(2017] 11S.C.R,271 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI AND ORS. A v. JAGDISH BALARAM BAHIRA AND ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 8928 of2015) JULY06,2017 B [JAGDISH SINGH KHEHAR, (:j1, N. v. RAMANA AND DR. D. Y. CHANDRA CI-IUD, JJ.] ...

Constitution of India - Art. 142 - Public employment -Reservation for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe - Individuals C seeking benefit of public employment on the basis of scheduled caste/scheduled tribe claim - Verification by scrutiny committee -Invalidation of their caste or tribe claim - Protection by the constitutional court - Entitlement to - Held: Where benefit is see11red by an individual such as an appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution 'on the basis that the candidate belongs D to a reserved category for which the benefit is reserved. invalidation of the caste or tribe claim upon verification would result in 'the appointment or admission being rendered void or non est -Withdrawal 0{ benefits secured on the basis of the false caste claim is a necessary consequence - Exception to the above is in those E cases where this Court exercises its power u!Art. 142 to render complete justice - Though the pqwer of the Supreme Court u/Art. 142 is a constitutional power vested in the court for rendering complete justice and is couched in wide terms, the exercise of the jurisdiction must have due regard to legislative mandate, where a law such as Maharashtra Act XXlll of 2001 holds the field - Power F u!Art. 142 should not be exercised to defeat the legislative prescription - Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category (Regulation of Issuance and Verification) Caste Certificate Act, 2000. G Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Categ01:v (Regulation of Issuance and Verification) Caste Certificate .tjct, 2000 - Object and purpose of the enactment -Held: By Maharashtra Act XXlll of 2001 there is H

271 272 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) l l S.C.R. A a legislative codiflcarion of the hroad principles enunciated in **Madhuri Patil - Legislation provides a stall/tat:v .framework tu regulate issuance of casre certijicaie and to deal i.vith instances where persons did nut belong to schedule caste or tribes ur reserved categories lvere .v.eeking apfJointnzent or adn1issio11.5 to the detrilnent of genuine candidates - Basic purpose and rationale for 1he B legislation is to secure the just entitlements of legitimate claimants. ss. I 0 and 11 - Individuals seeking benefit of public employment on the ba:>is of" scheduled caste/scheduled tribe claim -Invalidation of caste or lribe claim - Withdrmval of /Jene(t1 obtained - Requirement of dishonest in1ent for the application s. JO - Held: c There is no requirement of" dishonest intent- Mens rea is an ingrediell/ of the penal provisions contained in s.ll ll'hich is prospective and would apply in those silllotions where the act constituting the offence has token place a/ter the date of its enforcement. Operation of the Act - Prospective or retrospective D Application to admissions or appointments made prior to the date on which the Act came inlO fol"ce - Elucidated. Circulars/Government Orders/Notifications - Administrative circulars and government resolutions - Effect of - Held:

Administrative circ11/ars and government resolutions are s11bservient E to legislative mandate and cannot be contrwy eirher to constitutional norms or statutory principles - Where ca11didate has obtai11ed an appointment to a post 011 the basis of a caste certificate and ii is fo1111d 11po11 verification by the Scr111i11y Committee that rhe claim is false. the services of such an individual cannot be proiected hy taking recourse to adn1i11istrative circulars or resolutions -Protection F uj· clai111s uj· a usurper is an ctct <~f deviance to the conslitutiunal schen1e as J-vell cfs to statuto1:v n1andate. In the batch of cases, Individuals sought the benefit of public employment on the basis of a claim to belong to a beneficiary group. On investigation it was found to be invalid. Notwithstanding G the invalidation of the claim to belong to a Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe or backward community, this Court's jurisdiction is invoked. Issue which arises as to whether such equities are sustainable at law and, if so, the limits that define the jurisdiction H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGD!SH 273 BALARAM BAHIRA of the court to protect individuals who have secured access to A the benefit of reservation inspite of the fact that they do not belong to the caste, tribe or class for whom reservation is intended. Disposing of the appeals, the Court HELD: l. It is declared that B

(i) The directions which were issued by the Constitution Bench of this Court in *Mi/ind case were in pursuance of the powers vested in this Court under Article 142 of the Constitution; (ii) Since the decision of this Court in ** Madlzuri Patil which was rendered on 2.09.1994, the regime which held the field in c pursuance of those directions envisaged a detailed procedure for issuance of caste certificates, scrutiny and verification of caste and tribe claims by Scrutiny Committees to be constituted by the State Government, the procedure for the conduct of investigation into the authenticity of the claim, cancellation and confiscation of the caste certificate where the claim is found to be false or not D genuine, withdrawal of benefits in terms of the termination of an appointment, cancellation of an admission to an educational institution or disqualification from an electoral office obtained on the basis that the candidate belongs to a reserved category; and prosecution for a criminal offence; E

(iii) The decisions of this Court in ***R. Vishwanat/za Pillai and in ****Datt(l/ray rendered by benches of three Judges laid down the principle of law that where a benefit is secured by an individual-such as an appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution-on the basis that the candidate belongs to F a reserved category for which the benefit is reserved, the invalidation of the caste or tribe claim upon verification would result in the appointment or, as the case may be, the admission being rendered void or 11011 est; (iv) The exception to the above doctrine was in those cases Gwhere this Court exercised its powe'r under Article 142 of the Constitution to render complete justice; (v) By Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 there is a legislative codification of the broad principles enunciated in** Madl111ri Patil, the legislation provides a statutory framework for regulating the H 274 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] It S.C.R A issuance of cast11 certificates (Section 4); constitution of Scrutiny Committees for verification of claims (Section 6); submission of applications for :verification of caste certificates (Section 6(2) and 6(3); canceJlatiou o.f .;a,te certifi~ates. (Section 7); burden of proof {Scftio~ 8); ~thdraw~f.oftibticftts:o&.. incd upon the invalidation of the claim (Section lO); and initiation of prosecution (Section B 11), amongst other things;

(vi) The power conferred by Section 7 upon the Scrutiny Committee to verify a claim is both in respect of caste certificates issued prior to and subsequent to the enforcement of the Act on c 18.10.2001, finality does not attach to a caste certificate (or to the claim to receive benefits) where the claim of the individual to belong to a reserved caste, tribe or class is yet to be verified by the Scrutiny Committee; (vii) Withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a caste claim which has been fouud to be false and is invalidated is a D necessary consequence which flows from the invalidation of the caste claim and uo issue of retrospcctivity would arise; (viii) The decisions in Kavita Solu11ke a11d Sliali11i of two Judges arc overruled, Sliali11i in so far as it stipulates a requirement of a dishonest intent for the application of the E provision of Scction 10 is, with respect, erroneous and does not reflect the correct position in law; (ix) Me11s rea is an ingredient of the penal provisions contained in Sqction 11 which is prospective and would apply in those situations where the act constituting the offence has taken F place after the date of its enforcement; (x) The judgment of the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in Aru11 So11011e is manifestly erroneous and is overruled; and

(xi) Though the power of the Supreme Court under Article G 142 of the Constitution is a constitutional power vested in the court for rendering complete justice and is a power which is couched in wide terms, the exercise of the jurisdiction must have due regard to legislative mandate, where a law such as Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 holds the field. [Para 57][346-B-H H; 347-A-.FJ CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 275 BALARAM BAHIRA *State af Maharashtra v. Mi/ind (2001) I SCC 4 : A [2000] 5 Suppl. SCR 65 - explained and followed. **Kumari Madhuri Patil v. Additional Commissioner, Tribal Development (1994) 6 SCC 241; R. Vishwanatha Pillai v. State of Kera/a (2004) 2 SCC 105 : [2004] l SCR 360; Union of India v. Dattatray S/o. Namdeo B Mendhekar (2008) 4 SCC 612 : [2008] 2 SCR 1096 -relied on. Kavita Vasant Solunke v. State of Maharashtra (2012) 8 SCC 430 : [2012] 7 SCR 251; Shalini Gajananrao Dalal v. New English High School Association (2013) C 16 SCC 526 : [2013] 12 SCR 807 - overruled. Arun Vishwanath Sonone v. State of Maharashtra (2015) l Mb L.J. 457 - disapproved.

2.1 The Constitution Bench of this Court which decided *Mi/ind case was. on a reference whether it is permissible to hold D an enquiry and let in evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community. or. a part or group within the tribe or community is included in t.he general name, even though it is not so specifically mentioned in the entry contained in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. The Constitution Bench held E that it was not permissible either to hold an enquiry or to allow evidence to decide that though a tribe (or its sub group) is not specifically included in the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 it must, nonetheless, be treated or deemed to be included in the general name. The view of this Court is that an entry in the Order has to be read as .it stands. However, the Constitution Bench, having F due regard to the circumstances of the individual cases before ' the Court, protected the degree obtained by the candidate concerned. This Court also provided that having regard to the passage of time including interim orders which were passed, the admissions and appointments that have become final would G remain unaffected by the judgment. [Para 40][332-D-G] *State of Maharashtra .v. Mi/ind (2001) 1 SCC 4 : [2000) 5 Suppl. SCR 65 - explained and followed. H 276 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R.

A 2.2 The object and purpose underlying the enactment of the state legislation is to regulate the issuance of caste certificates and to deal with instances which had come to light where persons who did not belong to the Scheduled Castes or Tribes or reserved categories were seeking appointments or admissions to the detriment of genuine candidates. The basic purpose and rationale B for the legislation is to secure the just entitlements of legitimate claimants. The judgment in Slia/i11i case is with respect to error in imputing the requirement of a dishonest intent into the provisions of Section I 0 of the Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic c Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category (Regulation of Issuance and Verification of) Caste Certificate Act, 2000. Sections 7 and 10 have to be construed in harmony. Section 7 provides for the cancellation of a caste certificate where before or after commencement of the Act, a person who docs not belong to a reserved calegory has obtained a false caste certificate and D the Scrutiny Committee, after enquiry, is of the opinion that the certificate was obtained fraudulently. These requirements have to be fulfilled before the certificate is cancelled. The falsity of the caste certificate and the opinion of the Scrutiny Committee of its being fraudulently obtained form the basis of a cancellation under E Section 7. Section 10 prescribes that a person who docs not belong to a reserved category and secures admission or obtains appointment against a reserved post by producing a false caste certificate shall upon its cancellation by the Scrutiny Committee be debarred from the institution or as the case may be discharged from employment and the benefits derived shall be withdrawn.

F Sub-section (2) provided for the recovery of all financial benetits while sub-section (3) provides for the cancellation of a degree, diploma or educational qualification. Sub-section (4) provides for disqualification from electoral office. The falsity of the certificate is the basis of an order under Section 7. Section IO provides the G consequence. The challenge to an order of the Scrutiny Committee (invalidating a caste or tribe certificate) may fail or succeeds. If the challenge before the High Court succeeds, no question of the consequence under Section 10 arises. If the challenge fails, the consequence under Section 10 follows the finding in the order under Section 7 that the certificate is false. H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 277 BALARAM BAHIRA Similarly, if the order under Section 7 is not challenged. or if the A challenge is given up, there is no occasion to protect the benefits secured on the basis of a certificate which is invalidated. The expression "false" must be construed in contra-distinction to that which is true, genuine or authentic. Falsity in this sense means the setting up of a claim to belong to a reserved category. (Para B44)(335-G-H; 336-A-F]

2.3 Section 10 provides for the withdrawal of civil benefits which have accrued to an individual on the strength of a claim to belong to a reserved category, when the claim upon due enquiry and verification is invalidated. Section 10, as its marginal note indicates, provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured on the c basis of a false caste certificate. Section 11 provides for offences and penalties. The invalidation of a caste certificate may result in two consequences : (i) immediate cancellation or withdrawal of the benefits received by the candidate on the hasis of a false caste certificate; (ii) prosecution of a claimant who procures a D certificate which is found to be false· by the Scrutiny Committee. The intent of a candidate may be of relevance only if there is a prosecution for a criminal offence. However, where a civil consequence of withdrawing the benefits which have accrued on the basis of a false caste claim is in issue, it would be contrary to Ethe legislative intent to import the requirement of a dishonest intent. In importing such a requirement, the bench of two Judges in Sllali11i's case has fallen into error. In the very nature of things it would be casting an impossible burden to deh·e into the mental processes of an applicant for a caste certificate. As the provisions of the Act indicate, a person, who claims to belong to a reserved F category and who seeks the benefit of an appointment to a reserved post or of admission to an educational institution against a reserved scat or any other benefit provided by the provisions of Article 15(4), has ,to apply for the grant of a caste certificate. The burden of proof that he or she belongs to such a caste, tribe or class lies with the claimant. The legislature has legitimately G assumed that a person who seeks a caste certificate must surely be aware of the caste, tribe or class to which he or she belongs and must establish the claim. If the claim to belong to the reserved category is found to be untrue, the caste certificate has to be cancelled on the ground that it has been obtained falsely. The H

278 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 11 S.C.R. A grant of the benefit to the candidate is fraudulent because the candidate has obtained a benefit reserved exclusively for a specified caste, tribe or class to which he or she is not entitled. The decision in Shalini's case would result in serious consequences and would eviscerate the statutory provision. The interpretation placed on the provisions of Section 10 by the B judgment in Shalini's case is evidently incorrect. (Para 45)(336-G-H; 337-A-B]

2.4 Service under the Union and the States, or for that matter under the instrumentalities of the State subscrvcs a public c purpose. These services arc instruments of governance. Where the State embarks upon public employment, it is under the mandate of Articles 14 and 16 to follow the principle of equal opportunity. Affirmative action in the Constitution is part of the quest for substantive equality. Available resources and the opportunities provided in the form of public employment are in D contemporary times short of demands and needs. Hence, the procedure for selection, and the prescription of eligibility criteria has a significant public clement in enabling the State to make a choice amongst competing claims. The selection of ineligible persons is a manifestation of a. systemic failure and has a deleterious effect on good governance. Selection of a person who E is not eligible allows someone who is ineligible to gain access to scarce public resources. The rights of eligible persons arc viola led since a person who is not eligible for the post is selected. An illegality is perpetrated by bestowing benefits upon an imposter undcservingly. These effects upon good governance find a similar F echo when a person who docs not belong to a reserved category passes of as a member of that category and obtains admission to an educational institution. Those for whom the Constitution has made special provisions arc as a result ousted when an imposter who docs not belong to a reserved category is selected. The fraud on the Constitution precisely lies in this. Such a consequence G must be avoided and stringent steps be taken by the Court to ensure that unjust claims of imposters are not protected in the exercise of the jurisdiction under Article 142. The nation cannot live on a lie. Courts play a vital institutional role in preserving the rule of law. The judicial process should not be allowed to be H

I• . • ••. . CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 279 BALARAM BAHIRA utilised to protect the unscrupulous and to preserve the benefits A which have accrued to an imposter on the specious pica of equity. Once the legislature has stepped in, by enacting Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001, the power under Article 142 should not be exercised to defeat legislative prescription. The Constitution Bench in Mili11d's case spoke on 28 November 2000. The state B law has been enforced from 18 October 2001. Judicial directions must be consistent with law. Several decisions failed to take note of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001. The directions which were issued under Article 142 were on the erroneous inarticulate premise that the area was unregulated by statute. Shali11i case noted the statute but misconstrued it. [Para 46][337-F-H; 338- C A-E]

2.5 It cannot be said that Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 cannot apply to admissions or appointments which were made prior to the date on which the Act came into force. The submission based on retrospectivity overlooks certain crucial links in the D analysis. It is a cardinal principle of construction that every statute is prinra facie prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary implication made to have a retrospective operation. However, the rule in general is applicable where the object of the statute is to affect vested rights or to impose new burdens or to impair E existing obligations. Equally the rule against retrospective construction is not applicable to a statute merely because a part of the requisites for its action is drawn from a time antecedent to its passing. Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 provides in Section 1

(2) that it shall come into force on such dates as the State Government may, by notification in the official gazette, appoint F upon receiving assent of the President. The Act was notified to come into force by a government notification dated 17 October 2001 with effect from 18 October 2001. Prior to the enforcement '-Of the Act, the regime which held the field was in terms of the directions _that were issued by this Court in its judgment dated 2 September 1994 in Madlrm·i Patil's case. The directions which G ' were issued by this Court comprehended: passing of an order of ' cailc'ellation' and confrsc~tion ~ .. th\! caste certificate if the' claim W:JS found to be_false; and,cancellation of the admission g~antcd' or the appointment made where the caste certiticate is invalidated H 280 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A and debarment of the candidate from further studies or to continue in a post. [Para 501[340-E-H; 341-E-F)

2.6 The regime which obtained since 2',. September I 994 under the directions in Mudhuri Patil was granted a statutory status by the enactment of Maharashtra Act XXIII of2001. Section B 7 provides for the cancellation and confiscation of a false caste certificate whether it was issued before or after the commencement of the Act. The expression "before or after the commencement of this Act'' indicates that the Scrutiny Committee constituted under Section 6 is empowered to cancel a caste c certificate whether it was issued prior to 18 October 2001 or thereafter. SectiQn 10 which provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a false caste certificate which is withdrawn is essentially a con seq nence of the cancellation of the caste certificate. Where a candidatr has secured admission to an educational institution on the basis that he or she belongs to a D designated reserved category and it is found upon investigation that the daim to belong to that category is false, admission to the institution necessarily falls with the invalidation of the caste certificate. Admission being founded on a claim to belong to a specified caste, tribe or class, it is rendered void upon the claim being found to he untrue. The same must hold in the case of an E appointment to a post. Therefore, the absence of the words "before or after the commencement of this Act" in Section 10 makes no substantive difference because a withdrawal of benefit is an event which flows naturally and as a plain consequence of the invalidation of the claim. Moreover, even prior to the F enactment of the state legislation, the benefit which was secured on the basis of a caste claim was liable to be withdrawn upon its invalidation. The Act has hence, neither affected vested rights nor has it imposed new burdens. The Act does not impair existing obligations in Sections 7 and IO. An analysis of the provisions of Section 11 demonstrates that the provision creates offences and G provides for penalties. Under Section ll (l) (a) the offence consists of obtaining a false caste certificate (by furnishing false information), filing a false statement or document or by any fraudulent means. Under Section II (1)(b) the offence consists in securing a benefit exclusively reserved for designated castes, H

CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCl v. JAGDISH 281 BALARAM BAHIRA tribes or classes by a person who docs not belong to that category A in terms of appointment; admission in an educational institution against a reserved scat; or election to a local authority or cooperative society against an office which is reserved for that category. The provisions of Section 11 (I) must be read and construed in a prospective sense having regard to the guarantee Bcontained in Article 20 (I) of the Constitution. The offence having been created by Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001, the Act which constitutes the offence must relate to a period aner the date of the enforcement of the Act. In terms of the penal provisions of Section 11, the statute in so far as it creates offences and provides for penalties must hence be construed prospecth'cly. [Paras 51, c 52][341-.F-H; 342-A-H]

2. 7 Administrative circulars and government resolutions arc subservient to legislative mandate and cannot be contrary either to constitutional norms or statutory principles. Where a candidate has obtained an appointment to a post on the solemn D basis that he or she belongs to a designated caste, tribe or class for whom the post is meant and it is found upon verification by the Scrutiny Committee that the claim is false, the services of such an individual cannot be protected by taking recourse to administrative circulars or resolutions. Protection of claims of a Eusurper is an act of deviance to the constitutional scheme as well as to statutory mandate. No government resolution or circular can override constitutional or statutory norms. The principle that government is bound by its own circulars is well-settled but it cannot apply in a situation such as present. Protecting the services of a candidate who is found not to belong to the community F or tribe for whom the reservation is intended substantially encroaches upon legal rights of genuine members of the reserved communities whose just entitlements arc negated by the grant of a scat to an ineligible person. In such a situation where the rights of genuine members of reserved groups or communities arc liable to be affected detrimentally, government circulars or resolutions G cannot operate to their detriment. [Para 53][343-A-D]

2.8 When an admission to an educational institution is sought to be cancelled upon the invalidation of a caste or tribe claim is that the student has substantially progressed in the course H 282 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R.

A of studies and a cancellation of admission would result in prejudice not only to the student but to the system as well. When the student has completed the degree or diploma, a submission against its withdrawal is urged a fortiorari. The state legislature has made a statutory decisi<m amongst competing claims, based on a public policy perspective which the court must respect. The submission B that there is a loss of productive societal resources when an educational qualification is withdrawn or a student is compelled to leave the course of studies (when he or she is found not to belong to the caste or tribe on the basis of which admission to a reserved seat was obtained) cannot possibly outweigh or nullify c the legislative mandate contained in Section 10 of the state legislation. When a candidate is found to have put forth a false claim of belonging to a designated caste, tribe or class for whom a benefit is reserved, it would be a negation of the rule of law to exercise the jurisdiction under Article 142 to protect that individual. Societal good lies in ensuring probity. That is the only D manner in which the sanctity of the system can be preserved. The legal system cannot be seen as an avenue to support those who make untrue claims to belong to a caste or tribe or socially and educ.ational)y backward class. These benefits are provided only to designa~ed castes, tribes or classes in accordance with E the constitutional scheme and cannot be usurped by those who do not belong to them. The credibility not merely of the legal system but also of the judicial process will be eroded if such claims are protected in exercise of the constitutional power conferred by Article 142 despite the stale law. [Para 5411343-E-H; 344-A-B] F

2.9 Medical education is what middle-class parents across the length and breadth of the county aspire for their children. There is intense competition for a limited number of under-graduate, post-graduate and super-speciality scats. This can furnish no justification for recourse to unfair means including G adopting a false rlaim to belong to the reserved category. The fault-lines of the system, be it in education, health or law, are that its lethargy and indolence furnish incentives for the few who choose to break the rules to gain an unfair advantage. In such a H . ·. ~ CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 283 BALARAM BAHIRA situation, the court as a vital institution of democratic governance A must be firm in sending out a principled message that there is no incentive other than for behaviour compliant with rules and deviance will meet severe reprimands of law. [Para 56)(345-G-H; 346-A[

3.1 Jn Cltair1111111 a11d Managing Director FCI v. Jagdislt B Ba/arum Baltiru C.A. 8928/2015, during the pcndcncy of the litigation, the respondent retired from service and was even paid his terminal dues. Hence, at this stage, no claim by a· member of Mahdco Koli, Scheduled Caste could be made or entertained on behalf of respondent or any member of his family on the strength corthc caste certificate which has been invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. No further benefits of any nature whatsoever would be admissible to the respondent on the basis of his claim which has been invalidated. [Para 58] [347-H; 348-G-H; 349-A]

3.2 In Sltri Shivaji Shikshan Sanstlta & Anr. v. Raju Lax111011 Gadekar & Ors. (CA No. 9155 of 2015) and State of Malwruslttra D 1'. Raju Laxma11. Gadekar & Ors. (CA No. 9157 of 2015), the writ petition filed by the employee challenging the order of the Scrutiny Committee was dismissed holding that he docs not belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The caste certificate which was obtained by the .respondent has been demonstrated to be a false caste E certificate. The challenge to the order of termination also attained finality. The High Court clearly erred in allowing protection of service to the employee. Such a direction is also contrary to the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001. The appointment secured by the respondent on the basis of a false caste claim was Frequired to be withdrawn in terms of provisions of Section 10. There has been a complete misuse of the process by the respondent. (Para 58] (349-B, G-H; 350-A-B] 3.3 In State of Mal1aruslttra v. Ku. Ch/1uyu D/o.Hemraj Nimje & Ors. (Civil Appeal No.9160 of 2015) it is held that the respondent has no right to claim prokction of her services. The G respondent has misused the process of law by filing successive writ petitions to pre-empt an adjudication by the Scrutiny Committee and then confining the claim only to the protection of her services. For the reasons, indicated the order of the High Court is set aside.(Para 58][350-C, F-G] ]-[ 284 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 1 ; S. C.R.

A 3.4 In St11te ofM11haras/1tru & Anr. Vs. Mr.~.Arundhati Suresh Ni11awe & Anr. {C.A. Nos. 9203-04 of 2015) and in M11hat111a Fule Kris/ii Vidyapeetll v. Nag11at/1 Bah1m10 M1111grule & Ors. (C.A. No.8926 of 2015) for the reasons indicated in the body of the judgment and those indicated hy this Court while disposing of Civil Appeal NQs.9155 and 9157 of 2015, the impugned judgments B and orders of the High Court arc set aside. [Para 58] [351-A, CJ 3.5 In S11resh S/o.Dewaji Vairag11de v. The Comroller G'eneral, l11dia11 Bt11'ea11 of A-lines, Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, Nagp11r & Am: (Civil Appeal No.1918 of 2010) having due regard for the c reasons contained in the body of this judgment, there is no error in the judgment of the High Court. (Para 58]352-A, DJ 3.6 In Rajendra Slo. Ramaji Mahishudwe v.~. The Joint Commissioner am/ Vice-Clrnirmun Sched11/ed Tribe, Caste Certificate Scrutiny Co111111i1tee & Anr (Civil Appeal No. 9154 of 2015) the High Court by its judgment declined to grant protection D to the services uf the appellant upon the invalidation of his claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe by the Scrutiny Committee. There is a clear and patent misuse of process by the appellant. In tl;le absence of the caste validity certificate, the appointment of the appellant cannot be held to have attained lhality. Having due regard to the reasons contained therein, there E is no error in the judgment of the High Court. [Para 58J(352-E; 353-A-BI

3. 7 In C/1/wya tllo. Yt1d1wrao Barapatre@ Chhaya W/o. Rajee" Dlwkate v. The State of Malwrashtra & Ors. (C.A. Nos. 9158-59 F of 2015) and in Ravimlra G'ovi11drao Nagp11rkt1r Vs. Secretlll)', Raj11stha11 Ed11c11tio11 Socie~1· Washim & Ors. (C.A. Nos.8604-05/ 17 @ SLP (C) Nos. 33864-65 of 2015) for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment and having due regard to the invalidation of the claim of the respondent by the Scrutiny Committee, there is no error in the judgment of the High Court. G [Para 58[353-C, EJ 3.8 In Sh i Sllh>uji Ed11calion Socie(1• & Anr. v. Slt1te of M11/wras/1trt1 & Ors. (Civil Appeal No.8601/17 @ SLP (C) No. 289 of 2016) the High Court by its order has none the less directed reinstatement of the third respondent subjl•ct to an undertaking H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 285 BALARAM BAHIRA that he would not claim the benefit of belonging to the Scheduled A Tribe in future. Once the tribe claim of the respondent has been held to be false, the judgment of the High Court is unsustainable for the reasons indicated in the body of this judgment. The judgment and order of the High Court is set aside. (Para 58)354-D, F-G] B

3.9 In Hi11dusta11 Aero11autics Limited v. Murlidltar Arju11 Neware t111dA11r. (C.A. Nos. 8602-03/17 @ SLP (C) Nos.529-30 of 2016) for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment· and having due regard to the fact that the claim of the respondent has been found to be false, there is merit in the appeals by the appellant. The impugned judgments of the High Court arc set C aside. [Para 58](355-A, D] 3.10 In India Trade Promotio11 Organisation v. Vivekkumar Lajjaslta11kar Cltaurasiya (C.A.No.8607/17 @ SLP ©No.14830 of 2015) and in Mumbai Metropolitan Regio11 Develop111e11t Authority v. Raje11dra Ramc/1a11dra Dltakale & A11r. (C.A. 8609/17 @ SLP D (C) No.13409 of 2015) for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned judgment of the High Court granting reinstatement to the respondent, is set aside. [Para 58][355-F-G; 356-A)

3.11 In State of Maharashtra v. Vasant, s/o.Gyandeo Gonnade E (C.A. 8606/17 @ S.L.P.(C)No. 19992 of 2015) in view of the reasons contained in the body of this judgment, the basis of the impugned decision of the High Court-.Full Bench decision in Arun Sonone, is erroneous. The respondent docs not belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. It is also clear that the benefits obtained F by the respondent were subject to the decision in Milind, wherein this Court has held that Halba-Koshti is not a Scheduled Tribe, the relevant entry in the Scheduled Tribes Order 1950 being 'Halba, Halbi'. The impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside. (Para 58][356-E; 358-B-CJ G 3.12 In State ofMaharasltlra v. Ku. Vijaya Deorao Nandunwar & A11r. (C.A.No.9107 of 2015), in Prttdip Gajam111 Koli Vs.State of Maltarttslttra & Ors.(Civil Appeal No.8598/17 @ SLP (C) 18925 of 2014 for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable and is set H 286 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A aside. [Para 5811358-D, FJ

3.13 In /Shll!ar Shrawan Nikhare Vs.Stale of Maharashtra & Ors. (Civil Appeal No. 7187 of 2013) having regard to the fact that the claim of the appellant to belong to a Scheduled Tribe was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee, the School Tribunal cannot B be faulted in declining to entertain the appeal against the consequential order of termination of service. Moreover, for the reasons containe<I in the body of the present judgment, there is no merit in the Civil Appeal. [Para 58][358-G; 359-D] 3.14 In Eknath Barikrao Dhamvade v. Divisional Controller, c State Transport Corporation & Anr. (Civil Appeal 8608/17 @ SLP (C) ... CC No. 10889 of 2015, Union of India & Ors. Vs. Saryakaltt & Ors. (CA No.8597/17@ SLP (C) No. 16852 of 2016), Executive Director (Lubes), lhdia11 Oil Corporation Ltd. v.~. Aslzok Mahadeoruo Pathrabe & Ors. (CA Nos.8599-8600/17), and State of Maharashtra & Ors. Vs. Rupesh slo. Teksingh Shinde (Civil Appeal Nos.8610/ D 17@ SLP (C) No.2299 of 2017) for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment and in view of the complete abuse of process by the appellant/respondent, the order of the High Court is unsustainable and set aside.[Para 58J[359-E; 361-CI Mi/ind Sharad Katware v. State of Maharashtra (1986) E I Born CR 403; Bank of India v. Avinash D. Mandivikar (2005) 7 sec 690 : 12005] 3 Suppl. SCR 170;

Additional General Alanager!Hwnan Resources, Bharat Heavy Elecrricals Ltd. v. Suresh Ramakrishna Burde (2007) 5 SCC 336 : [20071 6 SCR 388; State of Maharashtra v. Sanjay K. Nimje (2007) 14 SCC 481 : F [20071 1 SCR 960; Yogesh Ramchandra Naikwadi v. The State of.Maharashtra (2008) 5 SCC 652 : [2008] 5 SCR 456; Anjan Kumar v. Union of India & Ors (2006) 3 SC 257 : [2006] 2 SCR 212; State of Maharashtra & Ors. v. Ravi Prakash Bahu/alsing Parmar & Anr (2007) G I SCC 80 : [2006] 8 Suppl. SCR 105: Regional Manager, Central Bank v. Madh11/ika Guru Prasad Dahir AIR 2008 SC 3266 : [2008] 11 SCR 319; Sandip Subhash Parate v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 7 SCC 501 : [2006] 5 Suppl. SCR 282; Central Warehousing Corporation v. Jagdishkumar Vithalrao Panjankar H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 287 BALARAM BAHIRA C. A .No. 233 of 2007; State of Maharashtra v. Om Raj A (2007) 14 SCC 488; Raju Ramsing Vasave v. Mahesh Deorao Bhivapurkar (2008) 9 SCC 54 : (2008] 12 SCR 992; Punjab National Bank v. Vilas Govindrao Bokade (2008) 14 SCC 545; Vijaykumar v. State of Maharashtra (2010) 14 SCC 489; Damodhar v. Secretary, Industrial, B Energy & Labour Department (2010) 15 SCC 537; Raiwad Manojkumar Nivrultirao v. State of Maharashtra (2011) 9 SCC 798 : (2011] 12 SCR 986; Dattu Namdev Thakur v. Stale of Maharashtra (2012) 1 SCC 549 : (2011] 13 SCR 475; R. Unnikrishnan v. V.

K. Mahanudevan (2014) 4 SCC 434 : (2014) 1 SCR c 350; Pa/ghat Ji/la Thandan Samudhaya Samrakshna Smithi v. State of Kera/a (1994) 1 SCC 359 : (1993) 3 Suppl. SCR 872; B. H. Khawas v. Union of India (2016) 8 SCC 715 : (2016] 3 SCR 773; Ramesh Suresh Kamble v. State of Maharashtra (2007) 1 Mh. L.J 423; Sujit D Vasant Patil v. State of Maharashtra (2004) 3 Mh. L J 1109: Ganesh Rambhau Kha/ale v. State of Maharashtra (2009) 2 Mh. L.J. 788; Priyanka Omprakash Panwar v. State of Maharashtra (2009) 4 Mh L.J. 847; Apurva Ashok Gokha/e v. State of Maharashtra (2013) 1 Mh. LJ 139; Bank of India v. E Avinash D.Mandivikar (2005) 7 SCC 690 : (2005) 3 Suppl. SCR 170; Yogesh Ramchandra Naikwadi v. State of Maharashtra (2008) 5 SCC 652 : (2008] 5 SCR 456; Anurag Kumar Singh v. State of Uttarakhand (2016) 9 SCC 426; Nidhi Kaim and Another v. State of F Madhya Pradesh And Others (2017) 4 SCC 1; Chairman and Managing Director FCJ v. Jagdish Balaram Bahira 2017 (7) JT 125; Shri Shivaji Shikshan Sanstha & Am: v. Raju Laxman Gadekar & Ors. (CA No. 9155 of 2015); State of Maharashtra v. Raju Laxman Gadekar & Ors (CA No. 9157 of 2015); State of Maharashtra v. G Ku. Chhaya D/o.Hemraj Ninye & Ors. (CA No.9160 of 2015); State of Maharashtra & Anr. v. Mrs. Arundhati Suresh Ninawe & Anr. (CA Nos. 9203-04 of 2015); Mahatma Fule Krishi Vidyapeeth v. Nagnath Baburao Mangrule & Ors. (CA No.8926 of 2015); Suresh SI H 288 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l l S.C.R.

A o.Dewaji Vairagade v. The Co11troller General, Indian Bureau of Mines. Indira Bhavan. Civil lines. Nagpur & Anr. (CA No.1918 of 2010); Rajendra S/o. Ramaji Mahisbadwe v. The Joint Commissioner and Vice-Chairman Scheduled Tribe, Caste Certificate Scrutiny Committee & Anr (CA No. 9154 of 2015); Chhava B dlo. Yadaorao Barapatre @ Chhaya W!o. Rajeev Dhakate )J. The State of Maharashtra & Ors. (CA Nos. 9158-59 of 2015); Ravindra Govindrao Nagpurkar v. Secretary, Rajasthan Education Society Washim & Ors. (CA Nos.8604-05/17 @ SLP (C) Nos. 33864-65 of c 2015; Shri Shivaji Education Sociezv & Anr. v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. (CA No.8601117 @ SLP (C) No. 289 of 2016); Hindustan Aeronaulics Limited v. Murlidhar A1jun Neware and Anr. (C.A. Nos. 8602-03/17@ SLP (C) Nos.529-30 of 2016; India Trade Promotion Organisation v. Vivekkumar Lajjashankar D Chaurasiya (C.A. No. 8607/17@ SLP ©No.14830 of 2015); Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authorit_~ v. Rajendra Ramchandra Dhakate & Anr. (CA 8609/17 @ SLP (C) No. 13409 of 2015); State of lifahara~htra >'. Vas ant, s/o. Gyandeo Gonnade (CA E 8606/17 @ S.L.P. (C) No. 19992 of 2015); State of Maharashtra v. Ku. Vijaya Deorao Nandanwar & Anr. (CA No. 9107 of 2015); Ishwar Shrawan Nikhare v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. (CA No. 7187 of 2013;

Eknath Barikrao Dhanwade v. Divisional Controller, Stale Transport Corporation & Am: (CA 8608/17 @ F SLP (C) ... CC No. 10889 of 2015); Pradip Gajanan Koli v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. (CA No.8598/17 @ SLP (C) 18925 of 2014); Union of India & Ors. v. Suryakant & Ors (CA No. 8597/17 @ SLP (C) No. 16852 of 2016); Executive Director (Lubes), Indian Oil G Corporation ltd. v. Ashok Mahadeorao Pathrabe & Ors. (CA Nos. 8599-8600/17@ SLP (C) Nos. 29388-89 of 2016); The State of Maharashtra & Ors. v. Rupesh slo.Teksingh Shinde (CA Nos.8610/17@ SLP (C) No.2299 of 2017) - referred to. H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 289 BALARAM BAHIRA Case Law Reference A

(1986) 1 Born CR 403 referred to Para 10 [2005) 3 Suppl SCR 170 referred to Para 21 [2007) 6 SCR 388 referred to Para 22 [2007) 1 SCR 960 referred to Para 23 B[2008) 5 SCR 456 referred to Para 25 [2006) 2 SCR 212 referred to Para 25 [2006) 8 Suppl. SCR 105 referred to Para 25 [2008) 11 SCR 319 referred to Para 25 [2006] 5 Suppl. SCR 282 referred to Para 26 c c2001) t 4 sec 488 referred to Para 27 [2008) 12 SCR 992 referred to Para 28 (2008) 14 sec 545 referred to Para 28 c2010) 14 sec 489 referred to Para 28 Dc2010) 15 sec 537 referred to Para 28 [2011] 12 SCR 986 referred to Para 28 (2011) 13 SCR 475 referred to Para 28 [2014] 1 SCR 350 referred to Para 31 [1993] 3 Suppl. SCR 872 referred to Para 31 E [2016) 3 SCR 773 referred to Para 32 (2007) 1 Mb. L.J 423 referred to Para 33 (2004) 3 Mb. L J 1109 referred to Para 33 (2009) 2 Mb. L.J. 788 referred to Para 33 (2009) 4 Mb L.J. 847 referred to Para 34 F (2013) l Mb. LJ 139 referred to Para 34 (2005) 3 Suppl. SCR 170 referred to Para 40 [2007] 6 SCR 388 referred to Para 40 [2008) 2 SCR 1096 referred to Para 40 G [2008) 5 SCR 456 referred to Para 40 (2016) 9 sec 426 referred to Para 47 c2011) 4 sec 1 referred to Para 55 [19941 6 sec 241 relied on · Para 57 H 290 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A [2000) 5 Suppl. SCR 65 explained and followed Para 40, 57 [2004) 1 SCR 360 relied on Para 57 [2008) 2 SCR 1096 relied on Para 57 [2012) 7 SCR 251 overruled Para 57

B [2013) 12 SCR 807 overruled Para 57 (2015) 1 Mh L.J. 457 disapproved Para 57 2017 (7) JT 1!5 referred to Pua 58 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 8928 c of2015. From the Judgment and Order dated 04.04.2014 of the High Court of Bombay in Writ Petition No. 10088 of2013 WITH C. A. No. 1918 of2010 D C.A. No. 7187/2013 C. A. Nos. 9155, 9157, 9160, 9203-9204, 8926, 9154, 9158-9159 and 9107 of2015 C.A. No~. 8604-05, 8601, 8602-03, 8607, 8609, 8606, 8598, 8597, E 8599-8600, 8610 and 8608 of2017. Manindcr Singh, P. S. NarshimaASGs., Colin Gonsalves, Huzcfa Ahmadi, B. H. Marlapalle, Sr. Advs., Ali Qambar Zaidi, Satya Mitra, Satyajit A. Desai, Ms. A. S. Desai, Ms. Indra Sawhncy, Raj iv Shukla, Shubham Saxena, Debesh Panda, Aniruddh A. Joshi, Rajeev M. Roy, F Gopal Balwant Sathe, Nishant Ramakantrao Katneshwarkar, Kishor Lambat, Ms. Aditi Deshpande, Rabin Majumder, Sanjay Kharde, Sunil Kumar Verma, Ms. Anagha S. Desai, Akash Kakade, Somanath Padhan, Mani sh Pi tale, Ms. D. S. Matwankar, Chander Shekhar Ashri, Ravindra Keshavrao Adsure, Anand Landge, Siddheshwar N. Biradar, G Ms. N. Shoba, Sri Ram J. Thalapathy, V. Adhimoolam, Shilp Vinod, Anirudha A. Joshi, Rajeev Maheshwaranand Roy, Uday B. Dube, M. Y. Deshmukh, Sushi! Karanjkar, K. N. Rai, B. Krishna Prasad, Ms. Shrcya Bhatnagar, Siddhcsh Kolwal, Nalin Kohli, P. K. Mullick, R. B. Yadav, Piyush Sharma, Prabhas Bajaj, Akshay Amrirtanshu, . Praveen Jain, Mrs. Gunjan Sinha Jain, T. S. Sidhu, Mukesh Kumar, H

CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 291 BALARAM BAHIRA Sirnranjeet Singh, Vikas Soni, (For Mis. M. V. Kini & Associates), A Ms. Shubhangi Tuli, Rohan Sharma,Ajit Wagh, Kishor Lambat, (For Mis. Lambat &Associates), Manish Pitale, Ms. D.S. Matwankar. C. S. Ashri, Ms. Shikha Sarin, Rajesh Kumar, E. C. Agrawala, Ms. Aditi Deshpande, (For Mis. Lambat and Associates), Gagan Sanghi,'Ramcshwar Prasad Goyal, Sudhanshu S. Choudhari, Nirnimesh Dube, Ms. Manju Jetley, BD. S. Mahra, Vivck C. Solshe, C. G. Solshe, Ms. Astha Deep, S. M. Jadhav, (For Mis. S. M. Jadhav and Company), Kunda! Kumar Lal, Yash Pal Dhingra, Suhas Kadam, (For Mis. Lemax Lawyers & Co.), Advs., for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by c DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J. I. Delay condoned in SLP (C) ...... CC No.1088912015. 2. Leave granted in the Special Leave Petitions. A The perspective D

3. The framers of the Constitution conceived of a policy of affirmative action to redress the social exclusion, economic deprivation and political alienation suffered by historically disadvantaged classes of Indian society. Reservation of posts in public employment and seats for admission in educational institutions and the setting apart of seats in electoral bodies was envisaged by the Constitution for the fulfilment of a E constitutional aspiration of social justice to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and to socially and educationally backward classes of citizens. Jn pursuit of the constitutional goal of substantive equality, reservations have been envisaged as a means of enabling members of beneficiary groups to realise, in a true sense, dignity, freedom and liberty which the F Constitution guarantees as its basic philosophy. But the problem which has confronted legislatures, policy makers as well as courts (as enforcers of the rule of law) is a capture of the benefits of affirmative action programmes by persons who do not genuinely belong to the beneficiary groups. This kind of capture poses a serious dimension. When a person who docs not belong to a caste, tribe or class for whom reservation is G meant, seeks to pass off as its member, such a stratagem constitutes a fraud on the Constitution. For one thing a person who is disentitled to the benefit of a welfare measure obtains the benefit. For another.this deprives a beneficiary who is genuinely entitled to receive those benefits of a H

292 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20 l 7] 11 S.C.R. A legitimate entitlement. This constitutes an egregious constitutional fraud. It is a fraud on the statutes which implement the provisions of the Constitution. It is a fraud on state policy. Confronted with this problem. the legislatures have intervened with statutory instruments while the executive has, in implementation of law, set down administrative parameters and guidelines to prevent the usurpation of benefits. B

4. The batch of cases with which the court is confronted involves individuals who soµght the benefit of public employment on the basis of a claim to belong to a beneficiary group which has, upon investigation been fow1d to be invalid. Despite the invalidation of the claim to belong c to a Scheduled Caste or, as the case may be, a Scheduled Tribe or backward community, the intervention of the Court is invoked in the exercise of the power of judicial review. The basis for the invocation of jurisdiction lies in an assertion that equities arise upon a lapse of time and tllese equities arc capable of being protected citllcr by the High Court (in the exer¢ise of its jurisdiction under Article 226) or by this D Court (when it discharges the constitutional function of doing complete justice under Article 142). The present batch of cases then raises the fundamental issue as to whether such equities are sustainable at law and, if so, the limils that define the jurisdiction of the court to protect individuals who have secured access to the benefit of reservation inspite of the fact that they do not belong to the caste, tribe or class for whom E reservation is intended.

