[2017] 12 S.C.R. 724 A FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES & ORS. v. UNION OF INDIA & ANR. (Transferred Case (Civil) No. 43 of2016) B OCTOBER 13, 2017 [MADAN B. LOKUR, SANJAY KISHAN KAUL AND DEEPAK GUPTA, JJ.] Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957:

c s.98 and l 3(qqa) - Establishment of District Mineral Foundation (DMF) provided by Ordinance dated 12.1.2015 - On direction by Central Government the States established DMFs on different dates - By Notification dated 17.09.2015, Ministry of Mines promulgated Contribution Rules which were deemed to have come into force on 12.1.2015 - By Notification dated 20.10.2015 MinistryD of Coal promulgated Contribution Rules in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing, which were deemed to have come into force on the date of their publication - Both the Notifications provided payment to DMF an amount at the rate of 10% of the royalty in respect of mining leases granted on or after date of their enforcement E and at the rate of 30% in respect of leases granted before the date of their enforcement - Ministry of Coal by further Notification dated 31.8.2015 provided that paynu:nt under Notification dated 20.10.2015 shall be made to DMF ll~ef 12.1.2015 - Validity of the Notifications challenged - Held: Mere(v because DMFs have been established or deemed to have been established from a date priorF to issuance of relevant notifications, does not make their operation retrospective - The establishment of the D}v!Fs even if assumed to be retrospective does not prejudicially affect anyones vested rights

- Delegated legislation is ordinarily prospective and a right or liability created for the first time cannot be given retrospective effect G - Provisions of the Act do not give power to the State Government or the Central Government to make rules with retrospective effect -It is not obligatory to declare any not(fication ultra vires' the rule making power of the State, if its validity can be saved without doing violence to the law - In the present case, it is not obligat0ty to H declare the notifications ultra vires the rule making power of the 724 FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 725 OF INDIA Slate Government to the extent of their establishing the DMF with A retrospective effect - The court can save their validity by reading them as operational from the date of their publication - The contributions to the DMF cannot be insisted upon w.e.f 12.1.2015

- Co11trib11tions to the DMF. in the case of minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing are required to be made w.e.f 17.9.2015 B- Contributions to the DMF in the case of coal, lignite and sand for stowing are required to be made w.e.f 20.10.2015 when the rates were prescribed by the Central Government o!" w.e.f the date on which the DMF was established by the State Government by a notification, whichever is later - The notification dated 31.8.2016 being retroactive substitution is ultra vircs the rule making power of C the Central Government under the MMDR Act and hence invalid -Mines and A1inerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015.

Disposing of the transferred cases/petitions, the Court HELD: 1.1 The notifications establishing the District D Mineral Foundation (DMF) in the States were issued pursuant to the provisions of Section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. The intention of Parliament appears to have been for the State Governments to establish the DMF with effect from 12•h January, 2015 since its E object is to work for the interest and benefit of persons and areas affected by mining related operations. The object being the welfare of those adversely affected by mining operations, the DMFs ought to have been established on 12•h January, 2015. However, every State Government took it easy compelling the Central FGovernment to issue a direction u/s. 20A of the MMDR Act on 1611' September, 2015 requiring the State Governments to issue a notification that the DMF shall be deemed to have come into existcn.ce with effect from the 12•h January, 2015. [Para 18)(742-C-E] A. Thangal K11nj11 Musaliar v. M Venkitachalam Patti G [1955] 2 SCR 1196; Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) - 1 v. Vatika Township Private Limited (2015) I sec I : [2014] 12 SCR 1037 - followed. 1.2 Even assuming that since the DMFs were established H 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R.

, A from a date anterior to the date of the notification, and, therefore they were established' with retrospective effect, their , establishment did not adversely affect anybody's vested rights. Therefore, there can be no real objection to the operation of the notifications from 12'h January, 2015. The DMFs were not B ,established from a date prior to 12•h January, 2015 and to that extent cannot be said to have been established with retrospective effect. [Para 191(742-F-G] 1.3 The Central Government or the State Government (or any other authority) cannot make a subordinate legislation having c retrospective effect unless the parent statute, expressly or by necessary implication, authorizes it to do so. Delegated legislation is ordinarily prospective in nature and a right or a liability created for the first time cannot be given retrospective effect. As regards a subordinate legislation concerning a fiscal statute, it would not be pro,per to hold that in the absence of an express provision a D delegated authority can impose a tax or a fee. There is no scope or any room for intendment in respect of a compulsory exaction from a citizen. [Para 211(743-C, D, El Hukum Chand v. Union of India (1972) 2 SCC 601 : [1973] 1 SCR 896; Mahabir Vegetable Oils (P) Ltd. v.

E State of Haryana (2006) 3 SCC 620 : [2006] 2 SCR 1172; Panchi Devi v. State of Rajasthan (2009) 2 SCC 589 : [2008] 17 SCR 1325; Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority v. Sharadkumar Jayantikumar Pasawalla (1992) 3 SCC 285 : [1992) 3 SCR 328; State of Rajashtan v. Basant Agrotech (India) Limited (2013) F 15 sec 1 : [2013) 11 SCR 395 - relied on. 1.4 Section 15 of the MMDR Act empowers the State Government to make rules for regulating the grant of quarry leases, mining leases or other mim~ral concessibns in respect of minor minerals and for purposes connected therewith. Under G t~e provisions of the MMDR Act, no State Government has the power to frame a rule with retrospective effect or to create a deeming fiction, either specifically or by necessary intendment. Similarly, Section 13 of the MMDR Act does not confer any specific power on the Central Government to frame any rule with H retrospective effect. Section 9B(5) and (6) read with clause (qqa) FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 727 OF INDIA

inserted in Section 13(2) of the MMDR Act enable the Central A Government to make rules to provide for the amount of payment to be made to the DMF established by the State Government under Section 9B(l) of the MMDR Act. None of these provisions confer any power on the Central Government to require the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lc.asc to Bcontribute to the DMF with retrospective effect. Therefore, even the scope and extent of the rule making power of the Central Government is limited. Therefore, the notifications issued by the State Governments must be understood to mean (assuming the DMF could not be established with effect from 12'h January, 2015 by a notification issued on a later date) that the DMF was C established on the date of publication of each notification. (Paras 23, 24 and 25][744-B-D, G] 1.5 It is not obligatory to declare any notification ultra vires the rule making power of the State Government if its validity can be saved without doing violence to the law. In the present cases, D it is not obligatory to declare the notifications 11/tra vires the rule making power of the State Governments to the extent of their establishing the DMF from a retrospective date, since the Court can save their validity by reading them as operational from the date of their publication. In any event, no prayer was made before the Court for striking down the establishment of the DMF as . E such. (Para 25] [744-H; 745-A-B]

2. Specification of the rate of tax (or any compulsory levy for that matter) is an essential component of the tax regime. Specifying the maximum amount of compensation to be paid to the DMF in terms of Section 9B of the MMDR Act, being an F amount not exceeding one-third of the royalty, docs not specify the requirements of law. What is required by the law is certainty and not vagueness - not exceeding one-third could. mean onc-fourth or one-fifth or some other fraction. It is this uncertainty that is objectionable. Therefore, the petitioners are not liable to G make any contribution to the DMF from l21hJanuary, 2015. (Paras 32, 33][747-D-F] Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) - I v. Vatika Township Private Limited (2015) 1 SCC 1 : (2014] 12 SCR 1037 - followed. H 728. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A Mis Govind Saran Ganga Saran v. Commissioner of Sales Tax (1985) Suppl. SCC 205 : (1985] SCR 985 -referred to. Principles of Statutory Interpretation by Justice GP. Singh 1411' edition revised by Justice A.K. Patnaik, B former Judge, Supreme Court of India - referred to.

3.1 The object of the DMF is "to work for the interest and benefit of persons, and areas affected by mining related operations". The purpose of Section 9B of the MMDR Act and the object of the DMF are in furtherance of the cause of social c justice for those affected by the mining related operations -including tribals who may be dislocated or displaced from their . habitat. To deny them a benefit that is rightfully theirs only because the State Government has been lax in establishing the DMF would be doing injustice to them. Additionally, Section 9B of the MMDR Act creates a liability and only the quantum of the liability remained D to be determined. That determination came on the issuance of the notification of 17'h September, 2015. The fact that it would take time (even more than a year as in the case of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh) for the benefit to reach the affected persons cannot detract from the liability of the petitioners to contribute E nor does it absolve them of their liability to pay the contribution. Therefore, the effective date of payment of contribution to the DMF in the case of those petitioners who are (or were) holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease for minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing would be 17'" September, 2015. [Paras 37, 38 and 41][748-D-G; 749-D) F A. Prabhakara Reddy v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2016) 1 sec 600 - relied on.

3.2 The position with regard to contribution to the DMF by the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining G lease for coal, lignite and sand for stowing is quite different from the situation of the other holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease. The notification of 201h October, 2015 provides that the contribution, though payable, shall be paid only from the date of the notification (20'" October, 2015) or from the date of establishment of the DMF in the concerned State, H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 729 OF INDIA whichever is later. Therefore, only Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and A Telangana would be entitled to the contribution from holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease from 20'h October, 2015 since their DMF was established much earlier. As far as all other States are concerned, the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease could claim to B postpone payment to the DMF till it was established, as per the notification issued by the State Government. [Para 421(749-E-GJ

3.3 It is true that many notifications establishing the DMF provided the date of establishment as 12'h January, 2015. Since the rule making power of the Central Government and the State Government under the MMDR Act docs not permit retrospective C operation of subordinate legislation, the Contribution Rules also do not have retrospective operation by necessary implication . .Furthermore, the rate at which the contribution was to be paid, came to be notified only on 20'h October, 2015. Therefore, it cannot be said that the contribution should be paid by the holders D of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease with effect from l21h January, 2015. [Para 43)(750-A-CJ 3.4 The subsequent notification dated 31'' August, 2016 which substituted paragraph 3 in the notification of 20'h October, 2015 with the requirement that the contribution "shall be paid E with effect from the 12'h January, 2015", being a retroactive substitution, is ultra vires the rule making power of the Central Government. The notification dated 31'' August, 2016 is clearly beyond the rule making power of the Central Government. Therefore, in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing, the Fholder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease shall pay the contribution to the DMF from 201h October, 2015 or the date of establishing the DMF, whichever is later. [Para 44] [750-D-E)

4. Section 9B of the MMDR Act cannot be said to be a conditional legislation. Section 9B of the MMDR Act delegates G power to the State Governments to establish the DMF without any pre-condition. Similarly, it delegates power to the Central Government to prescribe the rate at which the contribution should be made to the DMF. This again is without any pre-condition. [Para 45][750-F] H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A Case Law Reference [1955) 2 SCR 1196 followed ·Para 16 [1973) 1 SCR 896 relied on Para 21 [2006] 2 SCR 1172 relied on Para 21 B · [2008] 17 SCR 1325 relied on Para 21 [1992) 3 SCR 328 relied on Para 21 [2013) 17 SCR 395 relied on Para 21 [2014) 12 SCR 1037 followed Para 22 c [1985] SCR 985 referred to Para 27 (2016) 1 sec 600 relied on Para 39 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Transferred Case (Civil) ,.. No.43 of2016. D Under Article 139-A ofthe Constitution of India. WITH W.P. (C) No. 989 of2016, T.C. (C) No.1003 of2016, W.P. (C) No.1014 of2016, W.P. (C) No.1028 of2016, T. P. (C) Nos. 74-76 of E 2016, W.P. (C) No.67 of2017, W.P. (C)No.69 of2017, W.P. (C)No.205 . of2017, W.P. (C) No. 201 of2017, S.L.P. (C) No.12099 of2017, S.L.P. (C) No.12184-12185 of2017, S.L.P. (C) No.14693 of2017, S.L.P. (C) No.16885 of2017, W.P. (C) No.886 of2016, W.P. (C) No. 912 of2016, W.P. (C) No. 27 of2017.and W.P. (C) No. 112 of2017.

