[2017] 14 S.C.R. 618 A INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE OF KER,ALA & ORS. (Writ Petition (C) No. 373 of2006) B OCTOBER 13,2017 [DIPAK MISRA, CJJ, R. BANUMATHI AND ASHOK BHUSHAN, JJ.)

Re!igion/Religiou.1· Institutions - Gender Discrimination -C Exclusion of women from entering temple on basis of custom and usage - Constitutionality of - Petitioners pleaded for issue of appropriate writ or direction - to ensure entry of female devotees between age group JO to 50 yrs at the Lord Ayappa Temple at Sabrimala, Kera/a which has been denied to them on the basis of certain custom and usage; and to declare d(b) of the Kera/a Hindu D Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Ent1y) Rules. 1965 framed in exercise of powers cm1ferred ~y s.4 of the Kera/a Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Ent1y) Act, 1965 as 1mconstitutiona/ being violative of Arts. I 4. I 5, 25 and 51 A (e) of the Constitution - Held: Following' issues arise for consideration -E Whether the practice of excluding woman based upon a biological factor amounts to "discrimination", thereby violating Arts. I 4. I 5, I 7 and not protected by 'morality· as used in u!Arts. 25. 26 and whether such exclusion by a religious institution constitutes an "essential religious practice" u/Art.25 and whether they can assert such claim under the right to manage its own affairs in the matter of religion -F Furthe1; whether Ayyappa Temple has a denominational character and. !f so, is it permissible on the part of a 'religious denomination ' managed by a staflltory board and financed out of Consolidated Fund of Kera/a and Tamil Nadu to indulge in such practices violating constitutional principles/morality embedded in Arts.14.15(3),39(a) G and 51-A(e)-Also, whether d of the Rules. 1965 permits 'religious denomination' to ban ent1y of woman between the age of 10 to 50 years. and if so. would it not violate Arts.14.15(3) of the Constitution by restricting ently of woman on the ground of sex - . Lastly. whether f.3(b) of the Rules, 1965 is ultra vircs the Act, 1965 and if treated to he intra vi res. whether it will he violative of the provisions of Part-Ill H ·of the Constitution - Since, .sign/ficant issues arise for consideration. 618

INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 619 OF KERALA & ORS. therefore. matter referred to the Chief Justice to constitute A appropriate larger bench - Constitution of India -Arts.14.15.17.25.26.32.39 and 51A - Kera/a Hindu Places of Pub,lic Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules. 1965 - 1:3(b) - Kera/a Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act. 1965 -s.4 - Public Interest Litigation. B S. Mahendran v. The Secretary. Travancore Devaswom Board. Thiruvananthpuram a11d Ors. AIR 1993 Kentla 42; The Commissione1: Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Shri Lakhshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirnr Mutt [1954] SCR 1005; Durgah Committee. c Ajmer v. Syed Hussain Ali [1962) 1 SCR 383; Sri Venkatramana Devam & Ors. v. State of Mysore & Ors. [1958) SCR 895; Sastri Yagnapurushadji and Ors. v. M11ldas Bhudardas Vaishya and Anr. [1966) 3 SCR 242; Sri Adi Visheshwara of Kashi Vishwanath Temple. Vara11asi v. State of U.P. (1997) 4 SCC 606 ! (1997) D 2SCR1086; A.S. Nmyana Deekshitulu v. State of A.P. (1996) 9 SCC 548 : 11996] 3 SCR 543; Adi Saiva Sivachariyargal Nala Sangam and Ors. v. The Government o,f Tamil Nadu and Ors. AIR 2016 SC 209:

