[2017] 4 S.C.R. 658 A KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. MAJEED & ORS. (Criminal Appeal No.400 of2006 etc.) B MARCH 30, 2017 [S. A. BOBDE AND L. NAGESWARA RAO, JJ.) Penal Code. 1860: s.302 rlw s.149 - Murder - Unlawful C assembly - 21 accused - Death caused by stabbing on account of political rivalry - Conviction by trial court set aside by High C.ourt

- Appeal by complainant against acquittal - Held: PW3 who was an independent witness and was believed by both the lower courts had given a vivid description of incident - PW4 was an eye witness and was believed by trial court - High Court was not coaect in D holding that the evidence of PW4 could be used only for corroboration of PW3 s evidence - PW4 categoricalZv mentioned about involvement of A3, Al4, AJ5 and A18 and, therefore, the finding of the High Court that they were entitled for acquittal on the ground that PW3 did not• speak about their presence is set asideE - The evidence on record showed that the deceased and accused belong to two political parties opposed to each other - The.~e were three other incidents of clashes between the rival groups - On the fateful day, the accused along with others assembled and were searching for rival party workers travelling in the buses that were passing through the junction - The common object of the members F of the unlawful assembly was to attack any rival party supporter -who was passing through the junction - The deceased was iri the bus and he was killed in the attack - Finding of High Co1lrt that merely because the accused did not plan to murder the deceased, there was no common object is not sustainable - As regc.rds the G conviction u/ss.3021149, considering that the incident occurred in the year 1993, and that accused attacked the deceased with sticks causing simple injuries on non-vital parts, their conviction ulss.3261 149 meet the ends ofjustice -A3, A4, A14, Al 5 and AJ8 sentenced to 7 years imprisonment ulss.3261149 -Acquittal of A5 to All, A13, AJ6 ond A17 upheld.

H 658 f KAT~UKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 659 MAJEED & ORS. s.149 - Common object - Presence of an accused as part of A an unlawful assembly, when not as a curious onlooker or a bystander, suggests his participation in the object of the assembly -When the prosecution establishes such presence, then it is the conduct of the accused that determines whether he continued to participate in the unlawful assembly with the intention to fulfill the B object of the assembly, or not - Prosecution is required to determine the point of time at which accused discovered that the assembly intended to kill the victim; having discovered that, if he made any attempt to stop the assembly from pursuing the object; if he did, and failed, did he dissociate himself from the assembZv by getting away - The answer to these questions would determine whether an C accused shared the common object in the assembly - In the in!':tant case, there was no evidence that having participated in the unlawful assembly which resulted in the death oft.he victim, A4 made any attempt to either stop the incident from taking place, or having found out that he could not prevent it, dissociated himself D from the assembly - Therefore, he was liable uls. 3261149. (Per S. A. Bobde, J.) Disposing of the appeals, the Court HELD: Per L. Nageswara Rao, J. E

1. The High Court committed a serious error in not taking into consideration the evidence of PW4. After recording a finding that the evidence of PW4 cannot be rejected only on the ground that he was not questioned by the police, the High Court proceeded to hold that the evidence of PW4 can be used only for F corroboration of PW3's evidence. The said finding was unreasonable and perverse. Unlike PW5 and PW6 who were cited as witnesses in the second list' of witnesses given by· the complainant five months after filing of the complaint, PW4 was named as a witness in the complaint. Further, his statement was recorded by the ·Magistrate under Section 20.2 Cr. P.C. The Trial G Court was right in relying upon testimony of PW4 and the High Court was not correct in holding that it can be used only for corroboration of PW3's evidence. The finding of the High Court that A3, A14, A15 and A18 were entitled for acquittal on the basis that PW3 did not speak about their presence is set aside as PW4 H 660 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A had categorically mentioned about their involvement. [Para 11) (668-G-H; 669-A-C]

2. The High Court held that the deceased was attacked due t;> political rivalry but there is no evidence to show that the members of the unlawful assembly had a common object to ..:ommit B his murder. The High Court also found that Al and A21 alone inflicted stab injuries and the other members of the unlawful assembly who caused injuries on the non vital parts cannot be said to have shared the common object of causing the death of Suresh Babu. The common object of the unlawful assembly can be gathered from the nature of the assembly, arms used by them · C and the behaviour of the assembly at or before the sr.ene of occurrence. It is also settled law that the mere presence in the unlawful assembly may vicariously fasten criminal liability under Section 149 IPC. The evidence on record showed that the deceased and accused belong to two political parties opposed to D each other. There were three other incidents of clashes between the rival groups. The accused along with others assembled and were searching for BJP workers travelling in the buses that were passing through the junction. The finding of the High Court that merely because the accused did not plan to murder the de1:eased, there was no common object is not sustainable. The common E object of the members of the unlawful assembly was to attack any BJP supporter who was passing through Ottappilavu junction. Unfortunately, the deceased was in the bus and he was killed in the attack. [Paras 12, 13) (669-E-F, G-H; 670-A-B)

3. The incident occurred in the year 1993, that they attacked · F the deceased with sticks causing simple injuries on nfJn-vital parts, their conviction under Section 326/149 IPC will meet the. ends of justice. The Trial Court convicted A4 under Section 324/ 149 IPC and sentenced for imprisonment for 2 years along with his conviction under Section 302/149 IPC. The High Court acquitted A4 under Section 302/149 IPC and reduced the sentence G under Section 324/149 IPC to 1 year. A4 was separated from A3, A14, AIS and A18 only on the ground that PW3 spoke al:out his presence. Otherwise, the role ascribed to A4 was the same as that of A3, A14, AIS and Al8. In the result A3, A4, A14, AIS and A18 are sentenced to 7 years imprisonment under Section 326/ H 149 IPC. Criminal Appeal filed by the complainant against the KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 661 MAJEED & ORS. acquittal of AS, A6, A7, AS, A9, AlO, All, Al3, A16 and Al 7 is A dismissed. [Para 14] [670-F-H; 671-A-B] Lalji v. State of U.P. (1989) 1 SCC 437 : [1989] 1 SCR 13Q; State of UP v. Dan Singh (1997) 3 SCC 747 : [1997] 1 SCR 764; Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade v. State of Maharashtra (1973) 2 SCC 793 : [1974] 1 SCR 489 B - relied on. Per S. A. Bobde, J.

1. Plea of A4 was that mere presence of an accused in the unlawful assembly could not be inculpatory in the absence of witnesses attributed an overt act to the accused. Such a plea cannot C be accepted in the absence of concrete evidence enabling the Court to infer that the accused did not in fact harbor the same intention as that of the unlawful assembly. In the first place, the presence of an accused as part of an unlawful assembly, when not as a curious onlooker or a bystander, suggests his participation D in the object of the assembly. When the prosecution establishes such presence, then it is the conduct of the accused that would determine whether he continued to participate in the unlawful assembly with the intention to fulfill the object of the assembly, or not. It could well be that an accused had no intention to participate in the object of the assembly. [Paras 1, 2] (671-D-F] E