F Maninder Singh, A.N.S. Nadkarnani, ASGs, M. L. Sharma, Dr. AbhishekManu Singhvi, DhruvMchta, SubramoniumPrasad,Arvind Datar, K. V. Vishwanthan, C. L. Pandey, A. K. Panda, Jagdeep Dhankhar, Prashanto Chandra. Sen, Sr. Advs., Manish Kumar Saran, Rekha Bankar, Sunil Dogra, Vivek Vishnoi, Abhishek Sharma, Pallav Mongia, Gagan Sanghi, Rameshwar Prasad Goyal, Priya Puri, Sharad G Puri, Vaibhav Srivastav, Ranjay Kr. Dubey, Swatantra Rai, Devashish Bharuka, Ravi Bharuka, Justine George, Himanjali Gautam, Ms. Vanita Bhargava (For E.C. Agrawala and For Mis Khaitan & Co.), Praveen Kumar, Ms. Babita Pant, Asccm Chaturvedi, Sarangan Arvindkasan {For · Mis Khaitan & Co.), Aakash Bajaj, Gaurav Juneja, Sanjeev K. Kapoor (For Mis Khaitan & Co.), Sushmit Pushkar, Akshay Sapre, Abhijcet H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 731 OF INDIA

Swaroop, Ms. Esha Sandhu, Sachin Mittal, Ms. Ananya Pandey, R. A Balasubramanian, Prabhas Bajaj, S.A. Haseeb, Vibhu Shankar Mishra, Gurmeet Singh Makker, Merusagar Samantaray, Ms. Viddusshi, Ms. Lhinghveivah, M. K. Maroria, Kuldeep Chmihan,R K. Rathore, Akshay Amritanshu, Ms. Aarti Sharma, Deepak Goel, Ms. Supriya, Vaibhav Agnihotri, Gp. Capt. Karan Singh BHati, Hemendra Sharma, Kuna! A. B Cheema, Nishant R. Katneshwarkar, Ms. Hemantika Wahi, Ms. Jesal Wahi, Ms. Puja Singh, Shodhika Sharma, Atul Jha, Sandeep Jha, Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, Ms. Prachi Mishra, C. D. Singh, Ms. Sakshi Kakkar, Gaurav Shukla, Chaitanya, Ms. Pragya Garg, Suneet Padhi, Mishra Saurabh, Ms. Vanshaja Shukla,Anupam Lal Das,Anirudh Singh, Krishanu Barua, P. S. Sudheer, Rishi Maheshwari, Ms. Sanah Batta, c Abhinav Goyal, Saurabh Jain, Gautam Singh, Kaushik Poddar, Anip Sachthey, Anjali Chauhan, Ms. Ria Sachthey, U. A. Rana, Himanshu Mehta, Avirat Kumar (Mis Gagrat& Co.), Anuj Tyagi, Ms. Sugandha Khaitan, Ms. Mai try Kakade, Anshurnan Shri vastava, B. Ramana Murthy (For Anantha Narayana), Advs. for the appearing parties. D

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MADAN B. LOKUR, J. I. This batch of petitions (including transfer cascstpetitions) relate to the establishment ofthc District Mineral Foundation under the Miries and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 and the.contribution required to be made to the District Mineral E Foundation by the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining _lease in addition to the payment of royalty. Ordinance of l21h January, 2015 2. On l 21h January, 2015 the President promulgated an Ordinance making several amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development F and Regulation) Act, 1957 (for short 'the MMDR Act'). We are concerned with only a few of these amendments which are detailed below: (i) Section 9 of the Ordinance inserted Section 9B in the MMDR Act. This section provides that the State Government shall establish G a non-profit trust called the District Mineral Foundation (for short 'the DMF') in any district affected by mining operations. The DMF shall have the object of working for the interest and benefit of persons and areas affected by mining related operations. H 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R.

A What is of significance is that this provision requires the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease, in addition to payment of royalty, to pay to the DMF concerned an amount equivalent to a percentage of royalty not exceeding one-third thereof, as may be prescribed by the Central Government. Section 9B of the MMDRAct, as inserted by the Ordinance, reads as follows: B "9B. District Mineral Foundation - (l) In any district affected by mining related operations, the State Government shall, by notification, establish a trust, as a non-profit body, to be called the District Mineral Foundation. (2) The object of the District Mineral Foundation shall be to c work for the interest and benefit of persons, and areas affected by mining related operations in such manner as may be prescribed by the State Government. (3) The composition and functions of the District Mineral Foundation shall be such as may be prescribed by the State D Government. (4) The holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations are carried on, an amount which is equivalent to E such percentage of the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule, not exceeding one-third of such royalty, as may be prescribed by the Central Government."

(ii) Section 14 of the Ordinance inserted sub-clause ( qqa) in Section 13(2) of the MMDR Act relating to the power of the Central F Government to make rules in respect of minerals. Clause (qqa) as inserted in the MMDR Act reads as follows: "(qqa) the amount of payment to be made to the District Mineral Foundation under sub-section (4) of section 9B;" G (iii) Section 15 of the Ordinance inserted sub-section (4) in Section 15 of the MMDR Act relating to the power of the State Governments to make mies in respect of minor minerals. Sub-section ( 4) as inserted in Section 15 of the MMDR Act reads as follows: H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 733 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] "15. Amendment of section 15. - In section 15 of the principal A Act, after sub-section (3), the following sub-section shall be. inserted, namely:- "(4) Without prejudice to sub-sections (I), (2) and sub-section (3), the State Government may, by notification, make rules for regulating the provisions of this Act for the following, namely:- B (a) the manner in which the District Mineral Foundation shall work for the interest and benefit of persons and areas affected by mining under sub-section (2) of section 9B; (b) the composition and functions of the District Mineral Foundation under sub-section (3) of section 9B; and c (c) the amount of payment to be made to the District Mineral Foundation by concession-holders of minor minerals under section ! SA."

(iv) Section 18 of the Ordinance inserted Section 20A in the D MMDRAct relating to the power of the Central Government to issue directions. It is not necessary to reproduce the provisions of Section 20A of the MMDR Act except to say that the section enables the Central Government to issue appropriate directions to the State Governments for the conservation of mineral resources, or on any policy matter in the national interest, and for the scientific E and sustainable development and exploitation of mineral resow·ces. Amendments to the MMDR Act 3. On 27' 11 March,2015 the Ordinance was replaced by the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015 with Feffect from 12'" January, 2015. However, Section 9B and Section 13(2) clause (qqa) were further amended and they now read as follows: · "9B. District Mineral Foundation. - ( 1) In any district affected by mining related operations, the State Government shall, by notification, establish a trust, as a non-profit body, to be called the District Mineral Foundation. G (2) The object of the District Mineral Foundation shall be to work for the interest and benefit of persons, and areas affected by mining related operations in such manner as may be prescribed by the State Government. H 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R. A (3) The composition and functions of the District Mineral · Foundation shall be such as may be prescribed by the State Government.

(4) The State Government while making rules under sub-sections (2) and (3) shall be guided by the provisions contained in article B 244 read with Fifth and Sixth Schedules to the Constitution relating to administration of the Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas and the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 and the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006. (5) The holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after the date of commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations arc carried on, an amount which is equivalent to such D percentage of the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule, not exceeding one-third of such royalty, as may be prescribed by the Central Government.

(6) The holder of a mining lease granted before the date of commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and E Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations are carried on, an amount not exceeding the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule in sucl,i manner and subject to the categorisation of the mining leases and the amounts payable by the various categories of lease holders, as may be F prescribed by the Central Government." "(qqa) the amount of payment to be made to the District Mineral Foundation under sub-sections (5) and (6) of section 9B." . 4. Very broadly, the MMDR Act required the State Government G to establish a District Mineral Foundation and the Central Government was required to prescribe the rate of contribution to the DMF, provided the contribution did not.exceed one-third of the royalty payable by the holder .of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease. H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION . 735 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] Notifications issued A

5. On 16'h September, 2015 the Central Government, in exercise of its power under Section 20A of the MMDR Act issued a direction to all the State Governments that the notification establishing the DMF · shall state that the DMF shall be deemed to have come into existence with effect from 12'h January, 2015. The direction dated 16'h September, B 2015 reads as follows: "No. 16/7/2015 -M.VI (Part) Government oflndia Ministry of Mines c New Delhi, Shastri Bhawan Dated the 16' 11 September, 2015 ORDER WHEREAS in terms of the provisions of sub-section ( 1) of section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) D (MMDR) Act, 1957 (67of1957), the State Governments shall,. by notification, establish a District Mineral Foundation in every district in the country.affected by mining related operations. AND WHEREAS the said provision is deemed to have come into force on the 12'h day of January, 2015. E NOW THEREFORE, the Central. Government in exercise of the powers conferred under section 20A of the MMDR Act, 1957, in the national interest hereby directs the concerned State Governments that the notification establishing the District Mineral Foundations shall state that such District Mineral Foundations shall F be deemed to have come into existence with effect from the 12'h day ofJanuary, 2015. (R Sridharan) Additi?nal Secretary to the Government oflndia"

6. It is not necessary for us to examine the validity of the direction G except to note that pursuant thereto, several State Governments did establish a DMF as per the table below: H 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A Date of Notification and Establishment ofDMF &ate Date of Nitification DateofFstablishmcnt I Andina Praresh 14.3.2016 14.3.2.016 2 Chhattisgarh 22.12.2.015 12.1.2015 3 Goa 15.1.2016 12.1.2.015 B 4 Harvana 17.11.2.016 121.2015 5 Jharkffind 22.3.2016 12.1.2015 6 Kamataka 11.1.2016 12.1.2015 7 Mtclhva Pradesh 15.5.2015 15.5.2015 8 Maharashtra l.9.2016 16.9.2015 c 9 Odis ha 18.8.2015 18.8.2015 10 Rajasthan 31.5.2016 12.1.2015 11 Tamil Nachl 19.5.2017 19.5.2.017 12 Telaill!ana 21.8.2015 21.8.2015 13 Uttar Pradesh 25.4.2017 12.1.2015 D 14 W:stBawal 3.3.2016 3.3.2016 7. On J7 1h September, 2015 the Ministry of Mines issued a notification promulgating the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District ·Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015. 1 In terms of the notification, the E Contribution Rules were deemed to have come into force on 121h January, 2015. Paragraph 2 of the notification provides, inter alia, for payment to the DMF an amount of 10% of the royalty payable by the holder of a mining lease or prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after 12'h January, 2015 and 30% of the royalty payable in respect of mining leases granted before I 2'h January, 2015.

F 8. Since the administration of MMDR Act with the Ministry of Mines is limited to minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing, it is assumed that the notification did not relate to these three minerals. 9. The notification dated 17th September, 2015 reads as follows: G "MINISTRY OF MINES NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 17'h September, 2015 ' The administration of the MMDR Act is with the Ministry of Mines for minerals H other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 737 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] GS.R. 715(E).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub- A sections (5) and (6) of Section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67 of 1957), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules specifying the amount to be paid by holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease, in addition to the royalty, to the District B Mineral Foundation of the district established by the concerned State Government by notification, in which the mining operations are carried on, namely:- 1. Short title and commencement.-(!) These rules may be called as the Mines a.nd Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015. C (2) These rules shall be deemed to have come into force on the 12'h day of January, 2015. •

2. Amount of contribution to be made to District Mineral Foundation.-Every holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to D the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations are carried on, an amount at the rate of - · (a) ten per cent of the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67of1957) (herein referred to as the said Act) in respect E of mining leases or, as the case may be, prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after 12'11January, 2015; and (b) thirty per cent of the royalty paid in term of the Second Schedule to the said Act in respect of mining leases granted before 121h January, 2015." F 10. On 20th October, 2015 the Ministry of Coal issued a notification promulgating the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015.2 The Contribution Rules are deemed to have come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. These rules pertain to payment to the DMF at the same rate and on the Gsame terms as mentioned in the notification dated 17'11 September, 2015. The subject notification, having been issued by the Ministry of Coal, specifically mentioned that the rules were in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing. 2 The administration of the MMDR Act is with the Ministry of Coal for coal, lignite ~~~b~~ H

738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A 11. What is of significance in the notification dated 201hOctober, 2015 is paragraph 3 thereof. This provides that the amount payable to the DMF shall be paid from the date of the notification issued under Section 9B( 1) of the MMDR Act by the State Government establishing the DMF or the date of coming into force of the Contribution Rules, whichever is later. The notification dated 20'" October, 2015 reads as B follows: "MINISTRY OF COAL NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 20'h October, 2015 c GS.R. 792(E).-ln exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (5) and (6) of Section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67of1957), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules in r/o of coal and lignite and sand for stowing specifying the amount to be paid by D holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease, in addition to the royalty, to the District Mineral Foundation of the district established by the concerned State Government by notification, in which the mining operation are carried on, namely:- 1. Short title and commencement.-{ 1) These rules may be E called as the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015. (2) These rules shall be deemed to have come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.