5. A large body of precedent has evolved both in the High Courts as well as in this Court in seeking to find answers to pleas raised by individuals that they are entitled to protection by a constitutional court, even after the invalidation of their caste or tribe claims. The decided F cases reflect a profound awareness on the part of courts of the human element involved. Assessment of human consequences case by case has resulted in a conflicting line of approach, in the effort of the court to balance the letter Of law with a sense of compassion. Since this Bench of three Judges is called upon to seek a median, through the body of G judicial precedent, it is, at the outset, necessary to set out the fundamental values and vision which the cou11 must pw·sue. Those values as well as the vision is charted out to the court by the Constitution and it is the Constitution which the court expowids. The constitutional policy of creating reservations subserves a high constitutional value of providing H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 293 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

social redress and a life of dignity to castes, tribes and classes which A were in a historical sense oppressed by a systemic pattern of social exclusion and human deprivation. The benefits which the Constitution has conferred on beneficiary groups cannot be dissipated by allowing others who do not belong to the designated castes or tribes to secure the benefit. Public employment is a significant source of social mobility. B Access to education opens the doors to secure futures. As a matter of principle, in the exercise of its constitutional jurisdiction, the court must weigh against an interpretation which will protect unjust claims over the just, fraud over legality and expediency over principle. As the nation evolves, the role of the court must be as an institution which abides by constitutional principle, enforces the rule oflaw and reaffirms the belief C that claims based upon fraud, expediency and subterfuge will not be recognised. Once these parameters are established with a clear judicial formulation individual cases should pose no problem. Usurpation of constitutional benefits by persons who are not entitled to them must be answered by the court in the only way permissible for an institution Dwhich has to uphold the rule of law. Unless the courts were to do so, it would leave open a path of incentives for claims based on fraud to survive legal gambits and the creativity of the disingenuous. B The regulatory regime : Madhuri Patil

6. On 24 February 1981, the Government of Maharashtra issued E a G.R. which prescribed the procedure for obtaining (i)castc certificates from the Sub-divisional Officers; and (ii) validity certificates from a Scrutiny Committee. 7. In 1994, the systemic usurpation of benefits by persons who did not belong to the beneficia1y groups came to the fore before this F Court. There was before this Court, an urgent need expressed to set down a framework to regulate the grant of caste certificates and to scrutinise claims. The need for scrutiny and verification of caste claims was addressed in a judgment of this Court, speaking through a bench of two judges, in Kumari Madhurl Patil Vs. Additional Commissioner, Tribal Development1• The judgment was delivered on 2 September G 1994. While emphasizing the need to ensure that claims to belong to a beneficiary group must be carefully scrutinized, this Court observed thus: " ... 13. The admission wrongly gained or appointment wrongly '(1994) 6 sec z41 H 294 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R.

A obtained on the basis of false social status certificate necessarily have the effect of depriving the genuine Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes or OBC candidates as enjoined in the Constitution of the benefits conferred on them by the constitution. The genuine candidate~ are also denied admission to educational institutions or appointments to office or posts under a State for want of social B status certificate. The ineligible or spurious persons who falsely gained entry resort to dilatory tactics and create hurdles in completion of the inquires by the Scrutiny Committee .... " (Id. at p. 254) c 8. Detailed guidelines were formulated in the judgment of this Court for the constitution of committees by the State Governments for scrutinizing claims of candidates to belong to a Scheduled caste or tribe or, as the case may be, to a backward community designated for reservations. The directions issued by this Court envisaged the constitution ofVigilance Cells which would conduct local enquiries to determine the D authenticity of a claim to belong to a designated caste or tribe. The court, among other things, issued the following directions:

"13 ...... (14). In case, the certificate obtained or social status claimed is found to be false, the parent/guardian/the candidate should be' prosecuted for making false claim. If the prosecution E ends in a conviction and sentence of the accused, it could be regarded as an offence involving moral turpitude, disqualification for elective posts or offices under the State or the Union or elections to any local body, legislature or Parliament; ( 15). As soon as the finding is recorded by the Scrutiny Committee F holding that the certificate obtained was false, on its cancellation and confiscation simultaneously, it should be communicated to the educational institution concerned or the appointing authority by rcgistcrcd,post with acknowledgement due with a request to cancel the admission or the appointment. The Principal etc. of the educational institution responsible for making the admission or the G appointing authority, should cancel the admission/appointment without any further notice to the candidate and debar the candidate from further study or continue in office in a post." (Id. at p. 256-257) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 295 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] C The Halba I Halbi controversy A

9. The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1950 and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order 1950 provide in relation to each State a list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for the purpose of constitutional reservations. In the list of Scheduled Tribes for the State of Maharashtra, Entry 19 is: B "Haiba, Halbi" 10. In the State of Maharashtra, the ambit of Entry 19 became a bone of contention particularly with persons belonging to the Halba-Koshti community claiming to be a sub-tribe of the designated tribe. A Division Bench of the High Court spoke on the issue on 4 September C 1985 in Milind Sharad Katwarc Vs. State of Maharashtra'. The Division Bench held that Halba-Koshti constituted a sub-division of the tribe "Halba-Halbi" under Entry 19 of the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950. Halba-Koshtis were, in the view of the Division Bench, entitled to the status of a Scheduled Tribe on the ground that they were comprehended within a designated tribe namely, Halba-Halbi. In coming to this conclusion, D the Di vision Bench opined that it is permissible to enquire whether a sub-division of a tribe which is not mentioned in the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 is nevertheless a part and parcel of a tribe which is designated.

11. Upon a challenge by the State of Maharashtra before this E Court, the issue wa~ referred to a Constitution Bench and eventually resulted in the judgment in State of Maharashtra Vs. Milind3• The Constitution Bench held that the Scheduled Tribes Order had to be read as it is; and no evidence could be let in to urge that a tribe or tribal community or its part constituted a part of a tribe which was specifically Fdesignated. In other words : "36 ... ( 1). It is not at all permissible to hold any inquiry or let in any evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community is included in the general name even though it is not specifically mentioned in the entry concerned in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, G 1950. (2). The Scheduled Tribes Order must be read as it is. It is not even permissible Iv say that a tribe, sub-tribe, part of or group of '(1986) t Born CR 403 3(2001) l SCC4 H 296 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A any tribe or tribal community is synonymous to the one mentioned m the Scheduled Tribes Order if they are not so specifically mentioned in it.

(3).A notification issued under clause (I) ofArticle 342, specifying Scheduled Tribes, can be amended only by law to be made by Parliament. In other words, any tribe or tribal community or part B of or group within any tribe can be included or excluded from the list of Scheduled Tribes issued under clause ( 1) of Article 342 only by Parliament by law and by no other authority. (4). It is not open to State Governments or courts or tribunals or c any other authority to modify, amend or alter the list of Scheduled Tribes specified i.n the notification issued under clause (I) of Article 342." (Id at p. 30-31) The judgment of the Bombay High Court holding that Halba-Koshti formed a part of the designated scheduled tribe, Halba-Halbi was reversed. The declaration oflaw by this Court under Article 141, negated D the position oflaw enunciated by the Bombay High Court. This was, it must be emphasised, not a case of prospective over-ruling. 12. The Constitution Bench in Milind dwelt on the dangers in allowing benefits which are reserved to designated castes and tribes being usurped by individuals who do not belong to them. Allowing the E benefits which are reserved by Presidential orders issued under Articles 341 and 342 to be usurped by an imposter would negate the purpose of the reservation. This was succinctly emphasized in the following observations of the Constitution Bench:

"35 .... The Presidential Orders are issued under Articles 341 and F 342 of the Constitution recognizing and identifying the needy and deserving people belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes mentioned therein for the constitutional purpose of availing benefits of reservation in the matters of admissions and employment. If these benefits arc taken away by those for whom they are not meant, the people for whom they are really meant or G intended will be deprived of the same and their sufferings will continue. Allowing the candidates not belonging to Scheduled tribes to have the benefits or advantage of reservation either in admissions or appointments leads to making mockery of the very reservation against the mandate and the scheme of the Constitution." H (id. alp. 30) CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 297 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] 13. Milind Sharad Katwarc whose cause had travelled from A the Bombay High Court in 1985 to this Court had, by the time that the Constitution Bench resolved the issue on 28 November 2000 qualified as a doctor. He claimed the benefit of equities which had intervened in the meantime. They were recognized in the ultimate directions which were issued by this Court in the following observations: B "38. Respondent 1 joined the medical course for the year 1985-

86. Almost 15 years have passed by now. We are told he has already completed the course and may be he is practicing as a doctor. In this view and at this length of time it is for nobody's benefit to annul his admission. Huge amount is spent on each c candidate for completion of medical course. No doubt, one Scheduled Tribe candidate was deprived ofjoining medical course by the admission given to Respondent 1. If any action is taken against Respondent I, it may lead to depriving the service of a doctor to the society on whom public money has already been spent. In these circumstances, this judgment shall not affect the D degree obtained by him and his practicing as a doctor. But we make it clear that he cannot claim to belong to the Scheduled Tribe covered by the Scheduled Tribes Order. In other words, he cannot take advantage of the Scheduled Tribes Order any further or for any other constitutional purpose. Having regard to the E passage of time, in the given circumstances, including interim orders passed by this Cowt in SLP (C) No. 16372of1985 and other related matters, we make it clear that the admissions and appointments that have become final, shall remain unaffected by this judgment." (Id. at p. 31) FThe latter part of the above extract covered other cases before the court.

Reading these observations there can be no manner of doubt that this Court took recourse to its constitutional power under Article 142 to protect benefits which had accrued to a candidate who had qualified as a doctor though with the caveat that he would not be entitled to claim the status G of belonging to a Scheduled tribe in the futw·c. The latter part protected, having regard to the passage of time and interim orders passed in the batch of cases, appointments and admissions which had become final. These directions were evidently under Article 142 of the Constitution. H 298 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l l S.C.R. A D The legislation in Maharashtra

14. The legislature in the State of Maharashtra enacted the Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (VimuktaJatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category (Regulation of Issuance and Verification of) Caste B Certificate Act, 2000. The legislation essentially takes care, for that state of the concerns that were expressed in the decision of this Court in Madhuri Patil by providing a statutory framework to regulate the issuance of caste certificates, scrutiny and verification of claims and the consequences to ensue upon the invalidation of a claim. The legislation c received the assent of the President and was published in the gazette on 23 May 200 l. By a. notification dated 17 October 200 I, the Act came into force from 18 October 2001, in terms of Section I (2). Section 3 requires every person claiming to belong to a Scheduled caste or tribe, other backward class or a.ny other designated tribe or community seeking to obtain public employment or an admission to an educational institution D or contesting an electoral scat in a local authority or a co-operative society to apply for tho issuance ofa caste certificate to a competent authority named by the State Government. Section 4 empowers the competent authority to issue a ca~tc certificate upon being satisfied of the genuineness of the claim. Section 6 requires the State Government to constitute Scrntiny Committees for the verification of caste certificates issued by E the competent authorities constituted under Section 4(1 ). Sub-Section

(2) of Section 6 reqlllircs the beneficiary ofa caste certificate to submit an application to a Scrutiny Committee for the verification of the caste certificate and for issuance of a validity certificate. The appointing author~ty is similarly required by sub-Section (3) to make an application F to the Scrutiny Committee to verify the caste certificate. Section 6 provides thus: "6. (I) The Government shall constitute by notification in the official Gazette, one or more Scrutiny Committee(s) for verification of Caste Certificates issued by the Competent Authorities under sub-section ( 1) of section 4 specifying in the said notification the G functions a.nd the area of jurisdiction of each of such Scrutiny Committee or Committees. (2) After obtaining the Caste Certificate from the Competent Authority, any person desirous of availing of the benefits or H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 299 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] concessions provided to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, A De-notified Tribe (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes or Special Backward Category for the purposes mentioned in section 3 may make an application, well in time, in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed, to the concerned Scrutiny Committee for the verification of such Caste B Certificate and issue of a validity certificate.

(3) The appointing authority of the Central or State Government, local authority, public sector undertakings, educational institutions, Co-operative Societies or any other Government aided institutions shall, make an application in such form and in such manner as c may be prescribed by the Scrutiny Committees for the verification of the Caste Certificate and issue of a validity certificate, in case a person selected for an appointment with the Government, local authority, public sector undertakings, educational institutions, Co-operative societies or any other Government aided institutions who has not obtain such certificate. D

( 4) The Scrutiny Committee shall follow such procedure for verification of the Caste Certificate and adhere to the time limit for verification and grant of validity certificate, as prescribed.'" Section 7 provides for the confiscation and cancellation of "false certificates". Section 7 is in the following terms : E "7. ( 1) Where, before or after the commencement of this Act, a person not belonging to any of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes or Special Backward Category has obtained a false Caste Certificate to the effect that either himself or his F children belong to such Castes, Tribes or Classes, the Scrutiny Committee may, suo motu, or otherwise call for the record and enquire into the correctness of such certificate and if it is of the opinion that the certificate was obtained fraudulently, it shall, by an order cancel and confiscate the certificate by following such G procedure as prescribed, after giving the person concerned an opportunity of being heard, and communicate the same to the concerned person and the concerned authority, if any (2) The order passed by the Scrutiny Committee under this Act H 300 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A shall be final and shall not be challenged before any authority or cowt except the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India."

Section 8 relates to the burden of proof and envisages that in any application for the issuance of a caste certificate by the competent B authority; in any enquiry conducted by the competent authority or Scrutiny Committee or appellate authority; and in the trial of any offence under the Act, the buO}en of proving that the person belongs to such caste, tribe or class shaill be on the claimant - applicant. Section 10 provides for the consequence of the invalidation of a caste certificate and reads thus: c "'10. (!)Whoever not being a person belonging to any of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other backward Classes or Special Backward Category secures admission in any educational institution against a seat reserved for such Castes, Tribes or Classes, or secures any appointment in the Government, local D authority or in any other Company or Corporation, owned or controlled by the Government or in any Government aided institution or Co-opcrati ve Society against a post reserved for such Castes, Tribes or Classes by producing a false Caste Certificate shall, on cancellation of the Caste Certificate by the Scrutiny Committee, E be liable to be debarred from the concerned educational institution, or as the case may be, discharged from the said employment forthwith and any other benefits enjoyed or derived by virtue of such admission or appointment by such person as aforesaid shall be withdrawn forthwith.

(2) Any amount paid to such person by the Government or any F other agency by way of scholarship, grant, allowance or other financial benefit shall be recovered from such person as an arrears of land revenue. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in any Act for the time being in force, any Degree, Diploma or any other educational G qualification acquired by such person after securing admission in any educational institution on the basis ofa Caste Certificate which is subsequently proved to be false shall also stand cancelled, on cancellation of such Caste Certificate, by the Scrutiny Conunittee. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 301 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] being in force, a person shall be disqualified for being a member A of any statutory body if he has contested the election for local authority, co-operative society or any statutory body on the seat reserved for any of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis) Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes or Special Backward Category by procuring a false Caste B Certificate as belonging to such Caste, Tribe or Class on such false Caste Certificate being cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee, and any benefits obtained by such person shall be recoverable as arrears of land revenue and the election of such person shall he deemed to have been terminated retrospectively."

cSection 11 deals with offences and penalties and provides thus : "I !.{I) Whoever, - (a) obtains a false Caste Ce11ificate by furnishing false information or filing false statement or documents or by any other fraudulent means; or D (b) not being a person belonging to any of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes or Special Backward Category secures any benefits or appointments exclusively reserved for such Castes, Tribes, or Classes in the Government, local authority E or any other company or corporation owned or controlled by the Government or in any Government aided institution, or secures admission in any educational institu1ion against a seat exclusively reserved for such Castes, Tribes or Classes or is elected to any of the elective offices of any local authority or Co-operative Society against the office, reserved for such Castes Tribes or Classes by F producing a false Caste Certificate; Shall, on conviction, be punished, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend upto two years or with fine which shall not be less than two thousand rupees or both. G (2) No court shall take cognizance ofan offence punishable under this section except upon a complaint, in writing, made by the Scrutiny Committee or by any other officer duly authorized by the Scrutiny Coinmittee for this purpose." H 302 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20 l 7] 11 S.C.R.

A Offences punishable under Section l l have been made cognizable and non bailable under Section 12. Section 13 imposes cnminal penalties upon a person dis¢hargmg the functions of a competent authority who intentionally issu~s a false caste certificate.

15. Legislative intervcntwn in the State of Maharashtra by the enactment of 2000 puts into place a statutory framework covering the B area from the issuance of caste I tribe certificates and traversing the scrutiny and verification of caste I tribe claims and withdrawal ofbenefits accruing upon a false claim. Stringent penalties are provided against violators by creating a regime of criminal offences which are punishable at law. An application for a caste certificate is required to be made to a c designated authority constituted by the State Government. The competent authority has to be satisfied about the genuineness of the claim before it issues a caste certificate. Issuance of a caste certificate docs not in itself conclude the level of scrutiny. The next stage of scrutiny is contemplated before the Scrutiny Committee which is conferred with a statutory status by the provisions of the Act. Section 6 mandates in sub- D section (2) that a person who desires to avail of a benefit or concession provided to a desi~natcd caste, tribe orclass must make an application well in time to tl1e Scrutiny Committee for verification of the caste certificate and for the issuance ofa validity ce11ificatc. Not only this, the appointing authority is obligated to move the Scrutiny Committee to E conduct a verification of the caste certificate ofa person who has been selected for appointment. Section 7 empowers the Scrutiny Committee either suo mow or otherwise to enquire into the correctness of a caste certificate and, if it is of the opinion that the ce11ificatc was obtained fraudulently. it shall cancel and confiscate it after furnishing a reasonable opportunity to be heard. Section 7 operates in respect of all caste F certificates whether obtained before or after the commencement of the Act. If a caste certificate has been obtained falsely by a person either claiming himself or his children to belong to a designated caste, tribe or class, the Scrutiny Committee is empowered to cancel it upon an opinion formed that it was obtained fraudulently. The fact that a person belongs G to a designated caste, tribe or class is based on facts which are to the knowledge of the applicant and hence the burden of proof is placed on the claimant by Section 8.

16. The sta(c legislature was evidently not content with a mere invalidation of a caste certificate which is founded on a false claim made H by a candidate to belong to a designated caste, tribe or class. Section 6 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 303 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

(2) provides that a candidate who desires to obtain a benefit must apply A well in time to the Scrutiny Committee for verification and similarly the appointing authority of a candidate who has been selected for appointment but has not obtained a validity certificate must apply to the Scrutiny Committee for verification. The legislature however was cognizant of the fact that by the time a scrutiny takes place before the Scrutiny BCommittee the candidate may have obtained the benefit of a concession reserved for a caste, tribe or class. As a matter of public interest, the legislation stipulates that the benefits which have been obtained on the basis of a false caste certificate shall be withdrawn upon the invalidation of the claim by the Scrutiny Committee. The ambit of Section I 0 (I) extends, among other things, to an admission which is secured in an c educational institution against a scat reserved for one of the designated castes, tribes or classes; an appointment in the government, local authority or corporation owned or controlled by the government or any government institution or co-operative society against a reserved post. A benefit which is obtained on the foundation of a false caste claim which has been Dinvalidated is not permitted to be retained by the candidate. There is a legislative mandate that the benefit of an admission granted or an appointment to a post shall be withdrawn forthwith on the cancellation of a caste I tr.ibc certificate. Any amount which is paid by way of scholarship. grant, allowance or financial benefits has to be recovered as arrears of land revenue. Sub-Section (3) of Section 10 contains a E 11011-obsta11te provision as a result of which notwithstanding anything contained in any Act for the time being in force a degree, diploma or educational qualification acquired by a person after securing admission on the basis of a caste certificate which is proved to be false and is cancelled would also be invalid. Similarly, by sub-Section (4) a F disqualification from holding an electoral office has been stipulated where a person has contested an election on the basis of a false caste certificate which is since cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee. To ensure that the stringent provisions made by it impose a sufficient deterrent, the legislature considered it fit in its wisdom to create offences and to impose criminal penalties in Section 11. G

17. The consequences which emanate from the cancellation of a caste certificate are distinct. The first is the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a claim to belong to a designated tribe, group or class which has been held to be invalid. This is of a civil nature by which the applicant is deprived of the benefits of a false caste certificate which H 304 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A is cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee. The second consequence is the liability to be subject to a criminal prosecution. This is a criminal liability arising from an offence created by the legislature. E Prec<•dent

18. Several decisions of this Court have considered whether a B person who has secured the benefit of public employment or admission to an educational institution on a reserved quota is entitled to retain the benefits obtained despite the invalidation of the claim to belong to the tribe or caste. In all such cases, equities arc pressed in aid, chief among them being the lapse of time since the acquisition ofbenefits on the basis of a claim to belong to a designated caste or tribe. As decided cases c indicate, the claim for equity is coupled with a "voluntary" undertaking that the person would not secure or claim any future benefits on the basis that he or she belongs to the Scheduled Caste, Schedule Tribe or socially and educationally backward class on the basis of which the original appointment or admission was obtained. In the case of ad.missions D to educational institutions, particularly institutions of higher learning, the additional ground which is often urged is that the withdrawal of benefits obtained in the past would a.mount to a societal loss since scarce productive resources of the nµtion are invested in providing for training and education to professionals ip a discipline such as .medicine. E 19. ln Ma~huri Patil (supra), a Bench of two learned Judges set down a principlecll rationale as to why a claim for equity by a person who is not found to belong to the designated caste, tribe or class cannot be countenanced. The Court observed :

"16. Whether appellants are entitled to their further continuance F in the studies is the further question. Otten the plea of equities or promissory estoppel would be put forth for continuance and completion offurther course of studies and usually would be found favour with the courts. The courts have constitutional duty and responsibility, in exercise of the power of its judicial review, to see that constitutional goals set down in the Preamble, the Fundamental G Rights and the Directive Principles of the Constitution, are achieved. A party that seeks equity, must co.me with clean hands. He who co.mes to the court with false claim, cannot plead equity nor the court would be justified to exercise equity jurisdiction in his favour. There is no estoppel as no promise of the social status H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 305 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

is made by the State when a false plea was put forth for the social A status recognised and declared by the Presidential Order under the Constitution as amended by the SC & ST (Amendment) Act, 1976, which is later found to be false. Therefore, the plea of promissory cstoppel or equity have no application. When it is found to be a case of fraud played by the concerned, no sympathy and B equitable considerations can come to his rescue. Nor the pica of estoppel is germane to the beneficial constitutional concessions and opportunities given to the genuine tribes or castes. Courts would be circumspect and wary in considering such cases." (Id. at p. 257)

cHowever, on the facts of that case the Bench of two Judges while upholding the cancellation of the status of Mahadeo Koli which was fraudulently obtained, directed that the student who had completed the course of medical studies be allowed to appear for the final year examination of the M.B.B.S. degree course but not as a candidate belonging to a Scheduled Tribe. The circumstance which weighed with D the Court was that the student had approached the High Court for the grant of a caste certificate since the Additional Commissioner was not dealing with the matter. The student obtained admission pursuant to a direction of the High Court. It was the parents of the student who had put the career of the student in jeopardy and since she had completed Eher course of study except to appear for the examination; she should be permitted to do so. The above directions were issued in the case of one of the two appellants, Suchita Laxman Patil. However, her sister Madhuri (who was the first appellant) was found to have approached an officer without jurisdiction and after showing the order of the High Court in the case of her sister Suchita, secured a caste certificate and got admission. F This Court observed that though she was in the midst of her B.D.S. studies in the second year, .she could not continue as a student belonging to Mahadeo Kol i Scheduled Tribe. She could only obtain admission as a general candidate and continue her studies. These directions are referable to the jurisdiction confcn-cd on this Court under Article 142. G

20. The next decision which is of relevance on the issue, is a judgment of three Judges of this Court in R. Vishwanatha Pillai Vs. State of Kcrala4 . In that case the appellant who did not belong to a designated reserved community obtained a caste certificate ·and was '(2004) 2 sec 105 H 306 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 1 I S.C.R. A selected as a Deputy Superintendent of Police on a seat reserved for the Scheduled Castes. However, it was found upon a complaint that the appellant did not belong to a Scheduled Caste and the Scrutiny Committee rejected his claim. The order of the Scrutiny Committee was upheld by the High Court and by this Court. Subsequently at the behest of the appellant the Central Administrative Tribunal directed that he should not B be terminated from service without following the procedure under Article 31 l. The High Court reversed that decision and the appeilant was dismissed from service. Before this Court the appellant inter alia sought protection since he had rendered nearly 27 years of service. Rejecting the submission this Court held that:

c "'15. This apatt, the appellant obtained the appointment in the service on the basis that he belonged to a Scheduled Caste community. When it was found by the Scrutiny Committee that he did not belong to the Scheduled Caste community, then the very basis of his appointment was taken D away. His appointment was no appointment in the eyes of law. He cannot claim a right to the post as he had usurped the post meant for a reserved candidate by playing a fraud and producing a false caste certificate. Unless the appellant can lay a claim to the post on the basis of his appointment he cannot claim the constitutional guarantee given under the E Article 311 of the Constitution. As he had obtained the appointment on the basis of a false caste ce1tificate he cannot be considered to be a person who holds a post within the meaning ofArticlc 3 11 of the Constitution of India, Finding recorded by the Scrutiny Committee that the appellant got the appointment on the basis of F false caste certificate has become final. The position, therefore, is that the appellant has usurped the post which should have gone to a member of the Scheduled Caste. In view of the finding recorded by the Scrutiny Committee and upheld upto this Court he has disqualified himself to hold the post.

Appointment was void from its inception. It cannot be said G that the said void appointment would enable the appellant to claim that he was holding a civil post within the meaning of Article 311 of the Constitution oflndia,As appellant had obtained the appointment by playing a fraud he cannot be all owed to take advantage of his own fraud in entering the service and claim that he was holder of H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 307 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.) the post entitled to be dealt with in terms of Article 3 l l of the A Constit'ution of India or the Rules framed thereunder. Where an appointment in a service has been acquired by practising fraud or deceit such an appointment is no appointment in law, in service and in such a situation Article ill of the Constitution is not attracted at all." (Id. at p. 115) (emphasis suppled) B The Bench of three Judges also rejected the submission that since the appellant had rendered 27 years of service. the ordcrof dismissal should be substituted with an order of compulsory retirement or removal to protect his pensionary benefits. The Court observed:

"l 9 ..... The rights to salary, pension and other service benefits c are entirely statutory in nature in public service. Appellant obtained the appointment against a post meant for a reserved candidate by producing a false caste certificate and by playing a fraud. His appointment to the post was void and non est in the eyes oflaw. The right to salary or pension after retirement flow from a valid and legal appointment. The consequential right of pension and D monetary benefits can be given only if the appointment was valid and legal. Such benefits cannot be given in a case where the appointment was found to have been obtained fraudulently and rested on false caste certificate. A person who entered the service by producing a false caste certificate and obtained appointment E for the post meant for Scheduled Caste thus depriving the genuine Scheduled Caste of appointment to that post does not deserve any sympathy or indulgence of this Court. A person who, seeks equity must come with clean hands. He. who comes to the Court with false claims, cannot plead equity nor the Court would be F justified to exercise equity jurisdiction in his favom. A person who seeks equity must act in a fair and equitable manner. Equity jurisdiction cannot be exercised in the case of a person who got the appointment on the basis of false caste certificate by playing a fraud. No sympathy and equitable consideration can come to his rescue. We are of the view that equity or compassion cannot G be allowed to bend the arms oflaw in a case where an individual acquired a status by practising fraud." (Id. at p. 116)

21. In Bank of India Vs. Avinash D. Mandivikar' the first respondent obtained an appointment in the service of the bank in October '(2oosi 1 sec 690 H 308 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A 1976 on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. The Scrutiny Committee found that he did not belong to a Scheduled Tribe and, therefore, invalidated the caste certificate. Following the termination of his services the first respondent moved the High Court which accepted his plea that the initiation of proceedings against him by the Scrutiny Committee for verification of the caste certificate in 1987 was beyond a B reasonable period. The High Court, while allowing the pica. reinstated him in service with back-wages. In an appeal by the employer. this Court held that once a claim of the employee to belong to a Scheduled Tribe had been rejected, the employment was "no appointment in eye of law" and that he had "absolutely no justification for his claim" in c respect of the post he usurped. Distinguishing the directions issued in Milind (under Article 142). this Court held that:

"JO.The protection under the Milind's case (supra) cannot be extended to the respondent No. I-employee as the protection was given under the peculiar factual background of that case. The employee concerned was a doctor <ind had rendered long years D of service. This Court noted that on a doctor public money has been spent and. therefore, it will not be desirable to deprive the society ofa doctor's service. Respondent No. I-employee in the present case is a bank employee and the factor which weighed with this Court cannot be applied to him." (Id. at p. 698) E The above observations of the court arc also an indication that para 38 of the decision in Milind was construed as consisting of directions issued under Article 141. For it was on that basis that the court in Avinash Mandivikar held that no case was made out for protecting the services of a bank employee who had obtained employment on the basis of a F false claim. Besides, this Comt also held that the first respondent having perpetrated a fraud, a claim for protection will not be legally sustainable and a person who had obtained employment by illegitimate means could not continue to enjoy the fiuits of the appointment despite the clear finding by the Scrutiny Committee that "he does not even have a shadow of a right even to be considered for appointment". This Court relied upon the G earlier decision in Vishwanatha Pillai (supra) in coming to its conclusion.

22. Another decision of two learned Judges was in Additional General Manager/Human Resou·rccs, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Vs. Suresh Ramakrishna Burde' where a Division Bench of H • t2001) s sec 336 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 309 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] the Bombay High Court had ordered reinstatement subject to the condition A that the employee would not stake a claim to belong to the Scheduled Tribe in future. The ct<•im of the employee "to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. The employee had been appointed in May 1982 to a clerical post and in August 1995 the Scrutiny Committee had invalidated the caste claim Binitially and again in August 200 I following an order of remand. A Writ Petition filed against the order of invalidation was withdrawn but thereafter, relying on the observations in the concluding paragraph in Milind (supra) the employee submitted a representation for the protection of his services. After the representation was rejected, the employee moved the High Court which directed his reinstatement but c with the condition that he would not claim the benefit of belonging to a Schedule Caste in future. While construing the decision in Milind (supra) (upon which the High Court had placed reliance), this Court observed as follows:

"7. The High Court has granted relief to the respondent D and has directed his reinstatement only on the basis of the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in State of Maharashtra v. Milind (2001) 1 SCC 4. In our opinion the said judgment docs not lay down any such principle of law that where a person secures an appointment by producing E a false caste certificate, his services can be protected and an order of reinstatement can be passed if he gives an undertaking that in future he and his family members shall not take any advantage of being memher of a caste which is in reserved category. The questions which required consideration by the Constitution Bench, are noted in the very F first paragraph of the judgment and they are being reproduced below: 1) Whether at all, ii is permissible to hold enquiry and let in evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community is G included in the general name even though it is not specifically mentioned in the concerned Entry in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950? 2) Whether 'Halba Kosflti' caste is a sub-tribe within the meaning of Entry 19 (Halba!Halbi) of !he said Scheduled H 310 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A Tribes Order relating 10 State of Maharashtra. even though it is not specijically mentioned as such,

8. Aller thorough discussion of the matter the conclusions of the Bench are recorded in paragraph 36 of the report. It was held that it is not at all permissible to hold any enquiry or let in any evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community B or part ofor group within any tribe or tribal community is included in the gemiral name even though it is not specifically mentioned in the concerned Entry in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. It was fmther held that the notification issued under Clause ( l) of Article 342, specifying Scheduled Tribes, can be amended c only by law to be made by Parliament and it is not open to the State Governments or courts or any other authority to modify, amend or alter the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in the notification issued under Clause ( l) of Article 342 and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order 1950. The law declared by the Constitution Bench docs not at all lay down that D where a person secures an appointment by producing a false caste certificate, his services can be protected on his giving an undertaking that in future he will not take any advantaflie of being a member or the reserved category." (Id. at p. 340-341) (emphasis supplied) E In this view of the matter, the High Court was held to be in error in setting aside the order of termination and in directing reinstatement of the employee.

23. ABeneh of two Judges of this Court in State of Maharashtra Vs. Sanjav K. Nimjc7 considered a case where the respondent had F been appointed to the service of the state in June l 995 on a claim that he belonged to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee upon verifying the caste certificate found in its order of August 1989 that the employee was a Koshti (a Special Backward Class) and not a Halba. The respondent accepted the findings of the Scrutiny Committee but on G the basis of a Government Resolution dated 15 June 1995 sought the protection of his service. This Court noted that on 7 December 1994 Koshtis were declared to be a Special Backward Class. As regards the G.R. dated 15 June l 995, this Court came to the conclusion that since the respondent was appointed on 29 June 1995, which was after the '(2007) 14SCC48l H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 311 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] G.R., he was not entitled to protection in terms thereof. Moreover, A adverting to Section 10 of the Act enacted by the Maharashtra state legislature, this Court observed that :

"16. The 2000 Act being a legislative Act would prevail over any government resolution. A government resolution may be beneficent in nature but it is well settled that a benefit B under a government resolution cannot be extended to a person who docs not satisfy the conditions precedent thereof. In any event, the effect of the judgment of this Court as aiso the provisions of a statute in the light of the constitutional provisions contained in Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India cannot be diluted by reason of a C government resolution or otherwise." (Id. at p. 487) (emphasis supplied) In the view of this Court : "18. We may also notice that ordinarily a person, who has obtained D appointment on the basis of a false certificate, cannot retain the said benefit. (Sec Bank oflndia v. Avinash D. Mandivikar [(2005) 7 SCC 690: 2005 SCC (L&S) 1011], Ram Saran v. JG of Police, CRPF [(2006) 2 sec 541 : 2006 sec (L&S) 351 : (2006) 2 Scale 131] and Supdt. of Post Offices v. R. Valasina Babu ((2007) 2 SCC 335] .) In a situation of this nature, whether the Court will E refuse to exercise its discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India or not would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. This aspect of the matter has been considered recently by this Court in Sandcep Subhash Parnte v. State of Maharashtra [(2006) 7 SCC 501 : (2006) 8 Scale F 503] ."(Id. at p. 487)

Finally this Court held that the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXlll of 200 l must apply. Though at one point in time indulgence had been shown to students or to persons who were found to have acted bona fide this "would not mean that this Court would pass an order contrary to Gor inconsistent with the provisions of a legislative act''. 24. The position in law was reaffirmed in a subsequent decision of a Bench of three Judges in Union of India Vs. Dattatray'. The respondent was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry in a '(2008) 4 SCC612 H 312 SUPREME COt;RT REPORTS [2017] 11 S.C.R. A government hospital on the strength of a claim to belong to a Scheduled Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee in an order of March 1999 found that the claim that he belonged to the Halba Tribe was false. The High Court upheld the invalidation of the tribe claim but held that the respondent would not be entitled to any benefit as a member of the Scheduled Tribe from the date of its decision. In consequence, the services of the B respondent were directed not to be disturbed. This Court held that the High Court had misconstrued the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind (supra) and adverted to the peculiar circumstances in which protection was granted in that case to a student who had been admitted to a medical course over 15 years ago. Distinguishing that decision with c the case at hand this Court observed that :

"5 ... When a person secures employment by making a false claim regarding caste/tribe, he deprives a legitimate candidate belonging to scheduled caste/tribe, of employment. In such a situation, the proper course is to D cancel the employment obtained on the basis of the false certificate so that the post may be filled up by a candidate who is entitled to the benefit of reservation." (Id at p. 614) (emphasis supplied) The judgment of the High Court directing the continuance of the first E respondent in service was accordingly set aside. 25. In Yogcsh Ramchandra Naikwadi Vs. The State of Maharashtra', the direction contained in paragraph 38 of the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind (supra) for protecting a student who had completed his medical studies, when nearly 15 years had elapsed, F was held to be referable to the power conferred upon by this Court by Article 142 of the Constitution. This Court observed: "7. There may however be cases where it will not be proper to permit the student to retain the degree obtained by making a false claim. One example is where the candidates secure scats by G producing forged or fake caste certificates. There may be cases, where knowing full well that they do not belong to a Scheduled Tribe/Caste, candidates may make a false claim that they belong to a Scheduled Tribe/Caste. There may also be cases where even '(2008J s sec 652 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 313 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

before the date of admission, the caste certificates of the candidates A might have been invalidated on verification by the Scrutiny Committee. There may be cases where the admissions may be in pursuance of interim orders granted by courts subject to final decision, making it clear that the candidate will not be entitled to claim any equities by reason of the admission. The benefit extended B in Mi/ind [(2001) 1 sec 4 : 2001 sec (L&S) 1111 and Vishwanatha Pillai [(2004) 2 SCC I 05 : 2004 SCC (L&S) 350) cannot obviously be extended uniformly to all such cases. Each case may have to be considered on its own merits. Further what has precedential value is the ratio decidendi of the decision and not the direction issued while moulding the C relief in exercise of power under Article 142 on the special facts and circumstances of a case. We are therefore of the view that Mili11d [(2001) l SCC 4: 2001 SCC (L&S) ll7] and Vislnva11atha Pillai [(2004) 2 SCC 105: 2004 SCC (L&S) 350] cannot be considered as laying down a proposition that 0 in every case where a candidate's caste claim is rejected by a Caste Verification Committee, the candidate should invariably be permitted to retain the benefit of the admission and the consequential degree, irrespective of the facts." (Id at p. 654) (emphasis supplied)

EIn the case at hand, though the Scrutiny Committee had rejected the claim of the appellant even prior to his admission to the professional degree course in engineering. the High Court had directed by an interim order the grant of provisional admission. This Court observed that since the admission to an engineering course had been obtained nearly 13 years earlier and the candidate had already secured a degree, h~ should F be permitted to retain the benefit of the degree subject to the condition that he would not claim any further benefit as a member of a Scheduled Tribe and any expenditure incurred in terms of an exemption from the foe or a grant of scholarship. would be recovered. The following decisions ofthis Court, the act of obtaining a benefit reserved G for designated castes, tribes and classes by an individual who does not belong to the designated community. on the basis of a false caste claim has been held to constitute an egregious violation, even a fraud on the Constitution : H 314 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017 J II S.C.R. A i. In Anjan Kumar Vs. Union of India & Orsw this court held that:

.. 14 ... A person not belonging to the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled tribes claiming himself to be a member of such caste by procuring a bogus caste certificate is a fraud under the B Constitutiop oflndia. The impact of procuring fake/bogus caste certificate ahd obtaining appointment/admission from the reserved quota will h;1ve far-reaching grave consequences. The meritorious reserved candidate may be deprived of reserved category for whom the post is reserved. The reserved post will go into the hand of non-deserving candidate and in such cases it would be c violative of the mandate of Articles !1 and £1 of the Constitution ofindia." ii. In Stat,c of Maharashtra & Ors. Vs. Ravi Prakash Babulalsing Parmar & Anr", this court observed thus:

"'23. The makers of the Constitution laid emphasis on equality 0 amongst citizens. The Constitution oflndia provides for protective discrimination and reservation so as to enable the disadvantaged group to come on the same platform as that of the forward community. If and when a person takes an undue advantage of the said beneficent provision of the Constitution by obtaining the E benefits of reservation and other benefits provided under the Presidential Order although he is not entitled thereto, he not only plays a fraud on the society but in effect and substance plays a fr-dud on the Constitution. When. therefore, a certificate is granted to a person who is not otherwise entitled thereto, it is entirely F incorrect to contend that the State shall be helpless spectator in the matter." iii. Similar observations are co11tai11ed i11 the judgment of this court in Regio11(1( M"""ger, Ce11fr(I( B"nk Vs. M"dhulika G11r11 Prasad Dahir11: G "13 .. .It would suffice to state that except in a few decisions, where the admission/appointment was not cancelled because of peculiar factual matrix obtaining therein, the consensus of judicial "t2006) 3 SC 257 "(2007J t sec 80 H "!llR 12008) SC 3!66 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 315 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD. J.]

opinion is that equity, sympathy or generosity has no place where A the original appointment rests on a false caste certificate. A person who enters the service by producing a false caste certificate and obtains appointment for the post meant for a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe or OBC, as the case may be, deprives a genuine candidate falling in either of the said categories, of appointment to B that post, docs not deserve any sympathy or indulgence of this Court. He who comes to the Court with a claim based on falsity and deception cannot plead equity nor the Court would be j ustificd to exercise equity jurisdiction in his favour. .... "

26. We may now advert to a line of precedent, upon which reliance C has been placed by the private party claimants, to indicate the circumstances in which recourse has been taken by this Court to its jurisdiction under Article 142. Sandip Subhash Paratc Vs. State of Maharashtra'·'. is a decision ofa Bench of two Judges of this Court. The claim of the appellant to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe formed the basis of his admission to the B.E. degree course at the University of D Pune. The claim was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. In a writ petition challenging the order of the Scrutiny Committee the appellant had the benefit of an interim order. Eventually the Writ Petition was allowed and the proceedings were remanded to the Scrutiny Committee. The Scrutiny Committee on remand rejected the claim against which Eanother writ petition was filed. Though no interim relief was granted in the writ petition the appellant was allowed to continue with his studies and he completed engineering studies in 2004. Both the Writ Petition and the Review Petition before the High Court were dismissed. On these facts. the bench of two j udgcs held that prima fircie the case of the appellant indicated that he was under a bona fide belief that Koshti- F Halbns were members of a Scheduled Tribe particularly since he had obtained admi.ssion prior to the decision in Milind (supra). Hence in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 the Bench observed that it did not find any lack of bona tides on his part. The decision then holds that:

G "15 ... We, in the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case, arc not inclined to go into the question as regards purported commission of fraud by the appellant, particularly, when the University admitted him without any demur whatsoever. We are " ( 20061 7 sec so 1 H 316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l l S.C.R.

A doing so having regard to the doctrine of proportionality. The appellant has suffered a lot. He might not be entirely responsible therefor. l;le might have been under a bona fide belief .hat he comes within the purview of notified category. We, therefore, a/beir with much reluctance accept the fervent and impassionate plan made by the learned counsel appearing for the B appellant that he be allowed to obtain the degree. The same shall, however, be subject to payment of Rs 1 lakh in favour of the State of Maharashtra so as to recompense the State to some extent th¢ amount spent on him for imparting education as a reserved category candidate." (Id at p. 507) c 27. In Central Warehousing Corporation Vs. Jagdishkumar Vithalrno Panjankar 14, decided on 16 January 2007. a Bench of two Judges of this Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 protected the services of the respondent who had worked from 1984 on the strength of a claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe though it D was found that he was a Koshti. A similar protection has been granted in State of Maharashtra Vs. Om Raj 15 by a Bench of two Judges where admission, or as the case may be, appointment to a service was obtained on the basis of a claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe though the individuals concerned were found to be Koshti. The decision dealt with a batch of cases which were held to be covered by Milind. E

28. The long tenure of an employee was pressed in aid in a judgment of a Bench of two Judges of this Court in Raju Ramsing Vasavc Vs. Mahesh Deorao Bhivapurkar" as a ground for the exercise of the jurisdiction under Article 142. In that case the first respondent was, on the strength of a Scheduled Tribe certificate of August F 1987, employed in the State Pollution Control Board and his status as a member of a Scheduled Tribe was confirmed in a decision of the High Court in August 1988. The Scrutiny Committee, however, invalidated the claim of the respondent to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. However. the High Court held that its earlier decision of August 1988 G had attained finality and that.the status of the first respondent could not be questioned again. This Court by its judgment held that when an advantage is obtained by a person in violation of the constitutional scheme "C. A .No. 233 of 2007 "(2007l t 4 sec 488 ,. (2008l 9 sec 54 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 317 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.)

a constitutional fraud is committed. The earlier decision of the High A Court which was rendered without a factual foundation was held not to operate as res judicata. However, since the Bombay High Court had allowed the writ petition filed by the respondent in 1988 and he had continued in service since long, recourse was taken to the jurisdiction under Article 142, to protect his service albeit on the basis that he belongs Bto the general category. The benefit of the protection of service was again granted by a Bench of two judges in Punjab National Bank Vs. Vilas Govindrao Bokade 17• A similar protection has been extended in Vijaykumar Vs. State of Maharashtra", Damodhar Vs. Secretary, Industrial, Energy & Labour Department", Raiwad Manojkumar Nivruttirno Vs. State of Maharashtra20 and Dattu Namdev Thakur c Vs. State of Maharashtra".