2. The questions that arise with regard to the conduct of such an accused are: what was the point of time at which he discovered that the assembly intended to kill the victim; ha_ving discovered that, did he make any attempt to stop the assembly from pursuing the object; if he did, and failed, did he dissodate F himself from the assembly by getting away. The answer to these questions would determine whether an accused shared the common object in the assembly. Without evidence that the accused had no knowledge of the unlawful object of the assembly or without evidence that after having gained knowledge, he G attempted to prevent the assembly from accomplishing the unlawful object, and without evidence that after having failrd to do so, the accused disassociated himself from the assembly, the mere participation of an accused in such an assembly would be inculpatory. In the case of A4, there is no such evidence on record H 662 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A that having participated in the unlawful assembly which resulted in the death of the victim, he made any attempt to either stop the incident from taking place, or having found out that he could not prevent it, dissociated himself from the assembly. Therefore, he must be held liable under Section 326/149 of the Indian Penal B Code. [Paras 2, 3, 4, 5] [671-H; 672-A-E] Case Law Reference [1989] 1 SCR 130 relied on Para 12 [1997] 1 SCR 764 relied on Para 12

c [1974] 1 SCR 489 relied on Para 13 CRIMIN AL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 400of2006. From the Judgment and Order dated 05 .09 .2005 of the High Court ofKerala at Ernakulam in Cr!. A. No. 1207 of2004. D WITH Cr!. A. No. 661 of2006 and Cr!. A. No. 141 of2007. Basant R., Sr. Adv., Raghenth Basant, Kartik Ashok, James E Joseph, Misha! Johari, Senthil Jagadeesan, Ms. Bina Madhavan, Advs. for the Appellants. Siddharth Luthra, Sr. Adv., Deepak Prakash, Anoopam N. Prasad, Ali Chaudhury, Swati Ghildiyal, Kuna! Singh, Subhash Chandran, Ms. Usha Nandini, G. Prakash, Jishnu M. L., Mrs. Priyanka Prakash, F Mrs. Beenu Prakash, Manu Srinath, Ms. Bina Madhavan, Ms. Usha Nandini V, Ad vs. for the Respondents . .. The Judgments of the Court were delivered by L. NAGESWARA RAO, J. I. The Sessions Court, Thrissur G convir,tedAI toA4,Al4,Al5, andA18 under Section 302 read with 149 Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as the '!PC') and sentenced them to imprisonment for life. They were also convicted for offences under Section 143, 147, 148, 341, 342 and 324/149 IPC. AS to Al3, Al6 andA17 were acquitted. Al to A4, Al4, AlS andA18 who were convicted, filed an Appeal before the High Court of Kerala. The H KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 663 MAJEED & ORS. [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.]

Sta;te ofKerala and the complainant (father of the deceased) also filed A appeals against the order of acquittal of AS to Al3, Al6 and Al 7. By way of abundant caution the complainant also filed a Criminal Revision challenging the acquittal of the said accused. The judgment of the Tri~l Court acquitting AS to Al3, Al6 and Al 7 was confirmed by the High Court. Al was convicted under Section 302 and sentenced tO Bimprisonment for life. A2 andA4 were convicted under Section 324/149 IPC and were sentenced to imprisonment of 1 year. A3, Al4, AlS and Al 8 were acquitted. Al filed an appeal before this Court which abated . as he died. The complainant filed an appeal against the acquittal of A2to A4,Al4,AlS andA18. He also filed an appeal challenging the acquittal of AS to Al3, A 16 and A 17. The State ofKerala also assailed the acquittal C of A2 toA4, Al4,AlS andA18 by filing an appeal. It is relevant to take note of the fact that initially 21 persons were named as accused. A2 l abscondtd andA19 andA20 died during the course of trial. Al,A2,AS andA12 died during the pendency of the appeals.

2. The case of the prosecution was that PW-14, a Head Constable D attached to Kunnamkulam Police Station, received a phone call in the evening on 10.03.1993 that there was a fight going on at Ottappilavu centre. He along with two other. police men reached the place of the incident and found a person lying on the road margin on the western side of the road. As he was unconscious and was bleeding due to injuries, he was taken to the Government hospital, Kunnamkulam for treatment in a E police jeep. The Doctor examined him and declared him dead. As the identity of the deceased was not known, PW 14 kept the body in the mortuary, went back to the police station and recorded the details in the General Diary. The First Information Statement of PW-1 Krishnankutty was recorded at 12:00 midnight on 10.03.1993. He stated that there was F a dispute between people belonging to RSS and CPI (Marxist) party in connection with the festival at Korattikara Vishnu Bhagwati Temple. He further stated that at about 08:1S pm on 10.03.1993 when he was walking back home and reached Ottappilavu centre he saw A2 to AS, A 13, A 19 and A2 l along with number ofothers attacking Sure sh Babu. He also stated.that Suresh Babu was stabbed to death by A 13 and others. G On the basis of the First Information Statement FIR No.9S of 1993 was registered at Kunnamkulam Police Station under Section 143, 14 7, 148, 341, 324, 302/149 IPC at 12:00 midnight on 10.03.1993 by PWIS. Inquest was conducted between 9:4S am to 12:4S pm by PWIS. The Assistant H

664 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A Professor of Forensic Medicine at Medical College, Thrissur (PW 13) conducted the autopsy immediately thereafter. The post-mortem certificate referred to 26 injuries on the body of the deceased Suresh Babu and the cause of death was stated as "the deceased died of multiple injuries sustained to chest". The FIR was sent to the B Magistrate in the morning on 11.03.1993.

3. Not satisfied with the investigation, Madhavan (PW 12), the father of the deceased filed a private complaint on 01.04.1994 before the Judicial Magistrate I" Class, Kunnamkulam. He along with 4 other witnesses was examined and process was issued to the accused persons. PW4 Chandran was mentioned as a witness in the complaint. On c 08.09.1994, Madhavan submitted another list of witnesses in which PW5 and PW6 were included. The cases of the prosecution and the private complainant were consolidated. The Sessions Court directed the prosecution to submit a schedule of witnesses which would include the witnesses mentioned in the private complaint also. The consolidated list D of witnesses given by the prosecution included PW4, PW5 and PW6. · 4. After completion of investigation, all the accused were charged for committing offences under Sections 143, 147, 148, 341, 323 and 302/ 149 IPC. As stated earlier Al 9 and A20 died during the course of trial and A21 absconded. The other accused pleaded not guilty and were E tried for the aforementioned offences. There were 16 witnesses examined on behalf of the prosecution and 3 witnesses by the defence. PW! Krishnankutty, who was the informant and PW2 Gopinathan who was an eyewitness turned hostile. Likewise, PW-8 Sulalman, PW9 Ashraf and PW 10 Francis who were attestors to the scene mahazar and seizure of the weapon also turned hostile. PW! I Kuttikrishan who was the driver F of the bus in which the deceased was travelling also turned hostile.

5. The testimony of PW3 was examined in detail by the Trial Court. After considering the submissions on behalf of the defence, the Trial Court held that the evidence of PW3 Subramanian was consistent, cogent and in conformity with the prosecution case. The Trial Court G held that PW 4 was also a credible witness. According to the Trial Court there was no material contradiction brought out in ~e evidence of PW5 Balan who was an eyewitness. PW6 Velayudhan was found to be a doubtful witness and the Trial Court held that it was not safe to rely on his evidence. The Trial Court concluded that there was corroboration to H KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 66S MAJEED & ORS. [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.]

the oral testimony of PW3 to PWS from the medical evidence. The oral A . evidence showed that Al stabbed on the left side of the back of the deceased which corresponds to injury No.24. The other stab injuries inflicted by Al andA21 as mentioned by the eyewitness also correspond · to the stab injuries in Exh.P-11 (post-mortem certificate). Injury No.24 had the depth of 7 .S c.m. caused by knife which entered the left chest B cavity through the s•h intercostal space. It terminated at the upper part of lower lobe of the left lung. The Doctor opined that this injury was sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. The Trial Court held that Al had a definite intention to kill the deceased. Considering the fact that the other accused continued to beat the deceased with sticks even after stabbing by Al andA2 l, the Trial Court held that there. C was a common object of murder on the part of the accused. AS to Al 3, Al6 and Al 7 were acquitted by the Trial Court as there was no evidence against them.Al toA4,Al4,AlS andA18 were convicted under Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced to imprisonment for life. '