2. Amount of contribution to be made to District Mineral F Foundation.-,-Every holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease in respect of coal and lignite and sand for stowing shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operation are carried on, an amount at the rate of:-G. (a) ten per cent of the royalty paid in term of the second schedule to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 ( 67of1957) (herein referred to as the said Act) in respect of mining lease or, as the case may be, prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after 12'hJanuary, 2015; and H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 739 OF INDIA [MADAN B.LOKUR, J.] (b) thirty per cent of the royalty paid in term of the Second A Schedule to the said Act in respect of mining lease granted before 12'h January, 2015. 3. Date from which contribution to be made.-The amount calculated at the rate prescribed in rule 2 shall be paid from the date of notification issued under Section 9B( 1) of the Act by the B State Government establishing District Mineral Foundation or the date of coming into force of these rules, whichever is later."

12. The Ministry of Coal issued another notification on 31 ''August, 2016 substituting paragraph 3 of the notification dated 20'h October, 2015. The substituted paragraph provided that payment under the notification C dated 2o•h October, 2015 shall be made to the DMF with effect from 12'h January, 2015. The notification dated 31 ''August, 2016 reads as follows: "MINISTRY OF COAL D NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 31" August, 2016 GS.R. 837(E).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (5) and (6) of section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, (67of1957), the Central E Government hereby makes the following rules in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing, to amend the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015, namely:-!. These rules may be called as the Mines and Minerals F (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) (Amendment) Rules, 2016. In the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015, for r11le 3, the following rule shall be substituted, namely:- G . ' "3. Date from which contribution to be made. - The amount calculated at the rate specified in rule 2 shall be paid with effect from the 12'h January, 2015." Questions raised by the petitioJlers H 740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R.

A 13. On the basis of these notifications, the questions raised by learned counsel for the petitioners are: Firstly, whether the DMFs could be established with effect from 12'h January, 2015? Secondly, whether contributions to the DMFs were required to be made by the petitioners at the rate mentioned in both sets of Contribution Rules with effect from 12d• January, 2015? The validity of the notifications was challenged or B was under challenge to this extent depending on their interpretation and their impact and effect. (i) The first question 14. In terms of sub-section (1) of Section 9B the State Government c is required to establish a trust as a non-profit body and that trust would be called the District Mineral Foundation. For establishing the trust the State Government is required to issue a notification. It is entirely for the State Government to decide the date from which to set up the trust. The Central Government has no role to play in this, although a direction was issued by the Central Government to the State Governments to establish D a trust with effec~ from 12th January, 2015. But be that as it may, the State Governments did issue a notification establishing the DMF - some with effect from 12'h January, 2015 and some with effect from the date of the notification establishing the DMF. 15. The submission of learned counsel for the petitioners is that E the DMF could not have been established from a retrospective date prior to the date of the notification.

16. To answer this issue, it is necessary to first ofall decide whether the DMF has in fact been established retrospectively. The learned Additional Solicitor Genernl submitted that the DMFs were not established with retrospective effect. His contention was that under Section 98 of F the MMDR Act the DMF could be established with effect from 12'" January, 2015 or any date thereafter. Some States chose to issue a notification establishing the DMF from an anterior date (12'" January, 2015) while some others did not, notwithstanding the direction of the Central Government. According to the learned Additional Solicitor G General establishing the DMF from a date anterior to the date of the notification did not mean that the DMF was established with retrospective, effect. He relied on a decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in A .. Tltangal Kunju .Musa liar v. M. Venkitachalam Potti3 in support of his contention. 3 (l955)2SCR 1196 H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 741 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

17. Musaliar advances the case of the Iearned Additional Solicitor A General. The Constitution Bench acknowledged that the general law is that a statute comes into force on the day it received the assent of the competent authority. However that date could be postponed if so provided in the statute. In Musaliar the statute provided that it was to come into force on a date notified in the Government Gazette. Since the statute Bwas passed by the Legislature on 7'h March, l 949 it would have ordinarily come into force on that date but by virtue of Section 1(3) of the statute, a notification was issued on 26'" July, 1949 bringing the statute into force on 22•<1 July, 1949 a date obviously later than 7•h March, 1949. The Constitution Bench held that the notification did not prejudicially affect any vested rights and (by implication) its retrospective operation could C not be looked upon with disfavour. Moreover, the operation of the statute was not from a date prior to its passing and so it could not be said to have retrospective operation. Fixing a date anterior to the date of the notification bringing the statute into force did not attract the principle of disfavouring retrospective operation. The Constitution Bench however D did not consider the further submission of the learned Attorney General that the notification was good to bring the statute into operation from the date of issue of the notification. The law laid down by the Constitution Bench is quite explicit when it was held:

"The reason for which the Court disfavours retroactive operation E of laws is that it may prejudicially affect vested rights. No such reason is involved in this case. Section l (3) authorises the Government to bring the Act into force on such date as it may, by notification, appoint. In exercise of the power conferred by this section the Govcmmerit surely had the power to issue the notification bringing the Act into force on any date subsequent to F the passing of the Act. There can therefore, be no objection to the notification fixing the commencement of the Act on the 22nd July, 1949 which was a date subsequent to the passing of the Act. So the Act has not been given retrospective operation, that is to say, it has not been made to commence from a date prior to the date G of its passing. It is true that the date of commencement as fixed by the notification is anterior to the date of the notification but that circumstance docs not attract the principle disfavouring the retroactive operation of a statute. H 742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017]~ . 12 S.C.R.

A Here there is no. question of affecting vested rights. The operation of the notification itselfis not retrospective. It only brings the Act into operation on and from.an earlier date. In any case it was in terms authorised to issue the notification bringing the Act into force on any date subsequent to the passing ofthe Act and that is all that the Government did. In'this view of the matter, the B· further argument advanced by the learned Attorney- · General and which found favour with the Court below, namely, that the notification was at any rate good to bring the Act into operation as on and from. the date of its issue need not be considered." (Emphasis supplied by us) c 18. The notifications establishing the DMF in the States mentioned · in the table above were issued pursuant to the provisions of Section 9B of the MMDR Act. The intention of Parliament appears to have been for the State Governments to establish the DMF with effect from 12'h January, 2015 since its object is to work for the interest and benefit of ·n persons and areas affected by mining related operations. The object being the welfare of those adverseiy affected by mining operations, the DMFs ought to have been established on 12•h January, 2015. However, not surprisingly, every State Government took it easy (including to a lesser extent the State Governments of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana) compelling the Central Government to issue a direction under E Section 20A of the MMDR Act on l 6'h September, 2015 requiring the State Governments to issue a notification that the DMF shall be deemed to have come into existence with effect from the 12'h January, 2015.

19. In any event, even assuming that since the DMFs were established from a tlate anterior to the date of the notification and therefore F they were established with retrospective effect, their establishment did not adversely affect anybody's vested rights (as will be seen later). This is crucial. Therefore there can be no real objection to the operation of the notifications from 12'h January, 2015 in view of the decision in Musaliar. The DMFs were not established from a date prior to 12'h G January, 2015 and to that extent cannot .be said to.have been established with rctrospecti vc effect. 20. Assuming the DMFs were established· with retrospective effect - is that permissible in law? This question really does ~t arise in the view that we have taken following Musaliar but since it was vehemently argued by learned counsel by citing severµ! decisions, we. H briefly give our views. . FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 743 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

21. The power to give retrospective effect to subordinate legislation A whether in the form of rules or regillations or notifications has been the subject matter of discussion in several decisions rendered by this Court and it is not necessary to deal with all of them - indeed it may not even be possibl~ to do so. It would suffice ifthe principles laid down by some of these decisions cited before us and relevant to our discussion are B culled out. These are obviously relatable to the present set of cases and are not intended to lay down the law for all cases of retrospective operation of statutes or subordinate legislation. The relevant principles are:. (i) The Central Government or the State Government (or any c other authority) cannot make a subordinate legislation having retrospective effect unless the pai·ent statute, expressly or by necessary implication, authorizes it to do so. (Hukum Chand v. Union of lndia4 and Mahabir Vegetable Oils (P) ·Ltd. v. State of Haryana5). D (ii) Delegated legislation is ordinarily prospective in nature and a right or a liability created for the first time cannot be given retrospective ·effect. (Pane/ii Devi v. State of Raja.stlian6).

(iii) As regards a subordinate legislation concerning a fiscal statute, it would not be proper to hold that in the absence of an express E-provision a delegated authority can impose a tax or a fee. There is no scope or any room for intendment in respect of a compulsory exaction from a citizen. (Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority v. Sllaradkumar Jayuntikumar Pasawalla7 and State of Rajaslitan v• .Basant Agrotecll (India) Limited. 8). F 22. A much more erudite, general and broad-based discussion on the subject is to be found in the Constitution Bench decision in Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) - I v. Vatika Township Private Limited9 and we are obviously bound by the conclusions arrived at therein: It is not at all necessary for ·us to repeat the discussion and G '0972) 2 sec 601 ' c2006) 3 sec 620 '(2009) 2 sec 589 1 (1992) 3 sec 285 • c2013J 1s sec 1 'c2015) 1sec 1 H 744 SlJPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 12 S.C.R. A the conclusions arrived at by the Constitution Bench in the view that we have taken except to say that our conclusions do not depart from the conclusions arrived at by the Constitution Bench.

23. On the facts before us, it is clear that Section 15 of the MMDR Act empowers the State Government to make rules for regulating the B grant of quarry leases, mining leases or other mineral concessions in respect of minor minerals and for purposes connected therewith. This section does not specifically or by necessary implication empower the State Government to frame any rule with retrospective effect. Also, the MMDR Act does not confer any specific power on the State Government c to fictionally create the DMF deeming it to be in existence from a date earlier than the date of the notification establishing the DMF. Therefore, it must follow that under the provisions of the MMDR Act that we are concerned with, no State Government has the power to frame a rule with retrospective effect or to create a deeming fiction, either specifically or by necessary intendment.

D 24. Similarly, Section 13 of the MMDRAct does not confer any specific power on the Central Government to frame any rule with retrospective effect. Section 9B(5) and (6) read with clause ( qqa) inserted in Section 13(2) of the MMDR Act enable the Central Government to make rules to provide for the amount of payment to be made to the E DMF established by the State Government under Section 9B( I) of the MMDR Act. None of these provisions confer any power on the Central Government to require the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease to contribute to the DMF with retrospective effect. Therefore, even the scope and extent of the rule making power of the Central Government is limited. F

25. In view of the position in law as explained above and the factual position before us, the notifications issued by the State Governments must be understood to mean (assuming the DMF could not be established with effect from 12'11 January, 2015 by a notification issued on a later date) that the DMF was established on the date of G publication of each notification. This is reflective of the further submission of the learned Attorney General in Musaliar that was not considered by the Constitution Bench. In our opinion this submission can be extrapolated to the facts of the cases before us and if we do so, we find it well taken. To the extent possible, the validity of a: rule, regulation or notification should be upheld. It is not obligatory to declare any notification ultra H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 745 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] vires the rule making power of the State Government if its validity can A be saved without doing violence to the law. In these cases, we arc of opinion that it is not obligatory to declare the notifications ultra vires the rule making power of the State Governments to the extent of their establishing the DMF from a retrospective date, since we can save their validity by reading them as operational from the date of their publication. BIn any event, no prayer was made before us for striking down the establishment of the DMF as such.