(2015) 11 SCR 1110; Deoki Nandan v. Murlidhar E [1956] SCR 756; Sri Radhakanta Deb v. Commissioner of Hindu Religious Endowments. Orissa (1981) 2 SCC 226: 11981] 2 SCR 826; Nar Hari v. Badri Nath Temple Committee [1952] SCR 849; Adi Saiva Sti1achariyargal Na/a Sangam and others v. State of T.N. (2016) 2 SCC 725 : [2015) 11 SCR 1110; Mano,j Narula v. Union o,f F India (2014) 9 SCC 1 : 120141 11 SCR 712; National Legal Services Awhorizv v. Union o,f'Jndia (2014) 5 SCC 438; State of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Mo ti Ku res hi Kassab Jamar and others (2005) 8 SCC 534: (2005] 4 Suppl. SCR 582; Bennet Coleman & Co. and others v. Union G o,f India and others (1972) 2 SCC 788 : (1973] 2 SCR 757; S. Rangarajan v. P. .Jagjivan Ram and others (1989) 2 SCC 574 : [1989) 2 SCR 204; Ram Jethmalani and others v. Union oflndia and others (2011) 8 SCC 1 : (2011] 8 SCR 725; M Nagarqj and others v. Union of India and others (2006) 8 SCC 212 : 12006] 7 Suppl. H 620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 14 S.C.R. A SCR 336; Sanjay Singh and another v. UP. Public Service Commission, Allahabad and another (2007) 3 SCC 720 : [2007] 1 SCR 235; Satyawati Sharma v.

Union of India and another (2008) 5 SCC 287 : (20081 6 SCR 566; A tam Prakash v. State of Haryana and others (1986) 2 SCC 249 : (1986) 1 SCR 399; Raja B Bira Ki.shore Deb v. State of Orissa AIR 1964 SC 1501: [19641 SCR 32; S.P. Mittal v. Union of India and others (1983) 1 SCC 51 : (1983) 1 SCR 729; Tilkayat Shri Gvindlalji Maharaj v. State of Rajasthan and others [19641 l SCR 561; Ratilal Panachand Gandhi v. State c of Bombay and Others [1954) SCR 155; Dr. Subramanian Swamy v. State of Tamil Nadu and others (2014) 5 SCC 75 : (20141 1 SCR 308 - referred to. Case Law Reference AIR 1993 Kerala 42 referred to Para6 D 119541 SCR 1005 referred to Para 16 (1962] 1 SCR 383 referred to Para 16 [1958] SCR 895 referred to Para 16 1;1966] 3 SCR 242 .. eferred to Para 17•. E j (19971 2 SCR 1086 referred to Para 17' [19961 3 SCR 543 referred to Para 17 12015] 11 SCR lllO referred to Para 17 F [1956] SCR 756 referred to Para 19 [1981] 2 SCR 826 referred to Para 19 (1952] SCR 849 referred to Para 19 (2015] ll SCR 1110 referred to Para 20 G (2014] lI SCR 712 referred to Para 20 (2014) s sec 438 referred to Para 20 [2005) 4 Suppl. SCR 582 referred to Para 20 [1973] 2 SCR 757 referred to Para 21 H INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 621 OF KERALA & ORS.

[1989) 2 SCR 204 referred to Para 21 A [2011) 8 SCR 725 referred to Para 21 [2006) 7 Suppl. SCR 336 referred to Para 21 [2007) 1 SCR 235 referred to Para 22 [2008) 6 SCR 566 referred to Para 22 B [1986) l SCR 399 referred to Para: 22 [1964] SCR 32 referred t9 Para 24 [1983] 1 SCR 729 referred to Para 24 c(1964) 1 SCR 561 referred to Para 24 (1954) SCR 155 referred to Para 24 [20141 1SCR308 referred to Para 24 CIVILORIGINALJURISDICTiON: Writ Petition (Civil) No.373 of2006. D Under Article 32 of the Constitution oflndia.