6. The appeals filed by the convicted accused, the appeals filed D by the State and the complainant against the acquittal of some accused were taken up along with the Criminal Revision filed by the complainant against the acquittal. The High Court discarded the evidence of PWS and PW6. The High Court held that PW3 is a trustworthy witness and PW4's evidence can be used for corroboration. Placing reliance on the evidence of PW3 andPW4, the High Court upheld the conviction of Al E under Section 302 IPC. The High Court also heldA2 andA4 guilty ofan offence punishable under Section 324/149 IPC by acquitting them of an offence under Section 302/149 IPC. A3, A 14, Al S andA 18 were acquitted for offences under Section 302/149 IPC by the High Court. The acquittal of other accused AS to Al3, Al6 and Al 7 recorded by the Trial Court F was confirmed by the High Court. The High Court referred to the remand report dated 17.03.1993 of the Circle Inspector in which it was recorded that on 10.03.1993 sympathisers of CPI (M) were attacked by the followers of BJP at Ottappilavu. In that incident Moidunny, Ali, Subramannian, Shameer and Kunhikoya sustained serious injuries and crime No.96of1993 in the Kunnamkulam Police Station under Section G 143, 147, 148, 323, 324, 307/149 IPC was registered. There were three other cases which were registered against the sympathisers of CPI (M) for incidents that took place at 06:1S pm on the same day. Taking note of the series of clashes on 10.03.1993, the High Court repelled the submission H

666 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 4 S.C.R. A of the defence about the unexplained delay in filing of the FIR and the delay in the FIR reaching the Magistrate only on the next day. The High Court relying upon the judgments of this Court held that the recovery of weapon not being proved is not fatal to the prosecution case. The submission made on behalf of the accused that PW3 and PW 4 cannot B be believed on the ground that their conduct was contrary to normal human behaviour was also rejected on the ground that there cannot be any straight jacket fmmula for the reaction of a person who had witnessed a criminal act. The High Court relied upon the judgments of this Court in which it was held that human behaviour is unpredictable and there is no set rule of natural reaction. The defence witnesses were disbelieved by C the High Court. All the accused except Al, A2 and A4 were acquitted of all the charges against them on the ground that the prosecuticn was unable to prove the common object of the unlawful assembly for the murder of Suresh Babu.

7. The complainant filed Criminal Appeal No.400 of2006 against D the acquittal of A2 to A4, Al4, Al5 and Al8. He also filed Criminal Appeal No.661 of 2006 assailing the acquittal of A5 to Al3, A 16 and Al 7. The State of Kerala has filed Criminal Appeal No.141 of 2007 challenging the judgment of the High Court by which A2 to A4, Al4, Al5 andA18 were acquitted.Al also approached this Court by filing an Appeal against his conviction under Section 302 IPC. However, the said E appeal abated in view of the death of Al. We have heard Mr.Basant R., learned Senior Counsel for the appellant/ complainant in Criminal Appeal Nos.400 of 2006, Mr. G. Prakash, Advocate for the State of Kerala in Cr!. Appeal No. 141 of2007 and Mr. Siddharth Luthra, learned Senior Counsel for the accused. Mr~ Basant submitted that the complainant F was compelled to file a private complaint in view of the perfunctory investigation into the murder of Suresh Babu. He submitted that there was a consolidation of the prosecution case and the case filed by the complainant under Section 210 Cr.P.C. He further submitted that a consolidated list of witnesses was prepared. According to the learned Senior Counsel, the High Court committed a serious error in eschewing G the evidence of PW5 from consideration: He also stated that the evidence of PW4 should have been relied upon by the High Court instead ofusing it only for corroborating the evidence of PW3. He urged that the High Court erred in holding that the common object of the accused was not proved. He. also argued that admittedly there was a homicide and Al H

KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 667 MAJEED & ORS. [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.) was convicted for causing the death of Suresh Babu. The High Court A also convicted A2 and A4 for offences under Sections 143, 147, 148, 324/149 JPC. He submitted that all the accused are liable for conviction under Section 302/149 IPC especially when A2 andA4 were convicted under Section 143, 147, 148, 324/149 IPC and Al convicted under Section 302 IPC. Mr.G.Prakash, Advocate, appearing for the State of Kerala B adopted the submissions made by Mr. Basant.

8. Mr.Siddharth Luthra, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the accused took us through the evidence of PW4, PWS and PW6 and submitted that they are all interested witnesses who deposed at the instance of the complainant. He submitted that the informant PW 1 and canother eyewitness PW2 turned hostile. He stated that the offence took place on a public road and no independent eyewitnesses were produced by the prosecution to prove the case. He further submitted that apart from PW4 no other witness cited in the private complaint was examined. The partisan and interested testimonies of eye witnesses who belonged to the opposite political party ought not to have been taken into D consideration by the Courts below. He also commented upon the unnatural behaviour of PW3 and PW4 after the incident. Mr. Luthra finally submitted that the appeals against acquittal should not be interfered lightly by this Court. In any event, according to him, when there are two views possible, the accused should be given the benefit. E

9.As stated earlier,Al,A2,A5 andA12 died during the pendency of the appeals before this Court. The remaining accused can be categorised into three groups. The first group consists of AS to Al3, Al6 and Al 7 who were acquitted both by the Trial Court and the High Court. The second group consists of A3, A14, Al5 and Al8 who were convicted by the Trial Court under Section 302/149 IPC but acquitted by F the High Court. A4 forms the third group whose conviction under Section 302/ 149 IPC by the Trial Court was set aside by the High Court. However, he was convicted under Section 324/ 149 IPC and sentenced for a period of 1 year. 10. PW3, who was an independent witness and was believed by G both the Courts below, gave a vivid description of the incident. He stated that he was a resident of Ottappilavu and that he was acquainted with the deceased Suresh Babu who was residing about I k.m. away from his house. He deposed that he went to Kunnamkulam to purchase H 668 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R.

A medicines for his brother who was unwell. He boarded a stage carriage bus by name Babu bus at Kunnamkulam. The deceased Suresh Babu was travelling in the same bus. He stated that when the bus reached Ottappilavu junction, Al, A2, A4 and AS entered the bus, pulled Sure sh Babu out of the bus and took him to the front side of the bus and attacked B him. He further stated that Al inflicted a stab injury on the back of the left side of the chest of Suresh Babu. The deceased fell down and A 1 inflicted two more stab injuries. When the deceased was struggling to stand up and escape the other accused indiscriminately beat him with a reaper and sticks. He did not alight from the bus and continued his travel and got down at Chalissery junction. He stated that he was questioned C by the police after two days. He identified M.0.1 knife used by Al. PW4 was also an eyewitness to the incident. He stated tl:at A2 to A4, AlO, Al3, Al4, Al5, Al8 and A20 attacked the deceased with sticks and a reaper after Al and A21 inflicted stab injuries on the deceased. He stated that his house is situated 2/3 k.m. from the house of the deceased and that he also attended the funeral of Suresh Babu. He was D cited as a witness in the private complaint filed by PW 12 (appellant). His statement was recorded by the Magistrate under Section 202 Cr. P.C. PW6 was disbelieved by the Trial Court as well as by the High Court. The evidence of PW5 disbelieved by the High Court. The High Court acquitted A3, A 14, A 15 and A 18 of the charges under Section E 302/149 IPC on two grounds. The first ground was that PW3 did not depose about their presence and it was only PW 4 who stated about their involvement. The second ground was that there is no evidence to show that the members of the unlawful assembly had a common object to cause the death of Suresh Babu. Modification of the conviction and sentence of A4 from Section 302/149 IPC to Section 324/149 IPC was F on the ground thatA4 who was a member of the unlawful assembly did not share a common object of causing the death of Suresh Babu along withAl andA21.

11. We are of the opinion that the High Court committed" serious error in not taking into consideration the evidence of PW4. The finding G recorded by the High Court that the evidence of PW 4 can be considered only for the limited purpose of corroboration of evidence of PW3 is unreasonable and perverse. After recording a finding that the evidence of PW 4 cannot be rejected only on the ground that he was not questioned by the police, the High Court proceeded to hold that the evidence of H KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 669 MAJEED & ORS. [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.]