26. Therefore our answer to the first question is that the DMFs were not established retrospectively even though the notifications established them from a date anterior to the date of the notifications - cbut not before the date of the Ordinance. Assuming the DMFs were established with retrospective effect from 12'" January, 2015 it is of no consequence since the retrospective establishment does not prejudicially affect the interests of anybody (as will be seen later). In this view of the matter, the notifications do not violate the law laid down in Musaliar and Vatika Towns/tip. Even othenvise, their validity can be saved by D reading them as operational from the date of publication. (ii) The second question 27. Learned counsel for the petitioners submitted that assuming the issue of retrospective operation of the notifications and the establishment of the DMFs is decided against them, even then the E petitioners cannot be compelled to make the contribution for a period prior to the date of the relevant notifications, that is, 17'" September, 2015 and 20'" October, 2015 (as the case may be). For this purpose, reliance was placed on Mis Govind Saran Ganga Saran v. Co111111issio11er of Sales Tax10 and Vatika Towns/tip. F

28. In Govind Saran this Court was concerned with the taxation of goods under Sections 14 and 15 of the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 (the CST Act) and the assessment made under the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 as applied to the Union Territory of Delhi. Section 15 of the CST Act reads: G "15. Every sales tax law of a State shall, insofar as it imposes or authorizes the imposition of a tax on the sale or purchase of declared goods, be subject to the following restrictions and conditions, namely: '° t 985 (Supp) sec 205 H 746 'SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R. A (a) the tax payable under that law in respect of any sale or purchase of such goods inside the State shall not exceed three percent of the sale or purchase price thereof, and such tax shall not be levied at more than one stage." This Court noted that Section 15 of the CST Act prescribed the B maximum rate of tax that could be imposed and that such tax shall not b.e levied at more than one point. Expanding on these requirements, this Court observed in paragraph 6 of the Report as follows:

"The components which enter into the concept of a tax are well · known. The first is the character of the imposition known by its nature which prescribes the taxable event attracting the levy, the c . second is a clear indication of the person on whom the levy is imposed and who is obliged to pay the tax, the third is the rate at which the tax is imposed, and the fourth is the measure or value to which the rate will be applied for computing the tax liability. If those components arc not clearly and definitely ascertainable, it is D difficult to say that the levy exists in point oflaw. Any uncertainty or vagueness in the legislative scheme defining any of those components of the levy will be fatal to its validity." (Emphasis supplied by us) 29. After the above observations, this Court primarily dealt with E the absence of specifying the single point at which the tax might be levied and held that the prerequisite of Section 15 of the CST Act that the tax shall not be levied at more than one stage had not been satisfied. Therefore, it quashed the assessment complained of and allowed the appeal of the assessee.

F 30. In Vatika Township the Constitution Bench was concerned with the impact of the proviso appended to Section 113 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 inserted by the Finance Act. 11 The rate of surcharge was not specified in the proviso nor the date for the levy. The consequence of this was that some assessing officers were not levying any surcharge G 11 113. Tax in the case of block assessment of search cases .. -The total undisclosed income of the block period, determined under Section l 58BC, shall be chargeable to tax ·at the rate of sixty per cent:· Provided that the tax chargeable under this section shall be increased by a surcharge, if any, levied by any Central Act and applicable in the assessment year relevant to the previous year in which the search is initiated under section 132 or the 'equisition is H made under section l 32A. FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERALJNDUSTRIES v. UNION 747 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

and those who were levying surcharge adopted different dates for the A levy. In this context it was.held that the rate at which a tax or for that matter a surcharge is to be levied is an essential component of the tax .regime. The decision in Govind Saran was referred to by the Constitution -Bench, particularly the passage extracted above .. It was further held: "It is clear from the above that the rate at which the tax is to be imposed Bis an essential component. of tax and where the rate is not stipulated or it cannot be applied with precision, it would be difficult to tax a person." 31. We may also note a similar view expressed in Principles of Statutory Interpretation by Justice GP. Singh 12 that: "There are three components of a taxing statute, viz. subject of the tax, person liable to cpay the tax and the rate at which the tax is levied. If there be any real ambiguity in respect ofany of these components which is not removable by reasonable construction, there would be no tax in law till the defect is removed by the legislature."

32. In view of the decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court D that the spec;ification of the rate of tax (or a.I\Y compulsory levy for that matter) is an essential component of the tax regime, it is difficult to agree with the learned Additional Solicitor General that specifying the maximum amount of compensation to be paid to the DMF in terms of Section 9B of the MMDRAct, being an amount not exceeding one-third of the royalty, satisfies the requirements oflaw. What is required by the E law is certainty and not vagueness - not exceeding one-third could mean one-fourth or one-fifth or some other fraction. It is this uncertainty that is objectionable. 33. Therefore, our answer to the second question is that the petitioners are no-t liable to make any contribution to the DMF from 12'" F January, 2015. Crucial date for making the contribution to the DMF 34. What then is the crucial date for making the contribution? There are two categories of holders of a mining lease or a prospecting G licence-cum-mining lease. We will consider the effect of the notifications on each such category. 12 14 .. edition revised by Justice A.K. Patnaik, former Judge, Supreme Court oflndia, page 876 H 748 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A Lease holders for minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing

35. On 17'h September, 2015 the Ministry ofMines in the Central Government issued a notification regarding the contribution to the DMF in respect of minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing. The B rate at which the contribution was required to be made by the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease is specified in the notification. Although the notification provides that the contribution is payable from l 2'h January, 2015 in view of our conclusion that the contribution to the DMF cannot be with retrospective effect, it would be payable only from the date of the notification, that is, l 7'h September, C 2015 even though the DMF was established or deemed to be established with effect from 12'h January, 2015. 36. The further question raised by learned counsel for the petitioners in this regard was: How can the contribution be made to an entity like the DMF that was established only on a date subsequent to D l 7'h September, 2015 (except for the States of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana)? Can the contribution be paid to a non-existent trust?

37. We are afraid this line of questioning does not appeal to us. The object of the DMF is "to work for the interest and benefit of persons, and areas affected by mining related operations". The purpose of Section E 9B of the MMDR Act and the object of the DMF are in furtherance of the cause of social justice for those affected by the mining related operations - including tribals who may be dislocated or displaced from their habitat. To deny them a benefit that is rightfully theirs only because the State Government has been lax in establishing the DMF would be doing injustice to them. F 38. Additionally, Section 9B of the MMDRAct creates a liability and only the quantum of the liability remained to be determined. That determination came on the issuance of the notification of l 7'h September, 2015. The fact that it would take time (even more than a year as in the case of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh) for the benefit to reach the G affected persons cannot detract from the liability of the petitioners to contribute nor does it absolve them of their liability to pay the contribution. The only criticism could be of the tardiness and lack of concern by State Governments in setting up the DMF in spite of the direction of the Central Government. H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 749 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

39. In A. Prabhakara Reddy v. State of Madhya Pradesh 13 A one of the questions raised was that since the Madhya Pradesh Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Board came to be constituted only on 9t1i April, 2003 the recovery of cess under the Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996 with effect from 1st April, 2003 did not arise. On this basis, the requirement to pay cess was Bchallenged. 40. This Court rejected the contention and held that after the Cess Act and the rules framed thereunder came into effect and the Workers Welfare Board was constituted and the rate of cess was notified, the State was under an obligation to collect the cess in respect of on-going projects. The fact that passing on the benefit to the workers might take C some time had no impact on the liability to pay the cess. It was further held that: "Any other inte1pretation would defeat the rights of the workers whose protection is the principal aim or primary concern and objective of the BOCW Act as well as the Cess Act." 41. We hold, therefore, that the effective date of payment of D contribution to the DMF in the case of those petitioners who arc (or were) holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease for minerals other than coal; lignite and sand for stowing would be 17th September, 2015.

Lease holders for coal, lignite and sand for stowing E 42. The position with regard to contribution to the DMF by the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease for coal, lignite and sand for stowing is quite different from the situation of the other holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease. The reason for this is to be found in the text of paragraph 3 of the notification of 20th October, 2015 which is very explicit. It provides that F the contribution, though payable, shall be paid only from the date of the notification (20'h October, 2015) or from the date of establishment of the DMF in the concerned State, whichever is later. Therefore, only Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana would be entitled to the contribution from holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-0cum-mining lease from 20'h October, 2015 since their DMF was established much earlier. As far as all other States are concerned, the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease could claim to postpone payment to the DMF till it was established, as per the notification issued by the State Government. "(2016) 1sec600 H 750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R.

A 43. It is true that many notifications establishing the DMFprovided the date of establishment as 12th January, 2015 but as mentioned earlier the rule making power of the Central Government and the State , Government under the MMDR Act does not permit retrospective operation of subordinate legislation. It cannot also be said that the Contribution Rules have retrospective operation by necessary implication. B Even this occasion does not arise. Furthermore, as held above, the rate at which the contribution was to be paid came to be notified only on 20th October, 2015. Therefore in view of the law discussed above, it cannot be said that the contribution should be paid by the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease with effect from 12'h c January, 2015.

44. The learned Additional Solicitor General sought to rely on the subsequent notification dated 31" August, 2016 which substituted paragraph 3 in the notification of20°1 October, 2015 with the requirement that the contribution "shall be paid with effect from the 12'h January, D 2015." For the same reasons already given by us, such a retroactive substitution is ultra vires the rule making power of the Central Government. The notification dated 31 ''August, 2016 is clearly beyond the rule making power of the Central Government and must be struck down and we do so. All that this means is that the notification of 20'h October, 2015 remains untouched and must be read and understood on E its plain language. The result is that in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease shall pay the contribution to the DMF from 20•1t October, 2015 or the date of establishing the DMF, whichever is later.

45. Finally, it was submitted by one of the learned counsel that F Section 9B of the MMDR Act was a conditional legislation and that it could become operative only on the fulfilment ofccrtain conditions. We cannot agree. Section 9B of the MMDR Act delegates power to the State Governments to establish ,the DMF without any pre-condition. Similarly, it delegates power to the Central Government to prescribe the G rate at which the contribution should be made to the DMF. This again is without any pre-condition. In view of this, we arc unable to describe Section 9B of the MMDR Act as a conditional legislation. Conclusion 46. Having considered the issues raised by the petitioners and by H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 751 OF ·INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

the learned Additional Solicitor General in different perspectives, we A hold: (i) Merely because the DMFs hav.e been established or are deemed to have been established from a date prior to the issuance of the relevant notifications does not make their operation retrospective. (ii) In any eyent, the establishment of the DMFs (assuming the establishment is retrospective) from 12'" January, 2015 does not prejudicially affect any Bholder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease:(iii) In view of the failure of the Central Government to prescribe the rate On l 2'h January, 2015 at which contributions are required to be made to the DMF, the contributions to the DMF cannot be insisted upon with effect from l 21h January, 20 I 5. Fixing the maximum rate of contribution to the DMF is insufficient compliance with the law laid down by the Constitution C Bench in Vatika. (iv) Contributions to the DMF are required to be made by the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease in the case of minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing with effect from l 71h September, 2015 when the rates were prescribed by the Central Government. (v) Contributions to the DMF are required · D to be made by the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease in the case of coal, lignite and sand for stowing with effect from 2o•h October, 2015 when the rates were prescribed by the Central Government or with effect from the date on which the DMF was established by the State Government by a notification, whichever is later. (vi) The notification dated 31" August, 2016. issued by the Central E Government is invalid and is struck down being ultra vires the rule making power of the Central Government linder the MMD~ Act.

47. We fervently hope the State Governments recognize their responsibilities and utilize the contributions to the District Mineral Funds quickly and for the object for which they have been established, F particularly since the amounts involved are huge. 48. We grant time till 31'' December, 2017 to those holders ofa mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease who have not made the full contribution to the District Mineral Funds to pay the contribution, failing which they will be liable to make the contribution G with interest at 15% per annum from the due date. We also make it clear that in the event any holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease has mistakenly made contributions to the District Mineral Fund from ii date prior to the date that we have determined, such a holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining H 752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R. A lease shall not be entitled to any refWld but may adjust the contribution against .future contributions, without the benefit of any interest. 49. With the above conclusions, Transfer Petition Nos. 74-76/2017 are. allowed, Transferred Cases (arising out of Transfer Petition (C) Nos.74-76/2017), Transferred Cases (C) Nos.43 and 51 of2016 and the B batch of petitions· are disposed of. All other pending applications arc also disposed of. Kalpana K. Tripathy Matters disposed of.