29. A decision rendered by this Court in 2012 in the case of Kavita Vasant Sohmke Vs. State of Maharashtra" involved a situation where the appellant applied for the post of a teacher in a high school which was reserved for a Scheduled Tribe claiming to be a Halba. She D was appointed on probation in August 1995 and was confirmed in service. The proceeding before the Scrutiny Committee revealed that the appellant was a Koshti by caste and not a Halba as a result of which the caste certificate was cancelled. This led to the termination of the services of the appellant on 23 February 2008. The School Tribunal dismissed the Eappeal filed by the appellant on 28 September 2008 and the writ petition before the High Court resulted in an order of rejection. This Court held that the Scrutiny Committee had not found that the caste certificate was false, fabricated or manipulated or that the Scrutiny Committee found any fraud, fabrication or misrepresentation. In the circumstances, this Court directed that the services of the appellant be protected but that F she would not be entitled to any further benefits on the basis of the caste certificate cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee: "22. Applying the above to the case at hand we do not see any reason to hold that the appellant had fabricated or falsified G "(2008) 14 sec 545 "c2010) 14 sec 489 "(2010) 15 sec 537 '"l2011J 9 sec 798 " r201 ZJ 1 sec 549 "(2012)8SCC430 H 318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R.

A the particulars of being a Scheduled Tribe only with a view to obtain an undeserved benefit in the matter of appointment as a teacher. There is, therefore, no reason why the benefit of protection against ouster should not be extended to her subject to the usual condition that the appellant shall not be ousted from service and shall be reinstated if already ousted. but she B would not be entitled to any further benefit on the basis of the certificate ,which she has obtained and which was I 0 years after its issue cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee." (Id. at p. 440) (emphasis supplied) This decision of two lcamcdjudges docs not indicate that the provisions c of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 were noticed.

30. The issue was revisited in another decision of two judges in Shafini Gajananrao Dalal Vs. New English High Schoof Association23 • The appellant obtained a certificate of belonging to the Halba Scheduled Tribe in July 1974. On the strength ofa claim that the D Gadwal Koshti caste (to which she belonged) had consanguinity to the Halba Scheduled Tribe, she was appointed as an Assistant Teacher and was confirmed in 1984. She was promoted as a Head Mistress in 1994. The Scrntiny Committee in August 2003 held that the caste certificate obtained by the appellant was invalid. A learned Single Judge of the E High C()urt granted protection in service on the strength of a G.R. dated 15 June 1995. Thereafter protracted litigation ensued which eventually resulted in a Single Judge of the High Court setting aside the order of reinstatement passed by the School Tribunal. This order was confirmed in appeal by a Division Bench of the High Coutt. Summarising the position which emerged from earlier decisions of two judges, this Court has held F that: "7.1. If any person has fraudulently claimed to belong to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe and has thereby obtained employment, he would be disentitled from continuing in employment. The rigour of this conclusion has been diluted only G in instances where the coutt is confronted with the case of students who have already completed their studies or are on the verge of doing so, towards whom sympathy is understandably extended.

'' (2013) 16 sec s26 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 319 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] 7.2. Where there is some confusion concerning the eligibility to A the benefits flowing from Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe status, such as issuance of relevant certificates to persons claiming · to be "Koshtis" or "Halba-Koshtis" under the broadband of "Halbas'', protection of employment will be available with the rider that these persons will thereafter be adjusted in the geneml category B thereby rendering them ineligible to further benefits in the category of Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe as the case may be.

7.3. This benefit accrues from the decision of this Court inter alia in Raju Ramsing Vasave v. Mahesh Deorao Bhivapurkar ((2008) 9 SCC 54: (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 802) which was rendered under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. C Realising the likely confusion in the minds of even honest persons the Resolutions/Legislation passed by the State Governments should spare some succour to this section of persons. This can be best. illustrated by the fact that it was in Mi/ind [State of Maharashtra v. Mi/ind, (2001) 1 SCC 4: 2001 SCC (t&S) 117] D that the Constitution Bench clarified that "Koshtis" or "Halba-Koshtis" were not entitled to claim benefits as Scheduled Tribes and it was the "Halbas" alone who were so entitled. A perusal of the judgment in Vilas[Pwyab National Bank v. Vilas, (2008) 14 SCC 545 : (2009) 2 SCC (L&S) 143] by Sirpurkar, J., as well as Solunke [Kavita Solunke v. State of Maharashtra, (2012) E 8 SCC 430 : (2012) 2 SCC (L&S) 609) makes it clear that this protection is available by virtue of the decisions of this Court; it is not exclusively or necessarily predicated on any Resolution or Legislation of the State Legislature." (Id. at pgs. 533-534) FThe High Comt in that case had while rejecting the claim of the appellant relied upon the decision of three Judges in Dattatray (supra). However, this Court held that the decision in Dattatray cannot be construed to have overruled earlier decisions of two Judges. In that context this Court has held that :

"8. Areadingofthe impugnedjudgment [Shalini v. New English G High School Assn., LPA No. 527 of 2009, order dated 25-11-2009 (Born)) requires us to clarify an important aspect of the doctrine of precedence. Dattatray [Union of India v. Dattatray, H 320 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R.

A (2008) 4 SCC 612 : (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] is the only three-Judge Bench decision, and therefore indisputably holds pre-eminence. However, by that time several decisions had already been rendered by two-Judge Benches some of which have already been discussed above. It was within the competence of Dattatray [Union ol lndia v. Dattatray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : B (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] Bench to overrule the other two-Judge Benches. Despite the fact that it has not done so the per incuriam principle would not apply to the decision because it was a larger Bench. However, no presumption can be drawn that the Da11atray [Union of India v. Dattatray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : c (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] three-Judge Bench decision was of the opinion that the earlier two-J udgc Bench decisions had articulated an incorrect interpretation of the law. That being so. the two-Judge Bench views may still be relied upon so long as the ratio of Dallatray [Union of India v. Dattatray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] is not directly in conflict with their ratios. D It is therefore imperative to distil the ratio of Da11a1ray [Union of India v. Da11a1ray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] , which we have already discussed in some detail. We need only reiterate therefore that the three-Judge Bench was perceptibly incensed with the falsity of the claim of the employee to Scheduled E Caste/Scheduled Tribe status. That was not a case where a legitimate claim of consanguinity to a "Halba-Koshti", "Koshti" or "Gadwal Koshti'', etc. had been made, which was at the inception point considered to be eligible to beneficial treatment admissible to Scheduled Tribes, later to be reversed by the Constitution Bench decision in Mi/ind [State of F Maharashtra v. Mi/ind, (2001) I SCC 4: 2001 SCC (L&S) 117) and declared to be the entitlement ofHalbas only." (Id. at p. 534) In the view of this Court, Section l 0 of the Act cancels any benefit which may have been derived by a person on the basis of a false caste certificate. Explaining the ambit of the provision, the Court has held that: G

"11 ..... Whilst "Caste Certificate" has been defined in Section 2(a) of the 2000 Act, "False Caste Certificate" has not been dealt with in the Definitions clause. There is always an element of deceitfulness, in order to derive unfair or undeserved benefit whenever a false statement or representation or stand is adopted H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDJSH 321 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] by the person concerned. An innocent statement which later A transpires to be incorrect may be seen as false in general sense would normally not attract punitive or detrimental consequences on the person making it, as it is one made by error. An untruth coupled with a dishonest intent however requires legal retribution. It appears to us that Section I 0 applies in Dalla/ray [Union of B India v. Dattatray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] mould only." (Id. at p. 536) The above extract indicates that this Court has in Shalini imported a requirement of dishonest intent, before the withdrawal of benefits mandated by Section l 0 of the State legislation can take effect. cSince there was no falsity in the claim of the appellant, the Court held that Section l 0 would not apply to her case. The appellant was accordingly reinstated without any back-wages subject to the condition that she would not be entitled to any further promotion as a Scheduled Tribe candidate.

31. In R. Unnikrishnan Vs. V. K. Mahanudcvan 24 the Drespondent applied for the grant of a Scheduled Caste certificate on the basis that he was a Thandan which was a notified Scheduled Caste. The Tahsi ldar found that the respondent did not belong to the Scheduled Caste in question. In the course of writ proceedings, the High Court directed the Tahsildar to issue a caste certificate following which the respondent was appointed as an Assistant Executive Engineer in a Special E Recruitment Drive for Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe candidates. Subsequently, following the decision ofa Full Bench of the Kcrala High Co mt. the caste certificate of the respondent came under scrutiny and it was found that the respondent actually belonged to the Ezhuva community which fell in the OBC category. The respondent challenged the enquiry Fproceedings in a Writ Petition. The High Court quashed the enquiry. The D.ivision Bench of the High Court in appeal directed a fresh enquiry into the caste status of the respondent. A fresh enquiry resulted in the finding that ihe claim of the respondent to belong to a Scheduled Caste was invalid. Following the order of the High Court the State Government held that the respondent did not belong to a Scheduled Caste but belonged G to a community which was designated as an OBC and if any benefits have been obtained on a wrongful basis, they would be recovered. Both the learned single Judge of the Kerala High Court and in appeal the Division Bench held that the caste status of the respondent had already

"(2014)4 SCC434 H 322 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l I S.C.R. A attained finality and could not be reopened. This Court observed that in Palghat Jilla Thandan Samndhaya Samrakshna Smithi Vs. State of Kerala25, it had held that the Thandan community being listed in the Scheduled Castes Order 1950, it was not open to the State to embark upon an enquiry whether a section ofEzhuva/ Thiyya which was called Thandan in the Malabar area was excluded from the benefits of the B Order. This Court noted that by an amendment of2007 to the Constitution Scheduled Castes Order, Ezhuvas and Thiyyas in the erstwhile Cochin and Malabar areas are no longer Scheduled Castes with effect from 30 August 2007 and would no longer be entitled to be treated as a Scheduled Caste nor will the benefits ofrescrvation be admissible. However, after c adverting to the decisions in Milind, Kavita Solunke and Sandeep Pa rate this Court held that:

"41. In the instant case there is no evidence oflack of bona fides by the respondent. The protection available under the decision of Mi/ind case [State of Maharashtra v. Mi/ind, (2001) l SCC D 4: 2001 SCC (L&S) 117] could, therefore, be admissible even to the respondent. It follows that even if on a true and correct construction of the expression "Thandan" appearing in the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 2007 did not include "Ezhuvas" and "Thiyyas" 1cr\9wn as "Thandan" and assuming that the two were different at all relevant points of time, the fact that E the position was not clear till the Amendment Act of2007 made a clear distinction between the two, would entitle all those appointed to serve the State up to the date the amending Act came into force, to continue in service." (Id. at pgs. 453-453)

32. We may also at this stage advert to a judgment of two learned F judges of this Court in B. ff. Khawas Vs. Union of India". In that case, the appellant was appointed as a Chemical Engineer Grade-I in the Customs and Central Excise Department in June 1995 against a vacancy reserved for a Scheduled Tribe. The letter of appointment provided that the appointment was provisional and subject to verification of the caste certificate. His services were terminated in 2004 following G a decision of the Scrutiny Committee that he belonged to the Koshti which is not a Scheduled Tribe in the State ofMaharashtra. The appellant submitted a representation on the receipt of the order of the Scrutiny "(1994J 1sec359 "(2016) 8 SCC715 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 323 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D: Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

Committee claiming that he had not furnished false information and the A caste certificate was obtained by him bona fide on the basis of the school record. The appellant also claimed that the issue as to whether the Koshti caste is a part of the Halba Scheduled Tribe was the subject matter of intense debate until it was resolved on 28 November 2000 by the Constitution Bench in Milind (supra). Eventually he moved the Central BAdministrative Tribunal which directed that the appointment of the appellant which was made prior to the decision in Milind (supra) should be protected. When the decision of the Tribunal was assailed, the Division Bench of the High Court relied on the decision in Dattatray (supra) and restored the order of termination dated 8 June 2004. In appeal before this Court, it was urged that the decision of the Constitution Bench in c Milind (supra) protected all appointments which had become final. This Court observed that in paragraph 38 of the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind it has been made clear that "the admissions and appointments that have become final, shall remain unaffected by this judgment". The appointment of the appellant as ChcmicalEnginccrGrade- D I was, it was held, provisional and subject to the verification of his caste claim. It was not treated as being final by the department till the order of termination was issued. Since the appointment was made on a provisional basis subject to the verification of the caste certificate it was held that the appellant was not entitled to the protection of his service. Both the earlier decisions in Ka vita Sohmkc and in Shalini were distinguished E on the ground that in the former the appointment had attained finality and could not be disturbed while in the subsequent decision also, the appointment as an Assistant Teacher had attained finality and she had been confirmed in service. Similarly in Unnikrishnan the Court was held to be dealing with a matter where the caste claim was already a Fsubject matter of challenge before the Court and had been upheld. In this background, this Court in Khawas held as follows :

"14. In none of the cases pressed into service by the appellant, the appointment, as in this case, was on provisional basis and subject to verification of caste certificate through proper channel. G It necessarily follows that the principle expounded in the three decisions referred to above, can have no application to the case on hand. Indubitably, if the argument of the appellant was accepted, it would inevitably mean that alt appointments made before 28-11-2000 must be protected even though it had not become final. H 324 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R.

A That would also mean that all caste certificates issued to persons belonging to Koshti community, as being Halba Scheduled Tribe in Maharashtra, prior to 28-11-2000 (the day on which Mi/ind case [Stare of Maharashtra v. Mi/ind, (200 I) 1 SCC 4 : 2001 SCC (L&S) 117] was decided by the Constitution Bench), have been validated irrespective of the opinion of the Scrutiny B Committee qua those certificates. That cannot be countenanced. For caste Koshti is neither a synonym nor part of a notified Scheduled Tribe Halba in Maharashtra." (Id. at p. 721) Following this principle. it was held thatthe appellant was not entitled to c any relief on the finding that his appointment as Chemical Engineer had not attained finality. Once the Scrutiny Committee held that the appellant did not belong to the Halba community the High Court was held to be justified in allowing the writ petition filed by the Department. The order of termination was hence restored. The decision of this Court in Kha was specifically rejects the submission D that the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind would protect all appointments made before 28 November 2000 even though they were not final. If the appointment was yet to be subject to scrutiny by the Caste Scrutiny Committee it would evidently not have attained finality prior to the date of the judgment in Milind (supra). E F Decisions of the Bombay High Court

33. In R?mcsh Suresh Kamble v. State of Maharashtra''. a Full Bench of the Bombay High Court consisting of Mr Justice RM Lodha (as the learned Chief Justice then was), Mr Justice SA Bobde (as the learned Judge then was) and Mr Justice SB Deshmukh considered F the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 200 I. particularly Sections 7( I) and I 0(1) in the context of the electoral disqualification ofa Councillor elected under the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act following the invalidation of the caste certificate. After adverting to the decision of an earlier Full Bench in Sujit Vasant Patil Vs. State of Maharashtra", G the Full Bench held thus : "24 .... The inquiry under section 7(1) of Maharashtra Act No. XXIII of2001 by the Caste Scrutiny Committee is focussed on the correctness of the Caste Certificate obtained by such person "(2007) I Mh. L.J 423 H "(2004) 3 Mh. L J 1109 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 325 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] from the Competent Authority. The, Caste Certificate is issued A by the Competent Authority on the application made by the concerned person disclosing certain information. If the Caste Certificate is cancelled by the Caste Scrutiny Committee, it obviously means that the Caste Cerlificatc has been obtained by that person from the Competent B Authority on incorrect facts or erroneous representation.

It is not necessary that such claim or declaration must involve turpitude of mind. There may not be any deliberateness in it. The failure on the part of the candidate to establish his caste claim before the Scrutiny Committee and the declaration that the Certificate obtained from the C Competent Authority is invalid and thereby cancelled leads to necessary inference that such person made a false claim of his caste belonging to the reserved category to which he did not belong and, thus, incurring disqualification w1der section 16(1C)(a)." (Id atp. 438) (emphasis supplied) D Again, in the view of the Full Bench:

"26. A candidate who sets up a claim as belonging to a particular caste by making an application to the Competent Authority and obtains the Caste Certificate based on such claim and information E and contests the election of the Councillor from the reserved seat and gets elected and if, ultimately, the Scrutiny Committee upon inquiring into the correctness of such certificate declares such certificate invalid and cancels the same, it is obvious that such Caste Certificate has been obtained by that person on the basis of the declaration or information or claim which was not correct or F true and upon invalidation and cancellation of the Caste Certificate by the Scrutiny Committee, such person incurs disqualification automatically. There is no escape from it." (Id. at p. 438) Another Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in Ganesh Rambhau Khalale Vs. State of Maharashtra" held that the directions which G were issued by the Constitution Bench of this Court in paragraph 38 of its decision in Milind were in exercise of the power conferred by Article 142 of the Constitution. "(2009) 2 Mh. L,J. 788 H 326 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A 34. A Division Bench of the Bombay High Court m Priyanka Omprakash Panwar Vs. State of Maharashtra'" has construed the provisions of Section 10 of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 200 I in holding thus:

"3 .... The balance between the equitable consideration of protecting tbe interest of a student who has pursued his education B and the public interest in protecting the reserved categories against the usw-pation of their constitutional entitlements by imposters has now been qrnde by the State Legislatw-e .... The Legisjature has expressly stipulated that a degree or diploma obtained on the basis of a caste claim which is in validated shall stand cancelled. In the c face of an express legislative provision, this Colli"! shall not be justified in exercising its equitable jurisdiction. Considerations of equity that guide the Court in constitutional adjudication under Article 226 of the Constitution must be in accordance with the law enacted by the Legislature .... Stringent provisions have been made to protect the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other D reserved categories. To dilute those provisions by importing equitable considerations for a candidate who has usurped benefits would be to defeat the law. The legislation was in this case conceived in the interests of protecting the constitutional scheme of reservations from usurpation by those who are not entitled." E (Id. at p. 848) This decision has been followed in a subsequent decision in A1mrva Ashok Gokhale Vs. State of Maharashtra". 35. In Arun Vishwanath Sonone Vs. State of Maharashtra'', two questions were referred for decision to a Full Ben~h of the Bombay F HighCow-t:

"I. Whether the relief of protection of service after invalidation of the caste claim can be granted by the High Colli"! on the basis of the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Kavita Solunke v. State of Maharashtra and other, 2012(5) Mh. L.J. (S.C) 921 = G 2012 (8) sec 430 ? ... 2. If the answer to question No. I is in the affirmative, can such relief of protection of service be granted by the High Court in a "(2009) 4 Mh L.J. 847 31 (20131 I Mh. LJ 139 H "(2015) I Mh L.J. 457 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 327 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] case where the same relief has been earlier refused by the High A Cowt'!" (Id at p. 465)" The Full Bench has held that a caste certificate whether issued prior to or after the coming into force of Maharashtra Act XXIII of200 I is valid subject to verification and the grant of a validity certificate by the Scrutiny Committee. The Full Bench has taken the view that Section I 0 of the B State Act regarding the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a false caste certificate operates with effect from 18 October 200 I. Section I 0, in the view of the High Court is "essentially penal in nature" and shall have no effect on the benefits secured or an appointment obtained prior to Jhe coming into force of the enactment. Hence, the view of the High Court is that : C

"27 .... The consequences of discharge from employment or withdrawal of benefits secured or obtained by producing a false caste certificate shall not operate in respect of benefits or appointments obtained or secured prior to coming into force of the said Act." (Id. at p. 475) D The full Bench has taken the view that the observations of this~ourt in Sbalini Gajananrao Dalal Vs. New English High School Association" impliedly overruled the earlier judgments of the Full Benches of the High Court in Sujit Vasant Patil and Ganesh Rambhau Khalalc (supra). In the view of the Full Bench an innocent statement E made by error should not in the absence of an element of deceitfulness operate to deprive a candidate of the benefits obtained on the foundation of a false certificate. The Full Bench held, following decision of this Court in Kavita Solunkc , that : "From the decision of the Apex Court in Ka vita Solunke's case, it F can be gathered that the protection granted in Milind's case would not be available where any fraud or any fabrication or any misrepresentation is made with a view to obtain an undeserved benefit in the matterof appointment. lfthere is no accusation that the certificate was false, fabricated or manipulated by concealment or otherwise, the refusal of benefit flowing from the decision in G Milind's case may not be justified."

The judgment of the Full Bench also holds that the directions· which were issued by the Constitution Bench in Milind are in two parts - the "r201J) 16 sec 526 H 328 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] II S.C.R. A first bcmg to save the admission and degree secured while the other is of a general nature invoking the doctrine of prospective overruling to save admissions and appointments that have become final. Hence, according to the Putt Bench, the ratio of the earlier Full Bench judgment in Ganesh Ramhhau Khalalc holding that the clarificatory directions in :vtilind were referable to Article 142 would run contrary to the B decisions in Kavi$a Solunkc and Shalini and would cease to be a binding precedent. Consequently, the first question which was referred to the Full Bench has been answered in the affirmative by holding that the relief of the protection of services after the invalidation ofa caste claim can be granted by the High Court on the basis of the decisions of this c Court in Ka vita Solunkc and Shalini. G Submissions 36. Jn the present batch of cases, the almost uniform facet is that the claim to belong to a reserved category has been rejected upon scrutiny. D 37. On behalf of the persons whose caste or tribe claims have been rejected, the following submissions have been urged:

i. The issue with regard to caste certificates granted prior to 28 November 2000 is not res integra in view of the dictum laid down in paragraph 38 of the judgment of this Court in Milind. The decision in E Milind gave a positive direction to the effect that appointments that had become final on or before 28 November 2000 (the date when the judgment was delivered) shall remain unaffected. The Constitution Bench dealt with appointments as welt as admissions to educational institutions. Following the decision in Milind this Court disposed of several cases relating to Halba-Koshti and did not disturb appointments which had F been made prior to 28 November 2000. The directions in lVIilind are based on the doctrine of prospective overruling; ii. No issue was joined before the High Court to the effect that the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXIJI of 200 I arc retrospective and would interdict admissions or appointments made prior to the enforcement G of the Act. In any case such a stand would be contrary to the binding circulars issued by the State Government; and iii. Maharashtra Act XXIII of2001 is not retrospective in operation. The statute being of a penal nature, it cannot be construed to be retrospective since that would render it violative of Article 20(!) of the H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FC! v. JAGDISH 329 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

Constitution. The Act was notified on 17 October 200 I with effect from A 18 October 200 I which is the relevant date under Section I (2). iv. While Section 7 empowers the Scrutiny Committee to cancel any certificate which has been obtained before or after the commencement of the Act, the expression "before or after the commencement of this Act" is absent in Sections I 0 and 11. Consequently, B though Section 7 may be retroactive in operation, Sections I 0 and I I which relate to the withdrawal of benefits ard in regard to penal offences arc prospective. Besides the above submissions it has also been urged that in so far as Halba-Koshtis arc concerned : c

i. Though in Entry 19 of the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 only" Halba-Halbi" has been recognised as a Scheduled Tribe, until the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind, Halba - Koshtis were "socially and officially" recognized and accepted as a sub-tribe ofHalba-Halbi. This may have been as a result of the judicial pronouncement made by the High Court from 1956 or the circulars issued by the State Government; D ii. It was on 28 November 2000 that the Constitution Bench in Milind held that Halba - Koshtis do not fall within the purview ofEntry 19 of the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950. Hence, it cannot be said that a caste ce1tificate issued at any time prior to 28 November 2000 in favour of a citizen who was a Halba Koshti was false or a fraud and it can only E be held that such a person ceased to be recognized as Halba-Halbi Scheduled Tribe;

iii. Section I I of Maharashtra Act XXlll of2001 which is in the nature of a penal provision will not be applicable to caste certificates which were issued prior to 18 October 200 I; F iv. On 15 January 1995, a government resolution was issued by the Government of Maharashtra that appointments made prior to that date against reserved posts would remain protected even if the caste/ tribe claim of the appointee was invalidated or found to be false; v. Where an appointment in service has been acquired by practicing G fraud or deceit such an appointment is no appointment in law and in such a situation Article 311 of the Constitution is not attracted. This position will not be applicable to claimants of the Halba - Kosh tis caste to whom caste certificates were issued and appointments were made prior to 28 November 2000; and H 330 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] I I S.C.R.

A vi. On IOAugust 2010, the Union Government in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Depaitment of Personnel and Training issued an office memorandum to the effect that persons belonging to the Halba, Balbi I Koshti castes who got appointment against a vacancy reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of certificates issued by the COllllpetent authority and whose appointments have been B rendered final prior to 28 November 2000 shall not be affected. vii. On 21 C>ctober 2015, the State of Maharashtra issued a circular directing that employees who have been appointed against posts reserved for Scheduled Tribes in governnmnt services between 15 January 1995 c and. 17 October 200 I, whose claims have been invalidated, shall not be disbanded/terminated until further orders. In view of this circular, the State Government is estopped from challenging the Full Bench decision of the High Court in A run Sononc. H PART II : Analysis D · 38. Having put together the body of material on the subject, including the precedents and legislation governing the area, the stage for analysis is now reached. That is what this j udgmcnt now seeks to embark upon.

39. The backdrop for the decision in Madhuri Patil (supra) was E provided by the significant scale on which benefits were secured by imposters by passing themselves off as members of castes, tribes and classes for whom reservations have been earmarked pursuant to constitutional provisions. By its directions which this Court issued on 2 September 1994 provision was made for the constitution of committees for verification of claims belonging to a designated caste, tribe or class. F This Court explained the modalities to be followed by the Scrutiny Committees and the manner in which action would be taken if a claim was found to be false. The directions which were issued by this Court envisaged that upon a claim being found to be false or spurious : (i) the Caste Scrutiny Committee should pass an order cancelling G and confiscating the certificate; (ii) the cancellation of the certificate should be communicated to the educational institution where the candidate has been admitted or to the appointing authority where the candidate is employed; H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 331 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] (iii) upon this, the head of the institution or the appointing authority A should cancel the admission or appointment without further notice and debar the candidate from further study or continuance in office; and

(iv) a prosecution should be launched against the candidate or, as the case may be, the parents or guardians responsible for making the false claim. The regime postulated in the judgment of this Court in B Madhuri Patil (supra) took effect from 2 September 1994, which was the date of the judgment. Eventually in the State of Maharashtra these . directions received legislative recognition upon the enactment of the Maharashtra Act XXIII of 200 I which came into force in the State on 18 October 2001. However, it is impo11ant to notice that even before the cState Legislature stepped in to confer a statutory form to the directions which were issued by this Court in Madhuri Patil (supra) the regime, as it then obtained prior to the enactment of the law, also envisaged consequences upon a caste or tribe claim being found to be false upon a verification by the Scrutiny Committee. The cancellation ofa certificate would, as a necessary consequence, involve the invalidation of the D appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution. Where a candidate had been appointed to a reserved post on the basis of the claim that he or she was a member of the group for which the reservation is intended, the invalidation of the claim to belong to that group would, as a necessary consequence, render the appointment void ab initio. The Erationale for this is that a candidate who would otherwise have to compete for a post in the general pool ofunreserved seats had secured appointment in a more restricted competition confined to the reserved category and usurped a benefit meant for a designated caste, tribe or class. Once it was found that the candidate had obtained admission upon a false representation to belong to the reserved category, the appointment would F be vitiated by fraud and would be void ab initio. The falsity of the claim lies in a representation that the candidate belongs to a category of persons for whom the reservation is intended whereas in fact the candidate does. not so belong. The reason for depriving the candidate of the benefit which she or he has obtained on the strength of such a claim, is that a Gperson cannot retain the fruits of a false claim on the basis of which a scarce public resource is obtained. The same principle would apply where a candidate secures admission to an educational institution on the basis of a false claim to belong to a reserved category. A candidate who does H

332 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A so causes detriment to a genuine candidate who actually belongs 10 the reserved category who is deprived of the seat. For that matter a detriment is caused to the entire class of persons for whom reservations are intended. the members of which are excluded as a result ofan admission granted to an imposter who docs not belong to the class. The withdrawal of benefits. either in terms of the revocation of employment or the B termination of an admission was hence a necessary corollary of the invalidation of the claim on the basis of which the appointment or admission was obtained. The withdrawal of the benefit was not based on mens rea or the intent underlying the assertion of a false claim. In the case of a criminal prosecution, intent would be necessary. On the other c hand, the withdrawal of civil benefits flowed as a logical result of the invalidation of a claim to belong to a group or category for whom the reservation is intended. This was the position under the regime which prevailed following the decision in Madhuri Patil.

40. The Constitution Bench of this Court which decided Milind D (supra) was on a reference whether it is permissible to hold an enquiry and let in evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community or a part or group within the tribe or community is included in the general name. even though it is not so specifically mentioned in the entry contained in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. The Constitution Bench held that it was not permissible either to hold an enquiry or to E allow evidence 10 decide that though a tribe (or its sub group) is not specifically included in the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 it must, nonetheless. be treated or deemed to be included in the general name. The view of this Court is that an entry in the Order has to be read as it stands. However, the Constitution Bench in paragraph 38 of its decision, F having due regard to the circumstances of the individual cases before the Court, protected the degree obtained by the candidate concerned. This Court also provided that having regard to the passage of time including interim orders which were passed, the admissions and appointments that have become final would remain unaffected by the judgment. The observations in paragraph 38 of the decision of the Constitution Bench G have been construed in at least the following judgments of this Court as directions referable to Article 142 of the Constitution: (i) Bank of India Vs. Avinash D.Mandivikar"'; "(2005) 7 sec 690 at para 10 I-I

CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 333 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] (ii) Additional General Manager- Human Resource, Bharat A Heavy Electricals Ltd. Vs. Suresh Ramkrishna Burde"; (iii) Union oflndia Vs. Dattatray, S/o. Namdeo Mcndhckar36 ;and (iv) Yogcsh Ramchandra Naikwadi Vs. State of Maharashtra". B 41. Since the decision of the Bench of three judges in R. Vishwanatha Pillai Vs. State ofKcrala (supra) the position oflaw which has been laid down by this Court is that where an appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution is made against a vacancy which is reserved for a Scheduled Caste or Tribe or a socially and C educationally backward class. the invalidation of the claim of the candidate would result in the appointment or, as the case may be, the admission being void and non est. This principle has been followed by another judgment of three Judges in Dattatray (supra). The same position has been propounded by a two judge bench in Bank of India Vs. Avinash D Mandivikar (supra). The formal termination of an employment or the withdrawal of admission is a necessary consequence which flows out of the invalidation of the caste or tribe claim. The only exception to this principle consists of those cases where, in exercise of the power conferred by Article 142, the Court considered it appropriate and proper to protect the admission which was granted or, as the case may be, the appointment E to the post.

42. In Ka vita Sohmkc (supra) the appellant had been appointed on the strength of a claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe in AugLL~t 1995. After the tribe claim was verified by the Scrutiny Committee it was found that the appellant was in fact a Koshti and not a member of F the Halba Scheduled Tribe following which an order of termination was issued. The sole ground on which the termination was challenged and which was accepted by the bench of two judges was that since the appointment of the appellant had attained finality, it could not have been set aside on the ground that the appellant did not belong to a Scheduled G Tribe. Maharashtra Act XXlll of 200 I was evidently not placed before the court in Kavita Solunkc (supra) and has not been noticed. Upon "(2007) 5 sec 336 at paras 7-9 and 13 ·"' (2008) 4 sec 612 at paras 5-7 "(2008) 5 sec 652 at paras 5 & 6 H 334 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l l S.C.R.

A the enactment of the Act, the invalidation of a caste certificate by the Scrutiny Committee would as a statutory mandate result in the withdrawal of the benefits which had accrued on the strength of the claim and where a candidate had been appointed to a reserved post, termination would follow the finding that the candidate did not belong to the category for whom the post WflS reserved. If the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXIII B of 200 I were to be considered by the bench of two judges, it would be apparent that under the provisions of Section 7 the Scrutiny Committee is empowered tQ verify a caste certificate whether issued before or after the commencement of the Act and if it comes to the conclusion that the caste certificate is fals·c and is obtained fraudulently it is c empowered to order its cancellation and confiscation. Section I 0 provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured when a caste certificate is concerned for its falsity. Falsity is adjudicated upon when an order of cancellation is passed under Section 7. Once a caste certificate is cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee under Section 7, the individual affected by the order has a remedy to challenge its cancellation before 0 the High Court under Article 226. lfthe challenge fails or if the challenge is given up, and the only relief sought is of the protection of service, or of the admission to the course, the gmnt of such protective relief simpliciter would be impermissible. The withdrawal of the benefit under Section 10 follows an order of cancellation under Section 7. Once the conditions E for cancellation are fulfilled and an order of cancellation is passed under Section 7 withdrawal of all benefits which have accrued on the basis of the claim (which stands invalidated) cannot be opposed on a theory that there was an absence of dishonest intent.

43. The rationale which weighed with the Bench of two Judges F which decided Kavita Solunke (supra) was that if the Halba Koshti had been treated as Halba even before the appellant had joined the service and ifthe only ground for ouster was the law declared in Milind (supra), there was no reason why protection against ouster to appointees whose applications had become final be not also extended to the appellant. Placing reliance on the decision in Kavita Sohmkc (supra) another G Bench of two Judges of this Court in Shalini (supm) propounded a test of dishonest intent for the grant or denial of protection to persons whose caste claims had been invalidated. The view of the Court emerges from the following extract contained in para 9 of the decision which reads thus: H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 335 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

"9. It is not the intent of law to punish an innocent person and A subject him to extremely harsh treatment. That is why this Court has devised and consistently followed that taxation statutes, which almost always work to the pecuniary detriment of the assessee, must be interpreted in favour of the assessee. Therefore, as we see it, on one bank of the Rubicon are the cases of dishonest and B mendacious persons who have deliberatc)y claimed consanguinity with the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, etc. whereas on the other bank are those marooned persons who honestly and correctly claimed to belong to a particular Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe but were later on found by the relevant authority not to fall within the particular group envisaged for protected C treatment. In the former group, persons would justifiably deserve the immediate cessation of all benefits, including termination of services. In the latter, after the removal of the nebulousness and uncertainty, while the services or benefits already enjoyed would not be negated, they would be disentitled to claim any further or D continuing benefit on the predication of belonging to the 'said Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe." {Id. at pgs. 534-535) The above observations must be read together with those in paragraph 11 (extracted earlier) where the Court held that a dishonest intent requires legal retribution. In Shalini (supra) the.Court noticed the provisions of Section 10 ofMaharashtraAct XXIII of2001 (which the earlier decision E in Kavita Solunkc (supra) had not noticed) but nonetheless held that in order to attract the provisions of Section 10 a dishonest intent for the purpose of claiming a benefit reserved for the Scheduled Castes or Tribes or a designated backward class is necessary. The expression "false" contained in Section I 0 of the Maharashtra Act XXIII of200 I is construed F to necessarily require the presence of mens rea·or a dishonest intent.

44. The object and purpose underlying the enactment of the state legislation is to regulate the issuance of caste certificates and to deal with instances which had come to light where persons who did not belong to the Scheduled Castes or Tribes or reserved categories were seeking G appointments or admissirns to the detriment of genuine candidates, The basic purpose and rationale for the legislation is to secure the just entitlements oflegitimate claimants. The judgment in Shalini (supra) is with respect in error in imputing the requirement of a dishonest intent intothe provisions of Section I 0. Sections 7 and 10 have to be construed H 336 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] ll S.C.R.

A in harmony. Section 7 provides for the cancellation of a caste certificate where before or after commencement of the Act, a person who does not belong to a reserved category has obtained a false caste ce11ificate and the Scrutiny Committee, after enquiry. is of the opinion that the certificate was obtained fraudulently. These requirements have to be fulfilled before tj1e ce11ificate is cancelled. The falsity of the caste B certificate and the opinion of the Scrutiny Committee of its being fraudulently obtained form the basis ofa cancellation under Section 7. Section I 0 presc11bes that a person who docs not belong to a reserved category and secures admission or obtains appointment against a reserved post by producing a false caste certificate shall upon its cancellation by c the Scrutiny Committee be debarred from the institution or as the case may be discharged from employment and the benefits derived shall be withdrawn. Sub-section (2) provided for the recovery of all financial benefits while sub-section (3) provides for the cancellation of a degree, diploma or educational qualification. Sub-section (4) provides for disqualification from electoral office. The falsity of the cc11ificate is the D basis of an order under Section 7. Section 10 provides the consequence. The challenge to an order of the Scrutiny Committee (invalidating a caste or tribe certificate) may fail or succeeds. If the challenge before the High Court succeeds, no question of the consequence under Section 10 arises. If the challenge fails, the consequence under Section I 0 follows E the finding in the orderundcr Section 7 that the certificate is false. Similarly, if the orderunder Section 7 is not challenged. or ifthe challenge is given up, there is no occasion to protect the benefits secured on the basis of a certificate which is invalidated. The expression ~'false" must be construed in contra-distinction to that which is true, genuine or authentic. Falsity in this sense means the setting up of a claim to belong to a reserved category. F

45. Section 10. it must be noted. provides for the withdrawal of civil benefits which have accrued to an individual on the strength of a claim to belong to a reserved category, when the claim upon due enquiry and verification is invalidated. Section 10. as its marginal note indicates, provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a false G caste certificate. Section 11 provides for offences and penalties. The invalidation of a caste certificate may result in two consequences : (i) immediate cancellation or withdrawal of the benefits received by the candidate on the basis of a false caste certificate; (ii) prosecution of a claimant who procw-es a certificate which is found to be false by the H Scrutiny Committee. The intent of a candidate may be of relevance only CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 337 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

ifthere is a prosecution for a criminal offence. However, where a civil A consequence of withdrawing the benefits which have accrued on the basis of a false caste claim is in issue, it would be contrary to the legislative intent to import the requirement of a dishonest intent. In importing such a requirement, the bench of two Judges in Shalini (supra) has, with great respect, fallen into error. The judgment in Shalini (supra) must, Btherefore, be held not to lay down the correct principle. In the very nature of things it would be casting an impossible burden to delve into the mental processes of an applicant for a caste certificate. As the provisions of the Act indicate. a person, who claims to belong to a reserved category and who seeks the benefit of an appointment to a reserved post or ofadmission to an educational institution against a reserved seat c or any other benefit provided by the provisions of Article 15(4), has to apply for the grant of a caste certificate. The burden of proof that he or she belongs to such a caste, tribe or class lies with the claimant. The legislature has legitimately assumed that a person who seeks a caste certificate must surely be aware of the caste, tribe or class to which he Dor she belongs and must establish the claim. If the claim to belong to the reserved category is found to be untrue, the caste certificate has to be cancelled on the ground that it has been obtained falsely. The grant of the benefit to the candidate is fraudulent because the candidate has obtained a benefit reserved exclusively for a specified caste, tribe or class to which he or she is not entitled. The decision in Shalini (supra) E would result in serious consequences and would eviscerate the statutory provision. The interpretation which has been placed on the provisions of Section I 0 by the judgment in Shalini (supra) is evidently incorrect.

46. Service under the Union and the States, or for that matter under the instrumentalities of the State subserves a public purpose. These F services arc instruments of governance. Where the State embarks upon public employment, it is under the mandate of Articles 14 and 16 to follow the principle of equal opportunity. Affirmative action in our Constitution is part of the quest for substantive equality. Available resources and the opportunities provided in the form of public employment Gare in contemporary times short of demands and needs. Hence the procedure for selection, and the prescription of eligibility criteria has a significant public element in enabling the State to make a choice amongst competing claims. The selection of ineligible persons is a manifestation of a systemic failure and has a deleterious effect on good governance. H 338 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l I S.C.R.

A Firstly, selection ofa person who is not eligible allows someone who is ineligible to gain access to scarce public resources. Secondly, the rights of eligible persons are violated since a person who is not eligible for the post is selected. Thirdly, an illegality is perpetrated by bestowing benefits upon an imposter undeservingly. These effects upon good governance find a similar echp when a person who does not belong to a reserved B category passes of as a member of that category and obtains admission to an educational lnstitution. Those for whom the Constitution has made special provisions are as a result ousted when an imposter who does not belong to a reserved category is selected. The fraud on the constitution precisely lies in this. Such a consequence must be avoided and stringent c steps be taken by the Court to ensure that unjust claims of imposters are not protected in the exercise of the jurisdiction under Article 142. The nation cannot live on a lie. Courts play a vital institutional role in preserving the rule oflaw. The judicial process should not be allowed to be utilised to protect the unscrupulous and to preserve the benefits which have accrued to an imposter on the specious plea of equity. Once the legislature D has stepped in, by enacting Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001, the power under Article 142 should not be exercised to defeat legislative prescription. The Constitution Bench in Milind spoke on 28 November 2000. The state law has been enforced from 18 October 200 I. Judicial directions must be consistent with law. Several decisions of two judge benches E noticed earlier, failed to take note of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001. The directions which were issued under Article 142 were on the erroneous inarticulate premise that the area was unregulated by statute. Shalini noted the statute but misconstrued it.

47. Cooley's Treatise on Constitutional Limitations" places the F matter succinctly in the following terms : "An officer dejure is one who, possessing the legal qualifications, has been lawfully chosen to the office in question, and has fulfilled any conditions precedent to the performance of its duties. By being thus chosen and observing the precedent conditions, such a person becomes of right entitled to the possession and enjoyment G of the office, and the public, in whose interest the office is created, is entitled ofright to have him perform its duties. Ifhe is excluded from it, the exclusion is both a public offence and a private injury." "g• Ed. Vo!.2 pages! 355-1358 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 339 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] In a recent judgment of this Court in Anurag Kumar Singh Vs. State A ofUttarakhand39, it has been held that judicial discretion can be exercised only when there are two or more possible lawful solutions. Courts cannot give a direction contrary to a statute in the purported exercise of judicial discretion. The power under Article 142 of the Constitution is one which is wielded with circumspection and not in a manner which would defeat Bstatutory intent, purpose and language. Aharon Barak in his book titled "Judicial Discretion ( 1989)" states thus:

"16 ...... Discretion assumes the freedom to choose among several lawful alternatives. Therefore, discretion does not exist when there is but one lawful option. In this situation, the Judge is required to c select that option and has no freedom of choice. No discretion is involved in the choice between a lawful act and an unlawful act. The Judge rriust choose the lawful act, and he is precluded from choosing the unlawful act. Discretion, on the other hand, assumes the lack of an obligation to choose one particular possibility among several." (Id at p. 430) D 48. The Full Bench judgment of the Bombay High CoUit in Arun Sonune (supra) has essentially construed the judgments in Kavita Solunke (supra) and in Shalini (supra) as having impliedly overruled the earlier Full Bench judgments in Ganesh Rambhau Khalalc and Ramesh Kamblc. In view of the conclusion which we have arrived at E in regard to the earlier decisions rendered by the two Judge Benches in Kavita Solunke (supra) and Shalini (supra), we are unable to subscribe to the view expressed by the Full Bench in Arun Sonone (supra). The judgment of the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in Arun Sonone (supra) holds that F (i) mere invalidation of the caste claim by the Scrutiny Committee would not entail the consequences of withdrawal of benefits or discharge from employment or cancellation of appointments that have become final prior to the decision in Milind (supra) on 28 November 2000;

(ii) the benefit of protection in service upon invalidation of the G caste claim is available not only to persons belonging to Kosh ti and Halba Koshti but is also available to persons belonging to the special backward category on the same terms. The High Court has even gone to the extelrt "(2016) 9 sec 426 H 340 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A of holding that the decision in Milind (supra) was in the nature of prospective overruling of the law which was laid down by the Bombay High Court. The above view of the Bombay High Court is clearly unsustainable. Neither the judgment in Milind (supra) nor any of the judgments of this Court which have construed it have held that Milind (supra) was an e)\ercise in prospective overruling. The High Court was B in error in holding so. The decision of the Full Bench in Arun Sononc (supra) is unsustijinable. The Full Bench had evidently failed to notice that cases where the protection was granted by this Court following the invalidation ofa caste claim was in exercise of the power conferred by Article 142 of the Constitution, depending upon the facts and c circumstances of each case. The jurisdiction under Article 142 is clearly not available to the High Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 226. The High Court erred in arrogating that jurisdiction to itself.