PW 4 can be used only for corroboration of PW3 's evidence. Unlike A PW 5 and PW 6 who were cited as witnesses in the second list of witnesses ·given by the complainant five months after filing of the complaint, PW 4 was named as a witness in the complaint. Further, his statement was recorded by the Magistrate under Section 202 Cr. P.C. There was a consolidated list of witnesses given by the prosecution. The High Court B has not given any reason as to why the evidence of PW4 can be used only for corroboration. On a careful examination of the evidence of PW4 we arc of the considered opinion that the Trial Court was right in relying upon his testimony and the High Court was not correct in holding that it can be used only for corroboration of PW3 's evidence. The finding of the High CourtthatA3,Al4,Al5 andA18 are entitled for acquittal on C the basis that PW3 did not speak about their presence is liable to be set aside as PW4 had categorically mentioned about their involvement.

12. The High Court held that the accused were not aware that the deceased was travelling in the bus and there is no evidence to show that they formed an unlawful assembly with a view to attack and commit D his murder. The High Court referred to the clash between the supporters of°CPI (M) and BJP workers on 10.03.1993. The High Court held that the deceased was attacked due to political rivalry but-there is no evidence to show that the members of the unlawful assembly had a common object to commit his murder. The High Court also found that Al and A2 l alone inflicted stab injuries and the other members of the unlawful E assembly who caused injuries on the non vital parts cannot be said to have shared the common object of causing the death of Suresh Babu. The common object of the unlawful assembly can be gathered from the nature of the assembly, arms used by them and the behaviour of the assembly at or before the sc,ene of occurrence. It is an inference to be F deduced from the fact and circumstances of the case (See Lalji v. State of U.P., (1989) 1 SCC 437 ~8). It is also settled law that the mere presence in the unlawful assembly may vicariously fasten criminal liability under Section 149 IPC (See. State of UP v. Dan Singh (1997) 3 sec 747). G

13. We are not in agreement with the High Court regarding the absence of common object of the A3, A4, Al4, AlS and Al8. The evidence on record shows that the deceased and accused belong to two political parties opposed to each other. There were three other incidents of clashes between the rival groups. The existence of a CPI (M) office H 670 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A at Ottappilavu junction is proved by a sketch of the site of the incident. The accused along with others assembled and were searching for BJP workers travelling in the buses that were passing through the junction. We do not agree with the finding of the High Court that merely because the accused did not plan to murder Suresh Babu (deceased), there.was B no common object. The common object of the members of the unlawful assembly was to attack any BJP supporter who was passing through Ottappilavujunction. Unfortunately, Suresh Babu was in the bus and he was killed in the attack.

14. Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer in Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade v. C State of Maharashtra, (1973) 2 SCC 793 ~ 6 held as follows: "The evil of acquitting a guilty person light heartedly as a learned Author [Glanville Williams in 'Proof of Guilt'.] has sapiently observed, goes much beyond the simple fact that just one guilty person has gone unpunished. If unmerited acquittals become general, they tend to lead to a cynical disregard of the Jaw, and D this in turn leads to a public demand for harsher legal presumptions against indicted "persons" and more severe punishment 0fthose who are found guilty. Thus, too frequent acquittals of the guilty may lead to a ferocious penal law, eventually eroding the judicial protection of the guiltless. For all these reasons it is true to say, E with Viscount Simon, that "a miscarriage of justice may arise from the acquittal of the guilty no Jess than from the conviction of the innocent. ... " In short, our jurisprudential enthusiasm for presumed innocence must be moderated by the pragmatic need :o make criminal justice potent and realistic."

F The point that remains to be considered is whether A3, A4, Al4, Al5 andA18 are liable to be convicted under Section 302/149 IPC. Taking into account the fact that the incident occurred in the year 1993, that they attacked the deceased with sticks causing simple injuries on non-vital parts, their conviction under Section 326/ 149 IPC will meet the ends of justice. The Trial Court convicted A4 under Section 324/149 G IPC and sentenced for imprisonment for 2 years along with his conviction under Section 302/149 IPC. The High Court acquittedA4 under Section 302/149 IPC and reduced the sentence under Section 324/149 IPC to 1 year. A4 was separated fromA3,Al4,Al5 and A IS only on the ground that PW3 spoke about his presence. Otherwise, the role ascribed to A4 H KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 671 MAJEED & ORS.

is t.'i.e same as that ofA3,Al4,Al5 andA18. In the resultA3 Majeed, A A4 DmmeraliasPodi Ummer,Al4Balaji,Al5 Muraleedharan andA18 Hasheem alias Muhammed Hasheem are sentenced to 7 years iru::risonment under Section 3261149 IPC. They shall surrender within 4 weeks to serve the sentence. Criminal Appeal No. 661 of 2006 filed by the complainant against the acquittal of AS Siddik, A6 Asharaf, A7 B Sundaran, AS Rajan, A9 Monutty alias Dharmarajan, AlO Kunh1ppa, All Kunhimon, Al3 Sathyan, Al6 Shaji Alias Kuttamon and Al7 Kurukkal Rassak is dismissed. Criminal Appeal No. 400 of 2006 and 141 of 2007 filed by the complainant and State respectively against the acquittal ofA3 Majeed,A4 Ummer alias Podi Ummer,Al4 Balaji, AlS Muralledharan and A 18 Hasheem alias Muhammed Hasheem are C allowed. S. A. BOBDE, J. 1. I am in complete agreement with my le~rned brother Nageswara Rao J. I would, however, like to deal with one · submission made at the bar in relation to the culpability of an accused participating in an unlawful assembly in general, and that ofA4 Ummer D alias Podi Ummer in particular. It has been argued on behalf of A4 that his mere presence in the unlawful assembly could not be inculpatory since none of the witnesses attributed an overt act to the accused. Such a submission without any concrete evidence enabling the Court to infer that the accused did not in fact harbor the same intention as that of the E unlawful assembly, cannot be accepted.

2. In the first place, the presence of an accused as part of an unlawful assembly, when not as a curious onlooker or a bystander, suggests his participation in the object of the assembly. When the prosecution establishes such presence, then it is the conduct of the accused that would determine whether he continued to participate in the unlawful F assembly with the intention to fulfill the object of the assembly, or not. It could well be that an accused had no intention to participate in the object of the assembly. For example, ifthe object of the assembly is to murder someone, it is possible that the accused as a particular me'mber of the assembly had no knowledge of the intention of the other members G whose object was to murder, unless of course the evidence to the contrary shows such knowledge. But having participated and gone along with the others, an inference whether inculpatory or exculpatory can be drawn from the conduct of such an accused. The following questions arise with regard to the conduct of such an accused:-H 672 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A · I. What was the point of time at which he discovered that the assembly intended to kill the victim? 2. Having discovered that, did he make any attempt to stop the assembly from pursuing the object? 3. If he did, and failed, did he dissociate himself from the B assembly by getting away?

3. The answer to these questions would determine whether an accused shared the common object in the assembly. Without evidence that the accused had no knowledge of the unlawful object of the assembly or without evidence that after having gained knowledge, he attempted to C prevent the assembly from accomplishing the unlawful object, and without evidence that after having failed to do so, the accused disassociated himself from the assembly, the mere participation ofan accused in such an assembly would be inculpatory. 4. In the case of A4, there is no such evidence on record that D having participated in the unlawful assembly which resulted in tb.e death of Suresh Babu, he made any attempt to either stop the incident from taking place, or having found out that he could not prevent it, dissociated himself from the assembly. 5. Therefore, he must be held liable under Section 326/149 of the E Indian Penal Code. Devika Gujral Appeals disposed of.