[2017] 12 S.C.R. 724 A FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES & ORS. v. UNION OF INDIA & ANR. (Transferred Case (Civil) No. 43 of2016) B OCTOBER 13, 2017 [MADAN B. LOKUR, SANJAY KISHAN KAUL AND DEEPAK GUPTA, JJ.] Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957:

c s.98 and l 3(qqa) - Establishment of District Mineral Foundation (DMF) provided by Ordinance dated 12.1.2015 - On direction by Central Government the States established DMFs on different dates - By Notification dated 17.09.2015, Ministry of Mines promulgated Contribution Rules which were deemed to have come into force on 12.1.2015 - By Notification dated 20.10.2015 MinistryD of Coal promulgated Contribution Rules in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing, which were deemed to have come into force on the date of their publication - Both the Notifications provided payment to DMF an amount at the rate of 10% of the royalty in respect of mining leases granted on or after date of their enforcement E and at the rate of 30% in respect of leases granted before the date of their enforcement - Ministry of Coal by further Notification dated 31.8.2015 provided that paynu:nt under Notification dated 20.10.2015 shall be made to DMF ll~ef 12.1.2015 - Validity of the Notifications challenged - Held: Mere(v because DMFs have been established or deemed to have been established from a date priorF to issuance of relevant notifications, does not make their operation retrospective - The establishment of the D}v!Fs even if assumed to be retrospective does not prejudicially affect anyones vested rights

- Delegated legislation is ordinarily prospective and a right or liability created for the first time cannot be given retrospective effect G - Provisions of the Act do not give power to the State Government or the Central Government to make rules with retrospective effect -It is not obligatory to declare any not(fication ultra vires' the rule making power of the State, if its validity can be saved without doing violence to the law - In the present case, it is not obligat0ty to H declare the notifications ultra vires the rule making power of the 724 FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 725 OF INDIA Slate Government to the extent of their establishing the DMF with A retrospective effect - The court can save their validity by reading them as operational from the date of their publication - The contributions to the DMF cannot be insisted upon w.e.f 12.1.2015

- Co11trib11tions to the DMF. in the case of minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing are required to be made w.e.f 17.9.2015 B- Contributions to the DMF in the case of coal, lignite and sand for stowing are required to be made w.e.f 20.10.2015 when the rates were prescribed by the Central Government o!" w.e.f the date on which the DMF was established by the State Government by a notification, whichever is later - The notification dated 31.8.2016 being retroactive substitution is ultra vircs the rule making power of C the Central Government under the MMDR Act and hence invalid -Mines and A1inerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015.

Disposing of the transferred cases/petitions, the Court HELD: 1.1 The notifications establishing the District D Mineral Foundation (DMF) in the States were issued pursuant to the provisions of Section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. The intention of Parliament appears to have been for the State Governments to establish the DMF with effect from 12•h January, 2015 since its E object is to work for the interest and benefit of persons and areas affected by mining related operations. The object being the welfare of those adversely affected by mining operations, the DMFs ought to have been established on 12•h January, 2015. However, every State Government took it easy compelling the Central FGovernment to issue a direction u/s. 20A of the MMDR Act on 1611' September, 2015 requiring the State Governments to issue a notification that the DMF shall be deemed to have come into existcn.ce with effect from the 12•h January, 2015. [Para 18)(742-C-E] A. Thangal K11nj11 Musaliar v. M Venkitachalam Patti G [1955] 2 SCR 1196; Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) - 1 v. Vatika Township Private Limited (2015) I sec I : [2014] 12 SCR 1037 - followed. 1.2 Even assuming that since the DMFs were established H 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R.

, A from a date anterior to the date of the notification, and, therefore they were established' with retrospective effect, their , establishment did not adversely affect anybody's vested rights. Therefore, there can be no real objection to the operation of the notifications from 12'h January, 2015. The DMFs were not B ,established from a date prior to 12•h January, 2015 and to that extent cannot be said to have been established with retrospective effect. [Para 191(742-F-G] 1.3 The Central Government or the State Government (or any other authority) cannot make a subordinate legislation having c retrospective effect unless the parent statute, expressly or by necessary implication, authorizes it to do so. Delegated legislation is ordinarily prospective in nature and a right or a liability created for the first time cannot be given retrospective effect. As regards a subordinate legislation concerning a fiscal statute, it would not be pro,per to hold that in the absence of an express provision a D delegated authority can impose a tax or a fee. There is no scope or any room for intendment in respect of a compulsory exaction from a citizen. [Para 211(743-C, D, El Hukum Chand v. Union of India (1972) 2 SCC 601 : [1973] 1 SCR 896; Mahabir Vegetable Oils (P) Ltd. v.

E State of Haryana (2006) 3 SCC 620 : [2006] 2 SCR 1172; Panchi Devi v. State of Rajasthan (2009) 2 SCC 589 : [2008] 17 SCR 1325; Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority v. Sharadkumar Jayantikumar Pasawalla (1992) 3 SCC 285 : [1992) 3 SCR 328; State of Rajashtan v. Basant Agrotech (India) Limited (2013) F 15 sec 1 : [2013) 11 SCR 395 - relied on. 1.4 Section 15 of the MMDR Act empowers the State Government to make rules for regulating the grant of quarry leases, mining leases or other mim~ral concessibns in respect of minor minerals and for purposes connected therewith. Under G t~e provisions of the MMDR Act, no State Government has the power to frame a rule with retrospective effect or to create a deeming fiction, either specifically or by necessary intendment. Similarly, Section 13 of the MMDR Act does not confer any specific power on the Central Government to frame any rule with H retrospective effect. Section 9B(5) and (6) read with clause (qqa) FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 727 OF INDIA

inserted in Section 13(2) of the MMDR Act enable the Central A Government to make rules to provide for the amount of payment to be made to the DMF established by the State Government under Section 9B(l) of the MMDR Act. None of these provisions confer any power on the Central Government to require the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lc.asc to Bcontribute to the DMF with retrospective effect. Therefore, even the scope and extent of the rule making power of the Central Government is limited. Therefore, the notifications issued by the State Governments must be understood to mean (assuming the DMF could not be established with effect from 12'h January, 2015 by a notification issued on a later date) that the DMF was C established on the date of publication of each notification. (Paras 23, 24 and 25][744-B-D, G] 1.5 It is not obligatory to declare any notification ultra vires the rule making power of the State Government if its validity can be saved without doing violence to the law. In the present cases, D it is not obligatory to declare the notifications 11/tra vires the rule making power of the State Governments to the extent of their establishing the DMF from a retrospective date, since the Court can save their validity by reading them as operational from the date of their publication. In any event, no prayer was made before the Court for striking down the establishment of the DMF as . E such. (Para 25] [744-H; 745-A-B]

2. Specification of the rate of tax (or any compulsory levy for that matter) is an essential component of the tax regime. Specifying the maximum amount of compensation to be paid to the DMF in terms of Section 9B of the MMDR Act, being an F amount not exceeding one-third of the royalty, docs not specify the requirements of law. What is required by the law is certainty and not vagueness - not exceeding one-third could. mean onc-fourth or one-fifth or some other fraction. It is this uncertainty that is objectionable. Therefore, the petitioners are not liable to G make any contribution to the DMF from l21hJanuary, 2015. (Paras 32, 33][747-D-F] Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) - I v. Vatika Township Private Limited (2015) 1 SCC 1 : (2014] 12 SCR 1037 - followed. H 728. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A Mis Govind Saran Ganga Saran v. Commissioner of Sales Tax (1985) Suppl. SCC 205 : (1985] SCR 985 -referred to. Principles of Statutory Interpretation by Justice GP. Singh 1411' edition revised by Justice A.K. Patnaik, B former Judge, Supreme Court of India - referred to.

3.1 The object of the DMF is "to work for the interest and benefit of persons, and areas affected by mining related operations". The purpose of Section 9B of the MMDR Act and the object of the DMF are in furtherance of the cause of social c justice for those affected by the mining related operations -including tribals who may be dislocated or displaced from their . habitat. To deny them a benefit that is rightfully theirs only because the State Government has been lax in establishing the DMF would be doing injustice to them. Additionally, Section 9B of the MMDR Act creates a liability and only the quantum of the liability remained D to be determined. That determination came on the issuance of the notification of 17'h September, 2015. The fact that it would take time (even more than a year as in the case of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh) for the benefit to reach the affected persons cannot detract from the liability of the petitioners to contribute E nor does it absolve them of their liability to pay the contribution. Therefore, the effective date of payment of contribution to the DMF in the case of those petitioners who are (or were) holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease for minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing would be 17'" September, 2015. [Paras 37, 38 and 41][748-D-G; 749-D) F A. Prabhakara Reddy v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2016) 1 sec 600 - relied on.

3.2 The position with regard to contribution to the DMF by the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining G lease for coal, lignite and sand for stowing is quite different from the situation of the other holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease. The notification of 201h October, 2015 provides that the contribution, though payable, shall be paid only from the date of the notification (20'" October, 2015) or from the date of establishment of the DMF in the concerned State, H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 729 OF INDIA whichever is later. Therefore, only Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and A Telangana would be entitled to the contribution from holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease from 20'h October, 2015 since their DMF was established much earlier. As far as all other States are concerned, the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease could claim to B postpone payment to the DMF till it was established, as per the notification issued by the State Government. [Para 421(749-E-GJ

3.3 It is true that many notifications establishing the DMF provided the date of establishment as 12'h January, 2015. Since the rule making power of the Central Government and the State Government under the MMDR Act docs not permit retrospective C operation of subordinate legislation, the Contribution Rules also do not have retrospective operation by necessary implication . .Furthermore, the rate at which the contribution was to be paid, came to be notified only on 20'h October, 2015. Therefore, it cannot be said that the contribution should be paid by the holders D of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease with effect from l21h January, 2015. [Para 43)(750-A-CJ 3.4 The subsequent notification dated 31'' August, 2016 which substituted paragraph 3 in the notification of 20'h October, 2015 with the requirement that the contribution "shall be paid E with effect from the 12'h January, 2015", being a retroactive substitution, is ultra vires the rule making power of the Central Government. The notification dated 31'' August, 2016 is clearly beyond the rule making power of the Central Government. Therefore, in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing, the Fholder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease shall pay the contribution to the DMF from 201h October, 2015 or the date of establishing the DMF, whichever is later. [Para 44] [750-D-E)

4. Section 9B of the MMDR Act cannot be said to be a conditional legislation. Section 9B of the MMDR Act delegates G power to the State Governments to establish the DMF without any pre-condition. Similarly, it delegates power to the Central Government to prescribe the rate at which the contribution should be made to the DMF. This again is without any pre-condition. [Para 45][750-F] H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A Case Law Reference [1955) 2 SCR 1196 followed ·Para 16 [1973) 1 SCR 896 relied on Para 21 [2006] 2 SCR 1172 relied on Para 21 B · [2008] 17 SCR 1325 relied on Para 21 [1992) 3 SCR 328 relied on Para 21 [2013) 17 SCR 395 relied on Para 21 [2014) 12 SCR 1037 followed Para 22 c [1985] SCR 985 referred to Para 27 (2016) 1 sec 600 relied on Para 39 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Transferred Case (Civil) ,.. No.43 of2016. D Under Article 139-A ofthe Constitution of India. WITH W.P. (C) No. 989 of2016, T.C. (C) No.1003 of2016, W.P. (C) No.1014 of2016, W.P. (C) No.1028 of2016, T. P. (C) Nos. 74-76 of E 2016, W.P. (C) No.67 of2017, W.P. (C)No.69 of2017, W.P. (C)No.205 . of2017, W.P. (C) No. 201 of2017, S.L.P. (C) No.12099 of2017, S.L.P. (C) No.12184-12185 of2017, S.L.P. (C) No.14693 of2017, S.L.P. (C) No.16885 of2017, W.P. (C) No.886 of2016, W.P. (C) No. 912 of2016, W.P. (C) No. 27 of2017.and W.P. (C) No. 112 of2017.