49. We do not find any merit in the submission which has been urged on behalf of the persons whose castes/ tribes claims have been D invalidated that Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 cannot apply to admissions or appointments which were made prior to the date on which the Act came into force.

50. The submission based on retrospectivity overlooks certain crucial links in the analysis. It is a cardinal principle of construction that E every statute is prima facie prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary implication made to have a retrospective operation. However, the rule in general is applicable where the object of the statute is to affect vested rights or to impose new burdens or to impair existing obligations. Equally the rule against retrospective construction is not applicable to a statute merely because a part of the requisites for its F action is drawn from a time antecedent to its passing40• Maharashtra Act XXIII of2001 provides in Section 1 (2) that it shall come into force on such dates as the State Government may, by notification in the oftieial gazette, appoint upon receiving assent of the President. The Act was notified to come into force by a government notification dated 17 October G 2001 with effect from 18 October 200 I. Prior to the enforcement of the Act, the regime which held the field was in terms of the directions that were issued by this Court in its judgment dated 2 September 1994 in Madhuri Patil. The directions which were issued by this Court comprehended: H ·t11 c; P Singh, On the Interpretation of Statutes -4 Edition pages 580. 583 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 341 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] i. Applica~ions for the grant of caste certificates being made to a A notified officer;

ii. Submission of an affidavit together with relevant particulars in support of the application; iii. Submission of an application for verification of the caste Bcertificate before a Scrutiny Committee well in advance of seeking admission to an educational institution or appointment to a post ; iv. Grant of provisional admission or a provisional appointment where the verification by the Scrutiny Committee was likely to take ti~c; c v. Constitution of Scrutiny Committees for verification of caste certificates; vi. Constitution ofVigilance Cells for the purpose ofinvestigating the social status of the candidate and affinity with the tribal group; vii. Modalities to be followed for revoking caste certificates when D the claim for social status was found to be not genuine, doubtful, spurious or falsely or wrongly claimed; · viii. Passing of an order of cancellation and confiscation of the caste certificate if the claim was found to be false; E ix. Prosecution of the candidate or, as the case may be, the parent or the guardian who had made a false claim; x. Cancellation of the admission granted or the appointment made where the caste certificate is invalidated and debarment of the candidate from further studies or to continue in a post. F

51. The regime which obtained since 2 September 1994 under the directions in Madhuri Patil was granted a statutory status by the enactment of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001. Section 7 provides for the cancellation and confiscation of a false caste certificate whether it was issued before or after the commencement of the Act. The expression "before or after the commencement of this Act" indicates that the Scrutiny G Committee constituted under Section 6 is empowered to cancel a caste certificate whether it was issued prior to 18 October 200 I or thereafter. Section I 0 which provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a false caste certificate which is withdrawn is essentially a H 342 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] ll S.C.R.

A consequence of the cancellation of the caste certificate. Where a candidate has secured admission to an educational institution on the basis that he or she belongs to a designated reserved category and it is found upon investigation that the claim to belong to that category is false, admission to the institution necessarily falls with the invalidation of the caste certificate. Admission being founded on a claim to belong to a B specified caste, tnibe or class, it is rendered void upon the claim being found to be untrue. The same must hold in the case ofan appointment to a post. Therefore. the absence of the words "before or after the commencement of this Act" in Section l 0 makes no substantive difference because a withdrawal of benefit is an event which flows naturally and c as a plain consequence of the invalidation of the claim. Moreover, as we have seen even prior to the enactment of the state legislation, the benefit which was secured on the basis of a caste claim was liable to be withdrawn upon its invalidation. The Act has hence neither affected vested rights nor has it imposed new burdens. The Act does not impair existing obligations in Sections 7 and I 0. D

However, an analysis of the provisions of Section 11 demonstrates that the provision creates offences and provides for penalties. Under Section I I (I) (a) the off¢nce consists of obtaining a false caste certificate (by furnishing false information). filing a false statement or document or by any fraudulent means. Under Section 11 (J)(b) the offence consists in E securing a benefit exclusively reserved for designated castes, tribes or classes by a pers9n who does not belong to that category in terms of i. Appointment; ii. Admission in an educational institution against a reserved seat; or F iii. Election to a local authority or cooperative society against an office which is reserved for that category. 52. The provisions of Section I I ( 1) must be read and construed in a prospective sense having regard to the guarantee contained in Article G 20 (I) of the Constitution. The offence having been created by Maharashtra Act XXIII of 200 I, the Act which constitutes the offence must relate to a period after the date of the enforcement of the Act. In terms of the penal provisions of Section l I, the statute in so far as it creates offences and provides for penalties must hence be construed H prospectively. CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 343 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

53. Administrative circulars and government resolutions are A subservient to legislative mandate and cannot be contrary either to constitutional norms or statutory principles. Where a candidate has obtained an appointment to a post on the solemn basis that he or she belongs to a designated caste, tribe or class for whom the post is meant and it is fow1d upon verification by the Scrutiny Committee that the B claim is false, the services of such an individual cannot be protected by taking recourse to administrative circulars or resolutions. Protection of claims of a usurper is an act of deviance to the constitutional scheme as well as to statutory mandate. No government resolution or circular can override constitutional Or statutory nOrnlS. The principle that government is bound by its own circulars is well-settled but it cannot apply in a situation c such as present. Protecting the services of a candidate who is found not to belong to the community or tribe for whom the reservation is intended substantially encroaches upon legal rights of genuine members of the reserved communities whose just entitlements are negated by the grant of a scat to an ineligible person. In such a situation where the rights of D genuine members of reserved groups or communities are liable to be affected detrimentally, government circulars or resolutions cannot operate \o their detriment.

54. One of the considerations which is placed in store before the court particularly when an admission to an educational institution is sought E to be cancelled upon the invalidation of a caste or tribe claim is that the student h.as substantially progressed in the course of studies and a cancellation of admission would result in prejudice not only to the student but to the system as well. When the student has completed the degree or diploma, a submission against its withdrawal is urged afortiorari. In our view; the state legislature has made a statutory decision amongst F competing claims, based on a public policy perspective which the court must respect. The argument that there is a loss of productive societal resources when an educational qualification is withdrawn ora student is compelled to leave the course of studies (when he or she is found not to belong to the caste or tribe on the basis of which admission to a reserved G seat was pbtained) carmot possibly outweigh or nullify the legislative , mandate contained in Section I 0 of the state legislation. When a candidate is found to have' put forth a false claim of belonging to a designated caste, tribe or class for whom a benefit is reserved, it would be a negation of the rule oflaw to exercise the jurisdiction under Article 142 to protect H 344 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 11 S.C.R.

A that individual. Societal good lies in ensuring probity. That is the only manner in which the sanctity of the system can be preserved. The legal system cannot be seen as an avenue to support those who make untrue claims to belong to a caste or tribe or socially and educationally backward class. These benefits arc provided only to designated castes, tribes or classes in accordance with the constitutional scheme and cannot be B usurped by those who do not belong to them. The credibility not merely of the legal system but also of the judicial process will be eroded if such claims arc protcotcd in exercise of the constitutional power conferred by Article 142 despite the state law. 55. This aspect has been considered in a recent j udgmcnt rendered c by one of us in Nidhi Kaim and Another V. State o(Madhva Pradesh Ami Others'' , wherein, speaking for a Bench of three Judges, in a case of systemic fraud in relation to medical admissions in the State of Madhya Pradesh. It was observed as follows :

"92 ... We are of the considered view that conferring rights or D benefits on the appellants, who had consciously participated in a well thought out, and meticulously orchestrated plan, to circumvent well laid down norms, for gaining admission to the MBBS course, would amount to espousing the cause of "the unfair". It would seem like allowing a thief to retain the stolen property. It would E seem as if the Cou1i was not supportive of the cause of those who had adopted and followed rightful means. Such a course would cause people to question the credibility of the justice-delivery system itself. The exercise ofjurisdiction in the manner suggested on behalf of the appellants would surely depict the Court's support in fa vow· of the sacrilegious. It would also compromise the integrity F of the academic community. We are of the view that in the name of doing complete justice it is not possible for this Court to support the vitiated actions of the appellants through which they gained admission to the Ml3BS course." Explaining the matter further, this Court held that : G "99 ..... Besides the consideration recorded by us in the foregoing paragraphs, we may confess, that we felt persuaded for taking the view that we have, for a very important reason - national character. There is a saying-when wealth is lost, nothing is "(2017) 4 sec 1 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 345 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

lost; when health is lost, something is lost; but when A character is lost, everything is lost. .....

The issue in hand has an infinitely vast dimension. Ifwe were to keep in mind immediate social or societal gains. the perspective of consideration would be different. The submission canvassed needs to be considered in the proper perspective. We shall venture to drive home the point by an B illustration. We may well not have won our freedom, if freedom fighters had not languished in jails ... and if valuable lives had not been sacrificed. Depending on the situation, even civil liberty or life itself, may be too trivial a sacrifice. when national interest is involved. It all depends on the desired goal. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution rests on the cfoundation of governance on the touchstone of justice. The basic fundamental right of equality before law and equal protection of the laws is extended to citizens and non-citizens alike through Article 14 of the Constitution on the fountainhead of fairness. The actions of the appellants are founded on unacceptable behaviow·. and in complete breach of the Rule of Law. Their actions constitute acts of deceit invading into D a righteous social order. National character, in our considered view, cannot be sacrificed for benefits-individual or societal. Ifwe desire to build a nation on the touchstone of ethics and character and if ow· determined goal is to build a nation where only the Rule of Law prevails, then we cannot accept the claim of the appellants for the suggested societal gains. EViewed in the aforesaid perspective, we have no difficulty whatsoever in concluding in favour of the Rule of Law. Such being the position, it is not possible for us to extend to the appellants any benefit under Article 142 of the Constitution."

We are in respectful agreement with the above principle and statement of the legal position. F 56. Medical education is what middle-class parents across the length and breadth of the county aspire for their children (whether this will continue to be so in future is a moot question). There is intense competition for a limited number of under-graduate, post-graduate and super-speciality seats. This can furnish no justification for recow·se to G unfair means including adopting a false claim to belong to the reserved category. The fault - lines of our system, be it in education, health or law, are that its lethargy and indolence furnish incentives for the few who choose to break the rules to gain an unfair advantage. In such a H 346 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) ll S.C.R. A situation, the court as a vital institution of democratic governance must be firm in sending out a principled message that there is no incentive other than for behaviour compliant with rules and deviance will meet severe reprimands of the law. I Conclusion

B 57. For these reasons, we hold and declare that i. The directions which were issued by the Constitution Bench of this Court in panigraph 38 of the decision in Milind were in pursuance of the powers vested in this Court under Article 142 of the Constitution; c ii. Since the decision of this Court in Madhuri Patil which was rendered on 2 September 1994, the regime which held the field in pursuance of those directions envisaged a detailed procedure for (a) the issuance of caste certificates; (b) scrutiny and verification of caste and tribe claims by Scrutiny Committees to be constituted by the State Government: ( c) the procedure for the conduct of investigation into the D authenticity of the claim; ( d) Cancellation and confiscation of the caste certificate where the claim is found to be false or not genuine; (e) Withdrawal of benefits in terms of the termination of an appointment, cancellation of an admission to an educational institution or disqualification from an electoral office obtained on the basis that the candidate belongs to a reserved category; and (f) Prosecution for a criminal offence; E iii. The decisions of this Court in R. Vishwanatha Pillai and in Datta tray which were rendered by benches of three Judges laid down the principle of law that where a benefit is secured by an individual -such as an appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution

- on the basis that the candidate belongs to a reserved category for F which the benefit is reserved, the invalidation of the caste or tribe claim upon verification would result in the appointment or, as the case may be, the admission being rendered void or non est. iv. The exception to the above doctrine was in those cases where this Court exercised its power under Article 142 of the Constitution to G render complete justice; v. By Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 there is a legislative codification of the broad principles enunciated in Madhuri Patil. The legislation provides a statutory framework for regulating the issuance of caste certificates (Section 4); constitution of Scrutiny Committees for H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 347 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.)

verification of claims (Section 6); submission of applications for A verification of caste certificates (Section 6(2) and 6(3); cancellation of caste certificates (Section 7); burden of proof (Section 8); withdrawal of benefits obtained upon the invalidation of the claim (Section 10); and initiation of prosecution (Section J l), amongst other things; vi. The power conferred by Section 7 upon. the Scrutiny Committee B to verify a claim is both in respect of caste certificates issued prior to and subsequent to the enforcement of the Act on 18 October 200 J. Finality does not attach to a caste certificate (or to the claim to receive benefits) where the claim of the individual to belong to a reserved caste, tribe or class is yet to be verified by the Scrutiny Committee; c vii. Withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a caste claim which has been found to be false and is invalidated is a necessary consequence which flows from the invalidation of the caste claim and no issue ofretrospcctivity would arise;

viii. The decisions in Ka vita Solunkc and Shalini of two learned D Judges are overruled. Shalini in so far as it stipulates a requirement ofa dishonest intent for the application of the provision of Section 10 is, with respect, erroneous and docs not reflect the correct position in law; ix. Mens rea is an ingredient of the penal provisions contained in Section 11. Section 11 is prospective and would apply in those situations E where the act constituting the offence has taken place after the.date of its enforcement; x. The judgment of the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in A run Sononc is manifestly erroneous and is overruled; and xi. Though the power of the Supreme Court under Article 142 of F the Constitution is a constitutional power vested in the court for rendering complete justice and is a power which is couched in wide terms, the exercise of the jurisdiction must have due regard to legislative mandate, where a law such as Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 holds the field. 58. We will, now in the light of the reasons indicated above, proceed G to dispose of the individual cases in the following terms: I Chairman and Managing Director FCI Vs. Jagdish Balaram Bahira42 : 42 C. A. No.8928 of2015 H 348 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) l l S.C.R.

A On 6 December 1984, Food Corporation of India offered appointment to the respondent on the post of Messenger- Depot which was reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of a caste certificate dated 28August 1978 issued by the Executive Magistrate, Panvel, stating that the applicant was a Hindu Mahadev Kohli and hence belonged to a Scheduled Tribe. Upon a declaration submitted by the respondent he B was appointed to the post on 8 January 1985 in the Scheduled Tribe quota. The resp011dcnt received promotional benefits in the post of Dusting Operator ( 13 August 1990), Senior Dusting Operator (30 December 2000), Picker (I December 2003) and Senior Picker (20 December 2005). The caste certificate submitted by the respondent was invalidated by c the Scrutiny Committee, Konkan Division, Thane. The claim of the respondent to belong to the Mahadco Koli Scheduled Tribe was found not to be established and the certificate was accordingly invalidated and cancelled. Following this his services were terminated on 4 October 2013.

D The respondent instituted writ proceedings before the Bombay High Court to challenge the order of the Scrutiny Committee and his termination from service. By a judgment dated 4 April 2014 the High Court noted thaHhe respondent was seeking only protection ofhis services and was willing to give up the claim of belonging to a Scheduled Tribe. By its judgment, the High Court accepted the contention of the respondent E and held that he was entitled to protection of services with continuity while the mam1gemcnt would be at liberty to withdraw such benefits as were granted after 28 September 2000. The employer moved a Special Leave Petition and in pursuance of an interim order dated JI August 2014, the respondent was reinstated in service and was granted further F promotions. Eventually upon his superannuation on 31August2015 the respondent was granted his terminal benefits including gratuity, arrears of wage revision, medical reimbursement. leave encashmcnt, contributory provident fund and productivity linked incentive. During the pendcncy of the litigation, the respondent is retired G from service and has even been paid his terminal dues. Hence, at this stage, all that can be observed is that no claim by a member ofMahdeo Koli, Scheduled Caste shall be made or entertained on behalf of the respondent or any member of his family on the strength of the caste certificate which has been invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. No H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 349

BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] further benefits of any nature whatsoever would be admissible to the A respondent on the basis of his claim which has been invalidated. However, in the peculiar facts. we are not inclined to order recovery has to be made from the respondent. The Civil Appeal is disposed ot: 2. Shri Shivaji Shikshan Sanstha & Anr. Vs. Raju Laxman Gadckar & Ors.43 B and 3 State of Maharashtra Vs. Raju Laxman Gadckar & Ors44 :

In September 1981, Raju Laxman Gadekar obtained a caste certificate that he belonged to the Halba Scheduled Tribe in Mahara~htra. C On the strength of the caste certificate, he was appointed as an Assistant Teacher in a post reserved for a Scheduled Tribe in Shri Shivaji High-School, Dongaon on 24 June 1989. On 2 March 2005, he filled up an application in Fo1m E and submitted an affidavit in Form F through his employer to the Scrutiny Committee, which was invalidated on 20 February 2008. Since the claim that he belonged to a Scheduled Tribe D was invalidated, his services were terminated by the employer on 26 February 2008. The challenge to the order of termination failed before the School Tribunal. The writ petition challenging the orclerofthe Scrutiny Committee was dismissed on 7 August 2009. The order of the School Tribunal was challenged in a separate Writ Petition which was allowed E by a learned Single Judge of the High Court on 16 October 2009 and the employee was directed to be reinstated. In an appeal by the employer, the Division Bench set aside the judgment of the learned Single Judge on 17 April 20 lO and dismissed the writ petition. A Special Leave Petition filed by the employee under Article 136 of the Constitution was dismissed by this Coult as not pressed on 1 October 2010. Thereafter the respondent F filed a writ petition praying for his reinstatement and protection of his service. By the judgment dated 5/8/9/I 0 July 2013 the High Comt held that the employee was entitled to the protection of his services. Froni the narration of the facts it is clear that the Writ Petition filed by the employee challenging the order of the Scrutiny Committee G was dismissL'd on 7 August 2009 and it has been held that he docs not belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The caste certificate which was obtained by the respondent has been demonstrated to be a false caste "(Civil Appeal No. 91 SS of 20\S)

"(Civil Appeal No. 91S7 of2015) H 350 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 11 S.C.R. A certificate. The challenge to the order of termination also attained finality since the Special Leave Petition against the judgment of the High Court was dismissed as not pressed. In the circumstances, the High Court has clearly erred in allowing protection of service to the employee. Such a direction is also contra1y to the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXl!I of 200 l. The appoin1tment secured by the respondent on the basis of a false B caste claim was required to be withdrawn in terms of provisions of Section l 0. There has been a complete misuse of the process by the Respondent. We, therefore, allow the Civil Appeals and set aside the judgments and orders of the High C our! dated l 0 April 2013 and 5/8/9/ J 0 July 20 l3. c In the circumstances, there shall be no order as to costs. 4 Stak of Maharashtra Vs. Ku. Chham D/o.Hcmraj Nimjc & Ors.45 :

Chhaya Nimje obtained a caste certificate on 20 July 1991 from the Executive Magistrate. Narkhcd to the effect that she belongs to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. On the basis of the caste certificate she obtained D appointment as an Assistant Teacher on 24 December 1996 in Bhimrao Bapu Dcshmukh Adarsh Vidyalaya. On 9 March she filled up an application informE together with an affidavit in Form Funder Ruic 11 of the Maharashtra ST (Regulation of!ssuance & Verification of) Caste Certificate Rules, 2003. The Vigilance Cell submitted a report showing E that her records were of the Koshti community. Before the Scrutiny Committee could decide her claim she approached the High Court in a writ petition see~ing protection of service. The High Court disposed of the writ petition on 30 January 2013, on the statement of the employer that her services will not be terminated unless the caste certificate is invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. She again filed a Writ Petition F before the High Court seeking protection of her services. The respondent has no right to claim protection of her services. The respondent has misused the process oflaw by filing successive writ petitions to pre-empt un adjudication by the Scrutiny Committee and then confining the claim only to the protection of her services. G

For the reasons which arc indicated in the body of the judgment and for the above reasons, the Civil Appeal is allowed and impugned judgment and order of the High Court is set aside. No other submission is urged. ';(Civil Appeal No.9160 of2015) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGD!SH 351 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] In the circumstances, there shall be no order as to costs. A 5 State of Maharashtra & Anr. Vs. Mrs.Arundhati Surcsh Nimnvc & Anr.46: The respondent was appointed as a Lecturer on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 20 March 1997 on the basis of a caste certificate dated 18 May 1995 stating that she belongs to the Halba B Scheduled Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee has invalidated the caste certificate and directed it to be confiscated. The High Court by its order dated 26 November 2012 has confirmed the order ofinvalidation but has granted protection of service. By a subsequent order the High Court has ordered the State to consider rcvision/refixation of pay scales. c For the reasons indicated by this court while disposing of Civil Appeal Nos.9155 and 9157of2015 and for those contained in the body of the judgment, the Civil Appeals arc allowed. The impugned judgments and orders of the High Court arc set aside. No other submission is urged. There shall, however, be no order as to costs. D 6 Mnhatma Fulc Krishi Vidyapccth Vs.. Nagnath Baburao Mnngrule & Ors.47 :

The respondent was appointed as an Agricultural Assistant on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 22 July 1996 on the basis of a caste certificate dated 3 February 1991 stating that he belongs to the EMahadco Kali tribe. On 26 August 2011 the respondent submitted his caste certificate and oti)er documents for verification of the caste claim, which were forwarded to the Scrutiny Committee. In the meantime the appellant initiated a departmentul enquiry against the respondent and terminated the services of the respondent by its order dated 18 December 20 l 2. Subsequently the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the caste claim F of the respondent by its order dated 3 October 2013. The High Court by its order dated 4 April 2014 has confirmed the order of invalidation but has granted protection of service. For the reasons indicated in the body of the judgment and those indicated while allowing Civil Appeal Nos.9155 and 9157of2015, the G Civil Appeal shall stand allowed. The impugned judgment and order of the High Com1 is set aside insofar as it protects the services of the respondent. "\Civil Appeal Nos .. 9203-04 of 2015) "(Civil Appeal No.8926 of2015) H 352 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] ll S.C.R. A There shall be no order as to costs. 7 Suresh Slo.Dewaji Vairagadc Vs. The Controller General, Indian Bureau of Mines. Indira Bhavan. Civil Lines, Nagpur & r\nr.4tt ... :

The appellant was appointed as an Assistant Store Keeper on a B post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 14 November 1988 on the strength of a caste certificate dated 14 January 1985 slating that he bdongs to the H~lba Schedule Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee by its order dated 30 August 2005 invalidated the caste claim of the appellant. Subsequently the respondent terminated the services of the appellant in pursuance of the proviso to Sub Ruic 1 of Ruic 5 of the Central Services c (Temporary Services) Rules, 1965. Being aggrieved. the appellant filed a writ petition which was dismissed by the High Com1 by its order dated 3 August 2009. Having due regard for the reasons contained in the body of this D judgment, we find no error in the judgment of the High Court. The Civil Appeal shall stand dismissed. No other submission is urged. There shall be no order as to costs. 8 Rajcndra S/o. Ramaji Mahisbadwc Vs. The Joint Commissioner and Vice-Chairman Scheduled Tribe, Caste E Ccrtificak Scrutinv Committee & Anr" :

The appellant was appointed as a trainee technician in Air India on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 6 August 1997 on the basis of a caste certificate dated 9 August 1988 stating that he belongs to the Halba Schedule Tribe. Thereafter the appointment of the appellant F was confirmed on 1 March 1999. The second respondent sought a clarification from Tehsildar, Nagpur to ascertain whether the caste certificate is genuine or not. The Tchsildar by a letter dated 17 October 2008 stated that the name of the appellant is not borne in the records. Accordingly the second respondent terminated the services of the appellant by an order dated 3 November 2009. The Scrutiny Committee G by its order dated 5 October 2012 invalidated the caste claim of the appellant. "I Civil Appeal No.1918 of 20 I 0) "tCiviJ Appeal No. 9154 of2015) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 353 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

The High Court by its j udgmcnt dated I I March 2013 has declined A to grant protection to the services of the appellant upon the invalidation of his claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe by the Scrutiny Committee on 5 October 2012. There is a clear and patent misuse of process by the Appellant. In the abscnceofthe caste validity certificate, the appointment of the Appellant cannot be held to have attained finality. BHaving due regard to the reasons contained in the body of this judgment, we find no error in the judgment of the High Cowt. The Civil Appeal shall stand dismissed. No other submission is urged. There shall be no order as to costs. 9 Chhava d/o.Yadaorao Barapatrc {a) Chhaya W/o. Rajccv c Dhakatc Vs. The State of Maharashtra & Ors.50 :

The appellant was appointed as a Junior Lecturer in the fourth respondent High School on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 2 July 1991 on the basis of a caste certificate dated 23 July 1984 stating that she belongs to the Halba Schedule Tribe. On 14 March 1997 the D appellant's appointment as a Junior Lecturer was confirmed by the fourth respondent. The Scrutiny Committee invalidated the caste claim of the appellant by its order dated 8 Novem9cr 2012. The High Court by its impugned judgment and order dated 5 April 2013 has declined to grant protection of services. The appellant preferred a review which was dismissed by the High Court by its order dated 10 May 2013. For the E · reasons contained in the body of the judgment and having due regard to the invalidation of the claim of the respondent by the Scrutiny Committee, we find no error in the judgment of the High Court. The Civil Appeals arc accordingly dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. F 10 Ravindra Govindrao NagpurkarVs. Sccrctarv, Rajasthan Education Society \Vashim & Ors." : The appellant was appointed as a Lecturer on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on .14 August 1995 on the basis of a caste certificate Gdated 13 May 1982 stating that he belongs to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The caste claim of the appellant was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee by its order dated 18 January 2005. Thereafter the appellant "(CivilAppcal Nos. 9158-59 of2015)

"(Civil Appeal Nos.8604-05/17@ SLP (C) Nos. 33864-65 of 2015) H 354 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A was issued a show cause notice dated 3 January 2006 by the first respondent to explain why his services should not be terminated. On 16 January 2006 the appellant filed a writ petition and challenged the show cause notice. However. on the same day the first respondent had already issued an order of termination. Thereafter the High Court granted permission to withdraw the writ petition and liberty was granted to tile B proceedings before the appropriate forum. The appellant preferred an appeal before the University & College Tribunal. Nagpur which was dismissed by the tribwrnl by its order dated 30 December 2012. The High Court by its impugned judgment and order dated 18.3.2013 has declined to grant protection of services. The Review Petition was also c dismissed on 29 November 2013. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment and having due regard to the invalidation of the claim of the respondent by the Scrutiny Committee, we find no error in the judgment of the High Court. The Civil Appeals are accordingly dismissed. D There shall be no order as to costs. 11 Shri Shivaji Education Society & Anr. Vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors.":

The third respondent was appointed as an Assistant Tcachc.r on a E post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of a caste certificate showing him as belonging to the Thakur Scheduled Tribe. By its order dated 23 April 2008 the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the tribe claim and confiscated his certificate. The services of the third respondent were terminated on 12 May 2008. While dismissing the writ petition challenging the order of the Scrutiny Committee the High Court by its order dated F 15 December 2015 has none the less directed reinstatement of the third respondent subject to an undertaking that he would not claim the benefit of belonging to the Scheduled Tribe in future. Once the tribe claim of the respondent has been held to be false, the judgment of the High Court is unsustainable for the reasons indicated in the body of this judgment. The G Civil Appeal is accordingly allowed and the judgment and order of the High Court dated 15 December 2015 is set aside. In consequence the Writ Petition filed by the third respondent shall stand dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. "(Civil Appeal No.8601117@ SLP (C) No. 289 of 2016) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 355 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] 12 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Vs. Murlidhar Arjun A Ncwarc and Anr.":

The respondent was appointed on the post of Assistant Engineer (Grade-I) reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 11 March 1992 on the strength ofa caste ce1tificatc stating that he belongs to the Gondgowari tribe. The Scrutiny Committee initially by an order dated 23 June 2004 B rejected the tribe claim. Subsequently in pursuance of order of remand passed by the High Cmut, the Scrutiny Committee investigated into the matter again and invalidated the tribe claim by its order dated 2 January 2006 and ordered the tribe certificate to be cancelled. The High Court dismissed the Writ Petition filed by the respondent on 10 November 2006 and the review petition was also dismissed for want of prosecution c on 5 April 2006. However, subsequently the review petition, after restoration, was allowed on 30 January 2015 and while the cancellation of the caste certificate was upheld protection to the services of the respondent was granted. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment and having D due regard to the fact that the claim of the respondent has been found to be false, we find merit in the appeals which have been filed by the appellant. The impugned judgments of the High Court dated 30 January 2015 arc accordingly set aside. The writ proceedings filed by the respondent shall, in the circun1stances, stand dismissed. The Civil Appeals Earc allowed in these terms. No other submission is nrgcd. There shall be no order as to costs.

13 India Trade Promotion Organisation Vs. Vivckkumar Lajjashankar Chaurasiya": The Scrutiny Committee by its order dated 30 March 2013 has F found that the respondent docs not belong to the Nagawanshi tribe. The respondent was appointed on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on the strength of a certificate that he belongs to the Nagawanshi tribe. The Division Bench of the High Court, placing reliance on the judgment of the Full Bench in Arnn Sononc's case (supra), has by its judgment G dated 16 February 2015 granted reinstatement to the respondent. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the appeal filed by the employer shall have to be allowed and is accordingly allowed. "(C.A. Nos. 8602-03/17@SLP (CJ Nos.529-30 of2016) ,., (C.A.No.8607117@ SLP @No.14830 of 2015) H 356 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 11 S.C.R. A The impugned judgment of the High Coundated 16 February 2015 is set aside. No other submission is urged. There shall be no order as to costs. 14 Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority Vs. Rajendra Ramchandra Dhakate & ..\nr.'' : B

The claim of the respondent to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe has been invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee by its order dated 30 July 1998. The Scrutiny Committee has found that the documents submitted by the first respondent were manipulated and fabricated. The respondent was appointed to a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes c on the basis of a caste ce11ificatc stating that he belongs to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The termination of the services the respondent has followed upon the cancellation of the caste certificate. In the circumstances and for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment. the High Cowt erred in allowing the writ petition filed by D the respondent and directing the appellant to reinstate him. The Civil Appeal is accordingly allowed by setting aside the impugned judgment and order of the High Court dated 20 January 2015. The writ petition filed by the respondent shall. in the circumstances. stand dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. E 15 State of Maharashtra Vs.Vasant, s/o.Gyundco Gonnade"':

The respondent was appointed on the post ofJw1ior Engineer on 2 I July 1982 on the basis of a claim of belonging to the "'Halba Koshti'" Scheduled Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee invalidated his claim on 19 August 1985. In the meantime. the Maharashtra Public Service F Commission recommended the respondent for appointment in the cadre ofAssistant Engineer in 1984 and 1986 but he was not granted placement. The respondent filed a writ petition to challenge the order of the Scrutiny Committee dated 19 August I 985 which was dismissed by the High Court on 4 July 1986. Thereafter the respondent filed an appeal (Caste G Appeal) 11/ 1986-87 before the Divisional Commissioner. Nagpur against the order of the Scrutiny Committee. The appeal was disposed of on 23 August 1985 by remanding the proceedings back to the Scrutiny Committee. On remand, the Scrutiny Committee, by its order dated 28 ''(Civil Appeal 8609;17@ SLP (CJ No.13409 of 2015) "!Civil Appeal 8606/l 7@ S.L.P.(C)No. 19992 of 2015) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 357 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

August 1989 found that the respondent docs not belong to the Scheduled A Tribe and cancelled his caste certi fie ate. The respondent filed an appeal before the Additional Divisional Commissioner. Nagpur which was dismissed on 12 November 1990. The respondent filed a writ petition challenging the invalidation of his caste claim and to seek relief in respect of his service conditions. By an order dated 23 March 1995 the writ Bpetition was allowed by holding that the respondent belongs to the Halba Koshti caste but that was made subject to the decision in Milind (supra). The respondent was granted placement in the seniority of Assistant Engineer with effect from 29 July 1987. subject to the final outcome of the proceedings in Milind (supra). On 18 October 1995 the respondent cwas appointed as Assistant Executive Engineer subject to the decision in Milind (supra) and he joined on 4 December 1995. On 4 October l 999 the respondent was promoted to the post of Executive Engineer subject to the final disposal of the proceedings before this Court in Milind (supra). It was directed that the seniority would be fixed after the final decision of this Court. On 15 September 2000 the respondent was given D a deemed date of 29 May 1987. On 15 April 2005, considering the judgment of this Court in Milind (supra), the appointment of the rcspomlent to the post of Assistant Executive Engineer was protected and he was regularized on the post considering it as an open category post. His seniority was directed to be fixed from the date of appointment Eand it was ordered that he shall not get the benefit of belonging to a Scheduled Tribe. On 6 August 2005 the earlier deemed date of29 May 1987 was modified and his seniority on the post of Assistant Executive Engineer was fixed from 4 December 1995. On 5 June 2006 a G.R. was issued by which the deemed date was modified to 29 May 1987 on the post of Assistant Executive Engineer for the purpose of seniority. On I F August 2009 a GR. was issued by which the deemed date for the purpose of seniority on the post of Executive Engineer was set as 29 May 199 l subject to approval of the M.P.S.C. On 28 April 2014 the State Government published a seniority list from I January 2011 to 13 December 2013 for Executive Engineer.

G The respondent who was aggrieved by the GR. dated 28 April 2014 filed a writ petition before the High Court at its Nagpur Bench praying for an appropriate writ for the declaration of the date of his seniority. The High Court by its judgment dated 27 Febrnary 2015 has H 358 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] I l S.C.R. A adverted to the decision in A run Son one and has come to the conclusion that the G.R. dated 6 August 2005 is not sustainable and the state government has been directed to give effect to its G.R.s dated 15 September 2000 and 15 April 2005 by placing the respondent in the cadre of Assistant Engineer with effect from 29 May 1987. B From a re11ding of the judgment of the High Court, it is clear that the primary consideration which weighed with it was the decision of its Full Bench in A run Sononc. In view of the reasons contained in the body of this judgment, this basis of the impugned decision of the High Court is erroneous. The Respondent does not belong to the Halba Schcdukd Tribe. It is also clear that the benefits obtained by the c Respondent were subject to the decision in Milind. In Milind, this Com1 has held that Halba - Koshti is not a Scheduled Tribe. the relevant entry in the Scheduled Tribes Order 1950 being 'Halba. Halbi'. We accordingly allow the Civil Appeal and set aside the impugned judgment dated 27 February 2015. D There shall be no order as to costs. 16 State of Maharashtra Vs.Ku.Yijaya Dcorao Nandanwar & Anr.57 :

The claim of the respondent of belonging to the Halba Scheduled Tribe has been invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee by its order dated E 7 November 2009. The respondent was appointed as an Assistant Teacher on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. Following the invalidation of the claim, the services of the respondent were terminated. The High Court by its impugned order dated 5 July 2013 set aside the order of termination and granted protection to the service of the respondent. F For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable and is accordingly set aside. The writ petition filed by the respondent shall, in the circumstances, stand dismissed. The Civil Appeal is allowed in these terms. No other submission lrns been urged. G There shall be no order as to costs. I 7 Ishwar Shrawan Nikharc Vs.State of Maharashtra & Ors." : "(C. A. No.9107 of2015) "(Civil Appeal No.7187 of2013) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 359 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

The appellant wits appointed as an Assistant Teacher in a vacancy A reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 30 January 1999. The Caste Scrutiny Committee invalidated the claim of the appellant on l July 2008. The Division Bench of the High Court, by its order dated 30 January 2009 allowed the request for the withdrawal of the writ petition filed by the appellant keeping open the validity of the observations made by the B Scrutiny Committee whereby prosecution was ordered. The services of the appellant were terminated on 8 February 2009. The appellant filed an appeal before the School Tribunal which was dismissed on 19 October 2011 on the ground that the appointment of the appellant was not a valid appointment in the eye of law. The learned Single Judge dismissed the writ petition challenging the order of the Tribunal.A Letters Patent Appeal C has been dismissed by the Division Bench by its judgment dated 7 May 2012. Having regard to the fact that the claim of the appellant to belong to a Scheduled Tribe was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee, the School Tribunal cannot be faulted in declining to entertain the appeal against the consequential order of termination of service. Moreover, for D the reasons contained in the body of the present judgment, we find no merit in the Civil Appeal. The Civil Appeal is accordingly dismissed. No other submission has been urged. There shall be no order as to costs.

18 Eknath Barikrao Dhanwadc Vs.Divisional Controller, E State Transport Corporation & Anr.59 : The appellant was appointed as a driver in 1999 with the respondent on a post reserved for Scheduled Tribes on the basis of a caste ce11ificate that he belongs to the Mahadeo Koli tribe. The appellant's caste claim was rejected by the Scrutiny Committee holding that the F appellant docs not belong to the said tribe. A writ petition was filed by the appellant. The High Court by an order dated II January 2000 remanded the matter to the Scrutiny Committee. On 2 March 200 I the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the tribe chiim of the appellant. The appellant filed a Writ Petition before the High Court. By an order dated 30 June 20.14, the High Court dismissed the petition. The appellant filed G another writ petition which was dismissed with costs by an order dated 19 September 2014. Subsequently on 19 November 2014 the first respondent terminated the service of the appellant. Being aggrieved, the ;, (Civil Appeal 8608/17@ SLP (C) ... CC No. 10889 of 2015) H 360 SUPREME COURT REPORTS L2017111 S.C.R. A appellant filed another writ petition which was dismissed by the High Court by its order l 9 January 20 15. The above narration indicates a complete abuse of process by the appellant.

For the reasons contained in the body of the present judgment and in view of the above, we find no merit in the appeal. The Civil B Appeal is accordingly dismissed. No other submission is separately urged. There shall be no order as to costs. J 9 Pradip Gajanan Koli Vs.State or Maharashtra & Ors."': The appellant was appointed to the post offireman in the reserved category for the Scheduled Tribes on 12 March l 996. Thereafter a caste certificate dated 22 June 2000 certifying that the appellant belongs to c the Mahadeo Koli Scheduled Tribe was issued. The caste certificate was referred to the Scrutiny Committee for verification. The appellant submitted an affidavit slating that he belongs to the said caste and also appeared before the Committee. By an order dated 7 July 2012 the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the caste certificate of the appellant. D The appellant filed a writ petition which was disposed of by the High Court, by its judgment and order dated 20 November 2013 with a direction that in case the appellant is still in service as on that date. his employment shall not be terminated for a period of three months from the date of its order. E For the reasons contained in the body of the present judgment, we find no error in the impugned judgment. The Civil Appeal is accordingly dismissed. No other submission is separately urged. There shall be no order as lo costs. 20 Union or India & Ors. Vs.Suryakant & Ors.•1 :

F The Director General, Vigilance, New Delhi by an order dated 1 July 2005, initiated the verification of tribe certificates of employees who were appointed from 1995. Accordingly, the original tribe certificate of the respondent was asked to be produced. The respondent was appointed on the post of Lower Division Clerk reserved for the Scheduled G Tribes on the strength ofa caste certificate stating that he belongs to the Mahadco Koli tribe. The certificate was issued by the Tahsildar, Ako la on 13 May l 985. Subsequently on enquiry about the authenticity of the tribe certificate, the Tahsildar, Akola informed that the register for the '"(Civil Appeal No.8598/17@ SLP (C) 18925 of2014) H "'(Civil Appeal No.8597/17@ SLP (CJ No. 16852 of 2016) CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 361 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD. J.]

year 1985 was not traceable and hence it cannot be stated whether A certificate was issued by office or otherwise. Instead of submitting his original caste certificate the respondent produced a fresh tribe certificate dated 21 July 2005 issued by S.D.O., Bhusawal wherein it was stated that he belongs to the Mahadeo Koli tribe. By an order dated I 0 October 2011 the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the caste claim of the respondent. BThe respondent filed a writ petition before the High Court. The High Court by its impugned judgment and order dated 20 October 2015 allowed the writ petition, relying upon its Full Bench judgment in Arnn Sononc (supra) with a direction that the respondent is entitled to claim service protection and shall not be entitled to claim promotion in employment. The narration of facts reveals a complete misuse of process by c the Respondent. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable and is accordingly set aside. The Civil Appeal is accordingly allowed in these terms. No separate submission is urged. There shall be no order as to costs. D 21 Executive Director (Lubes), lndiun Oil Corporation Ltd. Vs. Ashok Mahadcorao Pathrabc & Ors.62 :

The respondent joined IOCL in 1976 at i;, R & D Centre, Faridabad. At the time of the appointment, the respondent has shown himself as belonging to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The appointment E was subject to the information submitted by the re~pondent being true and correct. The respondent submitted his caste certificate along with a prescribed form/documents on 15 December 2006 which were forwarded for verification. The Scrutiny Committee rejected the caste claim of the respondent on 4 October 2010. Being aggrieved, the respondent preferred Fan internal appeal and also a writ petition before the High Court. By its order dated I March 2011 the appellant rejected the appeal of the respondent upholding the dismissal order. Subsequently on 7 December 20 I J the High Court also dismissed the petition of the respondent upholding the dismissal order. Being aggrieved, the respondent filed a Special Leave Petition before this Cmu1 which was dismissed by an order dated 27 G Febmary 2012. The appellant filed another writ petition before the High Cou11 which was allowed by an order dated 24 November 2015 to the extent that the services of the respondent were protected ti II his superannuation. "(Civil Appeal Nos.8599-8600/17@ SLP (C) Nos. 29388-89 of 2016) H 362 SUPREME COURT REPORTS l2017] l l S.C.R.

A The facts narrated above reveal a complete misuse of process by the Respondent. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned orders of the High Court arc unsustainable and arc accordingly set aside. The Civil Appeals are accordingly allowed in these terms. No other ~ubmission is urged. B There sha II be no order as to costs. 22 The State of Maharashtra & Ors. Vs. Rupcsh s/o. Tcksingh Shindc'" :

The respondent was appointed as a clerk on a post earmarked for the Vimukta Jatis on 26 March 1999 claiming that he belongs to the c Raj put Bhamta Vimukta Jati. The caste claim of the respondent was referred to the Scrutiny Committee for verification and was invalidated by an order dated 29 July 2011. As the caste claim was invalidated the respondent was terminated from service by an order dated 16 August 2011. Being aggrieved, the respondent filed a writ petition before the High Court. After hearing both the parties, the court remanded the matter D back to the Scrutiny Committee. The caste certificate was again invalidated by an order dated 21 January 2014 and the Committee observed that the respondent obtained a false caste certificate and directed the registration of an FIR against the respondent, pursuant to which the services of the respondent were terminated. Being aggrieved E the respondent filed a writ petition before the High Court. The High Cmu"t by its impugned judgment and order dated 3 February 2016 allowed the writ petition relying upon its Full Bench judgment in the case of Arun Sononc Vs. State or Maharashtra (supra) with a direction to the appellant to reinstate the respondent on his original post. F The facts narrated above indicate the manner in which the process has been abused by the Respondent. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable and is accordingly set aside. The Civil Appeal is accordingly al lowed in these terms. No other submission is urged.

G There shall be no order as to costs. Nidhi Jain Appeals disposed uf. "'(Civil Appeal Nos.8610/17 (ii/ SLP (C) No.2299 of 2017)

(2017] 11S.C.R,271 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI AND ORS. A v. JAGDISH BALARAM BAHIRA AND ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 8928 of2015) JULY06,2017 B [JAGDISH SINGH KHEHAR, (:j1, N. v. RAMANA AND DR. D. Y. CHANDRA CI-IUD, JJ.] ...