[2017] 4 S.C.R. 658 A KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. MAJEED & ORS. (Criminal Appeal No.400 of2006 etc.) B MARCH 30, 2017 [S. A. BOBDE AND L. NAGESWARA RAO, JJ.) Penal Code. 1860: s.302 rlw s.149 - Murder - Unlawful C assembly - 21 accused - Death caused by stabbing on account of political rivalry - Conviction by trial court set aside by High C.ourt

- Appeal by complainant against acquittal - Held: PW3 who was an independent witness and was believed by both the lower courts had given a vivid description of incident - PW4 was an eye witness and was believed by trial court - High Court was not coaect in D holding that the evidence of PW4 could be used only for corroboration of PW3 s evidence - PW4 categoricalZv mentioned about involvement of A3, Al4, AJ5 and A18 and, therefore, the finding of the High Court that they were entitled for acquittal on the ground that PW3 did not• speak about their presence is set asideE - The evidence on record showed that the deceased and accused belong to two political parties opposed to each other - The.~e were three other incidents of clashes between the rival groups - On the fateful day, the accused along with others assembled and were searching for rival party workers travelling in the buses that were passing through the junction - The common object of the members F of the unlawful assembly was to attack any rival party supporter -who was passing through the junction - The deceased was iri the bus and he was killed in the attack - Finding of High Co1lrt that merely because the accused did not plan to murder the deceased, there was no common object is not sustainable - As regc.rds the G conviction u/ss.3021149, considering that the incident occurred in the year 1993, and that accused attacked the deceased with sticks causing simple injuries on non-vital parts, their conviction ulss.3261 149 meet the ends ofjustice -A3, A4, A14, Al 5 and AJ8 sentenced to 7 years imprisonment ulss.3261149 -Acquittal of A5 to All, A13, AJ6 ond A17 upheld.

H 658 f KAT~UKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 659 MAJEED & ORS. s.149 - Common object - Presence of an accused as part of A an unlawful assembly, when not as a curious onlooker or a bystander, suggests his participation in the object of the assembly -When the prosecution establishes such presence, then it is the conduct of the accused that determines whether he continued to participate in the unlawful assembly with the intention to fulfill the B object of the assembly, or not - Prosecution is required to determine the point of time at which accused discovered that the assembly intended to kill the victim; having discovered that, if he made any attempt to stop the assembly from pursuing the object; if he did, and failed, did he dissociate himself from the assembZv by getting away - The answer to these questions would determine whether an C accused shared the common object in the assembly - In the in!':tant case, there was no evidence that having participated in the unlawful assembly which resulted in the death oft.he victim, A4 made any attempt to either stop the incident from taking place, or having found out that he could not prevent it, dissociated himself D from the assembly - Therefore, he was liable uls. 3261149. (Per S. A. Bobde, J.) Disposing of the appeals, the Court HELD: Per L. Nageswara Rao, J. E

1. The High Court committed a serious error in not taking into consideration the evidence of PW4. After recording a finding that the evidence of PW4 cannot be rejected only on the ground that he was not questioned by the police, the High Court proceeded to hold that the evidence of PW4 can be used only for F corroboration of PW3's evidence. The said finding was unreasonable and perverse. Unlike PW5 and PW6 who were cited as witnesses in the second list' of witnesses given by· the complainant five months after filing of the complaint, PW4 was named as a witness in the complaint. Further, his statement was recorded by the ·Magistrate under Section 20.2 Cr. P.C. The Trial G Court was right in relying upon testimony of PW4 and the High Court was not correct in holding that it can be used only for corroboration of PW3's evidence. The finding of the High Court that A3, A14, A15 and A18 were entitled for acquittal on the basis that PW3 did not speak about their presence is set aside as PW4 H 660 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A had categorically mentioned about their involvement. [Para 11) (668-G-H; 669-A-C]

2. The High Court held that the deceased was attacked due t;> political rivalry but there is no evidence to show that the members of the unlawful assembly had a common object to ..:ommit B his murder. The High Court also found that Al and A21 alone inflicted stab injuries and the other members of the unlawful assembly who caused injuries on the non vital parts cannot be said to have shared the common object of causing the death of Suresh Babu. The common object of the unlawful assembly can be gathered from the nature of the assembly, arms used by them · C and the behaviour of the assembly at or before the sr.ene of occurrence. It is also settled law that the mere presence in the unlawful assembly may vicariously fasten criminal liability under Section 149 IPC. The evidence on record showed that the deceased and accused belong to two political parties opposed to D each other. There were three other incidents of clashes between the rival groups. The accused along with others assembled and were searching for BJP workers travelling in the buses that were passing through the junction. The finding of the High Court that merely because the accused did not plan to murder the de1:eased, there was no common object is not sustainable. The common E object of the members of the unlawful assembly was to attack any BJP supporter who was passing through Ottappilavu junction. Unfortunately, the deceased was in the bus and he was killed in the attack. [Paras 12, 13) (669-E-F, G-H; 670-A-B)

3. The incident occurred in the year 1993, that they attacked · F the deceased with sticks causing simple injuries on nfJn-vital parts, their conviction under Section 326/149 IPC will meet the. ends of justice. The Trial Court convicted A4 under Section 324/ 149 IPC and sentenced for imprisonment for 2 years along with his conviction under Section 302/149 IPC. The High Court acquitted A4 under Section 302/149 IPC and reduced the sentence G under Section 324/149 IPC to 1 year. A4 was separated from A3, A14, AIS and A18 only on the ground that PW3 spoke al:out his presence. Otherwise, the role ascribed to A4 was the same as that of A3, A14, AIS and Al8. In the result A3, A4, A14, AIS and A18 are sentenced to 7 years imprisonment under Section 326/ H 149 IPC. Criminal Appeal filed by the complainant against the KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 661 MAJEED & ORS. acquittal of AS, A6, A7, AS, A9, AlO, All, Al3, A16 and Al 7 is A dismissed. [Para 14] [670-F-H; 671-A-B] Lalji v. State of U.P. (1989) 1 SCC 437 : [1989] 1 SCR 13Q; State of UP v. Dan Singh (1997) 3 SCC 747 : [1997] 1 SCR 764; Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade v. State of Maharashtra (1973) 2 SCC 793 : [1974] 1 SCR 489 B - relied on. Per S. A. Bobde, J.

1. Plea of A4 was that mere presence of an accused in the unlawful assembly could not be inculpatory in the absence of witnesses attributed an overt act to the accused. Such a plea cannot C be accepted in the absence of concrete evidence enabling the Court to infer that the accused did not in fact harbor the same intention as that of the unlawful assembly. In the first place, the presence of an accused as part of an unlawful assembly, when not as a curious onlooker or a bystander, suggests his participation D in the object of the assembly. When the prosecution establishes such presence, then it is the conduct of the accused that would determine whether he continued to participate in the unlawful assembly with the intention to fulfill the object of the assembly, or not. It could well be that an accused had no intention to participate in the object of the assembly. [Paras 1, 2] (671-D-F] E