Raju Ramachandran(AC), K. Ramamoorthy(AC), Jaideep Gupta, P. V. Surendranath, K.K. Venugopal, K., Dr. Kylashnath Pillai, K. Radhakrishnan, Sajan Poovayya, Ajit Kr. Sinha, Sr. Advs., E K.Parameshwar, Ms.Mythili Vijay Kumar Thallam, Vikram Aditya Narayan, R.P. Gupta, Vikas Gupta, Anubhav, G. Prakash, Jishnu M.L. Mrs. Priyanka Prakash, Ms. Beena Prakash, Manu Srinath, V:K. Sidharthan, Ms. Reshmitha R. Chandran, Abhilesh M.R., Ranjan Kumar, Nishe Rajen Shonker, Sanjeet Kumar Mishra, Anjani Kumar Mihra, Haider Ali, Gautam Talukdar, S. Udaya Kumar Sagar, Ms.Bina F Madhavan, Ms. Akanksha Mehr!l,°Ankur Talwar (for M/s Lawyer S. Knit & Co.), Wills Mathews Ginesh P., Birjender Chudhray, Hitesh Kumar Shanna, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Sbree Pal Singh, Harish V. Shankar, Ms. Nisha Mohandas, K.V. Mohan, K.V. Balakrishnan, Ravi Prakash Mehrotra, Ms.Deepti R. Mehrotra, Vibhu Tiwari, Pragyan Pradip G Shanna, Ganesh Babu TR, Shikhar Garg, P.V. Yogeswaran, N. Shoba, Sri Ram J. Thalapathy, V. Adhimoolam, Shilp Vino<L M/s AP & J Chambers, Ms.V.S. Lakshmi, Shine P. Sbashidbar, A. Venayagam Balan, K. V. Jagdishvaran, Ms. G. Indira, Priyadarshi Banerjee, E.C. Agrawala, V.K. Biju, Abbay Pratap Singh, Suhaas Ratna Joshi, Shaijan George, H 622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R.

A Krishna Ku mat Singh, K.V. Muthu.K umar, Suvvidutt M.S., Sai Decpak Iyer, Arnold Harvey, Mathew Eapen Vcttath, Vija K. Verma, Naresh Kumar. Shadman Ali, R.K. Rathorc, D.S. Mahra, B.K. Prasad, Advs. with them for the appearing parties. Intervenor (in-person) B Applicant (in-person)

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by· .DIPAK MISRA, CJI 1. In this public interest litigation preferred under Article 32 of the Constitution oflndia the petitioners have prayed C for issue of appropriate writ or direction commanding the Government of Kerala, Dcwaswom Board of Travancore, Chief Thanthri of Sabarimala Temple and the District Magistrate of Pathanamthitta and their officers to ensure entry of female devotees between the age group of 10 to 50 at the Lord Ayappa Temple at Sabarimala (Kcrala) which has been denied to them on the basis of certain custom and usage; to D declare Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules, 1965 (for Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SATISH KUMAR YADAV short, "the 1965 Rules") framed in exercise of powers conferred by Section 4 of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act, 1965 (for brevity, "the E 1965 Act") as unconstitutional being violative ofArticles 14, 15, 25 and ~I A(e) of the Constitution of India and further to pass directions for safety of women pilgrims. That apart, a prayer has also been made for laying guidelines in matters of general inequality related to religious practices in places of worship. 2. The preamble to 1965 Act lays down that the Act has been F enacted to make better provisions for entry of all classes and sections of Hindu into places of public worship. Section 2 is the dictionary clause. It reads as follows:-

"Section 2 . .Definitions:- In this Act, unless the context oth crwisc rcq uircs, - G (a) "Hindu" includes a person professing the Buddhist, Sikh or Jaina religion; (b) "place of public worship" means a place, by whatever name known or to whomsoever belonging, which is dedicated to, or H fo~ the benefit of. or is used generally by, Hindus or any section INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 623 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK.MISRA, CJl] or class thereof, for the pcrfonnancc of any religious service or A for offering prayers therein, and includes all ands and subsidiary shrines, mutts, devasthanams, namaskara mandapams and nalambalams appurtenant or attached to any such place, and also any sacred tanks, wells, springs and water courses the waters of which arc worshipped, or arc used for bathing or for B worship, but does not include a "sreekoil"; . (c) "section or class" includes any division, sub-division, caste, sub-caste, sect or denomination whatsoever." 3. Section 3 that provides for places of public worship to be open to all sections &nd classes of Hindus reads thus:- c "Section 3. Places of public worship to be open to all.