Constitution of India - Art. 142 - Public employment -Reservation for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe - Individuals C seeking benefit of public employment on the basis of scheduled caste/scheduled tribe claim - Verification by scrutiny committee -Invalidation of their caste or tribe claim - Protection by the constitutional court - Entitlement to - Held: Where benefit is see11red by an individual such as an appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution 'on the basis that the candidate belongs D to a reserved category for which the benefit is reserved. invalidation of the caste or tribe claim upon verification would result in 'the appointment or admission being rendered void or non est -Withdrawal 0{ benefits secured on the basis of the false caste claim is a necessary consequence - Exception to the above is in those E cases where this Court exercises its power u!Art. 142 to render complete justice - Though the pqwer of the Supreme Court u/Art. 142 is a constitutional power vested in the court for rendering complete justice and is couched in wide terms, the exercise of the jurisdiction must have due regard to legislative mandate, where a law such as Maharashtra Act XXlll of 2001 holds the field - Power F u!Art. 142 should not be exercised to defeat the legislative prescription - Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category (Regulation of Issuance and Verification) Caste Certificate Act, 2000. G Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Categ01:v (Regulation of Issuance and Verification) Caste Certificate .tjct, 2000 - Object and purpose of the enactment -Held: By Maharashtra Act XXlll of 2001 there is H

271 272 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) l l S.C.R. A a legislative codiflcarion of the hroad principles enunciated in **Madhuri Patil - Legislation provides a stall/tat:v .framework tu regulate issuance of casre certijicaie and to deal i.vith instances where persons did nut belong to schedule caste or tribes ur reserved categories lvere .v.eeking apfJointnzent or adn1issio11.5 to the detrilnent of genuine candidates - Basic purpose and rationale for 1he B legislation is to secure the just entitlements of legitimate claimants. ss. I 0 and 11 - Individuals seeking benefit of public employment on the ba:>is of" scheduled caste/scheduled tribe claim -Invalidation of caste or lribe claim - Withdrmval of /Jene(t1 obtained - Requirement of dishonest in1ent for the application s. JO - Held: c There is no requirement of" dishonest intent- Mens rea is an ingrediell/ of the penal provisions contained in s.ll ll'hich is prospective and would apply in those silllotions where the act constituting the offence has token place a/ter the date of its enforcement. Operation of the Act - Prospective or retrospective D Application to admissions or appointments made prior to the date on which the Act came inlO fol"ce - Elucidated. Circulars/Government Orders/Notifications - Administrative circulars and government resolutions - Effect of - Held:

Administrative circ11/ars and government resolutions are s11bservient E to legislative mandate and cannot be contrwy eirher to constitutional norms or statutory principles - Where ca11didate has obtai11ed an appointment to a post 011 the basis of a caste certificate and ii is fo1111d 11po11 verification by the Scr111i11y Committee that rhe claim is false. the services of such an individual cannot be proiected hy taking recourse to adn1i11istrative circulars or resolutions -Protection F uj· clai111s uj· a usurper is an ctct <~f deviance to the conslitutiunal schen1e as J-vell cfs to statuto1:v n1andate. In the batch of cases, Individuals sought the benefit of public employment on the basis of a claim to belong to a beneficiary group. On investigation it was found to be invalid. Notwithstanding G the invalidation of the claim to belong to a Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe or backward community, this Court's jurisdiction is invoked. Issue which arises as to whether such equities are sustainable at law and, if so, the limits that define the jurisdiction H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGD!SH 273 BALARAM BAHIRA of the court to protect individuals who have secured access to A the benefit of reservation inspite of the fact that they do not belong to the caste, tribe or class for whom reservation is intended. Disposing of the appeals, the Court HELD: l. It is declared that B

(i) The directions which were issued by the Constitution Bench of this Court in *Mi/ind case were in pursuance of the powers vested in this Court under Article 142 of the Constitution; (ii) Since the decision of this Court in ** Madlzuri Patil which was rendered on 2.09.1994, the regime which held the field in c pursuance of those directions envisaged a detailed procedure for issuance of caste certificates, scrutiny and verification of caste and tribe claims by Scrutiny Committees to be constituted by the State Government, the procedure for the conduct of investigation into the authenticity of the claim, cancellation and confiscation of the caste certificate where the claim is found to be false or not D genuine, withdrawal of benefits in terms of the termination of an appointment, cancellation of an admission to an educational institution or disqualification from an electoral office obtained on the basis that the candidate belongs to a reserved category; and prosecution for a criminal offence; E

(iii) The decisions of this Court in ***R. Vishwanat/za Pillai and in ****Datt(l/ray rendered by benches of three Judges laid down the principle of law that where a benefit is secured by an individual-such as an appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution-on the basis that the candidate belongs to F a reserved category for which the benefit is reserved, the invalidation of the caste or tribe claim upon verification would result in the appointment or, as the case may be, the admission being rendered void or 11011 est; (iv) The exception to the above doctrine was in those cases Gwhere this Court exercised its powe'r under Article 142 of the Constitution to render complete justice; (v) By Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 there is a legislative codification of the broad principles enunciated in** Madl111ri Patil, the legislation provides a statutory framework for regulating the H 274 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] It S.C.R A issuance of cast11 certificates (Section 4); constitution of Scrutiny Committees for verification of claims (Section 6); submission of applications for :verification of caste certificates (Section 6(2) and 6(3); canceJlatiou o.f .;a,te certifi~ates. (Section 7); burden of proof {Scftio~ 8); ~thdraw~f.oftibticftts:o&.. incd upon the invalidation of the claim (Section lO); and initiation of prosecution (Section B 11), amongst other things;

(vi) The power conferred by Section 7 upon the Scrutiny Committee to verify a claim is both in respect of caste certificates issued prior to and subsequent to the enforcement of the Act on c 18.10.2001, finality does not attach to a caste certificate (or to the claim to receive benefits) where the claim of the individual to belong to a reserved caste, tribe or class is yet to be verified by the Scrutiny Committee; (vii) Withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a caste claim which has been fouud to be false and is invalidated is a D necessary consequence which flows from the invalidation of the caste claim and uo issue of retrospcctivity would arise; (viii) The decisions in Kavita Solu11ke a11d Sliali11i of two Judges arc overruled, Sliali11i in so far as it stipulates a requirement of a dishonest intent for the application of the E provision of Scction 10 is, with respect, erroneous and does not reflect the correct position in law; (ix) Me11s rea is an ingredient of the penal provisions contained in Sqction 11 which is prospective and would apply in those situations where the act constituting the offence has taken F place after the date of its enforcement; (x) The judgment of the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in Aru11 So11011e is manifestly erroneous and is overruled; and

(xi) Though the power of the Supreme Court under Article G 142 of the Constitution is a constitutional power vested in the court for rendering complete justice and is a power which is couched in wide terms, the exercise of the jurisdiction must have due regard to legislative mandate, where a law such as Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 holds the field. [Para 57][346-B-H H; 347-A-.FJ CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 275 BALARAM BAHIRA *State af Maharashtra v. Mi/ind (2001) I SCC 4 : A [2000] 5 Suppl. SCR 65 - explained and followed. **Kumari Madhuri Patil v. Additional Commissioner, Tribal Development (1994) 6 SCC 241; R. Vishwanatha Pillai v. State of Kera/a (2004) 2 SCC 105 : [2004] l SCR 360; Union of India v. Dattatray S/o. Namdeo B Mendhekar (2008) 4 SCC 612 : [2008] 2 SCR 1096 -relied on. Kavita Vasant Solunke v. State of Maharashtra (2012) 8 SCC 430 : [2012] 7 SCR 251; Shalini Gajananrao Dalal v. New English High School Association (2013) C 16 SCC 526 : [2013] 12 SCR 807 - overruled. Arun Vishwanath Sonone v. State of Maharashtra (2015) l Mb L.J. 457 - disapproved.

2.1 The Constitution Bench of this Court which decided *Mi/ind case was. on a reference whether it is permissible to hold D an enquiry and let in evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community. or. a part or group within the tribe or community is included in t.he general name, even though it is not so specifically mentioned in the entry contained in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. The Constitution Bench held E that it was not permissible either to hold an enquiry or to allow evidence to decide that though a tribe (or its sub group) is not specifically included in the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 it must, nonetheless, be treated or deemed to be included in the general name. The view of this Court is that an entry in the Order has to be read as .it stands. However, the Constitution Bench, having F due regard to the circumstances of the individual cases before ' the Court, protected the degree obtained by the candidate concerned. This Court also provided that having regard to the passage of time including interim orders which were passed, the admissions and appointments that have become final would G remain unaffected by the judgment. [Para 40][332-D-G] *State of Maharashtra .v. Mi/ind (2001) 1 SCC 4 : [2000) 5 Suppl. SCR 65 - explained and followed. H 276 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R.

A 2.2 The object and purpose underlying the enactment of the state legislation is to regulate the issuance of caste certificates and to deal with instances which had come to light where persons who did not belong to the Scheduled Castes or Tribes or reserved categories were seeking appointments or admissions to the detriment of genuine candidates. The basic purpose and rationale B for the legislation is to secure the just entitlements of legitimate claimants. The judgment in Slia/i11i case is with respect to error in imputing the requirement of a dishonest intent into the provisions of Section I 0 of the Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic c Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category (Regulation of Issuance and Verification of) Caste Certificate Act, 2000. Sections 7 and 10 have to be construed in harmony. Section 7 provides for the cancellation of a caste certificate where before or after commencement of the Act, a person who docs not belong to a reserved calegory has obtained a false caste certificate and D the Scrutiny Committee, after enquiry, is of the opinion that the certificate was obtained fraudulently. These requirements have to be fulfilled before the certificate is cancelled. The falsity of the caste certificate and the opinion of the Scrutiny Committee of its being fraudulently obtained form the basis of a cancellation under E Section 7. Section 10 prescribes that a person who docs not belong to a reserved category and secures admission or obtains appointment against a reserved post by producing a false caste certificate shall upon its cancellation by the Scrutiny Committee be debarred from the institution or as the case may be discharged from employment and the benefits derived shall be withdrawn.

F Sub-section (2) provided for the recovery of all financial benetits while sub-section (3) provides for the cancellation of a degree, diploma or educational qualification. Sub-section (4) provides for disqualification from electoral office. The falsity of the certificate is the basis of an order under Section 7. Section IO provides the G consequence. The challenge to an order of the Scrutiny Committee (invalidating a caste or tribe certificate) may fail or succeeds. If the challenge before the High Court succeeds, no question of the consequence under Section 10 arises. If the challenge fails, the consequence under Section 10 follows the finding in the order under Section 7 that the certificate is false. H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 277 BALARAM BAHIRA Similarly, if the order under Section 7 is not challenged. or if the A challenge is given up, there is no occasion to protect the benefits secured on the basis of a certificate which is invalidated. The expression "false" must be construed in contra-distinction to that which is true, genuine or authentic. Falsity in this sense means the setting up of a claim to belong to a reserved category. (Para B44)(335-G-H; 336-A-F]

2.3 Section 10 provides for the withdrawal of civil benefits which have accrued to an individual on the strength of a claim to belong to a reserved category, when the claim upon due enquiry and verification is invalidated. Section 10, as its marginal note indicates, provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured on the c basis of a false caste certificate. Section 11 provides for offences and penalties. The invalidation of a caste certificate may result in two consequences : (i) immediate cancellation or withdrawal of the benefits received by the candidate on the hasis of a false caste certificate; (ii) prosecution of a claimant who procures a D certificate which is found to be false· by the Scrutiny Committee. The intent of a candidate may be of relevance only if there is a prosecution for a criminal offence. However, where a civil consequence of withdrawing the benefits which have accrued on the basis of a false caste claim is in issue, it would be contrary to Ethe legislative intent to import the requirement of a dishonest intent. In importing such a requirement, the bench of two Judges in Sllali11i's case has fallen into error. In the very nature of things it would be casting an impossible burden to deh·e into the mental processes of an applicant for a caste certificate. As the provisions of the Act indicate, a person, who claims to belong to a reserved F category and who seeks the benefit of an appointment to a reserved post or of admission to an educational institution against a reserved scat or any other benefit provided by the provisions of Article 15(4), has ,to apply for the grant of a caste certificate. The burden of proof that he or she belongs to such a caste, tribe or class lies with the claimant. The legislature has legitimately G assumed that a person who seeks a caste certificate must surely be aware of the caste, tribe or class to which he or she belongs and must establish the claim. If the claim to belong to the reserved category is found to be untrue, the caste certificate has to be cancelled on the ground that it has been obtained falsely. The H

278 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 11 S.C.R. A grant of the benefit to the candidate is fraudulent because the candidate has obtained a benefit reserved exclusively for a specified caste, tribe or class to which he or she is not entitled. The decision in Shalini's case would result in serious consequences and would eviscerate the statutory provision. The interpretation placed on the provisions of Section 10 by the B judgment in Shalini's case is evidently incorrect. (Para 45)(336-G-H; 337-A-B]

2.4 Service under the Union and the States, or for that matter under the instrumentalities of the State subscrvcs a public c purpose. These services arc instruments of governance. Where the State embarks upon public employment, it is under the mandate of Articles 14 and 16 to follow the principle of equal opportunity. Affirmative action in the Constitution is part of the quest for substantive equality. Available resources and the opportunities provided in the form of public employment are in D contemporary times short of demands and needs. Hence, the procedure for selection, and the prescription of eligibility criteria has a significant public clement in enabling the State to make a choice amongst competing claims. The selection of ineligible persons is a manifestation of a. systemic failure and has a deleterious effect on good governance. Selection of a person who E is not eligible allows someone who is ineligible to gain access to scarce public resources. The rights of eligible persons arc viola led since a person who is not eligible for the post is selected. An illegality is perpetrated by bestowing benefits upon an imposter undcservingly. These effects upon good governance find a similar F echo when a person who docs not belong to a reserved category passes of as a member of that category and obtains admission to an educational institution. Those for whom the Constitution has made special provisions arc as a result ousted when an imposter who docs not belong to a reserved category is selected. The fraud on the Constitution precisely lies in this. Such a consequence G must be avoided and stringent steps be taken by the Court to ensure that unjust claims of imposters are not protected in the exercise of the jurisdiction under Article 142. The nation cannot live on a lie. Courts play a vital institutional role in preserving the rule of law. The judicial process should not be allowed to be H

I• . • ••. . CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 279 BALARAM BAHIRA utilised to protect the unscrupulous and to preserve the benefits A which have accrued to an imposter on the specious pica of equity. Once the legislature has stepped in, by enacting Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001, the power under Article 142 should not be exercised to defeat legislative prescription. The Constitution Bench in Mili11d's case spoke on 28 November 2000. The state B law has been enforced from 18 October 2001. Judicial directions must be consistent with law. Several decisions failed to take note of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001. The directions which were issued under Article 142 were on the erroneous inarticulate premise that the area was unregulated by statute. Shali11i case noted the statute but misconstrued it. [Para 46][337-F-H; 338- C A-E]

2.5 It cannot be said that Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 cannot apply to admissions or appointments which were made prior to the date on which the Act came into force. The submission based on retrospectivity overlooks certain crucial links in the D analysis. It is a cardinal principle of construction that every statute is prinra facie prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary implication made to have a retrospective operation. However, the rule in general is applicable where the object of the statute is to affect vested rights or to impose new burdens or to impair E existing obligations. Equally the rule against retrospective construction is not applicable to a statute merely because a part of the requisites for its action is drawn from a time antecedent to its passing. Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 provides in Section 1

(2) that it shall come into force on such dates as the State Government may, by notification in the official gazette, appoint F upon receiving assent of the President. The Act was notified to come into force by a government notification dated 17 October 2001 with effect from 18 October 2001. Prior to the enforcement '-Of the Act, the regime which held the field was in terms of the directions _that were issued by this Court in its judgment dated 2 September 1994 in Madlrm·i Patil's case. The directions which G ' were issued by this Court comprehended: passing of an order of ' cailc'ellation' and confrsc~tion ~ .. th\! caste certificate if the' claim W:JS found to be_false; and,cancellation of the admission g~antcd' or the appointment made where the caste certiticate is invalidated H 280 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A and debarment of the candidate from further studies or to continue in a post. [Para 501[340-E-H; 341-E-F)

2.6 The regime which obtained since 2',. September I 994 under the directions in Mudhuri Patil was granted a statutory status by the enactment of Maharashtra Act XXIII of2001. Section B 7 provides for the cancellation and confiscation of a false caste certificate whether it was issued before or after the commencement of the Act. The expression "before or after the commencement of this Act'' indicates that the Scrutiny Committee constituted under Section 6 is empowered to cancel a caste c certificate whether it was issued prior to 18 October 2001 or thereafter. SectiQn 10 which provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a false caste certificate which is withdrawn is essentially a con seq nence of the cancellation of the caste certificate. Where a candidatr has secured admission to an educational institution on the basis that he or she belongs to a D designated reserved category and it is found upon investigation that the daim to belong to that category is false, admission to the institution necessarily falls with the invalidation of the caste certificate. Admission being founded on a claim to belong to a specified caste, tribe or class, it is rendered void upon the claim being found to he untrue. The same must hold in the case of an E appointment to a post. Therefore, the absence of the words "before or after the commencement of this Act" in Section 10 makes no substantive difference because a withdrawal of benefit is an event which flows naturally and as a plain consequence of the invalidation of the claim. Moreover, even prior to the F enactment of the state legislation, the benefit which was secured on the basis of a caste claim was liable to be withdrawn upon its invalidation. The Act has hence, neither affected vested rights nor has it imposed new burdens. The Act does not impair existing obligations in Sections 7 and IO. An analysis of the provisions of Section 11 demonstrates that the provision creates offences and G provides for penalties. Under Section ll (l) (a) the offence consists of obtaining a false caste certificate (by furnishing false information), filing a false statement or document or by any fraudulent means. Under Section II (1)(b) the offence consists in securing a benefit exclusively reserved for designated castes, H

CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCl v. JAGDISH 281 BALARAM BAHIRA tribes or classes by a person who docs not belong to that category A in terms of appointment; admission in an educational institution against a reserved scat; or election to a local authority or cooperative society against an office which is reserved for that category. The provisions of Section 11 (I) must be read and construed in a prospective sense having regard to the guarantee Bcontained in Article 20 (I) of the Constitution. The offence having been created by Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001, the Act which constitutes the offence must relate to a period aner the date of the enforcement of the Act. In terms of the penal provisions of Section 11, the statute in so far as it creates offences and provides for penalties must hence be construed prospecth'cly. [Paras 51, c 52][341-.F-H; 342-A-H]

2. 7 Administrative circulars and government resolutions arc subservient to legislative mandate and cannot be contrary either to constitutional norms or statutory principles. Where a candidate has obtained an appointment to a post on the solemn D basis that he or she belongs to a designated caste, tribe or class for whom the post is meant and it is found upon verification by the Scrutiny Committee that the claim is false, the services of such an individual cannot be protected by taking recourse to administrative circulars or resolutions. Protection of claims of a Eusurper is an act of deviance to the constitutional scheme as well as to statutory mandate. No government resolution or circular can override constitutional or statutory norms. The principle that government is bound by its own circulars is well-settled but it cannot apply in a situation such as present. Protecting the services of a candidate who is found not to belong to the community F or tribe for whom the reservation is intended substantially encroaches upon legal rights of genuine members of the reserved communities whose just entitlements arc negated by the grant of a scat to an ineligible person. In such a situation where the rights of genuine members of reserved groups or communities arc liable to be affected detrimentally, government circulars or resolutions G cannot operate to their detriment. [Para 53][343-A-D]

2.8 When an admission to an educational institution is sought to be cancelled upon the invalidation of a caste or tribe claim is that the student has substantially progressed in the course H 282 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R.

A of studies and a cancellation of admission would result in prejudice not only to the student but to the system as well. When the student has completed the degree or diploma, a submission against its withdrawal is urged a fortiorari. The state legislature has made a statutory decisi<m amongst competing claims, based on a public policy perspective which the court must respect. The submission B that there is a loss of productive societal resources when an educational qualification is withdrawn or a student is compelled to leave the course of studies (when he or she is found not to belong to the caste or tribe on the basis of which admission to a reserved seat was obtained) cannot possibly outweigh or nullify c the legislative mandate contained in Section 10 of the state legislation. When a candidate is found to have put forth a false claim of belonging to a designated caste, tribe or class for whom a benefit is reserved, it would be a negation of the rule of law to exercise the jurisdiction under Article 142 to protect that individual. Societal good lies in ensuring probity. That is the only D manner in which the sanctity of the system can be preserved. The legal system cannot be seen as an avenue to support those who make untrue claims to belong to a caste or tribe or socially and educ.ational)y backward class. These benefits are provided only to designa~ed castes, tribes or classes in accordance with E the constitutional scheme and cannot be usurped by those who do not belong to them. The credibility not merely of the legal system but also of the judicial process will be eroded if such claims are protected in exercise of the constitutional power conferred by Article 142 despite the stale law. [Para 5411343-E-H; 344-A-B] F

2.9 Medical education is what middle-class parents across the length and breadth of the county aspire for their children. There is intense competition for a limited number of under-graduate, post-graduate and super-speciality scats. This can furnish no justification for recourse to unfair means including G adopting a false rlaim to belong to the reserved category. The fault-lines of the system, be it in education, health or law, are that its lethargy and indolence furnish incentives for the few who choose to break the rules to gain an unfair advantage. In such a H . ·. ~ CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 283 BALARAM BAHIRA situation, the court as a vital institution of democratic governance A must be firm in sending out a principled message that there is no incentive other than for behaviour compliant with rules and deviance will meet severe reprimands of law. [Para 56)(345-G-H; 346-A[

3.1 Jn Cltair1111111 a11d Managing Director FCI v. Jagdislt B Ba/arum Baltiru C.A. 8928/2015, during the pcndcncy of the litigation, the respondent retired from service and was even paid his terminal dues. Hence, at this stage, no claim by a· member of Mahdco Koli, Scheduled Caste could be made or entertained on behalf of respondent or any member of his family on the strength corthc caste certificate which has been invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. No further benefits of any nature whatsoever would be admissible to the respondent on the basis of his claim which has been invalidated. [Para 58] [347-H; 348-G-H; 349-A]

3.2 In Sltri Shivaji Shikshan Sanstlta & Anr. v. Raju Lax111011 Gadekar & Ors. (CA No. 9155 of 2015) and State of Malwruslttra D 1'. Raju Laxma11. Gadekar & Ors. (CA No. 9157 of 2015), the writ petition filed by the employee challenging the order of the Scrutiny Committee was dismissed holding that he docs not belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The caste certificate which was obtained by the .respondent has been demonstrated to be a false caste E certificate. The challenge to the order of termination also attained finality. The High Court clearly erred in allowing protection of service to the employee. Such a direction is also contrary to the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001. The appointment secured by the respondent on the basis of a false caste claim was Frequired to be withdrawn in terms of provisions of Section 10. There has been a complete misuse of the process by the respondent. (Para 58] (349-B, G-H; 350-A-B] 3.3 In State of Mal1aruslttra v. Ku. Ch/1uyu D/o.Hemraj Nimje & Ors. (Civil Appeal No.9160 of 2015) it is held that the respondent has no right to claim prokction of her services. The G respondent has misused the process of law by filing successive writ petitions to pre-empt an adjudication by the Scrutiny Committee and then confining the claim only to the protection of her services. For the reasons, indicated the order of the High Court is set aside.(Para 58][350-C, F-G] ]-[ 284 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 1 ; S. C.R.

A 3.4 In St11te ofM11haras/1tru & Anr. Vs. Mr.~.Arundhati Suresh Ni11awe & Anr. {C.A. Nos. 9203-04 of 2015) and in M11hat111a Fule Kris/ii Vidyapeetll v. Nag11at/1 Bah1m10 M1111grule & Ors. (C.A. No.8926 of 2015) for the reasons indicated in the body of the judgment and those indicated hy this Court while disposing of Civil Appeal NQs.9155 and 9157 of 2015, the impugned judgments B and orders of the High Court arc set aside. [Para 58] [351-A, CJ 3.5 In S11resh S/o.Dewaji Vairag11de v. The Comroller G'eneral, l11dia11 Bt11'ea11 of A-lines, Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, Nagp11r & Am: (Civil Appeal No.1918 of 2010) having due regard for the c reasons contained in the body of this judgment, there is no error in the judgment of the High Court. (Para 58]352-A, DJ 3.6 In Rajendra Slo. Ramaji Mahishudwe v.~. The Joint Commissioner am/ Vice-Clrnirmun Sched11/ed Tribe, Caste Certificate Scrutiny Co111111i1tee & Anr (Civil Appeal No. 9154 of 2015) the High Court by its judgment declined to grant protection D to the services uf the appellant upon the invalidation of his claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe by the Scrutiny Committee. There is a clear and patent misuse of process by the appellant. In tl;le absence of the caste validity certificate, the appointment of the appellant cannot be held to have attained lhality. Having due regard to the reasons contained therein, there E is no error in the judgment of the High Court. [Para 58J(352-E; 353-A-BI

3. 7 In C/1/wya tllo. Yt1d1wrao Barapatre@ Chhaya W/o. Rajee" Dlwkate v. The State of Malwrashtra & Ors. (C.A. Nos. 9158-59 F of 2015) and in Ravimlra G'ovi11drao Nagp11rkt1r Vs. Secretlll)', Raj11stha11 Ed11c11tio11 Socie~1· Washim & Ors. (C.A. Nos.8604-05/ 17 @ SLP (C) Nos. 33864-65 of 2015) for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment and having due regard to the invalidation of the claim of the respondent by the Scrutiny Committee, there is no error in the judgment of the High Court. G [Para 58[353-C, EJ 3.8 In Sh i Sllh>uji Ed11calion Socie(1• & Anr. v. Slt1te of M11/wras/1trt1 & Ors. (Civil Appeal No.8601/17 @ SLP (C) No. 289 of 2016) the High Court by its order has none the less directed reinstatement of the third respondent subjl•ct to an undertaking H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 285 BALARAM BAHIRA that he would not claim the benefit of belonging to the Scheduled A Tribe in future. Once the tribe claim of the respondent has been held to be false, the judgment of the High Court is unsustainable for the reasons indicated in the body of this judgment. The judgment and order of the High Court is set aside. (Para 58)354-D, F-G] B

3.9 In Hi11dusta11 Aero11autics Limited v. Murlidltar Arju11 Neware t111dA11r. (C.A. Nos. 8602-03/17 @ SLP (C) Nos.529-30 of 2016) for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment· and having due regard to the fact that the claim of the respondent has been found to be false, there is merit in the appeals by the appellant. The impugned judgments of the High Court arc set C aside. [Para 58](355-A, D] 3.10 In India Trade Promotio11 Organisation v. Vivekkumar Lajjaslta11kar Cltaurasiya (C.A.No.8607/17 @ SLP ©No.14830 of 2015) and in Mumbai Metropolitan Regio11 Develop111e11t Authority v. Raje11dra Ramc/1a11dra Dltakale & A11r. (C.A. 8609/17 @ SLP D (C) No.13409 of 2015) for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned judgment of the High Court granting reinstatement to the respondent, is set aside. [Para 58][355-F-G; 356-A)

3.11 In State of Maharashtra v. Vasant, s/o.Gyandeo Gonnade E (C.A. 8606/17 @ S.L.P.(C)No. 19992 of 2015) in view of the reasons contained in the body of this judgment, the basis of the impugned decision of the High Court-.Full Bench decision in Arun Sonone, is erroneous. The respondent docs not belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. It is also clear that the benefits obtained F by the respondent were subject to the decision in Milind, wherein this Court has held that Halba-Koshti is not a Scheduled Tribe, the relevant entry in the Scheduled Tribes Order 1950 being 'Halba, Halbi'. The impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside. (Para 58][356-E; 358-B-CJ G 3.12 In State ofMaharasltlra v. Ku. Vijaya Deorao Nandunwar & A11r. (C.A.No.9107 of 2015), in Prttdip Gajam111 Koli Vs.State of Maltarttslttra & Ors.(Civil Appeal No.8598/17 @ SLP (C) 18925 of 2014 for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable and is set H 286 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A aside. [Para 5811358-D, FJ

3.13 In /Shll!ar Shrawan Nikhare Vs.Stale of Maharashtra & Ors. (Civil Appeal No. 7187 of 2013) having regard to the fact that the claim of the appellant to belong to a Scheduled Tribe was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee, the School Tribunal cannot B be faulted in declining to entertain the appeal against the consequential order of termination of service. Moreover, for the reasons containe<I in the body of the present judgment, there is no merit in the Civil Appeal. [Para 58][358-G; 359-D] 3.14 In Eknath Barikrao Dhamvade v. Divisional Controller, c State Transport Corporation & Anr. (Civil Appeal 8608/17 @ SLP (C) ... CC No. 10889 of 2015, Union of India & Ors. Vs. Saryakaltt & Ors. (CA No.8597/17@ SLP (C) No. 16852 of 2016), Executive Director (Lubes), lhdia11 Oil Corporation Ltd. v.~. Aslzok Mahadeoruo Pathrabe & Ors. (CA Nos.8599-8600/17), and State of Maharashtra & Ors. Vs. Rupesh slo. Teksingh Shinde (Civil Appeal Nos.8610/ D 17@ SLP (C) No.2299 of 2017) for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment and in view of the complete abuse of process by the appellant/respondent, the order of the High Court is unsustainable and set aside.[Para 58J[359-E; 361-CI Mi/ind Sharad Katware v. State of Maharashtra (1986) E I Born CR 403; Bank of India v. Avinash D. Mandivikar (2005) 7 sec 690 : 12005] 3 Suppl. SCR 170;

Additional General Alanager!Hwnan Resources, Bharat Heavy Elecrricals Ltd. v. Suresh Ramakrishna Burde (2007) 5 SCC 336 : [20071 6 SCR 388; State of Maharashtra v. Sanjay K. Nimje (2007) 14 SCC 481 : F [20071 1 SCR 960; Yogesh Ramchandra Naikwadi v. The State of.Maharashtra (2008) 5 SCC 652 : [2008] 5 SCR 456; Anjan Kumar v. Union of India & Ors (2006) 3 SC 257 : [2006] 2 SCR 212; State of Maharashtra & Ors. v. Ravi Prakash Bahu/alsing Parmar & Anr (2007) G I SCC 80 : [2006] 8 Suppl. SCR 105: Regional Manager, Central Bank v. Madh11/ika Guru Prasad Dahir AIR 2008 SC 3266 : [2008] 11 SCR 319; Sandip Subhash Parate v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 7 SCC 501 : [2006] 5 Suppl. SCR 282; Central Warehousing Corporation v. Jagdishkumar Vithalrao Panjankar H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 287 BALARAM BAHIRA C. A .No. 233 of 2007; State of Maharashtra v. Om Raj A (2007) 14 SCC 488; Raju Ramsing Vasave v. Mahesh Deorao Bhivapurkar (2008) 9 SCC 54 : (2008] 12 SCR 992; Punjab National Bank v. Vilas Govindrao Bokade (2008) 14 SCC 545; Vijaykumar v. State of Maharashtra (2010) 14 SCC 489; Damodhar v. Secretary, Industrial, B Energy & Labour Department (2010) 15 SCC 537; Raiwad Manojkumar Nivrultirao v. State of Maharashtra (2011) 9 SCC 798 : (2011] 12 SCR 986; Dattu Namdev Thakur v. Stale of Maharashtra (2012) 1 SCC 549 : (2011] 13 SCR 475; R. Unnikrishnan v. V.

K. Mahanudevan (2014) 4 SCC 434 : (2014) 1 SCR c 350; Pa/ghat Ji/la Thandan Samudhaya Samrakshna Smithi v. State of Kera/a (1994) 1 SCC 359 : (1993) 3 Suppl. SCR 872; B. H. Khawas v. Union of India (2016) 8 SCC 715 : (2016] 3 SCR 773; Ramesh Suresh Kamble v. State of Maharashtra (2007) 1 Mh. L.J 423; Sujit D Vasant Patil v. State of Maharashtra (2004) 3 Mh. L J 1109: Ganesh Rambhau Kha/ale v. State of Maharashtra (2009) 2 Mh. L.J. 788; Priyanka Omprakash Panwar v. State of Maharashtra (2009) 4 Mh L.J. 847; Apurva Ashok Gokha/e v. State of Maharashtra (2013) 1 Mh. LJ 139; Bank of India v. E Avinash D.Mandivikar (2005) 7 SCC 690 : (2005) 3 Suppl. SCR 170; Yogesh Ramchandra Naikwadi v. State of Maharashtra (2008) 5 SCC 652 : (2008] 5 SCR 456; Anurag Kumar Singh v. State of Uttarakhand (2016) 9 SCC 426; Nidhi Kaim and Another v. State of F Madhya Pradesh And Others (2017) 4 SCC 1; Chairman and Managing Director FCJ v. Jagdish Balaram Bahira 2017 (7) JT 125; Shri Shivaji Shikshan Sanstha & Am: v. Raju Laxman Gadekar & Ors. (CA No. 9155 of 2015); State of Maharashtra v. Raju Laxman Gadekar & Ors (CA No. 9157 of 2015); State of Maharashtra v. G Ku. Chhaya D/o.Hemraj Ninye & Ors. (CA No.9160 of 2015); State of Maharashtra & Anr. v. Mrs. Arundhati Suresh Ninawe & Anr. (CA Nos. 9203-04 of 2015); Mahatma Fule Krishi Vidyapeeth v. Nagnath Baburao Mangrule & Ors. (CA No.8926 of 2015); Suresh SI H 288 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l l S.C.R.

A o.Dewaji Vairagade v. The Co11troller General, Indian Bureau of Mines. Indira Bhavan. Civil lines. Nagpur & Anr. (CA No.1918 of 2010); Rajendra S/o. Ramaji Mahisbadwe v. The Joint Commissioner and Vice-Chairman Scheduled Tribe, Caste Certificate Scrutiny Committee & Anr (CA No. 9154 of 2015); Chhava B dlo. Yadaorao Barapatre @ Chhaya W!o. Rajeev Dhakate )J. The State of Maharashtra & Ors. (CA Nos. 9158-59 of 2015); Ravindra Govindrao Nagpurkar v. Secretary, Rajasthan Education Society Washim & Ors. (CA Nos.8604-05/17 @ SLP (C) Nos. 33864-65 of c 2015; Shri Shivaji Education Sociezv & Anr. v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. (CA No.8601117 @ SLP (C) No. 289 of 2016); Hindustan Aeronaulics Limited v. Murlidhar A1jun Neware and Anr. (C.A. Nos. 8602-03/17@ SLP (C) Nos.529-30 of 2016; India Trade Promotion Organisation v. Vivekkumar Lajjashankar D Chaurasiya (C.A. No. 8607/17@ SLP ©No.14830 of 2015); Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authorit_~ v. Rajendra Ramchandra Dhakate & Anr. (CA 8609/17 @ SLP (C) No. 13409 of 2015); State of lifahara~htra >'. Vas ant, s/o. Gyandeo Gonnade (CA E 8606/17 @ S.L.P. (C) No. 19992 of 2015); State of Maharashtra v. Ku. Vijaya Deorao Nandanwar & Anr. (CA No. 9107 of 2015); Ishwar Shrawan Nikhare v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. (CA No. 7187 of 2013;

Eknath Barikrao Dhanwade v. Divisional Controller, Stale Transport Corporation & Am: (CA 8608/17 @ F SLP (C) ... CC No. 10889 of 2015); Pradip Gajanan Koli v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. (CA No.8598/17 @ SLP (C) 18925 of 2014); Union of India & Ors. v. Suryakant & Ors (CA No. 8597/17 @ SLP (C) No. 16852 of 2016); Executive Director (Lubes), Indian Oil G Corporation ltd. v. Ashok Mahadeorao Pathrabe & Ors. (CA Nos. 8599-8600/17@ SLP (C) Nos. 29388-89 of 2016); The State of Maharashtra & Ors. v. Rupesh slo.Teksingh Shinde (CA Nos.8610/17@ SLP (C) No.2299 of 2017) - referred to. H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 289 BALARAM BAHIRA Case Law Reference A

(1986) 1 Born CR 403 referred to Para 10 [2005) 3 Suppl SCR 170 referred to Para 21 [2007) 6 SCR 388 referred to Para 22 [2007) 1 SCR 960 referred to Para 23 B[2008) 5 SCR 456 referred to Para 25 [2006) 2 SCR 212 referred to Para 25 [2006) 8 Suppl. SCR 105 referred to Para 25 [2008) 11 SCR 319 referred to Para 25 [2006] 5 Suppl. SCR 282 referred to Para 26 c c2001) t 4 sec 488 referred to Para 27 [2008) 12 SCR 992 referred to Para 28 (2008) 14 sec 545 referred to Para 28 c2010) 14 sec 489 referred to Para 28 Dc2010) 15 sec 537 referred to Para 28 [2011] 12 SCR 986 referred to Para 28 (2011) 13 SCR 475 referred to Para 28 [2014] 1 SCR 350 referred to Para 31 [1993] 3 Suppl. SCR 872 referred to Para 31 E [2016) 3 SCR 773 referred to Para 32 (2007) 1 Mb. L.J 423 referred to Para 33 (2004) 3 Mb. L J 1109 referred to Para 33 (2009) 2 Mb. L.J. 788 referred to Para 33 (2009) 4 Mb L.J. 847 referred to Para 34 F (2013) l Mb. LJ 139 referred to Para 34 (2005) 3 Suppl. SCR 170 referred to Para 40 [2007] 6 SCR 388 referred to Para 40 [2008) 2 SCR 1096 referred to Para 40 G [2008) 5 SCR 456 referred to Para 40 (2016) 9 sec 426 referred to Para 47 c2011) 4 sec 1 referred to Para 55 [19941 6 sec 241 relied on · Para 57 H 290 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A [2000) 5 Suppl. SCR 65 explained and followed Para 40, 57 [2004) 1 SCR 360 relied on Para 57 [2008) 2 SCR 1096 relied on Para 57 [2012) 7 SCR 251 overruled Para 57

B [2013) 12 SCR 807 overruled Para 57 (2015) 1 Mh L.J. 457 disapproved Para 57 2017 (7) JT 1!5 referred to Pua 58 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 8928 c of2015. From the Judgment and Order dated 04.04.2014 of the High Court of Bombay in Writ Petition No. 10088 of2013 WITH C. A. No. 1918 of2010 D C.A. No. 7187/2013 C. A. Nos. 9155, 9157, 9160, 9203-9204, 8926, 9154, 9158-9159 and 9107 of2015 C.A. No~. 8604-05, 8601, 8602-03, 8607, 8609, 8606, 8598, 8597, E 8599-8600, 8610 and 8608 of2017. Manindcr Singh, P. S. NarshimaASGs., Colin Gonsalves, Huzcfa Ahmadi, B. H. Marlapalle, Sr. Advs., Ali Qambar Zaidi, Satya Mitra, Satyajit A. Desai, Ms. A. S. Desai, Ms. Indra Sawhncy, Raj iv Shukla, Shubham Saxena, Debesh Panda, Aniruddh A. Joshi, Rajeev M. Roy, F Gopal Balwant Sathe, Nishant Ramakantrao Katneshwarkar, Kishor Lambat, Ms. Aditi Deshpande, Rabin Majumder, Sanjay Kharde, Sunil Kumar Verma, Ms. Anagha S. Desai, Akash Kakade, Somanath Padhan, Mani sh Pi tale, Ms. D. S. Matwankar, Chander Shekhar Ashri, Ravindra Keshavrao Adsure, Anand Landge, Siddheshwar N. Biradar, G Ms. N. Shoba, Sri Ram J. Thalapathy, V. Adhimoolam, Shilp Vinod, Anirudha A. Joshi, Rajeev Maheshwaranand Roy, Uday B. Dube, M. Y. Deshmukh, Sushi! Karanjkar, K. N. Rai, B. Krishna Prasad, Ms. Shrcya Bhatnagar, Siddhcsh Kolwal, Nalin Kohli, P. K. Mullick, R. B. Yadav, Piyush Sharma, Prabhas Bajaj, Akshay Amrirtanshu, . Praveen Jain, Mrs. Gunjan Sinha Jain, T. S. Sidhu, Mukesh Kumar, H

CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 291 BALARAM BAHIRA Sirnranjeet Singh, Vikas Soni, (For Mis. M. V. Kini & Associates), A Ms. Shubhangi Tuli, Rohan Sharma,Ajit Wagh, Kishor Lambat, (For Mis. Lambat &Associates), Manish Pitale, Ms. D.S. Matwankar. C. S. Ashri, Ms. Shikha Sarin, Rajesh Kumar, E. C. Agrawala, Ms. Aditi Deshpande, (For Mis. Lambat and Associates), Gagan Sanghi,'Ramcshwar Prasad Goyal, Sudhanshu S. Choudhari, Nirnimesh Dube, Ms. Manju Jetley, BD. S. Mahra, Vivck C. Solshe, C. G. Solshe, Ms. Astha Deep, S. M. Jadhav, (For Mis. S. M. Jadhav and Company), Kunda! Kumar Lal, Yash Pal Dhingra, Suhas Kadam, (For Mis. Lemax Lawyers & Co.), Advs., for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by c DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J. I. Delay condoned in SLP (C) ...... CC No.1088912015. 2. Leave granted in the Special Leave Petitions. A The perspective D

3. The framers of the Constitution conceived of a policy of affirmative action to redress the social exclusion, economic deprivation and political alienation suffered by historically disadvantaged classes of Indian society. Reservation of posts in public employment and seats for admission in educational institutions and the setting apart of seats in electoral bodies was envisaged by the Constitution for the fulfilment of a E constitutional aspiration of social justice to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes and to socially and educationally backward classes of citizens. Jn pursuit of the constitutional goal of substantive equality, reservations have been envisaged as a means of enabling members of beneficiary groups to realise, in a true sense, dignity, freedom and liberty which the F Constitution guarantees as its basic philosophy. But the problem which has confronted legislatures, policy makers as well as courts (as enforcers of the rule of law) is a capture of the benefits of affirmative action programmes by persons who do not genuinely belong to the beneficiary groups. This kind of capture poses a serious dimension. When a person who docs not belong to a caste, tribe or class for whom reservation is G meant, seeks to pass off as its member, such a stratagem constitutes a fraud on the Constitution. For one thing a person who is disentitled to the benefit of a welfare measure obtains the benefit. For another.this deprives a beneficiary who is genuinely entitled to receive those benefits of a H

292 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20 l 7] 11 S.C.R. A legitimate entitlement. This constitutes an egregious constitutional fraud. It is a fraud on the statutes which implement the provisions of the Constitution. It is a fraud on state policy. Confronted with this problem. the legislatures have intervened with statutory instruments while the executive has, in implementation of law, set down administrative parameters and guidelines to prevent the usurpation of benefits. B

4. The batch of cases with which the court is confronted involves individuals who soµght the benefit of public employment on the basis of a claim to belong to a beneficiary group which has, upon investigation been fow1d to be invalid. Despite the invalidation of the claim to belong c to a Scheduled Caste or, as the case may be, a Scheduled Tribe or backward community, the intervention of the Court is invoked in the exercise of the power of judicial review. The basis for the invocation of jurisdiction lies in an assertion that equities arise upon a lapse of time and tllese equities arc capable of being protected citllcr by the High Court (in the exer¢ise of its jurisdiction under Article 226) or by this D Court (when it discharges the constitutional function of doing complete justice under Article 142). The present batch of cases then raises the fundamental issue as to whether such equities are sustainable at law and, if so, the limils that define the jurisdiction of the court to protect individuals who have secured access to the benefit of reservation inspite of the fact that they do not belong to the caste, tribe or class for whom E reservation is intended.