2. The questions that arise with regard to the conduct of such an accused are: what was the point of time at which he discovered that the assembly intended to kill the victim; ha_ving discovered that, did he make any attempt to stop the assembly from pursuing the object; if he did, and failed, did he dissodate F himself from the assembly by getting away. The answer to these questions would determine whether an accused shared the common object in the assembly. Without evidence that the accused had no knowledge of the unlawful object of the assembly or without evidence that after having gained knowledge, he G attempted to prevent the assembly from accomplishing the unlawful object, and without evidence that after having failrd to do so, the accused disassociated himself from the assembly, the mere participation of an accused in such an assembly would be inculpatory. In the case of A4, there is no such evidence on record H 662 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A that having participated in the unlawful assembly which resulted in the death of the victim, he made any attempt to either stop the incident from taking place, or having found out that he could not prevent it, dissociated himself from the assembly. Therefore, he must be held liable under Section 326/149 of the Indian Penal B Code. [Paras 2, 3, 4, 5] [671-H; 672-A-E] Case Law Reference [1989] 1 SCR 130 relied on Para 12 [1997] 1 SCR 764 relied on Para 12

c [1974] 1 SCR 489 relied on Para 13 CRIMIN AL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 400of2006. From the Judgment and Order dated 05 .09 .2005 of the High Court ofKerala at Ernakulam in Cr!. A. No. 1207 of2004. D WITH Cr!. A. No. 661 of2006 and Cr!. A. No. 141 of2007. Basant R., Sr. Adv., Raghenth Basant, Kartik Ashok, James E Joseph, Misha! Johari, Senthil Jagadeesan, Ms. Bina Madhavan, Advs. for the Appellants. Siddharth Luthra, Sr. Adv., Deepak Prakash, Anoopam N. Prasad, Ali Chaudhury, Swati Ghildiyal, Kuna! Singh, Subhash Chandran, Ms. Usha Nandini, G. Prakash, Jishnu M. L., Mrs. Priyanka Prakash, F Mrs. Beenu Prakash, Manu Srinath, Ms. Bina Madhavan, Ms. Usha Nandini V, Ad vs. for the Respondents . .. The Judgments of the Court were delivered by L. NAGESWARA RAO, J. I. The Sessions Court, Thrissur G convir,tedAI toA4,Al4,Al5, andA18 under Section 302 read with 149 Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as the '!PC') and sentenced them to imprisonment for life. They were also convicted for offences under Section 143, 147, 148, 341, 342 and 324/149 IPC. AS to Al3, Al6 andA17 were acquitted. Al to A4, Al4, AlS andA18 who were convicted, filed an Appeal before the High Court of Kerala. The H KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 663 MAJEED & ORS. [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.]

Sta;te ofKerala and the complainant (father of the deceased) also filed A appeals against the order of acquittal of AS to Al3, Al6 and Al 7. By way of abundant caution the complainant also filed a Criminal Revision challenging the acquittal of the said accused. The judgment of the Tri~l Court acquitting AS to Al3, Al6 and Al 7 was confirmed by the High Court. Al was convicted under Section 302 and sentenced tO Bimprisonment for life. A2 andA4 were convicted under Section 324/149 IPC and were sentenced to imprisonment of 1 year. A3, Al4, AlS and Al 8 were acquitted. Al filed an appeal before this Court which abated . as he died. The complainant filed an appeal against the acquittal of A2to A4,Al4,AlS andA18. He also filed an appeal challenging the acquittal of AS to Al3, A 16 and A 17. The State ofKerala also assailed the acquittal C of A2 toA4, Al4,AlS andA18 by filing an appeal. It is relevant to take note of the fact that initially 21 persons were named as accused. A2 l abscondtd andA19 andA20 died during the course of trial. Al,A2,AS andA12 died during the pendency of the appeals.

2. The case of the prosecution was that PW-14, a Head Constable D attached to Kunnamkulam Police Station, received a phone call in the evening on 10.03.1993 that there was a fight going on at Ottappilavu centre. He along with two other. police men reached the place of the incident and found a person lying on the road margin on the western side of the road. As he was unconscious and was bleeding due to injuries, he was taken to the Government hospital, Kunnamkulam for treatment in a E police jeep. The Doctor examined him and declared him dead. As the identity of the deceased was not known, PW 14 kept the body in the mortuary, went back to the police station and recorded the details in the General Diary. The First Information Statement of PW-1 Krishnankutty was recorded at 12:00 midnight on 10.03.1993. He stated that there was F a dispute between people belonging to RSS and CPI (Marxist) party in connection with the festival at Korattikara Vishnu Bhagwati Temple. He further stated that at about 08:1S pm on 10.03.1993 when he was walking back home and reached Ottappilavu centre he saw A2 to AS, A 13, A 19 and A2 l along with number ofothers attacking Sure sh Babu. He also stated.that Suresh Babu was stabbed to death by A 13 and others. G On the basis of the First Information Statement FIR No.9S of 1993 was registered at Kunnamkulam Police Station under Section 143, 14 7, 148, 341, 324, 302/149 IPC at 12:00 midnight on 10.03.1993 by PWIS. Inquest was conducted between 9:4S am to 12:4S pm by PWIS. The Assistant H

664 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A Professor of Forensic Medicine at Medical College, Thrissur (PW 13) conducted the autopsy immediately thereafter. The post-mortem certificate referred to 26 injuries on the body of the deceased Suresh Babu and the cause of death was stated as "the deceased died of multiple injuries sustained to chest". The FIR was sent to the B Magistrate in the morning on 11.03.1993.

3. Not satisfied with the investigation, Madhavan (PW 12), the father of the deceased filed a private complaint on 01.04.1994 before the Judicial Magistrate I" Class, Kunnamkulam. He along with 4 other witnesses was examined and process was issued to the accused persons. PW4 Chandran was mentioned as a witness in the complaint. On c 08.09.1994, Madhavan submitted another list of witnesses in which PW5 and PW6 were included. The cases of the prosecution and the private complainant were consolidated. The Sessions Court directed the prosecution to submit a schedule of witnesses which would include the witnesses mentioned in the private complaint also. The consolidated list D of witnesses given by the prosecution included PW4, PW5 and PW6. · 4. After completion of investigation, all the accused were charged for committing offences under Sections 143, 147, 148, 341, 323 and 302/ 149 IPC. As stated earlier Al 9 and A20 died during the course of trial and A21 absconded. The other accused pleaded not guilty and were E tried for the aforementioned offences. There were 16 witnesses examined on behalf of the prosecution and 3 witnesses by the defence. PW! Krishnankutty, who was the informant and PW2 Gopinathan who was an eyewitness turned hostile. Likewise, PW-8 Sulalman, PW9 Ashraf and PW 10 Francis who were attestors to the scene mahazar and seizure of the weapon also turned hostile. PW! I Kuttikrishan who was the driver F of the bus in which the deceased was travelling also turned hostile.

5. The testimony of PW3 was examined in detail by the Trial Court. After considering the submissions on behalf of the defence, the Trial Court held that the evidence of PW3 Subramanian was consistent, cogent and in conformity with the prosecution case. The Trial Court G held that PW 4 was also a credible witness. According to the Trial Court there was no material contradiction brought out in ~e evidence of PW5 Balan who was an eyewitness. PW6 Velayudhan was found to be a doubtful witness and the Trial Court held that it was not safe to rely on his evidence. The Trial Court concluded that there was corroboration to H KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 66S MAJEED & ORS. [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.]

the oral testimony of PW3 to PWS from the medical evidence. The oral A . evidence showed that Al stabbed on the left side of the back of the deceased which corresponds to injury No.24. The other stab injuries inflicted by Al andA21 as mentioned by the eyewitness also correspond · to the stab injuries in Exh.P-11 (post-mortem certificate). Injury No.24 had the depth of 7 .S c.m. caused by knife which entered the left chest B cavity through the s•h intercostal space. It terminated at the upper part of lower lobe of the left lung. The Doctor opined that this injury was sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. The Trial Court held that Al had a definite intention to kill the deceased. Considering the fact that the other accused continued to beat the deceased with sticks even after stabbing by Al andA2 l, the Trial Court held that there. C was a common object of murder on the part of the accused. AS to Al 3, Al6 and Al 7 were acquitted by the Trial Court as there was no evidence against them.Al toA4,Al4,AlS andA18 were convicted under Section 302/149 IPC and sentenced to imprisonment for life. '

