences. The following passage is in this regard apposite: (SCC p. 187, para 10) "10. The basic rule of thumb over the years has been the so-called single transaction rule for concurrent sentences. If a given transaction constitutes two offences under two B enactments generally, it is wrong to have consecutive sentences. It is proper and legitimate to have concurrent sentences. But this rule has no application if the transaction relating to offences is not the same or the facts constituting the two offences are quite different." c 16. In conclusion, we may say that the legal position favours exercise of discretion to the bene.fit ofthe prisoner in cases where the prosecution is based on a single transaction no matter different complaints in relation thereto may have been filed as is the position in cases involving dishonour of cheques issued by the borrower . towards repayment of a loan to the creditor." D

69. This instant. case is one covered under Section 427 Cr.P.C. As noted earlier appellant Neera Yadav has been convicted in two different cases, one of abusing the official position in getting the plots allotted to herself and her daughters and other irregularities in making changes in the site plan and another one in abusing her position as CEO, E Noida conspired with Rajiv Kumar in allotting plot to him. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case and considering the nature of allegations, in our view, it is not justifiable to direct concurrency of sentence. Any unprincipled exercise of judicial discretion and casual ' direction made regarding concurrency would go against the express F provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and the Criminal Pro9edure Code. 70. Insofar as the sentence is concerned, the occurrence was of the year 1994. The appellant Neera Yadav is undergoing sentence from 14.03 .2016. With her conviction, the service and getting retiral benefits G are in jeopardy, Further, husband of appellant Neera Yadav has filed an affidavit stating that the appellant surrendered plot No.26 in Sector-14A along with building constructed in December, 2013 and surrendered lease deed has been executed on 20.12.2013,.in pursuance of the order dated 20.05.2013 of the Chief Executive Officer, NOIDA. It is also H 536 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 8 S.C.R.

A stated that the said plot along with building constructed has been physically handed over to NO ID A authority on 24.12.2013. The appellant's husband has also withdrawn the protest affidavit dated 14.07.2014 filed before this Court in Writ Petition No.150of1997 titled as NO/DA Entrepreneur Association v. NO/DA and Others. It is also submitted that she will not B make any claim for refund. In the above facts and circumstances of the present case, sentence of imprisonment of three years imposed on the appellant is reduced to two years. 71. In the result, the conviction of the appellant Neera Yadav is confirmed. The sentence of imprisonment of three years imposed on the C appellant is reduced to two years and the appeal is partly allowed. Prayer for concurrent running of sentences of imprisonment is rejected. Ankit Gyan Appeal partly allowed.