5. A large body of precedent has evolved both in the High Courts as well as in this Court in seeking to find answers to pleas raised by individuals that they are entitled to protection by a constitutional court, even after the invalidation of their caste or tribe claims. The decided F cases reflect a profound awareness on the part of courts of the human element involved. Assessment of human consequences case by case has resulted in a conflicting line of approach, in the effort of the court to balance the letter Of law with a sense of compassion. Since this Bench of three Judges is called upon to seek a median, through the body of G judicial precedent, it is, at the outset, necessary to set out the fundamental values and vision which the cou11 must pw·sue. Those values as well as the vision is charted out to the court by the Constitution and it is the Constitution which the court expowids. The constitutional policy of creating reservations subserves a high constitutional value of providing H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 293 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

social redress and a life of dignity to castes, tribes and classes which A were in a historical sense oppressed by a systemic pattern of social exclusion and human deprivation. The benefits which the Constitution has conferred on beneficiary groups cannot be dissipated by allowing others who do not belong to the designated castes or tribes to secure the benefit. Public employment is a significant source of social mobility. B Access to education opens the doors to secure futures. As a matter of principle, in the exercise of its constitutional jurisdiction, the court must weigh against an interpretation which will protect unjust claims over the just, fraud over legality and expediency over principle. As the nation evolves, the role of the court must be as an institution which abides by constitutional principle, enforces the rule oflaw and reaffirms the belief C that claims based upon fraud, expediency and subterfuge will not be recognised. Once these parameters are established with a clear judicial formulation individual cases should pose no problem. Usurpation of constitutional benefits by persons who are not entitled to them must be answered by the court in the only way permissible for an institution Dwhich has to uphold the rule of law. Unless the courts were to do so, it would leave open a path of incentives for claims based on fraud to survive legal gambits and the creativity of the disingenuous. B The regulatory regime : Madhuri Patil

6. On 24 February 1981, the Government of Maharashtra issued E a G.R. which prescribed the procedure for obtaining (i)castc certificates from the Sub-divisional Officers; and (ii) validity certificates from a Scrutiny Committee. 7. In 1994, the systemic usurpation of benefits by persons who did not belong to the beneficia1y groups came to the fore before this F Court. There was before this Court, an urgent need expressed to set down a framework to regulate the grant of caste certificates and to scrutinise claims. The need for scrutiny and verification of caste claims was addressed in a judgment of this Court, speaking through a bench of two judges, in Kumari Madhurl Patil Vs. Additional Commissioner, Tribal Development1• The judgment was delivered on 2 September G 1994. While emphasizing the need to ensure that claims to belong to a beneficiary group must be carefully scrutinized, this Court observed thus: " ... 13. The admission wrongly gained or appointment wrongly '(1994) 6 sec z41 H 294 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R.

A obtained on the basis of false social status certificate necessarily have the effect of depriving the genuine Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes or OBC candidates as enjoined in the Constitution of the benefits conferred on them by the constitution. The genuine candidate~ are also denied admission to educational institutions or appointments to office or posts under a State for want of social B status certificate. The ineligible or spurious persons who falsely gained entry resort to dilatory tactics and create hurdles in completion of the inquires by the Scrutiny Committee .... " (Id. at p. 254) c 8. Detailed guidelines were formulated in the judgment of this Court for the constitution of committees by the State Governments for scrutinizing claims of candidates to belong to a Scheduled caste or tribe or, as the case may be, to a backward community designated for reservations. The directions issued by this Court envisaged the constitution ofVigilance Cells which would conduct local enquiries to determine the D authenticity of a claim to belong to a designated caste or tribe. The court, among other things, issued the following directions:

"13 ...... (14). In case, the certificate obtained or social status claimed is found to be false, the parent/guardian/the candidate should be' prosecuted for making false claim. If the prosecution E ends in a conviction and sentence of the accused, it could be regarded as an offence involving moral turpitude, disqualification for elective posts or offices under the State or the Union or elections to any local body, legislature or Parliament; ( 15). As soon as the finding is recorded by the Scrutiny Committee F holding that the certificate obtained was false, on its cancellation and confiscation simultaneously, it should be communicated to the educational institution concerned or the appointing authority by rcgistcrcd,post with acknowledgement due with a request to cancel the admission or the appointment. The Principal etc. of the educational institution responsible for making the admission or the G appointing authority, should cancel the admission/appointment without any further notice to the candidate and debar the candidate from further study or continue in office in a post." (Id. at p. 256-257) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 295 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] C The Halba I Halbi controversy A

9. The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1950 and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order 1950 provide in relation to each State a list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for the purpose of constitutional reservations. In the list of Scheduled Tribes for the State of Maharashtra, Entry 19 is: B "Haiba, Halbi" 10. In the State of Maharashtra, the ambit of Entry 19 became a bone of contention particularly with persons belonging to the Halba-Koshti community claiming to be a sub-tribe of the designated tribe. A Division Bench of the High Court spoke on the issue on 4 September C 1985 in Milind Sharad Katwarc Vs. State of Maharashtra'. The Division Bench held that Halba-Koshti constituted a sub-division of the tribe "Halba-Halbi" under Entry 19 of the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950. Halba-Koshtis were, in the view of the Division Bench, entitled to the status of a Scheduled Tribe on the ground that they were comprehended within a designated tribe namely, Halba-Halbi. In coming to this conclusion, D the Di vision Bench opined that it is permissible to enquire whether a sub-division of a tribe which is not mentioned in the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 is nevertheless a part and parcel of a tribe which is designated.

11. Upon a challenge by the State of Maharashtra before this E Court, the issue wa~ referred to a Constitution Bench and eventually resulted in the judgment in State of Maharashtra Vs. Milind3• The Constitution Bench held that the Scheduled Tribes Order had to be read as it is; and no evidence could be let in to urge that a tribe or tribal community or its part constituted a part of a tribe which was specifically Fdesignated. In other words : "36 ... ( 1). It is not at all permissible to hold any inquiry or let in any evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community is included in the general name even though it is not specifically mentioned in the entry concerned in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, G 1950. (2). The Scheduled Tribes Order must be read as it is. It is not even permissible Iv say that a tribe, sub-tribe, part of or group of '(1986) t Born CR 403 3(2001) l SCC4 H 296 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A any tribe or tribal community is synonymous to the one mentioned m the Scheduled Tribes Order if they are not so specifically mentioned in it.

(3).A notification issued under clause (I) ofArticle 342, specifying Scheduled Tribes, can be amended only by law to be made by Parliament. In other words, any tribe or tribal community or part B of or group within any tribe can be included or excluded from the list of Scheduled Tribes issued under clause ( 1) of Article 342 only by Parliament by law and by no other authority. (4). It is not open to State Governments or courts or tribunals or c any other authority to modify, amend or alter the list of Scheduled Tribes specified i.n the notification issued under clause (I) of Article 342." (Id at p. 30-31) The judgment of the Bombay High Court holding that Halba-Koshti formed a part of the designated scheduled tribe, Halba-Halbi was reversed. The declaration oflaw by this Court under Article 141, negated D the position oflaw enunciated by the Bombay High Court. This was, it must be emphasised, not a case of prospective over-ruling. 12. The Constitution Bench in Milind dwelt on the dangers in allowing benefits which are reserved to designated castes and tribes being usurped by individuals who do not belong to them. Allowing the E benefits which are reserved by Presidential orders issued under Articles 341 and 342 to be usurped by an imposter would negate the purpose of the reservation. This was succinctly emphasized in the following observations of the Constitution Bench:

"35 .... The Presidential Orders are issued under Articles 341 and F 342 of the Constitution recognizing and identifying the needy and deserving people belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes mentioned therein for the constitutional purpose of availing benefits of reservation in the matters of admissions and employment. If these benefits arc taken away by those for whom they are not meant, the people for whom they are really meant or G intended will be deprived of the same and their sufferings will continue. Allowing the candidates not belonging to Scheduled tribes to have the benefits or advantage of reservation either in admissions or appointments leads to making mockery of the very reservation against the mandate and the scheme of the Constitution." H (id. alp. 30) CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 297 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] 13. Milind Sharad Katwarc whose cause had travelled from A the Bombay High Court in 1985 to this Court had, by the time that the Constitution Bench resolved the issue on 28 November 2000 qualified as a doctor. He claimed the benefit of equities which had intervened in the meantime. They were recognized in the ultimate directions which were issued by this Court in the following observations: B "38. Respondent 1 joined the medical course for the year 1985-

86. Almost 15 years have passed by now. We are told he has already completed the course and may be he is practicing as a doctor. In this view and at this length of time it is for nobody's benefit to annul his admission. Huge amount is spent on each c candidate for completion of medical course. No doubt, one Scheduled Tribe candidate was deprived ofjoining medical course by the admission given to Respondent 1. If any action is taken against Respondent I, it may lead to depriving the service of a doctor to the society on whom public money has already been spent. In these circumstances, this judgment shall not affect the D degree obtained by him and his practicing as a doctor. But we make it clear that he cannot claim to belong to the Scheduled Tribe covered by the Scheduled Tribes Order. In other words, he cannot take advantage of the Scheduled Tribes Order any further or for any other constitutional purpose. Having regard to the E passage of time, in the given circumstances, including interim orders passed by this Cowt in SLP (C) No. 16372of1985 and other related matters, we make it clear that the admissions and appointments that have become final, shall remain unaffected by this judgment." (Id. at p. 31) FThe latter part of the above extract covered other cases before the court.

Reading these observations there can be no manner of doubt that this Court took recourse to its constitutional power under Article 142 to protect benefits which had accrued to a candidate who had qualified as a doctor though with the caveat that he would not be entitled to claim the status G of belonging to a Scheduled tribe in the futw·c. The latter part protected, having regard to the passage of time and interim orders passed in the batch of cases, appointments and admissions which had become final. These directions were evidently under Article 142 of the Constitution. H 298 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l l S.C.R. A D The legislation in Maharashtra

14. The legislature in the State of Maharashtra enacted the Maharashtra Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (VimuktaJatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and Special Backward Category (Regulation of Issuance and Verification of) Caste B Certificate Act, 2000. The legislation essentially takes care, for that state of the concerns that were expressed in the decision of this Court in Madhuri Patil by providing a statutory framework to regulate the issuance of caste certificates, scrutiny and verification of claims and the consequences to ensue upon the invalidation of a claim. The legislation c received the assent of the President and was published in the gazette on 23 May 200 l. By a. notification dated 17 October 200 I, the Act came into force from 18 October 2001, in terms of Section I (2). Section 3 requires every person claiming to belong to a Scheduled caste or tribe, other backward class or a.ny other designated tribe or community seeking to obtain public employment or an admission to an educational institution D or contesting an electoral scat in a local authority or a co-operative society to apply for tho issuance ofa caste certificate to a competent authority named by the State Government. Section 4 empowers the competent authority to issue a ca~tc certificate upon being satisfied of the genuineness of the claim. Section 6 requires the State Government to constitute Scrntiny Committees for the verification of caste certificates issued by E the competent authorities constituted under Section 4(1 ). Sub-Section

(2) of Section 6 reqlllircs the beneficiary ofa caste certificate to submit an application to a Scrutiny Committee for the verification of the caste certificate and for issuance of a validity certificate. The appointing author~ty is similarly required by sub-Section (3) to make an application F to the Scrutiny Committee to verify the caste certificate. Section 6 provides thus: "6. (I) The Government shall constitute by notification in the official Gazette, one or more Scrutiny Committee(s) for verification of Caste Certificates issued by the Competent Authorities under sub-section ( 1) of section 4 specifying in the said notification the G functions a.nd the area of jurisdiction of each of such Scrutiny Committee or Committees. (2) After obtaining the Caste Certificate from the Competent Authority, any person desirous of availing of the benefits or H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 299 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] concessions provided to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, A De-notified Tribe (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes or Special Backward Category for the purposes mentioned in section 3 may make an application, well in time, in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed, to the concerned Scrutiny Committee for the verification of such Caste B Certificate and issue of a validity certificate.

(3) The appointing authority of the Central or State Government, local authority, public sector undertakings, educational institutions, Co-operative Societies or any other Government aided institutions shall, make an application in such form and in such manner as c may be prescribed by the Scrutiny Committees for the verification of the Caste Certificate and issue of a validity certificate, in case a person selected for an appointment with the Government, local authority, public sector undertakings, educational institutions, Co-operative societies or any other Government aided institutions who has not obtain such certificate. D

( 4) The Scrutiny Committee shall follow such procedure for verification of the Caste Certificate and adhere to the time limit for verification and grant of validity certificate, as prescribed.'" Section 7 provides for the confiscation and cancellation of "false certificates". Section 7 is in the following terms : E "7. ( 1) Where, before or after the commencement of this Act, a person not belonging to any of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes or Special Backward Category has obtained a false Caste Certificate to the effect that either himself or his F children belong to such Castes, Tribes or Classes, the Scrutiny Committee may, suo motu, or otherwise call for the record and enquire into the correctness of such certificate and if it is of the opinion that the certificate was obtained fraudulently, it shall, by an order cancel and confiscate the certificate by following such G procedure as prescribed, after giving the person concerned an opportunity of being heard, and communicate the same to the concerned person and the concerned authority, if any (2) The order passed by the Scrutiny Committee under this Act H 300 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A shall be final and shall not be challenged before any authority or cowt except the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India."

Section 8 relates to the burden of proof and envisages that in any application for the issuance of a caste certificate by the competent B authority; in any enquiry conducted by the competent authority or Scrutiny Committee or appellate authority; and in the trial of any offence under the Act, the buO}en of proving that the person belongs to such caste, tribe or class shaill be on the claimant - applicant. Section 10 provides for the consequence of the invalidation of a caste certificate and reads thus: c "'10. (!)Whoever not being a person belonging to any of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other backward Classes or Special Backward Category secures admission in any educational institution against a seat reserved for such Castes, Tribes or Classes, or secures any appointment in the Government, local D authority or in any other Company or Corporation, owned or controlled by the Government or in any Government aided institution or Co-opcrati ve Society against a post reserved for such Castes, Tribes or Classes by producing a false Caste Certificate shall, on cancellation of the Caste Certificate by the Scrutiny Committee, E be liable to be debarred from the concerned educational institution, or as the case may be, discharged from the said employment forthwith and any other benefits enjoyed or derived by virtue of such admission or appointment by such person as aforesaid shall be withdrawn forthwith.

(2) Any amount paid to such person by the Government or any F other agency by way of scholarship, grant, allowance or other financial benefit shall be recovered from such person as an arrears of land revenue. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in any Act for the time being in force, any Degree, Diploma or any other educational G qualification acquired by such person after securing admission in any educational institution on the basis ofa Caste Certificate which is subsequently proved to be false shall also stand cancelled, on cancellation of such Caste Certificate, by the Scrutiny Conunittee. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 301 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] being in force, a person shall be disqualified for being a member A of any statutory body if he has contested the election for local authority, co-operative society or any statutory body on the seat reserved for any of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis) Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes or Special Backward Category by procuring a false Caste B Certificate as belonging to such Caste, Tribe or Class on such false Caste Certificate being cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee, and any benefits obtained by such person shall be recoverable as arrears of land revenue and the election of such person shall he deemed to have been terminated retrospectively."

cSection 11 deals with offences and penalties and provides thus : "I !.{I) Whoever, - (a) obtains a false Caste Ce11ificate by furnishing false information or filing false statement or documents or by any other fraudulent means; or D (b) not being a person belonging to any of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes or Special Backward Category secures any benefits or appointments exclusively reserved for such Castes, Tribes, or Classes in the Government, local authority E or any other company or corporation owned or controlled by the Government or in any Government aided institution, or secures admission in any educational institu1ion against a seat exclusively reserved for such Castes, Tribes or Classes or is elected to any of the elective offices of any local authority or Co-operative Society against the office, reserved for such Castes Tribes or Classes by F producing a false Caste Certificate; Shall, on conviction, be punished, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months but which may extend upto two years or with fine which shall not be less than two thousand rupees or both. G (2) No court shall take cognizance ofan offence punishable under this section except upon a complaint, in writing, made by the Scrutiny Committee or by any other officer duly authorized by the Scrutiny Coinmittee for this purpose." H 302 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20 l 7] 11 S.C.R.

A Offences punishable under Section l l have been made cognizable and non bailable under Section 12. Section 13 imposes cnminal penalties upon a person dis¢hargmg the functions of a competent authority who intentionally issu~s a false caste certificate.

15. Legislative intervcntwn in the State of Maharashtra by the enactment of 2000 puts into place a statutory framework covering the B area from the issuance of caste I tribe certificates and traversing the scrutiny and verification of caste I tribe claims and withdrawal ofbenefits accruing upon a false claim. Stringent penalties are provided against violators by creating a regime of criminal offences which are punishable at law. An application for a caste certificate is required to be made to a c designated authority constituted by the State Government. The competent authority has to be satisfied about the genuineness of the claim before it issues a caste certificate. Issuance of a caste certificate docs not in itself conclude the level of scrutiny. The next stage of scrutiny is contemplated before the Scrutiny Committee which is conferred with a statutory status by the provisions of the Act. Section 6 mandates in sub- D section (2) that a person who desires to avail of a benefit or concession provided to a desi~natcd caste, tribe orclass must make an application well in time to tl1e Scrutiny Committee for verification of the caste certificate and for the issuance ofa validity ce11ificatc. Not only this, the appointing authority is obligated to move the Scrutiny Committee to E conduct a verification of the caste certificate ofa person who has been selected for appointment. Section 7 empowers the Scrutiny Committee either suo mow or otherwise to enquire into the correctness of a caste certificate and, if it is of the opinion that the ce11ificatc was obtained fraudulently. it shall cancel and confiscate it after furnishing a reasonable opportunity to be heard. Section 7 operates in respect of all caste F certificates whether obtained before or after the commencement of the Act. If a caste certificate has been obtained falsely by a person either claiming himself or his children to belong to a designated caste, tribe or class, the Scrutiny Committee is empowered to cancel it upon an opinion formed that it was obtained fraudulently. The fact that a person belongs G to a designated caste, tribe or class is based on facts which are to the knowledge of the applicant and hence the burden of proof is placed on the claimant by Section 8.

16. The sta(c legislature was evidently not content with a mere invalidation of a caste certificate which is founded on a false claim made H by a candidate to belong to a designated caste, tribe or class. Section 6 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 303 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

(2) provides that a candidate who desires to obtain a benefit must apply A well in time to the Scrutiny Committee for verification and similarly the appointing authority of a candidate who has been selected for appointment but has not obtained a validity certificate must apply to the Scrutiny Committee for verification. The legislature however was cognizant of the fact that by the time a scrutiny takes place before the Scrutiny BCommittee the candidate may have obtained the benefit of a concession reserved for a caste, tribe or class. As a matter of public interest, the legislation stipulates that the benefits which have been obtained on the basis of a false caste certificate shall be withdrawn upon the invalidation of the claim by the Scrutiny Committee. The ambit of Section I 0 (I) extends, among other things, to an admission which is secured in an c educational institution against a scat reserved for one of the designated castes, tribes or classes; an appointment in the government, local authority or corporation owned or controlled by the government or any government institution or co-operative society against a reserved post. A benefit which is obtained on the foundation of a false caste claim which has been Dinvalidated is not permitted to be retained by the candidate. There is a legislative mandate that the benefit of an admission granted or an appointment to a post shall be withdrawn forthwith on the cancellation of a caste I tr.ibc certificate. Any amount which is paid by way of scholarship. grant, allowance or financial benefits has to be recovered as arrears of land revenue. Sub-Section (3) of Section 10 contains a E 11011-obsta11te provision as a result of which notwithstanding anything contained in any Act for the time being in force a degree, diploma or educational qualification acquired by a person after securing admission on the basis of a caste certificate which is proved to be false and is cancelled would also be invalid. Similarly, by sub-Section (4) a F disqualification from holding an electoral office has been stipulated where a person has contested an election on the basis of a false caste certificate which is since cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee. To ensure that the stringent provisions made by it impose a sufficient deterrent, the legislature considered it fit in its wisdom to create offences and to impose criminal penalties in Section 11. G

17. The consequences which emanate from the cancellation of a caste certificate are distinct. The first is the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a claim to belong to a designated tribe, group or class which has been held to be invalid. This is of a civil nature by which the applicant is deprived of the benefits of a false caste certificate which H 304 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A is cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee. The second consequence is the liability to be subject to a criminal prosecution. This is a criminal liability arising from an offence created by the legislature. E Prec<•dent

18. Several decisions of this Court have considered whether a B person who has secured the benefit of public employment or admission to an educational institution on a reserved quota is entitled to retain the benefits obtained despite the invalidation of the claim to belong to the tribe or caste. In all such cases, equities arc pressed in aid, chief among them being the lapse of time since the acquisition ofbenefits on the basis of a claim to belong to a designated caste or tribe. As decided cases c indicate, the claim for equity is coupled with a "voluntary" undertaking that the person would not secure or claim any future benefits on the basis that he or she belongs to the Scheduled Caste, Schedule Tribe or socially and educationally backward class on the basis of which the original appointment or admission was obtained. In the case of ad.missions D to educational institutions, particularly institutions of higher learning, the additional ground which is often urged is that the withdrawal of benefits obtained in the past would a.mount to a societal loss since scarce productive resources of the nµtion are invested in providing for training and education to professionals ip a discipline such as .medicine. E 19. ln Ma~huri Patil (supra), a Bench of two learned Judges set down a principlecll rationale as to why a claim for equity by a person who is not found to belong to the designated caste, tribe or class cannot be countenanced. The Court observed :

"16. Whether appellants are entitled to their further continuance F in the studies is the further question. Otten the plea of equities or promissory estoppel would be put forth for continuance and completion offurther course of studies and usually would be found favour with the courts. The courts have constitutional duty and responsibility, in exercise of the power of its judicial review, to see that constitutional goals set down in the Preamble, the Fundamental G Rights and the Directive Principles of the Constitution, are achieved. A party that seeks equity, must co.me with clean hands. He who co.mes to the court with false claim, cannot plead equity nor the court would be justified to exercise equity jurisdiction in his favour. There is no estoppel as no promise of the social status H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 305 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

is made by the State when a false plea was put forth for the social A status recognised and declared by the Presidential Order under the Constitution as amended by the SC & ST (Amendment) Act, 1976, which is later found to be false. Therefore, the plea of promissory cstoppel or equity have no application. When it is found to be a case of fraud played by the concerned, no sympathy and B equitable considerations can come to his rescue. Nor the pica of estoppel is germane to the beneficial constitutional concessions and opportunities given to the genuine tribes or castes. Courts would be circumspect and wary in considering such cases." (Id. at p. 257)

cHowever, on the facts of that case the Bench of two Judges while upholding the cancellation of the status of Mahadeo Koli which was fraudulently obtained, directed that the student who had completed the course of medical studies be allowed to appear for the final year examination of the M.B.B.S. degree course but not as a candidate belonging to a Scheduled Tribe. The circumstance which weighed with D the Court was that the student had approached the High Court for the grant of a caste certificate since the Additional Commissioner was not dealing with the matter. The student obtained admission pursuant to a direction of the High Court. It was the parents of the student who had put the career of the student in jeopardy and since she had completed Eher course of study except to appear for the examination; she should be permitted to do so. The above directions were issued in the case of one of the two appellants, Suchita Laxman Patil. However, her sister Madhuri (who was the first appellant) was found to have approached an officer without jurisdiction and after showing the order of the High Court in the case of her sister Suchita, secured a caste certificate and got admission. F This Court observed that though she was in the midst of her B.D.S. studies in the second year, .she could not continue as a student belonging to Mahadeo Kol i Scheduled Tribe. She could only obtain admission as a general candidate and continue her studies. These directions are referable to the jurisdiction confcn-cd on this Court under Article 142. G

20. The next decision which is of relevance on the issue, is a judgment of three Judges of this Court in R. Vishwanatha Pillai Vs. State of Kcrala4 . In that case the appellant who did not belong to a designated reserved community obtained a caste certificate ·and was '(2004) 2 sec 105 H 306 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 1 I S.C.R. A selected as a Deputy Superintendent of Police on a seat reserved for the Scheduled Castes. However, it was found upon a complaint that the appellant did not belong to a Scheduled Caste and the Scrutiny Committee rejected his claim. The order of the Scrutiny Committee was upheld by the High Court and by this Court. Subsequently at the behest of the appellant the Central Administrative Tribunal directed that he should not B be terminated from service without following the procedure under Article 31 l. The High Court reversed that decision and the appeilant was dismissed from service. Before this Court the appellant inter alia sought protection since he had rendered nearly 27 years of service. Rejecting the submission this Court held that:

c "'15. This apatt, the appellant obtained the appointment in the service on the basis that he belonged to a Scheduled Caste community. When it was found by the Scrutiny Committee that he did not belong to the Scheduled Caste community, then the very basis of his appointment was taken D away. His appointment was no appointment in the eyes of law. He cannot claim a right to the post as he had usurped the post meant for a reserved candidate by playing a fraud and producing a false caste certificate. Unless the appellant can lay a claim to the post on the basis of his appointment he cannot claim the constitutional guarantee given under the E Article 311 of the Constitution. As he had obtained the appointment on the basis of a false caste ce1tificate he cannot be considered to be a person who holds a post within the meaning ofArticlc 3 11 of the Constitution of India, Finding recorded by the Scrutiny Committee that the appellant got the appointment on the basis of F false caste certificate has become final. The position, therefore, is that the appellant has usurped the post which should have gone to a member of the Scheduled Caste. In view of the finding recorded by the Scrutiny Committee and upheld upto this Court he has disqualified himself to hold the post.

Appointment was void from its inception. It cannot be said G that the said void appointment would enable the appellant to claim that he was holding a civil post within the meaning of Article 311 of the Constitution oflndia,As appellant had obtained the appointment by playing a fraud he cannot be all owed to take advantage of his own fraud in entering the service and claim that he was holder of H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 307 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.) the post entitled to be dealt with in terms of Article 3 l l of the A Constit'ution of India or the Rules framed thereunder. Where an appointment in a service has been acquired by practising fraud or deceit such an appointment is no appointment in law, in service and in such a situation Article ill of the Constitution is not attracted at all." (Id. at p. 115) (emphasis suppled) B The Bench of three Judges also rejected the submission that since the appellant had rendered 27 years of service. the ordcrof dismissal should be substituted with an order of compulsory retirement or removal to protect his pensionary benefits. The Court observed:

"l 9 ..... The rights to salary, pension and other service benefits c are entirely statutory in nature in public service. Appellant obtained the appointment against a post meant for a reserved candidate by producing a false caste certificate and by playing a fraud. His appointment to the post was void and non est in the eyes oflaw. The right to salary or pension after retirement flow from a valid and legal appointment. The consequential right of pension and D monetary benefits can be given only if the appointment was valid and legal. Such benefits cannot be given in a case where the appointment was found to have been obtained fraudulently and rested on false caste certificate. A person who entered the service by producing a false caste certificate and obtained appointment E for the post meant for Scheduled Caste thus depriving the genuine Scheduled Caste of appointment to that post does not deserve any sympathy or indulgence of this Court. A person who, seeks equity must come with clean hands. He. who comes to the Court with false claims, cannot plead equity nor the Court would be F justified to exercise equity jurisdiction in his favom. A person who seeks equity must act in a fair and equitable manner. Equity jurisdiction cannot be exercised in the case of a person who got the appointment on the basis of false caste certificate by playing a fraud. No sympathy and equitable consideration can come to his rescue. We are of the view that equity or compassion cannot G be allowed to bend the arms oflaw in a case where an individual acquired a status by practising fraud." (Id. at p. 116)

21. In Bank of India Vs. Avinash D. Mandivikar' the first respondent obtained an appointment in the service of the bank in October '(2oosi 1 sec 690 H 308 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A 1976 on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. The Scrutiny Committee found that he did not belong to a Scheduled Tribe and, therefore, invalidated the caste certificate. Following the termination of his services the first respondent moved the High Court which accepted his plea that the initiation of proceedings against him by the Scrutiny Committee for verification of the caste certificate in 1987 was beyond a B reasonable period. The High Court, while allowing the pica. reinstated him in service with back-wages. In an appeal by the employer. this Court held that once a claim of the employee to belong to a Scheduled Tribe had been rejected, the employment was "no appointment in eye of law" and that he had "absolutely no justification for his claim" in c respect of the post he usurped. Distinguishing the directions issued in Milind (under Article 142). this Court held that:

"JO.The protection under the Milind's case (supra) cannot be extended to the respondent No. I-employee as the protection was given under the peculiar factual background of that case. The employee concerned was a doctor <ind had rendered long years D of service. This Court noted that on a doctor public money has been spent and. therefore, it will not be desirable to deprive the society ofa doctor's service. Respondent No. I-employee in the present case is a bank employee and the factor which weighed with this Court cannot be applied to him." (Id. at p. 698) E The above observations of the court arc also an indication that para 38 of the decision in Milind was construed as consisting of directions issued under Article 141. For it was on that basis that the court in Avinash Mandivikar held that no case was made out for protecting the services of a bank employee who had obtained employment on the basis of a F false claim. Besides, this Comt also held that the first respondent having perpetrated a fraud, a claim for protection will not be legally sustainable and a person who had obtained employment by illegitimate means could not continue to enjoy the fiuits of the appointment despite the clear finding by the Scrutiny Committee that "he does not even have a shadow of a right even to be considered for appointment". This Court relied upon the G earlier decision in Vishwanatha Pillai (supra) in coming to its conclusion.

22. Another decision of two learned Judges was in Additional General Manager/Human Resou·rccs, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Vs. Suresh Ramakrishna Burde' where a Division Bench of H • t2001) s sec 336 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 309 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] the Bombay High Court had ordered reinstatement subject to the condition A that the employee would not stake a claim to belong to the Scheduled Tribe in future. The ct<•im of the employee "to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. The employee had been appointed in May 1982 to a clerical post and in August 1995 the Scrutiny Committee had invalidated the caste claim Binitially and again in August 200 I following an order of remand. A Writ Petition filed against the order of invalidation was withdrawn but thereafter, relying on the observations in the concluding paragraph in Milind (supra) the employee submitted a representation for the protection of his services. After the representation was rejected, the employee moved the High Court which directed his reinstatement but c with the condition that he would not claim the benefit of belonging to a Schedule Caste in future. While construing the decision in Milind (supra) (upon which the High Court had placed reliance), this Court observed as follows:

"7. The High Court has granted relief to the respondent D and has directed his reinstatement only on the basis of the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in State of Maharashtra v. Milind (2001) 1 SCC 4. In our opinion the said judgment docs not lay down any such principle of law that where a person secures an appointment by producing E a false caste certificate, his services can be protected and an order of reinstatement can be passed if he gives an undertaking that in future he and his family members shall not take any advantage of being memher of a caste which is in reserved category. The questions which required consideration by the Constitution Bench, are noted in the very F first paragraph of the judgment and they are being reproduced below: 1) Whether at all, ii is permissible to hold enquiry and let in evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community is G included in the general name even though it is not specifically mentioned in the concerned Entry in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950? 2) Whether 'Halba Kosflti' caste is a sub-tribe within the meaning of Entry 19 (Halba!Halbi) of !he said Scheduled H 310 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A Tribes Order relating 10 State of Maharashtra. even though it is not specijically mentioned as such,

8. Aller thorough discussion of the matter the conclusions of the Bench are recorded in paragraph 36 of the report. It was held that it is not at all permissible to hold any enquiry or let in any evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community B or part ofor group within any tribe or tribal community is included in the gemiral name even though it is not specifically mentioned in the concerned Entry in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. It was fmther held that the notification issued under Clause ( l) of Article 342, specifying Scheduled Tribes, can be amended c only by law to be made by Parliament and it is not open to the State Governments or courts or any other authority to modify, amend or alter the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in the notification issued under Clause ( l) of Article 342 and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order 1950. The law declared by the Constitution Bench docs not at all lay down that D where a person secures an appointment by producing a false caste certificate, his services can be protected on his giving an undertaking that in future he will not take any advantaflie of being a member or the reserved category." (Id. at p. 340-341) (emphasis supplied) E In this view of the matter, the High Court was held to be in error in setting aside the order of termination and in directing reinstatement of the employee.

23. ABeneh of two Judges of this Court in State of Maharashtra Vs. Sanjav K. Nimjc7 considered a case where the respondent had F been appointed to the service of the state in June l 995 on a claim that he belonged to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee upon verifying the caste certificate found in its order of August 1989 that the employee was a Koshti (a Special Backward Class) and not a Halba. The respondent accepted the findings of the Scrutiny Committee but on G the basis of a Government Resolution dated 15 June 1995 sought the protection of his service. This Court noted that on 7 December 1994 Koshtis were declared to be a Special Backward Class. As regards the G.R. dated 15 June l 995, this Court came to the conclusion that since the respondent was appointed on 29 June 1995, which was after the '(2007) 14SCC48l H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 311 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] G.R., he was not entitled to protection in terms thereof. Moreover, A adverting to Section 10 of the Act enacted by the Maharashtra state legislature, this Court observed that :

"16. The 2000 Act being a legislative Act would prevail over any government resolution. A government resolution may be beneficent in nature but it is well settled that a benefit B under a government resolution cannot be extended to a person who docs not satisfy the conditions precedent thereof. In any event, the effect of the judgment of this Court as aiso the provisions of a statute in the light of the constitutional provisions contained in Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India cannot be diluted by reason of a C government resolution or otherwise." (Id. at p. 487) (emphasis supplied) In the view of this Court : "18. We may also notice that ordinarily a person, who has obtained D appointment on the basis of a false certificate, cannot retain the said benefit. (Sec Bank oflndia v. Avinash D. Mandivikar [(2005) 7 SCC 690: 2005 SCC (L&S) 1011], Ram Saran v. JG of Police, CRPF [(2006) 2 sec 541 : 2006 sec (L&S) 351 : (2006) 2 Scale 131] and Supdt. of Post Offices v. R. Valasina Babu ((2007) 2 SCC 335] .) In a situation of this nature, whether the Court will E refuse to exercise its discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India or not would depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. This aspect of the matter has been considered recently by this Court in Sandcep Subhash Parnte v. State of Maharashtra [(2006) 7 SCC 501 : (2006) 8 Scale F 503] ."(Id. at p. 487)

Finally this Court held that the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXlll of 200 l must apply. Though at one point in time indulgence had been shown to students or to persons who were found to have acted bona fide this "would not mean that this Court would pass an order contrary to Gor inconsistent with the provisions of a legislative act''. 24. The position in law was reaffirmed in a subsequent decision of a Bench of three Judges in Union of India Vs. Dattatray'. The respondent was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry in a '(2008) 4 SCC612 H 312 SUPREME COt;RT REPORTS [2017] 11 S.C.R. A government hospital on the strength of a claim to belong to a Scheduled Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee in an order of March 1999 found that the claim that he belonged to the Halba Tribe was false. The High Court upheld the invalidation of the tribe claim but held that the respondent would not be entitled to any benefit as a member of the Scheduled Tribe from the date of its decision. In consequence, the services of the B respondent were directed not to be disturbed. This Court held that the High Court had misconstrued the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind (supra) and adverted to the peculiar circumstances in which protection was granted in that case to a student who had been admitted to a medical course over 15 years ago. Distinguishing that decision with c the case at hand this Court observed that :

"5 ... When a person secures employment by making a false claim regarding caste/tribe, he deprives a legitimate candidate belonging to scheduled caste/tribe, of employment. In such a situation, the proper course is to D cancel the employment obtained on the basis of the false certificate so that the post may be filled up by a candidate who is entitled to the benefit of reservation." (Id at p. 614) (emphasis supplied) The judgment of the High Court directing the continuance of the first E respondent in service was accordingly set aside. 25. In Yogcsh Ramchandra Naikwadi Vs. The State of Maharashtra', the direction contained in paragraph 38 of the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind (supra) for protecting a student who had completed his medical studies, when nearly 15 years had elapsed, F was held to be referable to the power conferred upon by this Court by Article 142 of the Constitution. This Court observed: "7. There may however be cases where it will not be proper to permit the student to retain the degree obtained by making a false claim. One example is where the candidates secure scats by G producing forged or fake caste certificates. There may be cases, where knowing full well that they do not belong to a Scheduled Tribe/Caste, candidates may make a false claim that they belong to a Scheduled Tribe/Caste. There may also be cases where even '(2008J s sec 652 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 313 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

before the date of admission, the caste certificates of the candidates A might have been invalidated on verification by the Scrutiny Committee. There may be cases where the admissions may be in pursuance of interim orders granted by courts subject to final decision, making it clear that the candidate will not be entitled to claim any equities by reason of the admission. The benefit extended B in Mi/ind [(2001) 1 sec 4 : 2001 sec (L&S) 1111 and Vishwanatha Pillai [(2004) 2 SCC I 05 : 2004 SCC (L&S) 350) cannot obviously be extended uniformly to all such cases. Each case may have to be considered on its own merits. Further what has precedential value is the ratio decidendi of the decision and not the direction issued while moulding the C relief in exercise of power under Article 142 on the special facts and circumstances of a case. We are therefore of the view that Mili11d [(2001) l SCC 4: 2001 SCC (L&S) ll7] and Vislnva11atha Pillai [(2004) 2 SCC 105: 2004 SCC (L&S) 350] cannot be considered as laying down a proposition that 0 in every case where a candidate's caste claim is rejected by a Caste Verification Committee, the candidate should invariably be permitted to retain the benefit of the admission and the consequential degree, irrespective of the facts." (Id at p. 654) (emphasis supplied)

EIn the case at hand, though the Scrutiny Committee had rejected the claim of the appellant even prior to his admission to the professional degree course in engineering. the High Court had directed by an interim order the grant of provisional admission. This Court observed that since the admission to an engineering course had been obtained nearly 13 years earlier and the candidate had already secured a degree, h~ should F be permitted to retain the benefit of the degree subject to the condition that he would not claim any further benefit as a member of a Scheduled Tribe and any expenditure incurred in terms of an exemption from the foe or a grant of scholarship. would be recovered. The following decisions ofthis Court, the act of obtaining a benefit reserved G for designated castes, tribes and classes by an individual who does not belong to the designated community. on the basis of a false caste claim has been held to constitute an egregious violation, even a fraud on the Constitution : H 314 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017 J II S.C.R. A i. In Anjan Kumar Vs. Union of India & Orsw this court held that:

.. 14 ... A person not belonging to the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled tribes claiming himself to be a member of such caste by procuring a bogus caste certificate is a fraud under the B Constitutiop oflndia. The impact of procuring fake/bogus caste certificate ahd obtaining appointment/admission from the reserved quota will h;1ve far-reaching grave consequences. The meritorious reserved candidate may be deprived of reserved category for whom the post is reserved. The reserved post will go into the hand of non-deserving candidate and in such cases it would be c violative of the mandate of Articles !1 and £1 of the Constitution ofindia." ii. In Stat,c of Maharashtra & Ors. Vs. Ravi Prakash Babulalsing Parmar & Anr", this court observed thus:

"'23. The makers of the Constitution laid emphasis on equality 0 amongst citizens. The Constitution oflndia provides for protective discrimination and reservation so as to enable the disadvantaged group to come on the same platform as that of the forward community. If and when a person takes an undue advantage of the said beneficent provision of the Constitution by obtaining the E benefits of reservation and other benefits provided under the Presidential Order although he is not entitled thereto, he not only plays a fraud on the society but in effect and substance plays a fr-dud on the Constitution. When. therefore, a certificate is granted to a person who is not otherwise entitled thereto, it is entirely F incorrect to contend that the State shall be helpless spectator in the matter." iii. Similar observations are co11tai11ed i11 the judgment of this court in Regio11(1( M"""ger, Ce11fr(I( B"nk Vs. M"dhulika G11r11 Prasad Dahir11: G "13 .. .It would suffice to state that except in a few decisions, where the admission/appointment was not cancelled because of peculiar factual matrix obtaining therein, the consensus of judicial "t2006) 3 SC 257 "(2007J t sec 80 H "!llR 12008) SC 3!66 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 315 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD. J.]

opinion is that equity, sympathy or generosity has no place where A the original appointment rests on a false caste certificate. A person who enters the service by producing a false caste certificate and obtains appointment for the post meant for a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe or OBC, as the case may be, deprives a genuine candidate falling in either of the said categories, of appointment to B that post, docs not deserve any sympathy or indulgence of this Court. He who comes to the Court with a claim based on falsity and deception cannot plead equity nor the Court would be j ustificd to exercise equity jurisdiction in his favour. .... "

26. We may now advert to a line of precedent, upon which reliance C has been placed by the private party claimants, to indicate the circumstances in which recourse has been taken by this Court to its jurisdiction under Article 142. Sandip Subhash Paratc Vs. State of Maharashtra'·'. is a decision ofa Bench of two Judges of this Court. The claim of the appellant to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe formed the basis of his admission to the B.E. degree course at the University of D Pune. The claim was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. In a writ petition challenging the order of the Scrutiny Committee the appellant had the benefit of an interim order. Eventually the Writ Petition was allowed and the proceedings were remanded to the Scrutiny Committee. The Scrutiny Committee on remand rejected the claim against which Eanother writ petition was filed. Though no interim relief was granted in the writ petition the appellant was allowed to continue with his studies and he completed engineering studies in 2004. Both the Writ Petition and the Review Petition before the High Court were dismissed. On these facts. the bench of two j udgcs held that prima fircie the case of the appellant indicated that he was under a bona fide belief that Koshti- F Halbns were members of a Scheduled Tribe particularly since he had obtained admi.ssion prior to the decision in Milind (supra). Hence in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 the Bench observed that it did not find any lack of bona tides on his part. The decision then holds that:

G "15 ... We, in the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case, arc not inclined to go into the question as regards purported commission of fraud by the appellant, particularly, when the University admitted him without any demur whatsoever. We are " ( 20061 7 sec so 1 H 316 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l l S.C.R.

A doing so having regard to the doctrine of proportionality. The appellant has suffered a lot. He might not be entirely responsible therefor. l;le might have been under a bona fide belief .hat he comes within the purview of notified category. We, therefore, a/beir with much reluctance accept the fervent and impassionate plan made by the learned counsel appearing for the B appellant that he be allowed to obtain the degree. The same shall, however, be subject to payment of Rs 1 lakh in favour of the State of Maharashtra so as to recompense the State to some extent th¢ amount spent on him for imparting education as a reserved category candidate." (Id at p. 507) c 27. In Central Warehousing Corporation Vs. Jagdishkumar Vithalrno Panjankar 14, decided on 16 January 2007. a Bench of two Judges of this Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 protected the services of the respondent who had worked from 1984 on the strength of a claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe though it D was found that he was a Koshti. A similar protection has been granted in State of Maharashtra Vs. Om Raj 15 by a Bench of two Judges where admission, or as the case may be, appointment to a service was obtained on the basis of a claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe though the individuals concerned were found to be Koshti. The decision dealt with a batch of cases which were held to be covered by Milind. E

28. The long tenure of an employee was pressed in aid in a judgment of a Bench of two Judges of this Court in Raju Ramsing Vasavc Vs. Mahesh Deorao Bhivapurkar" as a ground for the exercise of the jurisdiction under Article 142. In that case the first respondent was, on the strength of a Scheduled Tribe certificate of August F 1987, employed in the State Pollution Control Board and his status as a member of a Scheduled Tribe was confirmed in a decision of the High Court in August 1988. The Scrutiny Committee, however, invalidated the claim of the respondent to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. However. the High Court held that its earlier decision of August 1988 G had attained finality and that.the status of the first respondent could not be questioned again. This Court by its judgment held that when an advantage is obtained by a person in violation of the constitutional scheme "C. A .No. 233 of 2007 "(2007l t 4 sec 488 ,. (2008l 9 sec 54 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 317 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.)

a constitutional fraud is committed. The earlier decision of the High A Court which was rendered without a factual foundation was held not to operate as res judicata. However, since the Bombay High Court had allowed the writ petition filed by the respondent in 1988 and he had continued in service since long, recourse was taken to the jurisdiction under Article 142, to protect his service albeit on the basis that he belongs Bto the general category. The benefit of the protection of service was again granted by a Bench of two judges in Punjab National Bank Vs. Vilas Govindrao Bokade 17• A similar protection has been extended in Vijaykumar Vs. State of Maharashtra", Damodhar Vs. Secretary, Industrial, Energy & Labour Department", Raiwad Manojkumar Nivruttirno Vs. State of Maharashtra20 and Dattu Namdev Thakur c Vs. State of Maharashtra".