section and classes of Hindus:- Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law for the time being in foi:ce or any custom or usage or ai1y instrument having effect by .virtue of any such law or any decree or order of court, every D place of public worship which is open to Hindus generally or to any section or class thereof, shall be open to all sections and classes of Hindus; and no Hindu of whatsoever section or class shall, in any manner, be prevented, obstructed or discouraged from entering such place of public worship, or from worshipping or offering prayers thereat, or performing any religious service E therein, in the like manner and to the like extent as any other Hindu of whatsoever section or class may enter, worship, pray or perform: Provided that in the case of a public of public worship which is a temple founded for the benefit ofany religious denomination or F section thereof, the provisions of this section, shall be subject to the right of that religious denomination or section as the ca.se may be, to manage its own affairs in matters of religion."

4. Section 4 deals with the power to make regulations. The said provision being significant is reproduced below:- G "Section 4. Power. to make regulations for the maintenance of order and decorum and the due performance of rites and ceremonies in places of public worship:- ( 1) The trustee or any other person in charge of any place or public worship shall have power, subject to the control of the competent authority H ....., 624 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 14 S.C.R. A and any rules which may be made by that authority. to make regulations for the maintenance of order and the decorum in the place of public worship and the due observance of the religious rites and ceremonies performed therein: Provided that no regulation made under this sub-section shall B discriminate in any manner whatsoever, against any Hindu on the ground that he belongs to a particular or class. (2) The competent authority referred to in sub-section ( 1) shall be,- (i) in relation to a place of public worship situated in any area to which Part I of the Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious C Institutions Act, 1950 (Travancore-Cochin Act XV of 1930), extends. the Travancorc Dcvaswom Board; (ii) in relation to a place ofpuhlic worship situated in any area to which Part II of the said Act extends, the Cochin Devaswom Board; and D (iii) in relation to a place of public worship situated in any other area in the State ofKerala, the Government."

5. The State of Kerala in exercise of power under Section 4 framed the 1965 Rules. Rule 3 of the 1965 Rules is extracted hereunder:-"Ruic 3. The classes of persons mentioned here under shall not E be entitled to offer worship in any place of public worship or bath in or use the water of any sacred tank, well, spring or water course appurtenant to a place of public worship whether situate within or outside precincts thereof, or any sacred place including a hill or hill lock, or a road, street or pathways which is requisite F for obtaining access to the place of public worship- (a) Persons who are not Hindus. (b) Women at such time during which they are not by custom and usage allowed to enter a place of public worship. G (c) Persons under pollution arising out of birth or death in their families. ( d) Drunken or disorderly persons. ( e) Persons suffering from any loathsome or contagious disease. (f) Persons of unsound mind except when taken for worship H INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 625 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI] under proper control and with the permission of the executive A authority of the place of public worship concerned. (g) Professional beggars when their entry is solely for the purpose ofbcgging." [Emphasis supplied] B