F Maninder Singh, A.N.S. Nadkarnani, ASGs, M. L. Sharma, Dr. AbhishekManu Singhvi, DhruvMchta, SubramoniumPrasad,Arvind Datar, K. V. Vishwanthan, C. L. Pandey, A. K. Panda, Jagdeep Dhankhar, Prashanto Chandra. Sen, Sr. Advs., Manish Kumar Saran, Rekha Bankar, Sunil Dogra, Vivek Vishnoi, Abhishek Sharma, Pallav Mongia, Gagan Sanghi, Rameshwar Prasad Goyal, Priya Puri, Sharad G Puri, Vaibhav Srivastav, Ranjay Kr. Dubey, Swatantra Rai, Devashish Bharuka, Ravi Bharuka, Justine George, Himanjali Gautam, Ms. Vanita Bhargava (For E.C. Agrawala and For Mis Khaitan & Co.), Praveen Kumar, Ms. Babita Pant, Asccm Chaturvedi, Sarangan Arvindkasan {For · Mis Khaitan & Co.), Aakash Bajaj, Gaurav Juneja, Sanjeev K. Kapoor (For Mis Khaitan & Co.), Sushmit Pushkar, Akshay Sapre, Abhijcet H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 731 OF INDIA

Swaroop, Ms. Esha Sandhu, Sachin Mittal, Ms. Ananya Pandey, R. A Balasubramanian, Prabhas Bajaj, S.A. Haseeb, Vibhu Shankar Mishra, Gurmeet Singh Makker, Merusagar Samantaray, Ms. Viddusshi, Ms. Lhinghveivah, M. K. Maroria, Kuldeep Chmihan,R K. Rathore, Akshay Amritanshu, Ms. Aarti Sharma, Deepak Goel, Ms. Supriya, Vaibhav Agnihotri, Gp. Capt. Karan Singh BHati, Hemendra Sharma, Kuna! A. B Cheema, Nishant R. Katneshwarkar, Ms. Hemantika Wahi, Ms. Jesal Wahi, Ms. Puja Singh, Shodhika Sharma, Atul Jha, Sandeep Jha, Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, Ms. Prachi Mishra, C. D. Singh, Ms. Sakshi Kakkar, Gaurav Shukla, Chaitanya, Ms. Pragya Garg, Suneet Padhi, Mishra Saurabh, Ms. Vanshaja Shukla,Anupam Lal Das,Anirudh Singh, Krishanu Barua, P. S. Sudheer, Rishi Maheshwari, Ms. Sanah Batta, c Abhinav Goyal, Saurabh Jain, Gautam Singh, Kaushik Poddar, Anip Sachthey, Anjali Chauhan, Ms. Ria Sachthey, U. A. Rana, Himanshu Mehta, Avirat Kumar (Mis Gagrat& Co.), Anuj Tyagi, Ms. Sugandha Khaitan, Ms. Mai try Kakade, Anshurnan Shri vastava, B. Ramana Murthy (For Anantha Narayana), Advs. for the appearing parties. D

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by MADAN B. LOKUR, J. I. This batch of petitions (including transfer cascstpetitions) relate to the establishment ofthc District Mineral Foundation under the Miries and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 and the.contribution required to be made to the District Mineral E Foundation by the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining _lease in addition to the payment of royalty. Ordinance of l21h January, 2015 2. On l 21h January, 2015 the President promulgated an Ordinance making several amendments to the Mines and Minerals (Development F and Regulation) Act, 1957 (for short 'the MMDR Act'). We are concerned with only a few of these amendments which are detailed below: (i) Section 9 of the Ordinance inserted Section 9B in the MMDR Act. This section provides that the State Government shall establish G a non-profit trust called the District Mineral Foundation (for short 'the DMF') in any district affected by mining operations. The DMF shall have the object of working for the interest and benefit of persons and areas affected by mining related operations. H 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R.

A What is of significance is that this provision requires the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease, in addition to payment of royalty, to pay to the DMF concerned an amount equivalent to a percentage of royalty not exceeding one-third thereof, as may be prescribed by the Central Government. Section 9B of the MMDRAct, as inserted by the Ordinance, reads as follows: B "9B. District Mineral Foundation - (l) In any district affected by mining related operations, the State Government shall, by notification, establish a trust, as a non-profit body, to be called the District Mineral Foundation. (2) The object of the District Mineral Foundation shall be to c work for the interest and benefit of persons, and areas affected by mining related operations in such manner as may be prescribed by the State Government. (3) The composition and functions of the District Mineral Foundation shall be such as may be prescribed by the State D Government. (4) The holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations are carried on, an amount which is equivalent to E such percentage of the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule, not exceeding one-third of such royalty, as may be prescribed by the Central Government."

(ii) Section 14 of the Ordinance inserted sub-clause ( qqa) in Section 13(2) of the MMDR Act relating to the power of the Central F Government to make rules in respect of minerals. Clause (qqa) as inserted in the MMDR Act reads as follows: "(qqa) the amount of payment to be made to the District Mineral Foundation under sub-section (4) of section 9B;" G (iii) Section 15 of the Ordinance inserted sub-section (4) in Section 15 of the MMDR Act relating to the power of the State Governments to make mies in respect of minor minerals. Sub-section ( 4) as inserted in Section 15 of the MMDR Act reads as follows: H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 733 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] "15. Amendment of section 15. - In section 15 of the principal A Act, after sub-section (3), the following sub-section shall be. inserted, namely:- "(4) Without prejudice to sub-sections (I), (2) and sub-section (3), the State Government may, by notification, make rules for regulating the provisions of this Act for the following, namely:- B (a) the manner in which the District Mineral Foundation shall work for the interest and benefit of persons and areas affected by mining under sub-section (2) of section 9B; (b) the composition and functions of the District Mineral Foundation under sub-section (3) of section 9B; and c (c) the amount of payment to be made to the District Mineral Foundation by concession-holders of minor minerals under section ! SA."

(iv) Section 18 of the Ordinance inserted Section 20A in the D MMDRAct relating to the power of the Central Government to issue directions. It is not necessary to reproduce the provisions of Section 20A of the MMDR Act except to say that the section enables the Central Government to issue appropriate directions to the State Governments for the conservation of mineral resources, or on any policy matter in the national interest, and for the scientific E and sustainable development and exploitation of mineral resow·ces. Amendments to the MMDR Act 3. On 27' 11 March,2015 the Ordinance was replaced by the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015 with Feffect from 12'" January, 2015. However, Section 9B and Section 13(2) clause (qqa) were further amended and they now read as follows: · "9B. District Mineral Foundation. - ( 1) In any district affected by mining related operations, the State Government shall, by notification, establish a trust, as a non-profit body, to be called the District Mineral Foundation. G (2) The object of the District Mineral Foundation shall be to work for the interest and benefit of persons, and areas affected by mining related operations in such manner as may be prescribed by the State Government. H 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R. A (3) The composition and functions of the District Mineral · Foundation shall be such as may be prescribed by the State Government.

(4) The State Government while making rules under sub-sections (2) and (3) shall be guided by the provisions contained in article B 244 read with Fifth and Sixth Schedules to the Constitution relating to administration of the Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas and the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 and the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006. (5) The holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after the date of commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations arc carried on, an amount which is equivalent to such D percentage of the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule, not exceeding one-third of such royalty, as may be prescribed by the Central Government.

(6) The holder of a mining lease granted before the date of commencement of the Mines and Minerals (Development and E Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015, shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations are carried on, an amount not exceeding the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule in sucl,i manner and subject to the categorisation of the mining leases and the amounts payable by the various categories of lease holders, as may be F prescribed by the Central Government." "(qqa) the amount of payment to be made to the District Mineral Foundation under sub-sections (5) and (6) of section 9B." . 4. Very broadly, the MMDR Act required the State Government G to establish a District Mineral Foundation and the Central Government was required to prescribe the rate of contribution to the DMF, provided the contribution did not.exceed one-third of the royalty payable by the holder .of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease. H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION . 735 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] Notifications issued A

5. On 16'h September, 2015 the Central Government, in exercise of its power under Section 20A of the MMDR Act issued a direction to all the State Governments that the notification establishing the DMF · shall state that the DMF shall be deemed to have come into existence with effect from 12'h January, 2015. The direction dated 16'h September, B 2015 reads as follows: "No. 16/7/2015 -M.VI (Part) Government oflndia Ministry of Mines c New Delhi, Shastri Bhawan Dated the 16' 11 September, 2015 ORDER WHEREAS in terms of the provisions of sub-section ( 1) of section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) D (MMDR) Act, 1957 (67of1957), the State Governments shall,. by notification, establish a District Mineral Foundation in every district in the country.affected by mining related operations. AND WHEREAS the said provision is deemed to have come into force on the 12'h day of January, 2015. E NOW THEREFORE, the Central. Government in exercise of the powers conferred under section 20A of the MMDR Act, 1957, in the national interest hereby directs the concerned State Governments that the notification establishing the District Mineral Foundations shall state that such District Mineral Foundations shall F be deemed to have come into existence with effect from the 12'h day ofJanuary, 2015. (R Sridharan) Additi?nal Secretary to the Government oflndia"

6. It is not necessary for us to examine the validity of the direction G except to note that pursuant thereto, several State Governments did establish a DMF as per the table below: H 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A Date of Notification and Establishment ofDMF &ate Date of Nitification DateofFstablishmcnt I Andina Praresh 14.3.2016 14.3.2.016 2 Chhattisgarh 22.12.2.015 12.1.2015 3 Goa 15.1.2016 12.1.2.015 B 4 Harvana 17.11.2.016 121.2015 5 Jharkffind 22.3.2016 12.1.2015 6 Kamataka 11.1.2016 12.1.2015 7 Mtclhva Pradesh 15.5.2015 15.5.2015 8 Maharashtra l.9.2016 16.9.2015 c 9 Odis ha 18.8.2015 18.8.2015 10 Rajasthan 31.5.2016 12.1.2015 11 Tamil Nachl 19.5.2017 19.5.2.017 12 Telaill!ana 21.8.2015 21.8.2015 13 Uttar Pradesh 25.4.2017 12.1.2015 D 14 W:stBawal 3.3.2016 3.3.2016 7. On J7 1h September, 2015 the Ministry of Mines issued a notification promulgating the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District ·Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015. 1 In terms of the notification, the E Contribution Rules were deemed to have come into force on 121h January, 2015. Paragraph 2 of the notification provides, inter alia, for payment to the DMF an amount of 10% of the royalty payable by the holder of a mining lease or prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after 12'h January, 2015 and 30% of the royalty payable in respect of mining leases granted before I 2'h January, 2015.

F 8. Since the administration of MMDR Act with the Ministry of Mines is limited to minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing, it is assumed that the notification did not relate to these three minerals. 9. The notification dated 17th September, 2015 reads as follows: G "MINISTRY OF MINES NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 17'h September, 2015 ' The administration of the MMDR Act is with the Ministry of Mines for minerals H other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 737 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] GS.R. 715(E).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub- A sections (5) and (6) of Section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67 of 1957), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules specifying the amount to be paid by holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease, in addition to the royalty, to the District B Mineral Foundation of the district established by the concerned State Government by notification, in which the mining operations are carried on, namely:- 1. Short title and commencement.-(!) These rules may be called as the Mines a.nd Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015. C (2) These rules shall be deemed to have come into force on the 12'h day of January, 2015. •

2. Amount of contribution to be made to District Mineral Foundation.-Every holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to D the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operations are carried on, an amount at the rate of - · (a) ten per cent of the royalty paid in terms of the Second Schedule to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67of1957) (herein referred to as the said Act) in respect E of mining leases or, as the case may be, prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after 12'11January, 2015; and (b) thirty per cent of the royalty paid in term of the Second Schedule to the said Act in respect of mining leases granted before 121h January, 2015." F 10. On 20th October, 2015 the Ministry of Coal issued a notification promulgating the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015.2 The Contribution Rules are deemed to have come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. These rules pertain to payment to the DMF at the same rate and on the Gsame terms as mentioned in the notification dated 17'11 September, 2015. The subject notification, having been issued by the Ministry of Coal, specifically mentioned that the rules were in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing. 2 The administration of the MMDR Act is with the Ministry of Coal for coal, lignite ~~~b~~ H

738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A 11. What is of significance in the notification dated 201hOctober, 2015 is paragraph 3 thereof. This provides that the amount payable to the DMF shall be paid from the date of the notification issued under Section 9B( 1) of the MMDR Act by the State Government establishing the DMF or the date of coming into force of the Contribution Rules, whichever is later. The notification dated 20'" October, 2015 reads as B follows: "MINISTRY OF COAL NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 20'h October, 2015 c GS.R. 792(E).-ln exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (5) and (6) of Section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67of1957), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules in r/o of coal and lignite and sand for stowing specifying the amount to be paid by D holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease, in addition to the royalty, to the District Mineral Foundation of the district established by the concerned State Government by notification, in which the mining operation are carried on, namely:- 1. Short title and commencement.-{ 1) These rules may be E called as the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015. (2) These rules shall be deemed to have come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.