29. A decision rendered by this Court in 2012 in the case of Kavita Vasant Sohmke Vs. State of Maharashtra" involved a situation where the appellant applied for the post of a teacher in a high school which was reserved for a Scheduled Tribe claiming to be a Halba. She D was appointed on probation in August 1995 and was confirmed in service. The proceeding before the Scrutiny Committee revealed that the appellant was a Koshti by caste and not a Halba as a result of which the caste certificate was cancelled. This led to the termination of the services of the appellant on 23 February 2008. The School Tribunal dismissed the Eappeal filed by the appellant on 28 September 2008 and the writ petition before the High Court resulted in an order of rejection. This Court held that the Scrutiny Committee had not found that the caste certificate was false, fabricated or manipulated or that the Scrutiny Committee found any fraud, fabrication or misrepresentation. In the circumstances, this Court directed that the services of the appellant be protected but that F she would not be entitled to any further benefits on the basis of the caste certificate cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee: "22. Applying the above to the case at hand we do not see any reason to hold that the appellant had fabricated or falsified G "(2008) 14 sec 545 "c2010) 14 sec 489 "(2010) 15 sec 537 '"l2011J 9 sec 798 " r201 ZJ 1 sec 549 "(2012)8SCC430 H 318 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R.

A the particulars of being a Scheduled Tribe only with a view to obtain an undeserved benefit in the matter of appointment as a teacher. There is, therefore, no reason why the benefit of protection against ouster should not be extended to her subject to the usual condition that the appellant shall not be ousted from service and shall be reinstated if already ousted. but she B would not be entitled to any further benefit on the basis of the certificate ,which she has obtained and which was I 0 years after its issue cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee." (Id. at p. 440) (emphasis supplied) This decision of two lcamcdjudges docs not indicate that the provisions c of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 were noticed.

30. The issue was revisited in another decision of two judges in Shafini Gajananrao Dalal Vs. New English High Schoof Association23 • The appellant obtained a certificate of belonging to the Halba Scheduled Tribe in July 1974. On the strength ofa claim that the D Gadwal Koshti caste (to which she belonged) had consanguinity to the Halba Scheduled Tribe, she was appointed as an Assistant Teacher and was confirmed in 1984. She was promoted as a Head Mistress in 1994. The Scrntiny Committee in August 2003 held that the caste certificate obtained by the appellant was invalid. A learned Single Judge of the E High C()urt granted protection in service on the strength of a G.R. dated 15 June 1995. Thereafter protracted litigation ensued which eventually resulted in a Single Judge of the High Court setting aside the order of reinstatement passed by the School Tribunal. This order was confirmed in appeal by a Division Bench of the High Coutt. Summarising the position which emerged from earlier decisions of two judges, this Court has held F that: "7.1. If any person has fraudulently claimed to belong to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe and has thereby obtained employment, he would be disentitled from continuing in employment. The rigour of this conclusion has been diluted only G in instances where the coutt is confronted with the case of students who have already completed their studies or are on the verge of doing so, towards whom sympathy is understandably extended.

'' (2013) 16 sec s26 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 319 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] 7.2. Where there is some confusion concerning the eligibility to A the benefits flowing from Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe status, such as issuance of relevant certificates to persons claiming · to be "Koshtis" or "Halba-Koshtis" under the broadband of "Halbas'', protection of employment will be available with the rider that these persons will thereafter be adjusted in the geneml category B thereby rendering them ineligible to further benefits in the category of Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe as the case may be.

7.3. This benefit accrues from the decision of this Court inter alia in Raju Ramsing Vasave v. Mahesh Deorao Bhivapurkar ((2008) 9 SCC 54: (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 802) which was rendered under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. C Realising the likely confusion in the minds of even honest persons the Resolutions/Legislation passed by the State Governments should spare some succour to this section of persons. This can be best. illustrated by the fact that it was in Mi/ind [State of Maharashtra v. Mi/ind, (2001) 1 SCC 4: 2001 SCC (t&S) 117] D that the Constitution Bench clarified that "Koshtis" or "Halba-Koshtis" were not entitled to claim benefits as Scheduled Tribes and it was the "Halbas" alone who were so entitled. A perusal of the judgment in Vilas[Pwyab National Bank v. Vilas, (2008) 14 SCC 545 : (2009) 2 SCC (L&S) 143] by Sirpurkar, J., as well as Solunke [Kavita Solunke v. State of Maharashtra, (2012) E 8 SCC 430 : (2012) 2 SCC (L&S) 609) makes it clear that this protection is available by virtue of the decisions of this Court; it is not exclusively or necessarily predicated on any Resolution or Legislation of the State Legislature." (Id. at pgs. 533-534) FThe High Comt in that case had while rejecting the claim of the appellant relied upon the decision of three Judges in Dattatray (supra). However, this Court held that the decision in Dattatray cannot be construed to have overruled earlier decisions of two Judges. In that context this Court has held that :

"8. Areadingofthe impugnedjudgment [Shalini v. New English G High School Assn., LPA No. 527 of 2009, order dated 25-11-2009 (Born)) requires us to clarify an important aspect of the doctrine of precedence. Dattatray [Union of India v. Dattatray, H 320 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R.

A (2008) 4 SCC 612 : (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] is the only three-Judge Bench decision, and therefore indisputably holds pre-eminence. However, by that time several decisions had already been rendered by two-Judge Benches some of which have already been discussed above. It was within the competence of Dattatray [Union ol lndia v. Dattatray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : B (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] Bench to overrule the other two-Judge Benches. Despite the fact that it has not done so the per incuriam principle would not apply to the decision because it was a larger Bench. However, no presumption can be drawn that the Da11atray [Union of India v. Dattatray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : c (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] three-Judge Bench decision was of the opinion that the earlier two-J udgc Bench decisions had articulated an incorrect interpretation of the law. That being so. the two-Judge Bench views may still be relied upon so long as the ratio of Dallatray [Union of India v. Dattatray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] is not directly in conflict with their ratios. D It is therefore imperative to distil the ratio of Da11a1ray [Union of India v. Da11a1ray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] , which we have already discussed in some detail. We need only reiterate therefore that the three-Judge Bench was perceptibly incensed with the falsity of the claim of the employee to Scheduled E Caste/Scheduled Tribe status. That was not a case where a legitimate claim of consanguinity to a "Halba-Koshti", "Koshti" or "Gadwal Koshti'', etc. had been made, which was at the inception point considered to be eligible to beneficial treatment admissible to Scheduled Tribes, later to be reversed by the Constitution Bench decision in Mi/ind [State of F Maharashtra v. Mi/ind, (2001) I SCC 4: 2001 SCC (L&S) 117) and declared to be the entitlement ofHalbas only." (Id. at p. 534) In the view of this Court, Section l 0 of the Act cancels any benefit which may have been derived by a person on the basis of a false caste certificate. Explaining the ambit of the provision, the Court has held that: G

"11 ..... Whilst "Caste Certificate" has been defined in Section 2(a) of the 2000 Act, "False Caste Certificate" has not been dealt with in the Definitions clause. There is always an element of deceitfulness, in order to derive unfair or undeserved benefit whenever a false statement or representation or stand is adopted H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDJSH 321 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] by the person concerned. An innocent statement which later A transpires to be incorrect may be seen as false in general sense would normally not attract punitive or detrimental consequences on the person making it, as it is one made by error. An untruth coupled with a dishonest intent however requires legal retribution. It appears to us that Section I 0 applies in Dalla/ray [Union of B India v. Dattatray, (2008) 4 SCC 612 : (2008) 2 SCC (L&S) 6] mould only." (Id. at p. 536) The above extract indicates that this Court has in Shalini imported a requirement of dishonest intent, before the withdrawal of benefits mandated by Section l 0 of the State legislation can take effect. cSince there was no falsity in the claim of the appellant, the Court held that Section l 0 would not apply to her case. The appellant was accordingly reinstated without any back-wages subject to the condition that she would not be entitled to any further promotion as a Scheduled Tribe candidate.

31. In R. Unnikrishnan Vs. V. K. Mahanudcvan 24 the Drespondent applied for the grant of a Scheduled Caste certificate on the basis that he was a Thandan which was a notified Scheduled Caste. The Tahsi ldar found that the respondent did not belong to the Scheduled Caste in question. In the course of writ proceedings, the High Court directed the Tahsildar to issue a caste certificate following which the respondent was appointed as an Assistant Executive Engineer in a Special E Recruitment Drive for Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe candidates. Subsequently, following the decision ofa Full Bench of the Kcrala High Co mt. the caste certificate of the respondent came under scrutiny and it was found that the respondent actually belonged to the Ezhuva community which fell in the OBC category. The respondent challenged the enquiry Fproceedings in a Writ Petition. The High Court quashed the enquiry. The D.ivision Bench of the High Court in appeal directed a fresh enquiry into the caste status of the respondent. A fresh enquiry resulted in the finding that ihe claim of the respondent to belong to a Scheduled Caste was invalid. Following the order of the High Court the State Government held that the respondent did not belong to a Scheduled Caste but belonged G to a community which was designated as an OBC and if any benefits have been obtained on a wrongful basis, they would be recovered. Both the learned single Judge of the Kerala High Court and in appeal the Division Bench held that the caste status of the respondent had already

"(2014)4 SCC434 H 322 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l I S.C.R. A attained finality and could not be reopened. This Court observed that in Palghat Jilla Thandan Samndhaya Samrakshna Smithi Vs. State of Kerala25, it had held that the Thandan community being listed in the Scheduled Castes Order 1950, it was not open to the State to embark upon an enquiry whether a section ofEzhuva/ Thiyya which was called Thandan in the Malabar area was excluded from the benefits of the B Order. This Court noted that by an amendment of2007 to the Constitution Scheduled Castes Order, Ezhuvas and Thiyyas in the erstwhile Cochin and Malabar areas are no longer Scheduled Castes with effect from 30 August 2007 and would no longer be entitled to be treated as a Scheduled Caste nor will the benefits ofrescrvation be admissible. However, after c adverting to the decisions in Milind, Kavita Solunke and Sandeep Pa rate this Court held that:

"41. In the instant case there is no evidence oflack of bona fides by the respondent. The protection available under the decision of Mi/ind case [State of Maharashtra v. Mi/ind, (2001) l SCC D 4: 2001 SCC (L&S) 117] could, therefore, be admissible even to the respondent. It follows that even if on a true and correct construction of the expression "Thandan" appearing in the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 2007 did not include "Ezhuvas" and "Thiyyas" 1cr\9wn as "Thandan" and assuming that the two were different at all relevant points of time, the fact that E the position was not clear till the Amendment Act of2007 made a clear distinction between the two, would entitle all those appointed to serve the State up to the date the amending Act came into force, to continue in service." (Id. at pgs. 453-453)

32. We may also at this stage advert to a judgment of two learned F judges of this Court in B. ff. Khawas Vs. Union of India". In that case, the appellant was appointed as a Chemical Engineer Grade-I in the Customs and Central Excise Department in June 1995 against a vacancy reserved for a Scheduled Tribe. The letter of appointment provided that the appointment was provisional and subject to verification of the caste certificate. His services were terminated in 2004 following G a decision of the Scrutiny Committee that he belonged to the Koshti which is not a Scheduled Tribe in the State ofMaharashtra. The appellant submitted a representation on the receipt of the order of the Scrutiny "(1994J 1sec359 "(2016) 8 SCC715 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 323 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D: Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

Committee claiming that he had not furnished false information and the A caste certificate was obtained by him bona fide on the basis of the school record. The appellant also claimed that the issue as to whether the Koshti caste is a part of the Halba Scheduled Tribe was the subject matter of intense debate until it was resolved on 28 November 2000 by the Constitution Bench in Milind (supra). Eventually he moved the Central BAdministrative Tribunal which directed that the appointment of the appellant which was made prior to the decision in Milind (supra) should be protected. When the decision of the Tribunal was assailed, the Division Bench of the High Court relied on the decision in Dattatray (supra) and restored the order of termination dated 8 June 2004. In appeal before this Court, it was urged that the decision of the Constitution Bench in c Milind (supra) protected all appointments which had become final. This Court observed that in paragraph 38 of the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind it has been made clear that "the admissions and appointments that have become final, shall remain unaffected by this judgment". The appointment of the appellant as ChcmicalEnginccrGrade- D I was, it was held, provisional and subject to the verification of his caste claim. It was not treated as being final by the department till the order of termination was issued. Since the appointment was made on a provisional basis subject to the verification of the caste certificate it was held that the appellant was not entitled to the protection of his service. Both the earlier decisions in Ka vita Sohmkc and in Shalini were distinguished E on the ground that in the former the appointment had attained finality and could not be disturbed while in the subsequent decision also, the appointment as an Assistant Teacher had attained finality and she had been confirmed in service. Similarly in Unnikrishnan the Court was held to be dealing with a matter where the caste claim was already a Fsubject matter of challenge before the Court and had been upheld. In this background, this Court in Khawas held as follows :

"14. In none of the cases pressed into service by the appellant, the appointment, as in this case, was on provisional basis and subject to verification of caste certificate through proper channel. G It necessarily follows that the principle expounded in the three decisions referred to above, can have no application to the case on hand. Indubitably, if the argument of the appellant was accepted, it would inevitably mean that alt appointments made before 28-11-2000 must be protected even though it had not become final. H 324 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R.

A That would also mean that all caste certificates issued to persons belonging to Koshti community, as being Halba Scheduled Tribe in Maharashtra, prior to 28-11-2000 (the day on which Mi/ind case [Stare of Maharashtra v. Mi/ind, (200 I) 1 SCC 4 : 2001 SCC (L&S) 117] was decided by the Constitution Bench), have been validated irrespective of the opinion of the Scrutiny B Committee qua those certificates. That cannot be countenanced. For caste Koshti is neither a synonym nor part of a notified Scheduled Tribe Halba in Maharashtra." (Id. at p. 721) Following this principle. it was held thatthe appellant was not entitled to c any relief on the finding that his appointment as Chemical Engineer had not attained finality. Once the Scrutiny Committee held that the appellant did not belong to the Halba community the High Court was held to be justified in allowing the writ petition filed by the Department. The order of termination was hence restored. The decision of this Court in Kha was specifically rejects the submission D that the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind would protect all appointments made before 28 November 2000 even though they were not final. If the appointment was yet to be subject to scrutiny by the Caste Scrutiny Committee it would evidently not have attained finality prior to the date of the judgment in Milind (supra). E F Decisions of the Bombay High Court

33. In R?mcsh Suresh Kamble v. State of Maharashtra''. a Full Bench of the Bombay High Court consisting of Mr Justice RM Lodha (as the learned Chief Justice then was), Mr Justice SA Bobde (as the learned Judge then was) and Mr Justice SB Deshmukh considered F the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 200 I. particularly Sections 7( I) and I 0(1) in the context of the electoral disqualification ofa Councillor elected under the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act following the invalidation of the caste certificate. After adverting to the decision of an earlier Full Bench in Sujit Vasant Patil Vs. State of Maharashtra", G the Full Bench held thus : "24 .... The inquiry under section 7(1) of Maharashtra Act No. XXIII of2001 by the Caste Scrutiny Committee is focussed on the correctness of the Caste Certificate obtained by such person "(2007) I Mh. L.J 423 H "(2004) 3 Mh. L J 1109 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 325 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] from the Competent Authority. The, Caste Certificate is issued A by the Competent Authority on the application made by the concerned person disclosing certain information. If the Caste Certificate is cancelled by the Caste Scrutiny Committee, it obviously means that the Caste Cerlificatc has been obtained by that person from the Competent B Authority on incorrect facts or erroneous representation.

It is not necessary that such claim or declaration must involve turpitude of mind. There may not be any deliberateness in it. The failure on the part of the candidate to establish his caste claim before the Scrutiny Committee and the declaration that the Certificate obtained from the C Competent Authority is invalid and thereby cancelled leads to necessary inference that such person made a false claim of his caste belonging to the reserved category to which he did not belong and, thus, incurring disqualification w1der section 16(1C)(a)." (Id atp. 438) (emphasis supplied) D Again, in the view of the Full Bench:

"26. A candidate who sets up a claim as belonging to a particular caste by making an application to the Competent Authority and obtains the Caste Certificate based on such claim and information E and contests the election of the Councillor from the reserved seat and gets elected and if, ultimately, the Scrutiny Committee upon inquiring into the correctness of such certificate declares such certificate invalid and cancels the same, it is obvious that such Caste Certificate has been obtained by that person on the basis of the declaration or information or claim which was not correct or F true and upon invalidation and cancellation of the Caste Certificate by the Scrutiny Committee, such person incurs disqualification automatically. There is no escape from it." (Id. at p. 438) Another Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in Ganesh Rambhau Khalale Vs. State of Maharashtra" held that the directions which G were issued by the Constitution Bench of this Court in paragraph 38 of its decision in Milind were in exercise of the power conferred by Article 142 of the Constitution. "(2009) 2 Mh. L,J. 788 H 326 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A 34. A Division Bench of the Bombay High Court m Priyanka Omprakash Panwar Vs. State of Maharashtra'" has construed the provisions of Section 10 of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 200 I in holding thus:

"3 .... The balance between the equitable consideration of protecting tbe interest of a student who has pursued his education B and the public interest in protecting the reserved categories against the usw-pation of their constitutional entitlements by imposters has now been qrnde by the State Legislatw-e .... The Legisjature has expressly stipulated that a degree or diploma obtained on the basis of a caste claim which is in validated shall stand cancelled. In the c face of an express legislative provision, this Colli"! shall not be justified in exercising its equitable jurisdiction. Considerations of equity that guide the Court in constitutional adjudication under Article 226 of the Constitution must be in accordance with the law enacted by the Legislature .... Stringent provisions have been made to protect the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other D reserved categories. To dilute those provisions by importing equitable considerations for a candidate who has usurped benefits would be to defeat the law. The legislation was in this case conceived in the interests of protecting the constitutional scheme of reservations from usurpation by those who are not entitled." E (Id. at p. 848) This decision has been followed in a subsequent decision in A1mrva Ashok Gokhale Vs. State of Maharashtra". 35. In Arun Vishwanath Sonone Vs. State of Maharashtra'', two questions were referred for decision to a Full Ben~h of the Bombay F HighCow-t:

"I. Whether the relief of protection of service after invalidation of the caste claim can be granted by the High Colli"! on the basis of the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Kavita Solunke v. State of Maharashtra and other, 2012(5) Mh. L.J. (S.C) 921 = G 2012 (8) sec 430 ? ... 2. If the answer to question No. I is in the affirmative, can such relief of protection of service be granted by the High Court in a "(2009) 4 Mh L.J. 847 31 (20131 I Mh. LJ 139 H "(2015) I Mh L.J. 457 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 327 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] case where the same relief has been earlier refused by the High A Cowt'!" (Id at p. 465)" The Full Bench has held that a caste certificate whether issued prior to or after the coming into force of Maharashtra Act XXIII of200 I is valid subject to verification and the grant of a validity certificate by the Scrutiny Committee. The Full Bench has taken the view that Section I 0 of the B State Act regarding the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a false caste certificate operates with effect from 18 October 200 I. Section I 0, in the view of the High Court is "essentially penal in nature" and shall have no effect on the benefits secured or an appointment obtained prior to Jhe coming into force of the enactment. Hence, the view of the High Court is that : C

"27 .... The consequences of discharge from employment or withdrawal of benefits secured or obtained by producing a false caste certificate shall not operate in respect of benefits or appointments obtained or secured prior to coming into force of the said Act." (Id. at p. 475) D The full Bench has taken the view that the observations of this~ourt in Sbalini Gajananrao Dalal Vs. New English High School Association" impliedly overruled the earlier judgments of the Full Benches of the High Court in Sujit Vasant Patil and Ganesh Rambhau Khalalc (supra). In the view of the Full Bench an innocent statement E made by error should not in the absence of an element of deceitfulness operate to deprive a candidate of the benefits obtained on the foundation of a false certificate. The Full Bench held, following decision of this Court in Kavita Solunkc , that : "From the decision of the Apex Court in Ka vita Solunke's case, it F can be gathered that the protection granted in Milind's case would not be available where any fraud or any fabrication or any misrepresentation is made with a view to obtain an undeserved benefit in the matterof appointment. lfthere is no accusation that the certificate was false, fabricated or manipulated by concealment or otherwise, the refusal of benefit flowing from the decision in G Milind's case may not be justified."

The judgment of the Full Bench also holds that the directions· which were issued by the Constitution Bench in Milind are in two parts - the "r201J) 16 sec 526 H 328 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] II S.C.R. A first bcmg to save the admission and degree secured while the other is of a general nature invoking the doctrine of prospective overruling to save admissions and appointments that have become final. Hence, according to the Putt Bench, the ratio of the earlier Full Bench judgment in Ganesh Ramhhau Khalalc holding that the clarificatory directions in :vtilind were referable to Article 142 would run contrary to the B decisions in Kavi$a Solunkc and Shalini and would cease to be a binding precedent. Consequently, the first question which was referred to the Full Bench has been answered in the affirmative by holding that the relief of the protection of services after the invalidation ofa caste claim can be granted by the High Court on the basis of the decisions of this c Court in Ka vita Solunkc and Shalini. G Submissions 36. Jn the present batch of cases, the almost uniform facet is that the claim to belong to a reserved category has been rejected upon scrutiny. D 37. On behalf of the persons whose caste or tribe claims have been rejected, the following submissions have been urged:

i. The issue with regard to caste certificates granted prior to 28 November 2000 is not res integra in view of the dictum laid down in paragraph 38 of the judgment of this Court in Milind. The decision in E Milind gave a positive direction to the effect that appointments that had become final on or before 28 November 2000 (the date when the judgment was delivered) shall remain unaffected. The Constitution Bench dealt with appointments as welt as admissions to educational institutions. Following the decision in Milind this Court disposed of several cases relating to Halba-Koshti and did not disturb appointments which had F been made prior to 28 November 2000. The directions in lVIilind are based on the doctrine of prospective overruling; ii. No issue was joined before the High Court to the effect that the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXIJI of 200 I arc retrospective and would interdict admissions or appointments made prior to the enforcement G of the Act. In any case such a stand would be contrary to the binding circulars issued by the State Government; and iii. Maharashtra Act XXIII of2001 is not retrospective in operation. The statute being of a penal nature, it cannot be construed to be retrospective since that would render it violative of Article 20(!) of the H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FC! v. JAGDISH 329 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

Constitution. The Act was notified on 17 October 200 I with effect from A 18 October 200 I which is the relevant date under Section I (2). iv. While Section 7 empowers the Scrutiny Committee to cancel any certificate which has been obtained before or after the commencement of the Act, the expression "before or after the commencement of this Act" is absent in Sections I 0 and 11. Consequently, B though Section 7 may be retroactive in operation, Sections I 0 and I I which relate to the withdrawal of benefits ard in regard to penal offences arc prospective. Besides the above submissions it has also been urged that in so far as Halba-Koshtis arc concerned : c

i. Though in Entry 19 of the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 only" Halba-Halbi" has been recognised as a Scheduled Tribe, until the decision of the Constitution Bench in Milind, Halba - Koshtis were "socially and officially" recognized and accepted as a sub-tribe ofHalba-Halbi. This may have been as a result of the judicial pronouncement made by the High Court from 1956 or the circulars issued by the State Government; D ii. It was on 28 November 2000 that the Constitution Bench in Milind held that Halba - Koshtis do not fall within the purview ofEntry 19 of the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950. Hence, it cannot be said that a caste ce1tificate issued at any time prior to 28 November 2000 in favour of a citizen who was a Halba Koshti was false or a fraud and it can only E be held that such a person ceased to be recognized as Halba-Halbi Scheduled Tribe;

iii. Section I I of Maharashtra Act XXlll of2001 which is in the nature of a penal provision will not be applicable to caste certificates which were issued prior to 18 October 200 I; F iv. On 15 January 1995, a government resolution was issued by the Government of Maharashtra that appointments made prior to that date against reserved posts would remain protected even if the caste/ tribe claim of the appointee was invalidated or found to be false; v. Where an appointment in service has been acquired by practicing G fraud or deceit such an appointment is no appointment in law and in such a situation Article 311 of the Constitution is not attracted. This position will not be applicable to claimants of the Halba - Kosh tis caste to whom caste certificates were issued and appointments were made prior to 28 November 2000; and H 330 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] I I S.C.R.

A vi. On IOAugust 2010, the Union Government in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Depaitment of Personnel and Training issued an office memorandum to the effect that persons belonging to the Halba, Balbi I Koshti castes who got appointment against a vacancy reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of certificates issued by the COllllpetent authority and whose appointments have been B rendered final prior to 28 November 2000 shall not be affected. vii. On 21 C>ctober 2015, the State of Maharashtra issued a circular directing that employees who have been appointed against posts reserved for Scheduled Tribes in governnmnt services between 15 January 1995 c and. 17 October 200 I, whose claims have been invalidated, shall not be disbanded/terminated until further orders. In view of this circular, the State Government is estopped from challenging the Full Bench decision of the High Court in A run Sononc. H PART II : Analysis D · 38. Having put together the body of material on the subject, including the precedents and legislation governing the area, the stage for analysis is now reached. That is what this j udgmcnt now seeks to embark upon.

39. The backdrop for the decision in Madhuri Patil (supra) was E provided by the significant scale on which benefits were secured by imposters by passing themselves off as members of castes, tribes and classes for whom reservations have been earmarked pursuant to constitutional provisions. By its directions which this Court issued on 2 September 1994 provision was made for the constitution of committees for verification of claims belonging to a designated caste, tribe or class. F This Court explained the modalities to be followed by the Scrutiny Committees and the manner in which action would be taken if a claim was found to be false. The directions which were issued by this Court envisaged that upon a claim being found to be false or spurious : (i) the Caste Scrutiny Committee should pass an order cancelling G and confiscating the certificate; (ii) the cancellation of the certificate should be communicated to the educational institution where the candidate has been admitted or to the appointing authority where the candidate is employed; H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 331 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] (iii) upon this, the head of the institution or the appointing authority A should cancel the admission or appointment without further notice and debar the candidate from further study or continuance in office; and

(iv) a prosecution should be launched against the candidate or, as the case may be, the parents or guardians responsible for making the false claim. The regime postulated in the judgment of this Court in B Madhuri Patil (supra) took effect from 2 September 1994, which was the date of the judgment. Eventually in the State of Maharashtra these . directions received legislative recognition upon the enactment of the Maharashtra Act XXIII of 200 I which came into force in the State on 18 October 2001. However, it is impo11ant to notice that even before the cState Legislature stepped in to confer a statutory form to the directions which were issued by this Court in Madhuri Patil (supra) the regime, as it then obtained prior to the enactment of the law, also envisaged consequences upon a caste or tribe claim being found to be false upon a verification by the Scrutiny Committee. The cancellation ofa certificate would, as a necessary consequence, involve the invalidation of the D appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution. Where a candidate had been appointed to a reserved post on the basis of the claim that he or she was a member of the group for which the reservation is intended, the invalidation of the claim to belong to that group would, as a necessary consequence, render the appointment void ab initio. The Erationale for this is that a candidate who would otherwise have to compete for a post in the general pool ofunreserved seats had secured appointment in a more restricted competition confined to the reserved category and usurped a benefit meant for a designated caste, tribe or class. Once it was found that the candidate had obtained admission upon a false representation to belong to the reserved category, the appointment would F be vitiated by fraud and would be void ab initio. The falsity of the claim lies in a representation that the candidate belongs to a category of persons for whom the reservation is intended whereas in fact the candidate does. not so belong. The reason for depriving the candidate of the benefit which she or he has obtained on the strength of such a claim, is that a Gperson cannot retain the fruits of a false claim on the basis of which a scarce public resource is obtained. The same principle would apply where a candidate secures admission to an educational institution on the basis of a false claim to belong to a reserved category. A candidate who does H

332 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A so causes detriment to a genuine candidate who actually belongs 10 the reserved category who is deprived of the seat. For that matter a detriment is caused to the entire class of persons for whom reservations are intended. the members of which are excluded as a result ofan admission granted to an imposter who docs not belong to the class. The withdrawal of benefits. either in terms of the revocation of employment or the B termination of an admission was hence a necessary corollary of the invalidation of the claim on the basis of which the appointment or admission was obtained. The withdrawal of the benefit was not based on mens rea or the intent underlying the assertion of a false claim. In the case of a criminal prosecution, intent would be necessary. On the other c hand, the withdrawal of civil benefits flowed as a logical result of the invalidation of a claim to belong to a group or category for whom the reservation is intended. This was the position under the regime which prevailed following the decision in Madhuri Patil.

40. The Constitution Bench of this Court which decided Milind D (supra) was on a reference whether it is permissible to hold an enquiry and let in evidence to decide or declare that any tribe or tribal community or a part or group within the tribe or community is included in the general name. even though it is not so specifically mentioned in the entry contained in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950. The Constitution Bench held that it was not permissible either to hold an enquiry or to E allow evidence 10 decide that though a tribe (or its sub group) is not specifically included in the Scheduled Tribes Order, 1950 it must, nonetheless. be treated or deemed to be included in the general name. The view of this Court is that an entry in the Order has to be read as it stands. However, the Constitution Bench in paragraph 38 of its decision, F having due regard to the circumstances of the individual cases before the Court, protected the degree obtained by the candidate concerned. This Court also provided that having regard to the passage of time including interim orders which were passed, the admissions and appointments that have become final would remain unaffected by the judgment. The observations in paragraph 38 of the decision of the Constitution Bench G have been construed in at least the following judgments of this Court as directions referable to Article 142 of the Constitution: (i) Bank of India Vs. Avinash D.Mandivikar"'; "(2005) 7 sec 690 at para 10 I-I

CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 333 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] (ii) Additional General Manager- Human Resource, Bharat A Heavy Electricals Ltd. Vs. Suresh Ramkrishna Burde"; (iii) Union oflndia Vs. Dattatray, S/o. Namdeo Mcndhckar36 ;and (iv) Yogcsh Ramchandra Naikwadi Vs. State of Maharashtra". B 41. Since the decision of the Bench of three judges in R. Vishwanatha Pillai Vs. State ofKcrala (supra) the position oflaw which has been laid down by this Court is that where an appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution is made against a vacancy which is reserved for a Scheduled Caste or Tribe or a socially and C educationally backward class. the invalidation of the claim of the candidate would result in the appointment or, as the case may be, the admission being void and non est. This principle has been followed by another judgment of three Judges in Dattatray (supra). The same position has been propounded by a two judge bench in Bank of India Vs. Avinash D Mandivikar (supra). The formal termination of an employment or the withdrawal of admission is a necessary consequence which flows out of the invalidation of the caste or tribe claim. The only exception to this principle consists of those cases where, in exercise of the power conferred by Article 142, the Court considered it appropriate and proper to protect the admission which was granted or, as the case may be, the appointment E to the post.

42. In Ka vita Sohmkc (supra) the appellant had been appointed on the strength of a claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe in AugLL~t 1995. After the tribe claim was verified by the Scrutiny Committee it was found that the appellant was in fact a Koshti and not a member of F the Halba Scheduled Tribe following which an order of termination was issued. The sole ground on which the termination was challenged and which was accepted by the bench of two judges was that since the appointment of the appellant had attained finality, it could not have been set aside on the ground that the appellant did not belong to a Scheduled G Tribe. Maharashtra Act XXlll of 200 I was evidently not placed before the court in Kavita Solunkc (supra) and has not been noticed. Upon "(2007) 5 sec 336 at paras 7-9 and 13 ·"' (2008) 4 sec 612 at paras 5-7 "(2008) 5 sec 652 at paras 5 & 6 H 334 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] l l S.C.R.

A the enactment of the Act, the invalidation of a caste certificate by the Scrutiny Committee would as a statutory mandate result in the withdrawal of the benefits which had accrued on the strength of the claim and where a candidate had been appointed to a reserved post, termination would follow the finding that the candidate did not belong to the category for whom the post WflS reserved. If the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXIII B of 200 I were to be considered by the bench of two judges, it would be apparent that under the provisions of Section 7 the Scrutiny Committee is empowered tQ verify a caste certificate whether issued before or after the commencement of the Act and if it comes to the conclusion that the caste certificate is fals·c and is obtained fraudulently it is c empowered to order its cancellation and confiscation. Section I 0 provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured when a caste certificate is concerned for its falsity. Falsity is adjudicated upon when an order of cancellation is passed under Section 7. Once a caste certificate is cancelled by the Scrutiny Committee under Section 7, the individual affected by the order has a remedy to challenge its cancellation before 0 the High Court under Article 226. lfthe challenge fails or if the challenge is given up, and the only relief sought is of the protection of service, or of the admission to the course, the gmnt of such protective relief simpliciter would be impermissible. The withdrawal of the benefit under Section 10 follows an order of cancellation under Section 7. Once the conditions E for cancellation are fulfilled and an order of cancellation is passed under Section 7 withdrawal of all benefits which have accrued on the basis of the claim (which stands invalidated) cannot be opposed on a theory that there was an absence of dishonest intent.

43. The rationale which weighed with the Bench of two Judges F which decided Kavita Solunke (supra) was that if the Halba Koshti had been treated as Halba even before the appellant had joined the service and ifthe only ground for ouster was the law declared in Milind (supra), there was no reason why protection against ouster to appointees whose applications had become final be not also extended to the appellant. Placing reliance on the decision in Kavita Sohmkc (supra) another G Bench of two Judges of this Court in Shalini (supm) propounded a test of dishonest intent for the grant or denial of protection to persons whose caste claims had been invalidated. The view of the Court emerges from the following extract contained in para 9 of the decision which reads thus: H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 335 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

"9. It is not the intent of law to punish an innocent person and A subject him to extremely harsh treatment. That is why this Court has devised and consistently followed that taxation statutes, which almost always work to the pecuniary detriment of the assessee, must be interpreted in favour of the assessee. Therefore, as we see it, on one bank of the Rubicon are the cases of dishonest and B mendacious persons who have deliberatc)y claimed consanguinity with the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, etc. whereas on the other bank are those marooned persons who honestly and correctly claimed to belong to a particular Scheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe but were later on found by the relevant authority not to fall within the particular group envisaged for protected C treatment. In the former group, persons would justifiably deserve the immediate cessation of all benefits, including termination of services. In the latter, after the removal of the nebulousness and uncertainty, while the services or benefits already enjoyed would not be negated, they would be disentitled to claim any further or D continuing benefit on the predication of belonging to the 'said Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe." {Id. at pgs. 534-535) The above observations must be read together with those in paragraph 11 (extracted earlier) where the Court held that a dishonest intent requires legal retribution. In Shalini (supra) the.Court noticed the provisions of Section 10 ofMaharashtraAct XXIII of2001 (which the earlier decision E in Kavita Solunkc (supra) had not noticed) but nonetheless held that in order to attract the provisions of Section 10 a dishonest intent for the purpose of claiming a benefit reserved for the Scheduled Castes or Tribes or a designated backward class is necessary. The expression "false" contained in Section I 0 of the Maharashtra Act XXIII of200 I is construed F to necessarily require the presence of mens rea·or a dishonest intent.

44. The object and purpose underlying the enactment of the state legislation is to regulate the issuance of caste certificates and to deal with instances which had come to light where persons who did not belong to the Scheduled Castes or Tribes or reserved categories were seeking G appointments or admissirns to the detriment of genuine candidates, The basic purpose and rationale for the legislation is to secure the just entitlements oflegitimate claimants. The judgment in Shalini (supra) is with respect in error in imputing the requirement of a dishonest intent intothe provisions of Section I 0. Sections 7 and 10 have to be construed H 336 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] ll S.C.R.

A in harmony. Section 7 provides for the cancellation of a caste certificate where before or after commencement of the Act, a person who does not belong to a reserved category has obtained a false caste ce11ificate and the Scrutiny Committee, after enquiry. is of the opinion that the certificate was obtained fraudulently. These requirements have to be fulfilled before tj1e ce11ificate is cancelled. The falsity of the caste B certificate and the opinion of the Scrutiny Committee of its being fraudulently obtained form the basis ofa cancellation under Section 7. Section I 0 presc11bes that a person who docs not belong to a reserved category and secures admission or obtains appointment against a reserved post by producing a false caste certificate shall upon its cancellation by c the Scrutiny Committee be debarred from the institution or as the case may be discharged from employment and the benefits derived shall be withdrawn. Sub-section (2) provided for the recovery of all financial benefits while sub-section (3) provides for the cancellation of a degree, diploma or educational qualification. Sub-section (4) provides for disqualification from electoral office. The falsity of the cc11ificate is the D basis of an order under Section 7. Section 10 provides the consequence. The challenge to an order of the Scrutiny Committee (invalidating a caste or tribe certificate) may fail or succeeds. If the challenge before the High Court succeeds, no question of the consequence under Section 10 arises. If the challenge fails, the consequence under Section I 0 follows E the finding in the orderundcr Section 7 that the certificate is false. Similarly, if the orderunder Section 7 is not challenged. or ifthe challenge is given up, there is no occasion to protect the benefits secured on the basis of a certificate which is invalidated. The expression ~'false" must be construed in contra-distinction to that which is true, genuine or authentic. Falsity in this sense means the setting up of a claim to belong to a reserved category. F

45. Section 10. it must be noted. provides for the withdrawal of civil benefits which have accrued to an individual on the strength of a claim to belong to a reserved category, when the claim upon due enquiry and verification is invalidated. Section 10. as its marginal note indicates, provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a false G caste certificate. Section 11 provides for offences and penalties. The invalidation of a caste certificate may result in two consequences : (i) immediate cancellation or withdrawal of the benefits received by the candidate on the basis of a false caste certificate; (ii) prosecution of a claimant who procw-es a certificate which is found to be false by the H Scrutiny Committee. The intent of a candidate may be of relevance only CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 337 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

ifthere is a prosecution for a criminal offence. However, where a civil A consequence of withdrawing the benefits which have accrued on the basis of a false caste claim is in issue, it would be contrary to the legislative intent to import the requirement of a dishonest intent. In importing such a requirement, the bench of two Judges in Shalini (supra) has, with great respect, fallen into error. The judgment in Shalini (supra) must, Btherefore, be held not to lay down the correct principle. In the very nature of things it would be casting an impossible burden to delve into the mental processes of an applicant for a caste certificate. As the provisions of the Act indicate. a person, who claims to belong to a reserved category and who seeks the benefit of an appointment to a reserved post or ofadmission to an educational institution against a reserved seat c or any other benefit provided by the provisions of Article 15(4), has to apply for the grant of a caste certificate. The burden of proof that he or she belongs to such a caste, tribe or class lies with the claimant. The legislature has legitimately assumed that a person who seeks a caste certificate must surely be aware of the caste, tribe or class to which he Dor she belongs and must establish the claim. If the claim to belong to the reserved category is found to be untrue, the caste certificate has to be cancelled on the ground that it has been obtained falsely. The grant of the benefit to the candidate is fraudulent because the candidate has obtained a benefit reserved exclusively for a specified caste, tribe or class to which he or she is not entitled. The decision in Shalini (supra) E would result in serious consequences and would eviscerate the statutory provision. The interpretation which has been placed on the provisions of Section I 0 by the judgment in Shalini (supra) is evidently incorrect.

46. Service under the Union and the States, or for that matter under the instrumentalities of the State subserves a public purpose. These F services arc instruments of governance. Where the State embarks upon public employment, it is under the mandate of Articles 14 and 16 to follow the principle of equal opportunity. Affirmative action in our Constitution is part of the quest for substantive equality. Available resources and the opportunities provided in the form of public employment Gare in contemporary times short of demands and needs. Hence the procedure for selection, and the prescription of eligibility criteria has a significant public element in enabling the State to make a choice amongst competing claims. The selection of ineligible persons is a manifestation of a systemic failure and has a deleterious effect on good governance. H 338 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l I S.C.R.

A Firstly, selection ofa person who is not eligible allows someone who is ineligible to gain access to scarce public resources. Secondly, the rights of eligible persons are violated since a person who is not eligible for the post is selected. Thirdly, an illegality is perpetrated by bestowing benefits upon an imposter undeservingly. These effects upon good governance find a similar echp when a person who does not belong to a reserved B category passes of as a member of that category and obtains admission to an educational lnstitution. Those for whom the Constitution has made special provisions are as a result ousted when an imposter who does not belong to a reserved category is selected. The fraud on the constitution precisely lies in this. Such a consequence must be avoided and stringent c steps be taken by the Court to ensure that unjust claims of imposters are not protected in the exercise of the jurisdiction under Article 142. The nation cannot live on a lie. Courts play a vital institutional role in preserving the rule oflaw. The judicial process should not be allowed to be utilised to protect the unscrupulous and to preserve the benefits which have accrued to an imposter on the specious plea of equity. Once the legislature D has stepped in, by enacting Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001, the power under Article 142 should not be exercised to defeat legislative prescription. The Constitution Bench in Milind spoke on 28 November 2000. The state law has been enforced from 18 October 200 I. Judicial directions must be consistent with law. Several decisions of two judge benches E noticed earlier, failed to take note of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001. The directions which were issued under Article 142 were on the erroneous inarticulate premise that the area was unregulated by statute. Shalini noted the statute but misconstrued it.

47. Cooley's Treatise on Constitutional Limitations" places the F matter succinctly in the following terms : "An officer dejure is one who, possessing the legal qualifications, has been lawfully chosen to the office in question, and has fulfilled any conditions precedent to the performance of its duties. By being thus chosen and observing the precedent conditions, such a person becomes of right entitled to the possession and enjoyment G of the office, and the public, in whose interest the office is created, is entitled ofright to have him perform its duties. Ifhe is excluded from it, the exclusion is both a public offence and a private injury." "g• Ed. Vo!.2 pages! 355-1358 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 339 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] In a recent judgment of this Court in Anurag Kumar Singh Vs. State A ofUttarakhand39, it has been held that judicial discretion can be exercised only when there are two or more possible lawful solutions. Courts cannot give a direction contrary to a statute in the purported exercise of judicial discretion. The power under Article 142 of the Constitution is one which is wielded with circumspection and not in a manner which would defeat Bstatutory intent, purpose and language. Aharon Barak in his book titled "Judicial Discretion ( 1989)" states thus:

"16 ...... Discretion assumes the freedom to choose among several lawful alternatives. Therefore, discretion does not exist when there is but one lawful option. In this situation, the Judge is required to c select that option and has no freedom of choice. No discretion is involved in the choice between a lawful act and an unlawful act. The Judge rriust choose the lawful act, and he is precluded from choosing the unlawful act. Discretion, on the other hand, assumes the lack of an obligation to choose one particular possibility among several." (Id at p. 430) D 48. The Full Bench judgment of the Bombay High CoUit in Arun Sonune (supra) has essentially construed the judgments in Kavita Solunke (supra) and in Shalini (supra) as having impliedly overruled the earlier Full Bench judgments in Ganesh Rambhau Khalalc and Ramesh Kamblc. In view of the conclusion which we have arrived at E in regard to the earlier decisions rendered by the two Judge Benches in Kavita Solunke (supra) and Shalini (supra), we are unable to subscribe to the view expressed by the Full Bench in Arun Sonone (supra). The judgment of the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in Arun Sonone (supra) holds that F (i) mere invalidation of the caste claim by the Scrutiny Committee would not entail the consequences of withdrawal of benefits or discharge from employment or cancellation of appointments that have become final prior to the decision in Milind (supra) on 28 November 2000;

(ii) the benefit of protection in service upon invalidation of the G caste claim is available not only to persons belonging to Kosh ti and Halba Koshti but is also available to persons belonging to the special backward category on the same terms. The High Court has even gone to the extelrt "(2016) 9 sec 426 H 340 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] ll S.C.R. A of holding that the decision in Milind (supra) was in the nature of prospective overruling of the law which was laid down by the Bombay High Court. The above view of the Bombay High Court is clearly unsustainable. Neither the judgment in Milind (supra) nor any of the judgments of this Court which have construed it have held that Milind (supra) was an e)\ercise in prospective overruling. The High Court was B in error in holding so. The decision of the Full Bench in Arun Sononc (supra) is unsustijinable. The Full Bench had evidently failed to notice that cases where the protection was granted by this Court following the invalidation ofa caste claim was in exercise of the power conferred by Article 142 of the Constitution, depending upon the facts and c circumstances of each case. The jurisdiction under Article 142 is clearly not available to the High Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 226. The High Court erred in arrogating that jurisdiction to itself.