6. The appeals filed by the convicted accused, the appeals filed D by the State and the complainant against the acquittal of some accused were taken up along with the Criminal Revision filed by the complainant against the acquittal. The High Court discarded the evidence of PWS and PW6. The High Court held that PW3 is a trustworthy witness and PW4's evidence can be used for corroboration. Placing reliance on the evidence of PW3 andPW4, the High Court upheld the conviction of Al E under Section 302 IPC. The High Court also heldA2 andA4 guilty ofan offence punishable under Section 324/149 IPC by acquitting them of an offence under Section 302/149 IPC. A3, A 14, Al S andA 18 were acquitted for offences under Section 302/149 IPC by the High Court. The acquittal of other accused AS to Al3, Al6 and Al 7 recorded by the Trial Court F was confirmed by the High Court. The High Court referred to the remand report dated 17.03.1993 of the Circle Inspector in which it was recorded that on 10.03.1993 sympathisers of CPI (M) were attacked by the followers of BJP at Ottappilavu. In that incident Moidunny, Ali, Subramannian, Shameer and Kunhikoya sustained serious injuries and crime No.96of1993 in the Kunnamkulam Police Station under Section G 143, 147, 148, 323, 324, 307/149 IPC was registered. There were three other cases which were registered against the sympathisers of CPI (M) for incidents that took place at 06:1S pm on the same day. Taking note of the series of clashes on 10.03.1993, the High Court repelled the submission H

666 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 4 S.C.R. A of the defence about the unexplained delay in filing of the FIR and the delay in the FIR reaching the Magistrate only on the next day. The High Court relying upon the judgments of this Court held that the recovery of weapon not being proved is not fatal to the prosecution case. The submission made on behalf of the accused that PW3 and PW 4 cannot B be believed on the ground that their conduct was contrary to normal human behaviour was also rejected on the ground that there cannot be any straight jacket fmmula for the reaction of a person who had witnessed a criminal act. The High Court relied upon the judgments of this Court in which it was held that human behaviour is unpredictable and there is no set rule of natural reaction. The defence witnesses were disbelieved by C the High Court. All the accused except Al, A2 and A4 were acquitted of all the charges against them on the ground that the prosecuticn was unable to prove the common object of the unlawful assembly for the murder of Suresh Babu.

7. The complainant filed Criminal Appeal No.400 of2006 against D the acquittal of A2 to A4, Al4, Al5 and Al8. He also filed Criminal Appeal No.661 of 2006 assailing the acquittal of A5 to Al3, A 16 and Al 7. The State of Kerala has filed Criminal Appeal No.141 of 2007 challenging the judgment of the High Court by which A2 to A4, Al4, Al5 andA18 were acquitted.Al also approached this Court by filing an Appeal against his conviction under Section 302 IPC. However, the said E appeal abated in view of the death of Al. We have heard Mr.Basant R., learned Senior Counsel for the appellant/ complainant in Criminal Appeal Nos.400 of 2006, Mr. G. Prakash, Advocate for the State of Kerala in Cr!. Appeal No. 141 of2007 and Mr. Siddharth Luthra, learned Senior Counsel for the accused. Mr~ Basant submitted that the complainant F was compelled to file a private complaint in view of the perfunctory investigation into the murder of Suresh Babu. He submitted that there was a consolidation of the prosecution case and the case filed by the complainant under Section 210 Cr.P.C. He further submitted that a consolidated list of witnesses was prepared. According to the learned Senior Counsel, the High Court committed a serious error in eschewing G the evidence of PW5 from consideration: He also stated that the evidence of PW4 should have been relied upon by the High Court instead ofusing it only for corroborating the evidence of PW3. He urged that the High Court erred in holding that the common object of the accused was not proved. He. also argued that admittedly there was a homicide and Al H

KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 667 MAJEED & ORS. [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.) was convicted for causing the death of Suresh Babu. The High Court A also convicted A2 and A4 for offences under Sections 143, 147, 148, 324/149 JPC. He submitted that all the accused are liable for conviction under Section 302/149 IPC especially when A2 andA4 were convicted under Section 143, 147, 148, 324/149 IPC and Al convicted under Section 302 IPC. Mr.G.Prakash, Advocate, appearing for the State of Kerala B adopted the submissions made by Mr. Basant.

8. Mr.Siddharth Luthra, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the accused took us through the evidence of PW4, PWS and PW6 and submitted that they are all interested witnesses who deposed at the instance of the complainant. He submitted that the informant PW 1 and canother eyewitness PW2 turned hostile. He stated that the offence took place on a public road and no independent eyewitnesses were produced by the prosecution to prove the case. He further submitted that apart from PW4 no other witness cited in the private complaint was examined. The partisan and interested testimonies of eye witnesses who belonged to the opposite political party ought not to have been taken into D consideration by the Courts below. He also commented upon the unnatural behaviour of PW3 and PW4 after the incident. Mr. Luthra finally submitted that the appeals against acquittal should not be interfered lightly by this Court. In any event, according to him, when there are two views possible, the accused should be given the benefit. E

9.As stated earlier,Al,A2,A5 andA12 died during the pendency of the appeals before this Court. The remaining accused can be categorised into three groups. The first group consists of AS to Al3, Al6 and Al 7 who were acquitted both by the Trial Court and the High Court. The second group consists of A3, A14, Al5 and Al8 who were convicted by the Trial Court under Section 302/149 IPC but acquitted by F the High Court. A4 forms the third group whose conviction under Section 302/ 149 IPC by the Trial Court was set aside by the High Court. However, he was convicted under Section 324/ 149 IPC and sentenced for a period of 1 year. 10. PW3, who was an independent witness and was believed by G both the Courts below, gave a vivid description of the incident. He stated that he was a resident of Ottappilavu and that he was acquainted with the deceased Suresh Babu who was residing about I k.m. away from his house. He deposed that he went to Kunnamkulam to purchase H 668 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R.

A medicines for his brother who was unwell. He boarded a stage carriage bus by name Babu bus at Kunnamkulam. The deceased Suresh Babu was travelling in the same bus. He stated that when the bus reached Ottappilavu junction, Al, A2, A4 and AS entered the bus, pulled Sure sh Babu out of the bus and took him to the front side of the bus and attacked B him. He further stated that Al inflicted a stab injury on the back of the left side of the chest of Suresh Babu. The deceased fell down and A 1 inflicted two more stab injuries. When the deceased was struggling to stand up and escape the other accused indiscriminately beat him with a reaper and sticks. He did not alight from the bus and continued his travel and got down at Chalissery junction. He stated that he was questioned C by the police after two days. He identified M.0.1 knife used by Al. PW4 was also an eyewitness to the incident. He stated tl:at A2 to A4, AlO, Al3, Al4, Al5, Al8 and A20 attacked the deceased with sticks and a reaper after Al and A21 inflicted stab injuries on the deceased. He stated that his house is situated 2/3 k.m. from the house of the deceased and that he also attended the funeral of Suresh Babu. He was D cited as a witness in the private complaint filed by PW 12 (appellant). His statement was recorded by the Magistrate under Section 202 Cr. P.C. PW6 was disbelieved by the Trial Court as well as by the High Court. The evidence of PW5 disbelieved by the High Court. The High Court acquitted A3, A 14, A 15 and A 18 of the charges under Section E 302/149 IPC on two grounds. The first ground was that PW3 did not depose about their presence and it was only PW 4 who stated about their involvement. The second ground was that there is no evidence to show that the members of the unlawful assembly had a common object to cause the death of Suresh Babu. Modification of the conviction and sentence of A4 from Section 302/149 IPC to Section 324/149 IPC was F on the ground thatA4 who was a member of the unlawful assembly did not share a common object of causing the death of Suresh Babu along withAl andA21.

11. We are of the opinion that the High Court committed" serious error in not taking into consideration the evidence of PW4. The finding G recorded by the High Court that the evidence of PW 4 can be considered only for the limited purpose of corroboration of evidence of PW3 is unreasonable and perverse. After recording a finding that the evidence of PW 4 cannot be rejected only on the ground that he was not questioned by the police, the High Court proceeded to hold that the evidence of H KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 669 MAJEED & ORS. [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.]