2. Amount of contribution to be made to District Mineral F Foundation.-,-Every holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease in respect of coal and lignite and sand for stowing shall, in addition to the royalty, pay to the District Mineral Foundation of the district in which the mining operation are carried on, an amount at the rate of:-G. (a) ten per cent of the royalty paid in term of the second schedule to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 ( 67of1957) (herein referred to as the said Act) in respect of mining lease or, as the case may be, prospecting licence-cum-mining lease granted on or after 12'hJanuary, 2015; and H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 739 OF INDIA [MADAN B.LOKUR, J.] (b) thirty per cent of the royalty paid in term of the Second A Schedule to the said Act in respect of mining lease granted before 12'h January, 2015. 3. Date from which contribution to be made.-The amount calculated at the rate prescribed in rule 2 shall be paid from the date of notification issued under Section 9B( 1) of the Act by the B State Government establishing District Mineral Foundation or the date of coming into force of these rules, whichever is later."

12. The Ministry of Coal issued another notification on 31 ''August, 2016 substituting paragraph 3 of the notification dated 20'h October, 2015. The substituted paragraph provided that payment under the notification C dated 2o•h October, 2015 shall be made to the DMF with effect from 12'h January, 2015. The notification dated 31 ''August, 2016 reads as follows: "MINISTRY OF COAL D NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 31" August, 2016 GS.R. 837(E).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-sections (5) and (6) of section 9B of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, (67of1957), the Central E Government hereby makes the following rules in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing, to amend the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015, namely:-!. These rules may be called as the Mines and Minerals F (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) (Amendment) Rules, 2016. In the Mines and Minerals (Contribution to District Mineral Foundation) Rules, 2015, for r11le 3, the following rule shall be substituted, namely:- G . ' "3. Date from which contribution to be made. - The amount calculated at the rate specified in rule 2 shall be paid with effect from the 12'h January, 2015." Questions raised by the petitioJlers H 740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R.

A 13. On the basis of these notifications, the questions raised by learned counsel for the petitioners are: Firstly, whether the DMFs could be established with effect from 12'h January, 2015? Secondly, whether contributions to the DMFs were required to be made by the petitioners at the rate mentioned in both sets of Contribution Rules with effect from 12d• January, 2015? The validity of the notifications was challenged or B was under challenge to this extent depending on their interpretation and their impact and effect. (i) The first question 14. In terms of sub-section (1) of Section 9B the State Government c is required to establish a trust as a non-profit body and that trust would be called the District Mineral Foundation. For establishing the trust the State Government is required to issue a notification. It is entirely for the State Government to decide the date from which to set up the trust. The Central Government has no role to play in this, although a direction was issued by the Central Government to the State Governments to establish D a trust with effec~ from 12th January, 2015. But be that as it may, the State Governments did issue a notification establishing the DMF - some with effect from 12'h January, 2015 and some with effect from the date of the notification establishing the DMF. 15. The submission of learned counsel for the petitioners is that E the DMF could not have been established from a retrospective date prior to the date of the notification.

16. To answer this issue, it is necessary to first ofall decide whether the DMF has in fact been established retrospectively. The learned Additional Solicitor Genernl submitted that the DMFs were not established with retrospective effect. His contention was that under Section 98 of F the MMDR Act the DMF could be established with effect from 12'" January, 2015 or any date thereafter. Some States chose to issue a notification establishing the DMF from an anterior date (12'" January, 2015) while some others did not, notwithstanding the direction of the Central Government. According to the learned Additional Solicitor G General establishing the DMF from a date anterior to the date of the notification did not mean that the DMF was established with retrospective, effect. He relied on a decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court in A .. Tltangal Kunju .Musa liar v. M. Venkitachalam Potti3 in support of his contention. 3 (l955)2SCR 1196 H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 741 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

17. Musaliar advances the case of the Iearned Additional Solicitor A General. The Constitution Bench acknowledged that the general law is that a statute comes into force on the day it received the assent of the competent authority. However that date could be postponed if so provided in the statute. In Musaliar the statute provided that it was to come into force on a date notified in the Government Gazette. Since the statute Bwas passed by the Legislature on 7'h March, l 949 it would have ordinarily come into force on that date but by virtue of Section 1(3) of the statute, a notification was issued on 26'" July, 1949 bringing the statute into force on 22•<1 July, 1949 a date obviously later than 7•h March, 1949. The Constitution Bench held that the notification did not prejudicially affect any vested rights and (by implication) its retrospective operation could C not be looked upon with disfavour. Moreover, the operation of the statute was not from a date prior to its passing and so it could not be said to have retrospective operation. Fixing a date anterior to the date of the notification bringing the statute into force did not attract the principle of disfavouring retrospective operation. The Constitution Bench however D did not consider the further submission of the learned Attorney General that the notification was good to bring the statute into operation from the date of issue of the notification. The law laid down by the Constitution Bench is quite explicit when it was held:

"The reason for which the Court disfavours retroactive operation E of laws is that it may prejudicially affect vested rights. No such reason is involved in this case. Section l (3) authorises the Government to bring the Act into force on such date as it may, by notification, appoint. In exercise of the power conferred by this section the Govcmmerit surely had the power to issue the notification bringing the Act into force on any date subsequent to F the passing of the Act. There can therefore, be no objection to the notification fixing the commencement of the Act on the 22nd July, 1949 which was a date subsequent to the passing of the Act. So the Act has not been given retrospective operation, that is to say, it has not been made to commence from a date prior to the date G of its passing. It is true that the date of commencement as fixed by the notification is anterior to the date of the notification but that circumstance docs not attract the principle disfavouring the retroactive operation of a statute. H 742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017]~ . 12 S.C.R.

A Here there is no. question of affecting vested rights. The operation of the notification itselfis not retrospective. It only brings the Act into operation on and from.an earlier date. In any case it was in terms authorised to issue the notification bringing the Act into force on any date subsequent to the passing ofthe Act and that is all that the Government did. In'this view of the matter, the B· further argument advanced by the learned Attorney- · General and which found favour with the Court below, namely, that the notification was at any rate good to bring the Act into operation as on and from. the date of its issue need not be considered." (Emphasis supplied by us) c 18. The notifications establishing the DMF in the States mentioned · in the table above were issued pursuant to the provisions of Section 9B of the MMDR Act. The intention of Parliament appears to have been for the State Governments to establish the DMF with effect from 12'h January, 2015 since its object is to work for the interest and benefit of ·n persons and areas affected by mining related operations. The object being the welfare of those adverseiy affected by mining operations, the DMFs ought to have been established on 12•h January, 2015. However, not surprisingly, every State Government took it easy (including to a lesser extent the State Governments of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana) compelling the Central Government to issue a direction under E Section 20A of the MMDR Act on l 6'h September, 2015 requiring the State Governments to issue a notification that the DMF shall be deemed to have come into existence with effect from the 12'h January, 2015.

19. In any event, even assuming that since the DMFs were established from a tlate anterior to the date of the notification and therefore F they were established with retrospective effect, their establishment did not adversely affect anybody's vested rights (as will be seen later). This is crucial. Therefore there can be no real objection to the operation of the notifications from 12'h January, 2015 in view of the decision in Musaliar. The DMFs were not established from a date prior to 12'h G January, 2015 and to that extent cannot .be said to.have been established with rctrospecti vc effect. 20. Assuming the DMFs were established· with retrospective effect - is that permissible in law? This question really does ~t arise in the view that we have taken following Musaliar but since it was vehemently argued by learned counsel by citing severµ! decisions, we. H briefly give our views. . FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 743 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

21. The power to give retrospective effect to subordinate legislation A whether in the form of rules or regillations or notifications has been the subject matter of discussion in several decisions rendered by this Court and it is not necessary to deal with all of them - indeed it may not even be possibl~ to do so. It would suffice ifthe principles laid down by some of these decisions cited before us and relevant to our discussion are B culled out. These are obviously relatable to the present set of cases and are not intended to lay down the law for all cases of retrospective operation of statutes or subordinate legislation. The relevant principles are:. (i) The Central Government or the State Government (or any c other authority) cannot make a subordinate legislation having retrospective effect unless the pai·ent statute, expressly or by necessary implication, authorizes it to do so. (Hukum Chand v. Union of lndia4 and Mahabir Vegetable Oils (P) ·Ltd. v. State of Haryana5). D (ii) Delegated legislation is ordinarily prospective in nature and a right or a liability created for the first time cannot be given retrospective ·effect. (Pane/ii Devi v. State of Raja.stlian6).

(iii) As regards a subordinate legislation concerning a fiscal statute, it would not be proper to hold that in the absence of an express E-provision a delegated authority can impose a tax or a fee. There is no scope or any room for intendment in respect of a compulsory exaction from a citizen. (Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority v. Sllaradkumar Jayuntikumar Pasawalla7 and State of Rajaslitan v• .Basant Agrotecll (India) Limited. 8). F 22. A much more erudite, general and broad-based discussion on the subject is to be found in the Constitution Bench decision in Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) - I v. Vatika Township Private Limited9 and we are obviously bound by the conclusions arrived at therein: It is not at all necessary for ·us to repeat the discussion and G '0972) 2 sec 601 ' c2006) 3 sec 620 '(2009) 2 sec 589 1 (1992) 3 sec 285 • c2013J 1s sec 1 'c2015) 1sec 1 H 744 SlJPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 12 S.C.R. A the conclusions arrived at by the Constitution Bench in the view that we have taken except to say that our conclusions do not depart from the conclusions arrived at by the Constitution Bench.

23. On the facts before us, it is clear that Section 15 of the MMDR Act empowers the State Government to make rules for regulating the B grant of quarry leases, mining leases or other mineral concessions in respect of minor minerals and for purposes connected therewith. This section does not specifically or by necessary implication empower the State Government to frame any rule with retrospective effect. Also, the MMDR Act does not confer any specific power on the State Government c to fictionally create the DMF deeming it to be in existence from a date earlier than the date of the notification establishing the DMF. Therefore, it must follow that under the provisions of the MMDR Act that we are concerned with, no State Government has the power to frame a rule with retrospective effect or to create a deeming fiction, either specifically or by necessary intendment.

D 24. Similarly, Section 13 of the MMDRAct does not confer any specific power on the Central Government to frame any rule with retrospective effect. Section 9B(5) and (6) read with clause ( qqa) inserted in Section 13(2) of the MMDR Act enable the Central Government to make rules to provide for the amount of payment to be made to the E DMF established by the State Government under Section 9B( I) of the MMDR Act. None of these provisions confer any power on the Central Government to require the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease to contribute to the DMF with retrospective effect. Therefore, even the scope and extent of the rule making power of the Central Government is limited. F

25. In view of the position in law as explained above and the factual position before us, the notifications issued by the State Governments must be understood to mean (assuming the DMF could not be established with effect from 12'11 January, 2015 by a notification issued on a later date) that the DMF was established on the date of G publication of each notification. This is reflective of the further submission of the learned Attorney General in Musaliar that was not considered by the Constitution Bench. In our opinion this submission can be extrapolated to the facts of the cases before us and if we do so, we find it well taken. To the extent possible, the validity of a: rule, regulation or notification should be upheld. It is not obligatory to declare any notification ultra H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 745 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] vires the rule making power of the State Government if its validity can A be saved without doing violence to the law. In these cases, we arc of opinion that it is not obligatory to declare the notifications ultra vires the rule making power of the State Governments to the extent of their establishing the DMF from a retrospective date, since we can save their validity by reading them as operational from the date of their publication. BIn any event, no prayer was made before us for striking down the establishment of the DMF as such.