49. We do not find any merit in the submission which has been urged on behalf of the persons whose castes/ tribes claims have been D invalidated that Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 cannot apply to admissions or appointments which were made prior to the date on which the Act came into force.

50. The submission based on retrospectivity overlooks certain crucial links in the analysis. It is a cardinal principle of construction that E every statute is prima facie prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary implication made to have a retrospective operation. However, the rule in general is applicable where the object of the statute is to affect vested rights or to impose new burdens or to impair existing obligations. Equally the rule against retrospective construction is not applicable to a statute merely because a part of the requisites for its F action is drawn from a time antecedent to its passing40• Maharashtra Act XXIII of2001 provides in Section 1 (2) that it shall come into force on such dates as the State Government may, by notification in the oftieial gazette, appoint upon receiving assent of the President. The Act was notified to come into force by a government notification dated 17 October G 2001 with effect from 18 October 200 I. Prior to the enforcement of the Act, the regime which held the field was in terms of the directions that were issued by this Court in its judgment dated 2 September 1994 in Madhuri Patil. The directions which were issued by this Court comprehended: H ·t11 c; P Singh, On the Interpretation of Statutes -4 Edition pages 580. 583 CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 341 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] i. Applica~ions for the grant of caste certificates being made to a A notified officer;

ii. Submission of an affidavit together with relevant particulars in support of the application; iii. Submission of an application for verification of the caste Bcertificate before a Scrutiny Committee well in advance of seeking admission to an educational institution or appointment to a post ; iv. Grant of provisional admission or a provisional appointment where the verification by the Scrutiny Committee was likely to take ti~c; c v. Constitution of Scrutiny Committees for verification of caste certificates; vi. Constitution ofVigilance Cells for the purpose ofinvestigating the social status of the candidate and affinity with the tribal group; vii. Modalities to be followed for revoking caste certificates when D the claim for social status was found to be not genuine, doubtful, spurious or falsely or wrongly claimed; · viii. Passing of an order of cancellation and confiscation of the caste certificate if the claim was found to be false; E ix. Prosecution of the candidate or, as the case may be, the parent or the guardian who had made a false claim; x. Cancellation of the admission granted or the appointment made where the caste certificate is invalidated and debarment of the candidate from further studies or to continue in a post. F

51. The regime which obtained since 2 September 1994 under the directions in Madhuri Patil was granted a statutory status by the enactment of Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001. Section 7 provides for the cancellation and confiscation of a false caste certificate whether it was issued before or after the commencement of the Act. The expression "before or after the commencement of this Act" indicates that the Scrutiny G Committee constituted under Section 6 is empowered to cancel a caste certificate whether it was issued prior to 18 October 200 I or thereafter. Section I 0 which provides for the withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a false caste certificate which is withdrawn is essentially a H 342 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] ll S.C.R.

A consequence of the cancellation of the caste certificate. Where a candidate has secured admission to an educational institution on the basis that he or she belongs to a designated reserved category and it is found upon investigation that the claim to belong to that category is false, admission to the institution necessarily falls with the invalidation of the caste certificate. Admission being founded on a claim to belong to a B specified caste, tnibe or class, it is rendered void upon the claim being found to be untrue. The same must hold in the case ofan appointment to a post. Therefore. the absence of the words "before or after the commencement of this Act" in Section l 0 makes no substantive difference because a withdrawal of benefit is an event which flows naturally and c as a plain consequence of the invalidation of the claim. Moreover, as we have seen even prior to the enactment of the state legislation, the benefit which was secured on the basis of a caste claim was liable to be withdrawn upon its invalidation. The Act has hence neither affected vested rights nor has it imposed new burdens. The Act does not impair existing obligations in Sections 7 and I 0. D

However, an analysis of the provisions of Section 11 demonstrates that the provision creates offences and provides for penalties. Under Section I I (I) (a) the off¢nce consists of obtaining a false caste certificate (by furnishing false information). filing a false statement or document or by any fraudulent means. Under Section 11 (J)(b) the offence consists in E securing a benefit exclusively reserved for designated castes, tribes or classes by a pers9n who does not belong to that category in terms of i. Appointment; ii. Admission in an educational institution against a reserved seat; or F iii. Election to a local authority or cooperative society against an office which is reserved for that category. 52. The provisions of Section I I ( 1) must be read and construed in a prospective sense having regard to the guarantee contained in Article G 20 (I) of the Constitution. The offence having been created by Maharashtra Act XXIII of 200 I, the Act which constitutes the offence must relate to a period after the date of the enforcement of the Act. In terms of the penal provisions of Section l I, the statute in so far as it creates offences and provides for penalties must hence be construed H prospectively. CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 343 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

53. Administrative circulars and government resolutions are A subservient to legislative mandate and cannot be contrary either to constitutional norms or statutory principles. Where a candidate has obtained an appointment to a post on the solemn basis that he or she belongs to a designated caste, tribe or class for whom the post is meant and it is fow1d upon verification by the Scrutiny Committee that the B claim is false, the services of such an individual cannot be protected by taking recourse to administrative circulars or resolutions. Protection of claims of a usurper is an act of deviance to the constitutional scheme as well as to statutory mandate. No government resolution or circular can override constitutional Or statutory nOrnlS. The principle that government is bound by its own circulars is well-settled but it cannot apply in a situation c such as present. Protecting the services of a candidate who is found not to belong to the community or tribe for whom the reservation is intended substantially encroaches upon legal rights of genuine members of the reserved communities whose just entitlements are negated by the grant of a scat to an ineligible person. In such a situation where the rights of D genuine members of reserved groups or communities are liable to be affected detrimentally, government circulars or resolutions cannot operate \o their detriment.

54. One of the considerations which is placed in store before the court particularly when an admission to an educational institution is sought E to be cancelled upon the invalidation of a caste or tribe claim is that the student h.as substantially progressed in the course of studies and a cancellation of admission would result in prejudice not only to the student but to the system as well. When the student has completed the degree or diploma, a submission against its withdrawal is urged afortiorari. In our view; the state legislature has made a statutory decision amongst F competing claims, based on a public policy perspective which the court must respect. The argument that there is a loss of productive societal resources when an educational qualification is withdrawn ora student is compelled to leave the course of studies (when he or she is found not to belong to the caste or tribe on the basis of which admission to a reserved G seat was pbtained) carmot possibly outweigh or nullify the legislative , mandate contained in Section I 0 of the state legislation. When a candidate is found to have' put forth a false claim of belonging to a designated caste, tribe or class for whom a benefit is reserved, it would be a negation of the rule oflaw to exercise the jurisdiction under Article 142 to protect H 344 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 11 S.C.R.

A that individual. Societal good lies in ensuring probity. That is the only manner in which the sanctity of the system can be preserved. The legal system cannot be seen as an avenue to support those who make untrue claims to belong to a caste or tribe or socially and educationally backward class. These benefits arc provided only to designated castes, tribes or classes in accordance with the constitutional scheme and cannot be B usurped by those who do not belong to them. The credibility not merely of the legal system but also of the judicial process will be eroded if such claims arc protcotcd in exercise of the constitutional power conferred by Article 142 despite the state law. 55. This aspect has been considered in a recent j udgmcnt rendered c by one of us in Nidhi Kaim and Another V. State o(Madhva Pradesh Ami Others'' , wherein, speaking for a Bench of three Judges, in a case of systemic fraud in relation to medical admissions in the State of Madhya Pradesh. It was observed as follows :

"92 ... We are of the considered view that conferring rights or D benefits on the appellants, who had consciously participated in a well thought out, and meticulously orchestrated plan, to circumvent well laid down norms, for gaining admission to the MBBS course, would amount to espousing the cause of "the unfair". It would seem like allowing a thief to retain the stolen property. It would E seem as if the Cou1i was not supportive of the cause of those who had adopted and followed rightful means. Such a course would cause people to question the credibility of the justice-delivery system itself. The exercise ofjurisdiction in the manner suggested on behalf of the appellants would surely depict the Court's support in fa vow· of the sacrilegious. It would also compromise the integrity F of the academic community. We are of the view that in the name of doing complete justice it is not possible for this Court to support the vitiated actions of the appellants through which they gained admission to the Ml3BS course." Explaining the matter further, this Court held that : G "99 ..... Besides the consideration recorded by us in the foregoing paragraphs, we may confess, that we felt persuaded for taking the view that we have, for a very important reason - national character. There is a saying-when wealth is lost, nothing is "(2017) 4 sec 1 H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 345 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

lost; when health is lost, something is lost; but when A character is lost, everything is lost. .....

The issue in hand has an infinitely vast dimension. Ifwe were to keep in mind immediate social or societal gains. the perspective of consideration would be different. The submission canvassed needs to be considered in the proper perspective. We shall venture to drive home the point by an B illustration. We may well not have won our freedom, if freedom fighters had not languished in jails ... and if valuable lives had not been sacrificed. Depending on the situation, even civil liberty or life itself, may be too trivial a sacrifice. when national interest is involved. It all depends on the desired goal. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution rests on the cfoundation of governance on the touchstone of justice. The basic fundamental right of equality before law and equal protection of the laws is extended to citizens and non-citizens alike through Article 14 of the Constitution on the fountainhead of fairness. The actions of the appellants are founded on unacceptable behaviow·. and in complete breach of the Rule of Law. Their actions constitute acts of deceit invading into D a righteous social order. National character, in our considered view, cannot be sacrificed for benefits-individual or societal. Ifwe desire to build a nation on the touchstone of ethics and character and if ow· determined goal is to build a nation where only the Rule of Law prevails, then we cannot accept the claim of the appellants for the suggested societal gains. EViewed in the aforesaid perspective, we have no difficulty whatsoever in concluding in favour of the Rule of Law. Such being the position, it is not possible for us to extend to the appellants any benefit under Article 142 of the Constitution."

We are in respectful agreement with the above principle and statement of the legal position. F 56. Medical education is what middle-class parents across the length and breadth of the county aspire for their children (whether this will continue to be so in future is a moot question). There is intense competition for a limited number of under-graduate, post-graduate and super-speciality seats. This can furnish no justification for recow·se to G unfair means including adopting a false claim to belong to the reserved category. The fault - lines of our system, be it in education, health or law, are that its lethargy and indolence furnish incentives for the few who choose to break the rules to gain an unfair advantage. In such a H 346 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) ll S.C.R. A situation, the court as a vital institution of democratic governance must be firm in sending out a principled message that there is no incentive other than for behaviour compliant with rules and deviance will meet severe reprimands of the law. I Conclusion

B 57. For these reasons, we hold and declare that i. The directions which were issued by the Constitution Bench of this Court in panigraph 38 of the decision in Milind were in pursuance of the powers vested in this Court under Article 142 of the Constitution; c ii. Since the decision of this Court in Madhuri Patil which was rendered on 2 September 1994, the regime which held the field in pursuance of those directions envisaged a detailed procedure for (a) the issuance of caste certificates; (b) scrutiny and verification of caste and tribe claims by Scrutiny Committees to be constituted by the State Government: ( c) the procedure for the conduct of investigation into the D authenticity of the claim; ( d) Cancellation and confiscation of the caste certificate where the claim is found to be false or not genuine; (e) Withdrawal of benefits in terms of the termination of an appointment, cancellation of an admission to an educational institution or disqualification from an electoral office obtained on the basis that the candidate belongs to a reserved category; and (f) Prosecution for a criminal offence; E iii. The decisions of this Court in R. Vishwanatha Pillai and in Datta tray which were rendered by benches of three Judges laid down the principle of law that where a benefit is secured by an individual -such as an appointment to a post or admission to an educational institution

- on the basis that the candidate belongs to a reserved category for F which the benefit is reserved, the invalidation of the caste or tribe claim upon verification would result in the appointment or, as the case may be, the admission being rendered void or non est. iv. The exception to the above doctrine was in those cases where this Court exercised its power under Article 142 of the Constitution to G render complete justice; v. By Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 there is a legislative codification of the broad principles enunciated in Madhuri Patil. The legislation provides a statutory framework for regulating the issuance of caste certificates (Section 4); constitution of Scrutiny Committees for H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 347 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.)

verification of claims (Section 6); submission of applications for A verification of caste certificates (Section 6(2) and 6(3); cancellation of caste certificates (Section 7); burden of proof (Section 8); withdrawal of benefits obtained upon the invalidation of the claim (Section 10); and initiation of prosecution (Section J l), amongst other things; vi. The power conferred by Section 7 upon. the Scrutiny Committee B to verify a claim is both in respect of caste certificates issued prior to and subsequent to the enforcement of the Act on 18 October 200 J. Finality does not attach to a caste certificate (or to the claim to receive benefits) where the claim of the individual to belong to a reserved caste, tribe or class is yet to be verified by the Scrutiny Committee; c vii. Withdrawal of benefits secured on the basis of a caste claim which has been found to be false and is invalidated is a necessary consequence which flows from the invalidation of the caste claim and no issue ofretrospcctivity would arise;

viii. The decisions in Ka vita Solunkc and Shalini of two learned D Judges are overruled. Shalini in so far as it stipulates a requirement ofa dishonest intent for the application of the provision of Section 10 is, with respect, erroneous and docs not reflect the correct position in law; ix. Mens rea is an ingredient of the penal provisions contained in Section 11. Section 11 is prospective and would apply in those situations E where the act constituting the offence has taken place after the.date of its enforcement; x. The judgment of the Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in A run Sononc is manifestly erroneous and is overruled; and xi. Though the power of the Supreme Court under Article 142 of F the Constitution is a constitutional power vested in the court for rendering complete justice and is a power which is couched in wide terms, the exercise of the jurisdiction must have due regard to legislative mandate, where a law such as Maharashtra Act XXIII of 2001 holds the field. 58. We will, now in the light of the reasons indicated above, proceed G to dispose of the individual cases in the following terms: I Chairman and Managing Director FCI Vs. Jagdish Balaram Bahira42 : 42 C. A. No.8928 of2015 H 348 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) l l S.C.R.

A On 6 December 1984, Food Corporation of India offered appointment to the respondent on the post of Messenger- Depot which was reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of a caste certificate dated 28August 1978 issued by the Executive Magistrate, Panvel, stating that the applicant was a Hindu Mahadev Kohli and hence belonged to a Scheduled Tribe. Upon a declaration submitted by the respondent he B was appointed to the post on 8 January 1985 in the Scheduled Tribe quota. The resp011dcnt received promotional benefits in the post of Dusting Operator ( 13 August 1990), Senior Dusting Operator (30 December 2000), Picker (I December 2003) and Senior Picker (20 December 2005). The caste certificate submitted by the respondent was invalidated by c the Scrutiny Committee, Konkan Division, Thane. The claim of the respondent to belong to the Mahadco Koli Scheduled Tribe was found not to be established and the certificate was accordingly invalidated and cancelled. Following this his services were terminated on 4 October 2013.

D The respondent instituted writ proceedings before the Bombay High Court to challenge the order of the Scrutiny Committee and his termination from service. By a judgment dated 4 April 2014 the High Court noted thaHhe respondent was seeking only protection ofhis services and was willing to give up the claim of belonging to a Scheduled Tribe. By its judgment, the High Court accepted the contention of the respondent E and held that he was entitled to protection of services with continuity while the mam1gemcnt would be at liberty to withdraw such benefits as were granted after 28 September 2000. The employer moved a Special Leave Petition and in pursuance of an interim order dated JI August 2014, the respondent was reinstated in service and was granted further F promotions. Eventually upon his superannuation on 31August2015 the respondent was granted his terminal benefits including gratuity, arrears of wage revision, medical reimbursement. leave encashmcnt, contributory provident fund and productivity linked incentive. During the pendcncy of the litigation, the respondent is retired G from service and has even been paid his terminal dues. Hence, at this stage, all that can be observed is that no claim by a member ofMahdeo Koli, Scheduled Caste shall be made or entertained on behalf of the respondent or any member of his family on the strength of the caste certificate which has been invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. No H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 349

BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] further benefits of any nature whatsoever would be admissible to the A respondent on the basis of his claim which has been invalidated. However, in the peculiar facts. we are not inclined to order recovery has to be made from the respondent. The Civil Appeal is disposed ot: 2. Shri Shivaji Shikshan Sanstha & Anr. Vs. Raju Laxman Gadckar & Ors.43 B and 3 State of Maharashtra Vs. Raju Laxman Gadckar & Ors44 :

In September 1981, Raju Laxman Gadekar obtained a caste certificate that he belonged to the Halba Scheduled Tribe in Mahara~htra. C On the strength of the caste certificate, he was appointed as an Assistant Teacher in a post reserved for a Scheduled Tribe in Shri Shivaji High-School, Dongaon on 24 June 1989. On 2 March 2005, he filled up an application in Fo1m E and submitted an affidavit in Form F through his employer to the Scrutiny Committee, which was invalidated on 20 February 2008. Since the claim that he belonged to a Scheduled Tribe D was invalidated, his services were terminated by the employer on 26 February 2008. The challenge to the order of termination failed before the School Tribunal. The writ petition challenging the orclerofthe Scrutiny Committee was dismissed on 7 August 2009. The order of the School Tribunal was challenged in a separate Writ Petition which was allowed E by a learned Single Judge of the High Court on 16 October 2009 and the employee was directed to be reinstated. In an appeal by the employer, the Division Bench set aside the judgment of the learned Single Judge on 17 April 20 lO and dismissed the writ petition. A Special Leave Petition filed by the employee under Article 136 of the Constitution was dismissed by this Coult as not pressed on 1 October 2010. Thereafter the respondent F filed a writ petition praying for his reinstatement and protection of his service. By the judgment dated 5/8/9/I 0 July 2013 the High Comt held that the employee was entitled to the protection of his services. Froni the narration of the facts it is clear that the Writ Petition filed by the employee challenging the order of the Scrutiny Committee G was dismissL'd on 7 August 2009 and it has been held that he docs not belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The caste certificate which was obtained by the respondent has been demonstrated to be a false caste "(Civil Appeal No. 91 SS of 20\S)

"(Civil Appeal No. 91S7 of2015) H 350 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 11 S.C.R. A certificate. The challenge to the order of termination also attained finality since the Special Leave Petition against the judgment of the High Court was dismissed as not pressed. In the circumstances, the High Court has clearly erred in allowing protection of service to the employee. Such a direction is also contra1y to the provisions of Maharashtra Act XXl!I of 200 l. The appoin1tment secured by the respondent on the basis of a false B caste claim was required to be withdrawn in terms of provisions of Section l 0. There has been a complete misuse of the process by the Respondent. We, therefore, allow the Civil Appeals and set aside the judgments and orders of the High C our! dated l 0 April 2013 and 5/8/9/ J 0 July 20 l3. c In the circumstances, there shall be no order as to costs. 4 Stak of Maharashtra Vs. Ku. Chham D/o.Hcmraj Nimjc & Ors.45 :

Chhaya Nimje obtained a caste certificate on 20 July 1991 from the Executive Magistrate. Narkhcd to the effect that she belongs to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. On the basis of the caste certificate she obtained D appointment as an Assistant Teacher on 24 December 1996 in Bhimrao Bapu Dcshmukh Adarsh Vidyalaya. On 9 March she filled up an application informE together with an affidavit in Form Funder Ruic 11 of the Maharashtra ST (Regulation of!ssuance & Verification of) Caste Certificate Rules, 2003. The Vigilance Cell submitted a report showing E that her records were of the Koshti community. Before the Scrutiny Committee could decide her claim she approached the High Court in a writ petition see~ing protection of service. The High Court disposed of the writ petition on 30 January 2013, on the statement of the employer that her services will not be terminated unless the caste certificate is invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee. She again filed a Writ Petition F before the High Court seeking protection of her services. The respondent has no right to claim protection of her services. The respondent has misused the process oflaw by filing successive writ petitions to pre-empt un adjudication by the Scrutiny Committee and then confining the claim only to the protection of her services. G

For the reasons which arc indicated in the body of the judgment and for the above reasons, the Civil Appeal is allowed and impugned judgment and order of the High Court is set aside. No other submission is urged. ';(Civil Appeal No.9160 of2015) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGD!SH 351 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] In the circumstances, there shall be no order as to costs. A 5 State of Maharashtra & Anr. Vs. Mrs.Arundhati Surcsh Nimnvc & Anr.46: The respondent was appointed as a Lecturer on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 20 March 1997 on the basis of a caste certificate dated 18 May 1995 stating that she belongs to the Halba B Scheduled Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee has invalidated the caste certificate and directed it to be confiscated. The High Court by its order dated 26 November 2012 has confirmed the order ofinvalidation but has granted protection of service. By a subsequent order the High Court has ordered the State to consider rcvision/refixation of pay scales. c For the reasons indicated by this court while disposing of Civil Appeal Nos.9155 and 9157of2015 and for those contained in the body of the judgment, the Civil Appeals arc allowed. The impugned judgments and orders of the High Court arc set aside. No other submission is urged. There shall, however, be no order as to costs. D 6 Mnhatma Fulc Krishi Vidyapccth Vs.. Nagnath Baburao Mnngrule & Ors.47 :

The respondent was appointed as an Agricultural Assistant on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 22 July 1996 on the basis of a caste certificate dated 3 February 1991 stating that he belongs to the EMahadco Kali tribe. On 26 August 2011 the respondent submitted his caste certificate and oti)er documents for verification of the caste claim, which were forwarded to the Scrutiny Committee. In the meantime the appellant initiated a departmentul enquiry against the respondent and terminated the services of the respondent by its order dated 18 December 20 l 2. Subsequently the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the caste claim F of the respondent by its order dated 3 October 2013. The High Court by its order dated 4 April 2014 has confirmed the order of invalidation but has granted protection of service. For the reasons indicated in the body of the judgment and those indicated while allowing Civil Appeal Nos.9155 and 9157of2015, the G Civil Appeal shall stand allowed. The impugned judgment and order of the High Com1 is set aside insofar as it protects the services of the respondent. "\Civil Appeal Nos .. 9203-04 of 2015) "(Civil Appeal No.8926 of2015) H 352 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] ll S.C.R. A There shall be no order as to costs. 7 Suresh Slo.Dewaji Vairagadc Vs. The Controller General, Indian Bureau of Mines. Indira Bhavan. Civil Lines, Nagpur & r\nr.4tt ... :

The appellant was appointed as an Assistant Store Keeper on a B post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 14 November 1988 on the strength of a caste certificate dated 14 January 1985 slating that he bdongs to the H~lba Schedule Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee by its order dated 30 August 2005 invalidated the caste claim of the appellant. Subsequently the respondent terminated the services of the appellant in pursuance of the proviso to Sub Ruic 1 of Ruic 5 of the Central Services c (Temporary Services) Rules, 1965. Being aggrieved. the appellant filed a writ petition which was dismissed by the High Com1 by its order dated 3 August 2009. Having due regard for the reasons contained in the body of this D judgment, we find no error in the judgment of the High Court. The Civil Appeal shall stand dismissed. No other submission is urged. There shall be no order as to costs. 8 Rajcndra S/o. Ramaji Mahisbadwc Vs. The Joint Commissioner and Vice-Chairman Scheduled Tribe, Caste E Ccrtificak Scrutinv Committee & Anr" :

The appellant was appointed as a trainee technician in Air India on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 6 August 1997 on the basis of a caste certificate dated 9 August 1988 stating that he belongs to the Halba Schedule Tribe. Thereafter the appointment of the appellant F was confirmed on 1 March 1999. The second respondent sought a clarification from Tehsildar, Nagpur to ascertain whether the caste certificate is genuine or not. The Tchsildar by a letter dated 17 October 2008 stated that the name of the appellant is not borne in the records. Accordingly the second respondent terminated the services of the appellant by an order dated 3 November 2009. The Scrutiny Committee G by its order dated 5 October 2012 invalidated the caste claim of the appellant. "I Civil Appeal No.1918 of 20 I 0) "tCiviJ Appeal No. 9154 of2015) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 353 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

The High Court by its j udgmcnt dated I I March 2013 has declined A to grant protection to the services of the appellant upon the invalidation of his claim to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe by the Scrutiny Committee on 5 October 2012. There is a clear and patent misuse of process by the Appellant. In the abscnceofthe caste validity certificate, the appointment of the Appellant cannot be held to have attained finality. BHaving due regard to the reasons contained in the body of this judgment, we find no error in the judgment of the High Cowt. The Civil Appeal shall stand dismissed. No other submission is urged. There shall be no order as to costs. 9 Chhava d/o.Yadaorao Barapatrc {a) Chhaya W/o. Rajccv c Dhakatc Vs. The State of Maharashtra & Ors.50 :

The appellant was appointed as a Junior Lecturer in the fourth respondent High School on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 2 July 1991 on the basis of a caste certificate dated 23 July 1984 stating that she belongs to the Halba Schedule Tribe. On 14 March 1997 the D appellant's appointment as a Junior Lecturer was confirmed by the fourth respondent. The Scrutiny Committee invalidated the caste claim of the appellant by its order dated 8 Novem9cr 2012. The High Court by its impugned judgment and order dated 5 April 2013 has declined to grant protection of services. The appellant preferred a review which was dismissed by the High Court by its order dated 10 May 2013. For the E · reasons contained in the body of the judgment and having due regard to the invalidation of the claim of the respondent by the Scrutiny Committee, we find no error in the judgment of the High Court. The Civil Appeals arc accordingly dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. F 10 Ravindra Govindrao NagpurkarVs. Sccrctarv, Rajasthan Education Society \Vashim & Ors." : The appellant was appointed as a Lecturer on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on .14 August 1995 on the basis of a caste certificate Gdated 13 May 1982 stating that he belongs to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The caste claim of the appellant was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee by its order dated 18 January 2005. Thereafter the appellant "(CivilAppcal Nos. 9158-59 of2015)

"(Civil Appeal Nos.8604-05/17@ SLP (C) Nos. 33864-65 of 2015) H 354 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] l l S.C.R. A was issued a show cause notice dated 3 January 2006 by the first respondent to explain why his services should not be terminated. On 16 January 2006 the appellant filed a writ petition and challenged the show cause notice. However. on the same day the first respondent had already issued an order of termination. Thereafter the High Court granted permission to withdraw the writ petition and liberty was granted to tile B proceedings before the appropriate forum. The appellant preferred an appeal before the University & College Tribunal. Nagpur which was dismissed by the tribwrnl by its order dated 30 December 2012. The High Court by its impugned judgment and order dated 18.3.2013 has declined to grant protection of services. The Review Petition was also c dismissed on 29 November 2013. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment and having due regard to the invalidation of the claim of the respondent by the Scrutiny Committee, we find no error in the judgment of the High Court. The Civil Appeals are accordingly dismissed. D There shall be no order as to costs. 11 Shri Shivaji Education Society & Anr. Vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors.":

The third respondent was appointed as an Assistant Tcachc.r on a E post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on the basis of a caste certificate showing him as belonging to the Thakur Scheduled Tribe. By its order dated 23 April 2008 the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the tribe claim and confiscated his certificate. The services of the third respondent were terminated on 12 May 2008. While dismissing the writ petition challenging the order of the Scrutiny Committee the High Court by its order dated F 15 December 2015 has none the less directed reinstatement of the third respondent subject to an undertaking that he would not claim the benefit of belonging to the Scheduled Tribe in future. Once the tribe claim of the respondent has been held to be false, the judgment of the High Court is unsustainable for the reasons indicated in the body of this judgment. The G Civil Appeal is accordingly allowed and the judgment and order of the High Court dated 15 December 2015 is set aside. In consequence the Writ Petition filed by the third respondent shall stand dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. "(Civil Appeal No.8601117@ SLP (C) No. 289 of 2016) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 355 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.] 12 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Vs. Murlidhar Arjun A Ncwarc and Anr.":

The respondent was appointed on the post of Assistant Engineer (Grade-I) reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 11 March 1992 on the strength ofa caste ce1tificatc stating that he belongs to the Gondgowari tribe. The Scrutiny Committee initially by an order dated 23 June 2004 B rejected the tribe claim. Subsequently in pursuance of order of remand passed by the High Cmut, the Scrutiny Committee investigated into the matter again and invalidated the tribe claim by its order dated 2 January 2006 and ordered the tribe certificate to be cancelled. The High Court dismissed the Writ Petition filed by the respondent on 10 November 2006 and the review petition was also dismissed for want of prosecution c on 5 April 2006. However, subsequently the review petition, after restoration, was allowed on 30 January 2015 and while the cancellation of the caste certificate was upheld protection to the services of the respondent was granted. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment and having D due regard to the fact that the claim of the respondent has been found to be false, we find merit in the appeals which have been filed by the appellant. The impugned judgments of the High Court dated 30 January 2015 arc accordingly set aside. The writ proceedings filed by the respondent shall, in the circun1stances, stand dismissed. The Civil Appeals Earc allowed in these terms. No other submission is nrgcd. There shall be no order as to costs.

13 India Trade Promotion Organisation Vs. Vivckkumar Lajjashankar Chaurasiya": The Scrutiny Committee by its order dated 30 March 2013 has F found that the respondent docs not belong to the Nagawanshi tribe. The respondent was appointed on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on the strength of a certificate that he belongs to the Nagawanshi tribe. The Division Bench of the High Court, placing reliance on the judgment of the Full Bench in Arnn Sononc's case (supra), has by its judgment G dated 16 February 2015 granted reinstatement to the respondent. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the appeal filed by the employer shall have to be allowed and is accordingly allowed. "(C.A. Nos. 8602-03/17@SLP (CJ Nos.529-30 of2016) ,., (C.A.No.8607117@ SLP @No.14830 of 2015) H 356 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 11 S.C.R. A The impugned judgment of the High Coundated 16 February 2015 is set aside. No other submission is urged. There shall be no order as to costs. 14 Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority Vs. Rajendra Ramchandra Dhakate & ..\nr.'' : B

The claim of the respondent to belong to the Halba Scheduled Tribe has been invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee by its order dated 30 July 1998. The Scrutiny Committee has found that the documents submitted by the first respondent were manipulated and fabricated. The respondent was appointed to a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes c on the basis of a caste ce11ificatc stating that he belongs to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The termination of the services the respondent has followed upon the cancellation of the caste certificate. In the circumstances and for the reasons contained in the body of the judgment. the High Cowt erred in allowing the writ petition filed by D the respondent and directing the appellant to reinstate him. The Civil Appeal is accordingly allowed by setting aside the impugned judgment and order of the High Court dated 20 January 2015. The writ petition filed by the respondent shall. in the circumstances. stand dismissed. There shall be no order as to costs. E 15 State of Maharashtra Vs.Vasant, s/o.Gyundco Gonnade"':

The respondent was appointed on the post ofJw1ior Engineer on 2 I July 1982 on the basis of a claim of belonging to the "'Halba Koshti'" Scheduled Tribe. The Scrutiny Committee invalidated his claim on 19 August 1985. In the meantime. the Maharashtra Public Service F Commission recommended the respondent for appointment in the cadre ofAssistant Engineer in 1984 and 1986 but he was not granted placement. The respondent filed a writ petition to challenge the order of the Scrutiny Committee dated 19 August I 985 which was dismissed by the High Court on 4 July 1986. Thereafter the respondent filed an appeal (Caste G Appeal) 11/ 1986-87 before the Divisional Commissioner. Nagpur against the order of the Scrutiny Committee. The appeal was disposed of on 23 August 1985 by remanding the proceedings back to the Scrutiny Committee. On remand, the Scrutiny Committee, by its order dated 28 ''(Civil Appeal 8609;17@ SLP (CJ No.13409 of 2015) "!Civil Appeal 8606/l 7@ S.L.P.(C)No. 19992 of 2015) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 357 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

August 1989 found that the respondent docs not belong to the Scheduled A Tribe and cancelled his caste certi fie ate. The respondent filed an appeal before the Additional Divisional Commissioner. Nagpur which was dismissed on 12 November 1990. The respondent filed a writ petition challenging the invalidation of his caste claim and to seek relief in respect of his service conditions. By an order dated 23 March 1995 the writ Bpetition was allowed by holding that the respondent belongs to the Halba Koshti caste but that was made subject to the decision in Milind (supra). The respondent was granted placement in the seniority of Assistant Engineer with effect from 29 July 1987. subject to the final outcome of the proceedings in Milind (supra). On 18 October 1995 the respondent cwas appointed as Assistant Executive Engineer subject to the decision in Milind (supra) and he joined on 4 December 1995. On 4 October l 999 the respondent was promoted to the post of Executive Engineer subject to the final disposal of the proceedings before this Court in Milind (supra). It was directed that the seniority would be fixed after the final decision of this Court. On 15 September 2000 the respondent was given D a deemed date of 29 May 1987. On 15 April 2005, considering the judgment of this Court in Milind (supra), the appointment of the rcspomlent to the post of Assistant Executive Engineer was protected and he was regularized on the post considering it as an open category post. His seniority was directed to be fixed from the date of appointment Eand it was ordered that he shall not get the benefit of belonging to a Scheduled Tribe. On 6 August 2005 the earlier deemed date of29 May 1987 was modified and his seniority on the post of Assistant Executive Engineer was fixed from 4 December 1995. On 5 June 2006 a G.R. was issued by which the deemed date was modified to 29 May 1987 on the post of Assistant Executive Engineer for the purpose of seniority. On I F August 2009 a GR. was issued by which the deemed date for the purpose of seniority on the post of Executive Engineer was set as 29 May 199 l subject to approval of the M.P.S.C. On 28 April 2014 the State Government published a seniority list from I January 2011 to 13 December 2013 for Executive Engineer.

G The respondent who was aggrieved by the GR. dated 28 April 2014 filed a writ petition before the High Court at its Nagpur Bench praying for an appropriate writ for the declaration of the date of his seniority. The High Court by its judgment dated 27 Febrnary 2015 has H 358 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] I l S.C.R. A adverted to the decision in A run Son one and has come to the conclusion that the G.R. dated 6 August 2005 is not sustainable and the state government has been directed to give effect to its G.R.s dated 15 September 2000 and 15 April 2005 by placing the respondent in the cadre of Assistant Engineer with effect from 29 May 1987. B From a re11ding of the judgment of the High Court, it is clear that the primary consideration which weighed with it was the decision of its Full Bench in A run Sononc. In view of the reasons contained in the body of this judgment, this basis of the impugned decision of the High Court is erroneous. The Respondent does not belong to the Halba Schcdukd Tribe. It is also clear that the benefits obtained by the c Respondent were subject to the decision in Milind. In Milind, this Com1 has held that Halba - Koshti is not a Scheduled Tribe. the relevant entry in the Scheduled Tribes Order 1950 being 'Halba. Halbi'. We accordingly allow the Civil Appeal and set aside the impugned judgment dated 27 February 2015. D There shall be no order as to costs. 16 State of Maharashtra Vs.Ku.Yijaya Dcorao Nandanwar & Anr.57 :

The claim of the respondent of belonging to the Halba Scheduled Tribe has been invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee by its order dated E 7 November 2009. The respondent was appointed as an Assistant Teacher on a post reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. Following the invalidation of the claim, the services of the respondent were terminated. The High Court by its impugned order dated 5 July 2013 set aside the order of termination and granted protection to the service of the respondent. F For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable and is accordingly set aside. The writ petition filed by the respondent shall, in the circumstances, stand dismissed. The Civil Appeal is allowed in these terms. No other submission lrns been urged. G There shall be no order as to costs. I 7 Ishwar Shrawan Nikharc Vs.State of Maharashtra & Ors." : "(C. A. No.9107 of2015) "(Civil Appeal No.7187 of2013) H CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 359 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, J.]

The appellant wits appointed as an Assistant Teacher in a vacancy A reserved for the Scheduled Tribes on 30 January 1999. The Caste Scrutiny Committee invalidated the claim of the appellant on l July 2008. The Division Bench of the High Court, by its order dated 30 January 2009 allowed the request for the withdrawal of the writ petition filed by the appellant keeping open the validity of the observations made by the B Scrutiny Committee whereby prosecution was ordered. The services of the appellant were terminated on 8 February 2009. The appellant filed an appeal before the School Tribunal which was dismissed on 19 October 2011 on the ground that the appointment of the appellant was not a valid appointment in the eye of law. The learned Single Judge dismissed the writ petition challenging the order of the Tribunal.A Letters Patent Appeal C has been dismissed by the Division Bench by its judgment dated 7 May 2012. Having regard to the fact that the claim of the appellant to belong to a Scheduled Tribe was invalidated by the Scrutiny Committee, the School Tribunal cannot be faulted in declining to entertain the appeal against the consequential order of termination of service. Moreover, for D the reasons contained in the body of the present judgment, we find no merit in the Civil Appeal. The Civil Appeal is accordingly dismissed. No other submission has been urged. There shall be no order as to costs.

18 Eknath Barikrao Dhanwadc Vs.Divisional Controller, E State Transport Corporation & Anr.59 : The appellant was appointed as a driver in 1999 with the respondent on a post reserved for Scheduled Tribes on the basis of a caste ce11ificate that he belongs to the Mahadeo Koli tribe. The appellant's caste claim was rejected by the Scrutiny Committee holding that the F appellant docs not belong to the said tribe. A writ petition was filed by the appellant. The High Court by an order dated II January 2000 remanded the matter to the Scrutiny Committee. On 2 March 200 I the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the tribe chiim of the appellant. The appellant filed a Writ Petition before the High Court. By an order dated 30 June 20.14, the High Court dismissed the petition. The appellant filed G another writ petition which was dismissed with costs by an order dated 19 September 2014. Subsequently on 19 November 2014 the first respondent terminated the service of the appellant. Being aggrieved, the ;, (Civil Appeal 8608/17@ SLP (C) ... CC No. 10889 of 2015) H 360 SUPREME COURT REPORTS L2017111 S.C.R. A appellant filed another writ petition which was dismissed by the High Court by its order l 9 January 20 15. The above narration indicates a complete abuse of process by the appellant.

For the reasons contained in the body of the present judgment and in view of the above, we find no merit in the appeal. The Civil B Appeal is accordingly dismissed. No other submission is separately urged. There shall be no order as to costs. J 9 Pradip Gajanan Koli Vs.State or Maharashtra & Ors."': The appellant was appointed to the post offireman in the reserved category for the Scheduled Tribes on 12 March l 996. Thereafter a caste certificate dated 22 June 2000 certifying that the appellant belongs to c the Mahadeo Koli Scheduled Tribe was issued. The caste certificate was referred to the Scrutiny Committee for verification. The appellant submitted an affidavit slating that he belongs to the said caste and also appeared before the Committee. By an order dated 7 July 2012 the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the caste certificate of the appellant. D The appellant filed a writ petition which was disposed of by the High Court, by its judgment and order dated 20 November 2013 with a direction that in case the appellant is still in service as on that date. his employment shall not be terminated for a period of three months from the date of its order. E For the reasons contained in the body of the present judgment, we find no error in the impugned judgment. The Civil Appeal is accordingly dismissed. No other submission is separately urged. There shall be no order as lo costs. 20 Union or India & Ors. Vs.Suryakant & Ors.•1 :

F The Director General, Vigilance, New Delhi by an order dated 1 July 2005, initiated the verification of tribe certificates of employees who were appointed from 1995. Accordingly, the original tribe certificate of the respondent was asked to be produced. The respondent was appointed on the post of Lower Division Clerk reserved for the Scheduled G Tribes on the strength ofa caste certificate stating that he belongs to the Mahadco Koli tribe. The certificate was issued by the Tahsildar, Ako la on 13 May l 985. Subsequently on enquiry about the authenticity of the tribe certificate, the Tahsildar, Akola informed that the register for the '"(Civil Appeal No.8598/17@ SLP (C) 18925 of2014) H "'(Civil Appeal No.8597/17@ SLP (CJ No. 16852 of 2016) CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR FCI v. JAGDISH 361 BALARAM BAHIRA [DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD. J.]

year 1985 was not traceable and hence it cannot be stated whether A certificate was issued by office or otherwise. Instead of submitting his original caste certificate the respondent produced a fresh tribe certificate dated 21 July 2005 issued by S.D.O., Bhusawal wherein it was stated that he belongs to the Mahadeo Koli tribe. By an order dated I 0 October 2011 the Scrutiny Committee invalidated the caste claim of the respondent. BThe respondent filed a writ petition before the High Court. The High Court by its impugned judgment and order dated 20 October 2015 allowed the writ petition, relying upon its Full Bench judgment in Arnn Sononc (supra) with a direction that the respondent is entitled to claim service protection and shall not be entitled to claim promotion in employment. The narration of facts reveals a complete misuse of process by c the Respondent. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable and is accordingly set aside. The Civil Appeal is accordingly allowed in these terms. No separate submission is urged. There shall be no order as to costs. D 21 Executive Director (Lubes), lndiun Oil Corporation Ltd. Vs. Ashok Mahadcorao Pathrabc & Ors.62 :

The respondent joined IOCL in 1976 at i;, R & D Centre, Faridabad. At the time of the appointment, the respondent has shown himself as belonging to the Halba Scheduled Tribe. The appointment E was subject to the information submitted by the re~pondent being true and correct. The respondent submitted his caste certificate along with a prescribed form/documents on 15 December 2006 which were forwarded for verification. The Scrutiny Committee rejected the caste claim of the respondent on 4 October 2010. Being aggrieved, the respondent preferred Fan internal appeal and also a writ petition before the High Court. By its order dated I March 2011 the appellant rejected the appeal of the respondent upholding the dismissal order. Subsequently on 7 December 20 I J the High Court also dismissed the petition of the respondent upholding the dismissal order. Being aggrieved, the respondent filed a Special Leave Petition before this Cmu1 which was dismissed by an order dated 27 G Febmary 2012. The appellant filed another writ petition before the High Cou11 which was allowed by an order dated 24 November 2015 to the extent that the services of the respondent were protected ti II his superannuation. "(Civil Appeal Nos.8599-8600/17@ SLP (C) Nos. 29388-89 of 2016) H 362 SUPREME COURT REPORTS l2017] l l S.C.R.

A The facts narrated above reveal a complete misuse of process by the Respondent. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned orders of the High Court arc unsustainable and arc accordingly set aside. The Civil Appeals are accordingly allowed in these terms. No other ~ubmission is urged. B There sha II be no order as to costs. 22 The State of Maharashtra & Ors. Vs. Rupcsh s/o. Tcksingh Shindc'" :

The respondent was appointed as a clerk on a post earmarked for the Vimukta Jatis on 26 March 1999 claiming that he belongs to the c Raj put Bhamta Vimukta Jati. The caste claim of the respondent was referred to the Scrutiny Committee for verification and was invalidated by an order dated 29 July 2011. As the caste claim was invalidated the respondent was terminated from service by an order dated 16 August 2011. Being aggrieved, the respondent filed a writ petition before the High Court. After hearing both the parties, the court remanded the matter D back to the Scrutiny Committee. The caste certificate was again invalidated by an order dated 21 January 2014 and the Committee observed that the respondent obtained a false caste certificate and directed the registration of an FIR against the respondent, pursuant to which the services of the respondent were terminated. Being aggrieved E the respondent filed a writ petition before the High Court. The High Cmu"t by its impugned judgment and order dated 3 February 2016 allowed the writ petition relying upon its Full Bench judgment in the case of Arun Sononc Vs. State or Maharashtra (supra) with a direction to the appellant to reinstate the respondent on his original post. F The facts narrated above indicate the manner in which the process has been abused by the Respondent. For the reasons contained in the body of the judgment, the impugned order of the High Court is unsustainable and is accordingly set aside. The Civil Appeal is accordingly al lowed in these terms. No other submission is urged.

G There shall be no order as to costs. Nidhi Jain Appeals disposed uf. "'(Civil Appeal Nos.8610/17 (ii/ SLP (C) No.2299 of 2017)