PW 4 can be used only for corroboration of PW3 's evidence. Unlike A PW 5 and PW 6 who were cited as witnesses in the second list of witnesses ·given by the complainant five months after filing of the complaint, PW 4 was named as a witness in the complaint. Further, his statement was recorded by the Magistrate under Section 202 Cr. P.C. There was a consolidated list of witnesses given by the prosecution. The High Court B has not given any reason as to why the evidence of PW4 can be used only for corroboration. On a careful examination of the evidence of PW4 we arc of the considered opinion that the Trial Court was right in relying upon his testimony and the High Court was not correct in holding that it can be used only for corroboration of PW3 's evidence. The finding of the High CourtthatA3,Al4,Al5 andA18 are entitled for acquittal on C the basis that PW3 did not speak about their presence is liable to be set aside as PW4 had categorically mentioned about their involvement.

12. The High Court held that the accused were not aware that the deceased was travelling in the bus and there is no evidence to show that they formed an unlawful assembly with a view to attack and commit D his murder. The High Court referred to the clash between the supporters of°CPI (M) and BJP workers on 10.03.1993. The High Court held that the deceased was attacked due to political rivalry but-there is no evidence to show that the members of the unlawful assembly had a common object to commit his murder. The High Court also found that Al and A2 l alone inflicted stab injuries and the other members of the unlawful E assembly who caused injuries on the non vital parts cannot be said to have shared the common object of causing the death of Suresh Babu. The common object of the unlawful assembly can be gathered from the nature of the assembly, arms used by them and the behaviour of the assembly at or before the sc,ene of occurrence. It is an inference to be F deduced from the fact and circumstances of the case (See Lalji v. State of U.P., (1989) 1 SCC 437 ~8). It is also settled law that the mere presence in the unlawful assembly may vicariously fasten criminal liability under Section 149 IPC (See. State of UP v. Dan Singh (1997) 3 sec 747). G

13. We are not in agreement with the High Court regarding the absence of common object of the A3, A4, Al4, AlS and Al8. The evidence on record shows that the deceased and accused belong to two political parties opposed to each other. There were three other incidents of clashes between the rival groups. The existence of a CPI (M) office H 670 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A at Ottappilavu junction is proved by a sketch of the site of the incident. The accused along with others assembled and were searching for BJP workers travelling in the buses that were passing through the junction. We do not agree with the finding of the High Court that merely because the accused did not plan to murder Suresh Babu (deceased), there.was B no common object. The common object of the members of the unlawful assembly was to attack any BJP supporter who was passing through Ottappilavujunction. Unfortunately, Suresh Babu was in the bus and he was killed in the attack.

14. Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer in Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade v. C State of Maharashtra, (1973) 2 SCC 793 ~ 6 held as follows: "The evil of acquitting a guilty person light heartedly as a learned Author [Glanville Williams in 'Proof of Guilt'.] has sapiently observed, goes much beyond the simple fact that just one guilty person has gone unpunished. If unmerited acquittals become general, they tend to lead to a cynical disregard of the Jaw, and D this in turn leads to a public demand for harsher legal presumptions against indicted "persons" and more severe punishment 0fthose who are found guilty. Thus, too frequent acquittals of the guilty may lead to a ferocious penal law, eventually eroding the judicial protection of the guiltless. For all these reasons it is true to say, E with Viscount Simon, that "a miscarriage of justice may arise from the acquittal of the guilty no Jess than from the conviction of the innocent. ... " In short, our jurisprudential enthusiasm for presumed innocence must be moderated by the pragmatic need :o make criminal justice potent and realistic."

F The point that remains to be considered is whether A3, A4, Al4, Al5 andA18 are liable to be convicted under Section 302/149 IPC. Taking into account the fact that the incident occurred in the year 1993, that they attacked the deceased with sticks causing simple injuries on non-vital parts, their conviction under Section 326/ 149 IPC will meet the ends of justice. The Trial Court convicted A4 under Section 324/149 G IPC and sentenced for imprisonment for 2 years along with his conviction under Section 302/149 IPC. The High Court acquittedA4 under Section 302/149 IPC and reduced the sentence under Section 324/149 IPC to 1 year. A4 was separated fromA3,Al4,Al5 and A IS only on the ground that PW3 spoke about his presence. Otherwise, the role ascribed to A4 H KATTUKULANGARA MADHAVAN (DEAD) THR. LRS. v. 671 MAJEED & ORS.

is t.'i.e same as that ofA3,Al4,Al5 andA18. In the resultA3 Majeed, A A4 DmmeraliasPodi Ummer,Al4Balaji,Al5 Muraleedharan andA18 Hasheem alias Muhammed Hasheem are sentenced to 7 years iru::risonment under Section 3261149 IPC. They shall surrender within 4 weeks to serve the sentence. Criminal Appeal No. 661 of 2006 filed by the complainant against the acquittal of AS Siddik, A6 Asharaf, A7 B Sundaran, AS Rajan, A9 Monutty alias Dharmarajan, AlO Kunh1ppa, All Kunhimon, Al3 Sathyan, Al6 Shaji Alias Kuttamon and Al7 Kurukkal Rassak is dismissed. Criminal Appeal No. 400 of 2006 and 141 of 2007 filed by the complainant and State respectively against the acquittal ofA3 Majeed,A4 Ummer alias Podi Ummer,Al4 Balaji, AlS Muralledharan and A 18 Hasheem alias Muhammed Hasheem are C allowed. S. A. BOBDE, J. 1. I am in complete agreement with my le~rned brother Nageswara Rao J. I would, however, like to deal with one · submission made at the bar in relation to the culpability of an accused participating in an unlawful assembly in general, and that ofA4 Ummer D alias Podi Ummer in particular. It has been argued on behalf of A4 that his mere presence in the unlawful assembly could not be inculpatory since none of the witnesses attributed an overt act to the accused. Such a submission without any concrete evidence enabling the Court to infer that the accused did not in fact harbor the same intention as that of the E unlawful assembly, cannot be accepted.

2. In the first place, the presence of an accused as part of an unlawful assembly, when not as a curious onlooker or a bystander, suggests his participation in the object of the assembly. When the prosecution establishes such presence, then it is the conduct of the accused that would determine whether he continued to participate in the unlawful F assembly with the intention to fulfill the object of the assembly, or not. It could well be that an accused had no intention to participate in the object of the assembly. For example, ifthe object of the assembly is to murder someone, it is possible that the accused as a particular me'mber of the assembly had no knowledge of the intention of the other members G whose object was to murder, unless of course the evidence to the contrary shows such knowledge. But having participated and gone along with the others, an inference whether inculpatory or exculpatory can be drawn from the conduct of such an accused. The following questions arise with regard to the conduct of such an accused:-H 672 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 4 S.C.R. A · I. What was the point of time at which he discovered that the assembly intended to kill the victim? 2. Having discovered that, did he make any attempt to stop the assembly from pursuing the object? 3. If he did, and failed, did he dissociate himself from the B assembly by getting away?

3. The answer to these questions would determine whether an accused shared the common object in the assembly. Without evidence that the accused had no knowledge of the unlawful object of the assembly or without evidence that after having gained knowledge, he attempted to C prevent the assembly from accomplishing the unlawful object, and without evidence that after having failed to do so, the accused disassociated himself from the assembly, the mere participation ofan accused in such an assembly would be inculpatory. 4. In the case of A4, there is no such evidence on record that D having participated in the unlawful assembly which resulted in tb.e death of Suresh Babu, he made any attempt to either stop the incident from taking place, or having found out that he could not prevent it, dissociated himself from the assembly. 5. Therefore, he must be held liable under Section 326/149 of the E Indian Penal Code. Devika Gujral Appeals disposed of.