26. Therefore our answer to the first question is that the DMFs were not established retrospectively even though the notifications established them from a date anterior to the date of the notifications - cbut not before the date of the Ordinance. Assuming the DMFs were established with retrospective effect from 12'" January, 2015 it is of no consequence since the retrospective establishment does not prejudicially affect the interests of anybody (as will be seen later). In this view of the matter, the notifications do not violate the law laid down in Musaliar and Vatika Towns/tip. Even othenvise, their validity can be saved by D reading them as operational from the date of publication. (ii) The second question 27. Learned counsel for the petitioners submitted that assuming the issue of retrospective operation of the notifications and the establishment of the DMFs is decided against them, even then the E petitioners cannot be compelled to make the contribution for a period prior to the date of the relevant notifications, that is, 17'" September, 2015 and 20'" October, 2015 (as the case may be). For this purpose, reliance was placed on Mis Govind Saran Ganga Saran v. Co111111issio11er of Sales Tax10 and Vatika Towns/tip. F

28. In Govind Saran this Court was concerned with the taxation of goods under Sections 14 and 15 of the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 (the CST Act) and the assessment made under the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 as applied to the Union Territory of Delhi. Section 15 of the CST Act reads: G "15. Every sales tax law of a State shall, insofar as it imposes or authorizes the imposition of a tax on the sale or purchase of declared goods, be subject to the following restrictions and conditions, namely: '° t 985 (Supp) sec 205 H 746 'SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R. A (a) the tax payable under that law in respect of any sale or purchase of such goods inside the State shall not exceed three percent of the sale or purchase price thereof, and such tax shall not be levied at more than one stage." This Court noted that Section 15 of the CST Act prescribed the B maximum rate of tax that could be imposed and that such tax shall not b.e levied at more than one point. Expanding on these requirements, this Court observed in paragraph 6 of the Report as follows:

"The components which enter into the concept of a tax are well · known. The first is the character of the imposition known by its nature which prescribes the taxable event attracting the levy, the c . second is a clear indication of the person on whom the levy is imposed and who is obliged to pay the tax, the third is the rate at which the tax is imposed, and the fourth is the measure or value to which the rate will be applied for computing the tax liability. If those components arc not clearly and definitely ascertainable, it is D difficult to say that the levy exists in point oflaw. Any uncertainty or vagueness in the legislative scheme defining any of those components of the levy will be fatal to its validity." (Emphasis supplied by us) 29. After the above observations, this Court primarily dealt with E the absence of specifying the single point at which the tax might be levied and held that the prerequisite of Section 15 of the CST Act that the tax shall not be levied at more than one stage had not been satisfied. Therefore, it quashed the assessment complained of and allowed the appeal of the assessee.

F 30. In Vatika Township the Constitution Bench was concerned with the impact of the proviso appended to Section 113 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 inserted by the Finance Act. 11 The rate of surcharge was not specified in the proviso nor the date for the levy. The consequence of this was that some assessing officers were not levying any surcharge G 11 113. Tax in the case of block assessment of search cases .. -The total undisclosed income of the block period, determined under Section l 58BC, shall be chargeable to tax ·at the rate of sixty per cent:· Provided that the tax chargeable under this section shall be increased by a surcharge, if any, levied by any Central Act and applicable in the assessment year relevant to the previous year in which the search is initiated under section 132 or the 'equisition is H made under section l 32A. FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERALJNDUSTRIES v. UNION 747 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

and those who were levying surcharge adopted different dates for the A levy. In this context it was.held that the rate at which a tax or for that matter a surcharge is to be levied is an essential component of the tax .regime. The decision in Govind Saran was referred to by the Constitution -Bench, particularly the passage extracted above .. It was further held: "It is clear from the above that the rate at which the tax is to be imposed Bis an essential component. of tax and where the rate is not stipulated or it cannot be applied with precision, it would be difficult to tax a person." 31. We may also note a similar view expressed in Principles of Statutory Interpretation by Justice GP. Singh 12 that: "There are three components of a taxing statute, viz. subject of the tax, person liable to cpay the tax and the rate at which the tax is levied. If there be any real ambiguity in respect ofany of these components which is not removable by reasonable construction, there would be no tax in law till the defect is removed by the legislature."

32. In view of the decision of the Constitution Bench of this Court D that the spec;ification of the rate of tax (or a.I\Y compulsory levy for that matter) is an essential component of the tax regime, it is difficult to agree with the learned Additional Solicitor General that specifying the maximum amount of compensation to be paid to the DMF in terms of Section 9B of the MMDRAct, being an amount not exceeding one-third of the royalty, satisfies the requirements oflaw. What is required by the E law is certainty and not vagueness - not exceeding one-third could mean one-fourth or one-fifth or some other fraction. It is this uncertainty that is objectionable. 33. Therefore, our answer to the second question is that the petitioners are no-t liable to make any contribution to the DMF from 12'" F January, 2015. Crucial date for making the contribution to the DMF 34. What then is the crucial date for making the contribution? There are two categories of holders of a mining lease or a prospecting G licence-cum-mining lease. We will consider the effect of the notifications on each such category. 12 14 .. edition revised by Justice A.K. Patnaik, former Judge, Supreme Court oflndia, page 876 H 748 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 12 S.C.R. A Lease holders for minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing

35. On 17'h September, 2015 the Ministry ofMines in the Central Government issued a notification regarding the contribution to the DMF in respect of minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing. The B rate at which the contribution was required to be made by the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease is specified in the notification. Although the notification provides that the contribution is payable from l 2'h January, 2015 in view of our conclusion that the contribution to the DMF cannot be with retrospective effect, it would be payable only from the date of the notification, that is, l 7'h September, C 2015 even though the DMF was established or deemed to be established with effect from 12'h January, 2015. 36. The further question raised by learned counsel for the petitioners in this regard was: How can the contribution be made to an entity like the DMF that was established only on a date subsequent to D l 7'h September, 2015 (except for the States of Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana)? Can the contribution be paid to a non-existent trust?

37. We are afraid this line of questioning does not appeal to us. The object of the DMF is "to work for the interest and benefit of persons, and areas affected by mining related operations". The purpose of Section E 9B of the MMDR Act and the object of the DMF are in furtherance of the cause of social justice for those affected by the mining related operations - including tribals who may be dislocated or displaced from their habitat. To deny them a benefit that is rightfully theirs only because the State Government has been lax in establishing the DMF would be doing injustice to them. F 38. Additionally, Section 9B of the MMDRAct creates a liability and only the quantum of the liability remained to be determined. That determination came on the issuance of the notification of l 7'h September, 2015. The fact that it would take time (even more than a year as in the case of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh) for the benefit to reach the G affected persons cannot detract from the liability of the petitioners to contribute nor does it absolve them of their liability to pay the contribution. The only criticism could be of the tardiness and lack of concern by State Governments in setting up the DMF in spite of the direction of the Central Government. H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 749 OF INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

39. In A. Prabhakara Reddy v. State of Madhya Pradesh 13 A one of the questions raised was that since the Madhya Pradesh Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Board came to be constituted only on 9t1i April, 2003 the recovery of cess under the Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996 with effect from 1st April, 2003 did not arise. On this basis, the requirement to pay cess was Bchallenged. 40. This Court rejected the contention and held that after the Cess Act and the rules framed thereunder came into effect and the Workers Welfare Board was constituted and the rate of cess was notified, the State was under an obligation to collect the cess in respect of on-going projects. The fact that passing on the benefit to the workers might take C some time had no impact on the liability to pay the cess. It was further held that: "Any other inte1pretation would defeat the rights of the workers whose protection is the principal aim or primary concern and objective of the BOCW Act as well as the Cess Act." 41. We hold, therefore, that the effective date of payment of D contribution to the DMF in the case of those petitioners who arc (or were) holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease for minerals other than coal; lignite and sand for stowing would be 17th September, 2015.

Lease holders for coal, lignite and sand for stowing E 42. The position with regard to contribution to the DMF by the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease for coal, lignite and sand for stowing is quite different from the situation of the other holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease. The reason for this is to be found in the text of paragraph 3 of the notification of 20th October, 2015 which is very explicit. It provides that F the contribution, though payable, shall be paid only from the date of the notification (20'h October, 2015) or from the date of establishment of the DMF in the concerned State, whichever is later. Therefore, only Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana would be entitled to the contribution from holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-0cum-mining lease from 20'h October, 2015 since their DMF was established much earlier. As far as all other States are concerned, the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease could claim to postpone payment to the DMF till it was established, as per the notification issued by the State Government. "(2016) 1sec600 H 750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R.

A 43. It is true that many notifications establishing the DMFprovided the date of establishment as 12th January, 2015 but as mentioned earlier the rule making power of the Central Government and the State , Government under the MMDR Act does not permit retrospective operation of subordinate legislation. It cannot also be said that the Contribution Rules have retrospective operation by necessary implication. B Even this occasion does not arise. Furthermore, as held above, the rate at which the contribution was to be paid came to be notified only on 20th October, 2015. Therefore in view of the law discussed above, it cannot be said that the contribution should be paid by the holders of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease with effect from 12'h c January, 2015.

44. The learned Additional Solicitor General sought to rely on the subsequent notification dated 31" August, 2016 which substituted paragraph 3 in the notification of20°1 October, 2015 with the requirement that the contribution "shall be paid with effect from the 12'h January, D 2015." For the same reasons already given by us, such a retroactive substitution is ultra vires the rule making power of the Central Government. The notification dated 31 ''August, 2016 is clearly beyond the rule making power of the Central Government and must be struck down and we do so. All that this means is that the notification of 20'h October, 2015 remains untouched and must be read and understood on E its plain language. The result is that in respect of coal, lignite and sand for stowing the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease shall pay the contribution to the DMF from 20•1t October, 2015 or the date of establishing the DMF, whichever is later.

45. Finally, it was submitted by one of the learned counsel that F Section 9B of the MMDR Act was a conditional legislation and that it could become operative only on the fulfilment ofccrtain conditions. We cannot agree. Section 9B of the MMDR Act delegates power to the State Governments to establish ,the DMF without any pre-condition. Similarly, it delegates power to the Central Government to prescribe the G rate at which the contribution should be made to the DMF. This again is without any pre-condition. In view of this, we arc unable to describe Section 9B of the MMDR Act as a conditional legislation. Conclusion 46. Having considered the issues raised by the petitioners and by H FEDERATION OF INDIAN MINERAL INDUSTRIES v. UNION 751 OF ·INDIA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

the learned Additional Solicitor General in different perspectives, we A hold: (i) Merely because the DMFs hav.e been established or are deemed to have been established from a date prior to the issuance of the relevant notifications does not make their operation retrospective. (ii) In any eyent, the establishment of the DMFs (assuming the establishment is retrospective) from 12'" January, 2015 does not prejudicially affect any Bholder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease:(iii) In view of the failure of the Central Government to prescribe the rate On l 2'h January, 2015 at which contributions are required to be made to the DMF, the contributions to the DMF cannot be insisted upon with effect from l 21h January, 20 I 5. Fixing the maximum rate of contribution to the DMF is insufficient compliance with the law laid down by the Constitution C Bench in Vatika. (iv) Contributions to the DMF are required to be made by the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease in the case of minerals other than coal, lignite and sand for stowing with effect from l 71h September, 2015 when the rates were prescribed by the Central Government. (v) Contributions to the DMF are required · D to be made by the holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease in the case of coal, lignite and sand for stowing with effect from 2o•h October, 2015 when the rates were prescribed by the Central Government or with effect from the date on which the DMF was established by the State Government by a notification, whichever is later. (vi) The notification dated 31" August, 2016. issued by the Central E Government is invalid and is struck down being ultra vires the rule making power of the Central Government linder the MMD~ Act.

47. We fervently hope the State Governments recognize their responsibilities and utilize the contributions to the District Mineral Funds quickly and for the object for which they have been established, F particularly since the amounts involved are huge. 48. We grant time till 31'' December, 2017 to those holders ofa mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease who have not made the full contribution to the District Mineral Funds to pay the contribution, failing which they will be liable to make the contribution G with interest at 15% per annum from the due date. We also make it clear that in the event any holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining lease has mistakenly made contributions to the District Mineral Fund from ii date prior to the date that we have determined, such a holder of a mining lease or a prospecting licence-cum-mining H 752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 12 S.C.R. A lease shall not be entitled to any refWld but may adjust the contribution against .future contributions, without the benefit of any interest. 49. With the above conclusions, Transfer Petition Nos. 74-76/2017 are. allowed, Transferred Cases (arising out of Transfer Petition (C) Nos.74-76/2017), Transferred Cases (C) Nos.43 and 51 of2016 and the B batch of petitions· are disposed of. All other pending applications arc also disposed of. Kalpana K. Tripathy Matters disposed of.