6. It is contended in the Writ Petition that the Division Bench of the High Court of Kcrala in S. Mahendran v. The Secretary, Travancore Devaswom Board, Thiruvananthpuram and Ors. 1 has upheld the practice of banning the entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 to trek the holy hills ofSabarimala in connection with the pilgrimage to the Sabarimala temple and from offering worship C ·at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year. It is worthy to note here that a public interest litigation was entertained by the High Court on the basis of a petition sent by one S. Mahendran which was· converted into a Writ Petition and treated as a public interest litigati.on. It complained that the young women are not allowed to offer prayers at the Sabarimala D Shrine which was contrary to the customs and usage followed in the temple. The Chief Secretary of the State of Kerala filed a counter affidavit before the High Court. The High Court has summarized the said affidavit which is to the following effect:-"l 0. The Chief Secretary of Kerala filed a counter-affidavit on E behalf of 3rd respondent. In that affidavit it is stated that the Tavancore Devaswom Board has to manage and arrange for the conduct of daily worship and ceremonies and festivals in every temple according to its usage as per the provision contained in Section 31 of the Travancorc-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act. The Board is entrusted with administration as F well as making of rules. Regarding the entry in temples, necessary provision has been made in the Travancore-Cochin Temple (Removal ofDisabilities) Act and by Act 7of1965. Every Hindu shall be entitled to enter a temple and offer worship there by virtus of Section 3 of that Act. The Travancore Dcvaswom G Board had framed ru Jes before the enactment of Act 7 /1965 under Section 9 of the Temple Entry Act. Rule 6(c) framed thereunder relates to entry of women. The restriction is for entry of women at such times during which they are not by custom 1 AIR 1993 Kerala 42 H

626 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R. A and usage al lowed to enter temples. The Board issues notifications evety year informing the public about the prohibition regarding entty of women of the age group of 10 to 50 in the Sabarimala temple and Pathinattampadi during Mandalam, Makaravi.lakku festival and Vishu: Third respondent further contends that the complaint voiced by the petitioner is not one B maintainable under Article 226 of the Constitution oflndia and seeks dismissal of the petition." 7. The High Court posed the following questions:-"(l) Whether woman of the age group 10 to 50 can be permitted c to enter the Sabarimala temple at any period of the year or during any of the festivals or poojas conducted in the temple. (2) Whether the denial ofentty of that class of woman amounts to discrimination and violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India, and D (3) Whether directions can be issued by this Court to the Devaswom Board and the Government ofKerala to restrict the entty of such woman to the temple?" 8. We need not refer to the reasoning and the analysis made by the High Court, for what we are going to say at a later stage. After devoting some space, the High Court held thus:-E

"40. The deity in Sabarimala temple is in the form of a Yogi or a Bramchari according to the Thanthri of the temple. He stated that there are Sasta temples at Achankovil, Aryankavu and Kulathupuzha, but the deities there are in different fonns. Puthumana Narayanan Namboodiri, a Thanthrimukhya · F recognised by the Travancore Devaswom Board, while examined as C. W. 1 stated that God in Sabarimala is in the fonn of a Naisthik Bramchari. That, according to him, is the reason why young women are not permitted to offer prayers in the temple. 41. Since the deity is in the form of a Naisthik Brahmachari, it is G therefore believed that young women should not offer worship in the temple so that even the slightest deviation from celibacy and austerity observed by the deity is not caused by the presence of such women." And again:- H INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 627 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI] "43 .... We are therefore of the opinion that the usage of woman. A of the age group I 0 to 5.0 not being permitted to enter the temple and its precincts had been made applicable throughout the year and there is no reason why they should be permitted to offer worship during specified days when they are not in a position to observe penance for 41 days due to physiological reasons. In B · short, woman after menarche up to menopause are not entitled to enter the temple and offer prayers there at any time of the year."

9. The conclusions summed up by the High Court read as follows:-"44. Our conclusions are as follows : c ( 1) The restriction imposed on women aged above l 0 and below 50 from trekking the holy hills ofSabarimala and offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine is in accordance with the usage prevalent from time immemorial. (2) Such restriction imposed by the Devaswom Board is not D violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution oflndia. (3) Such restriction is also not violative of the provisions of Hindu Place of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act, 1965 since there is no restriction between one section and another section or between one class and another class among the Hindus in the E matter of entry to a temple whereas the prohibition is only in respect of women of a particular age group and not women as a class." 10. It issued the following directions:-F "45. In the light of the aforesaid conclusions we direct the first respondent, the Travancore Devaswom Board, not to permit women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 to trek the holy hills ofSabarimala in connection with the pilgrimage to the Sabarimala temple and from offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year. We also direct the 3rd G . respondent, Government of Kerala, to render all necessary assistance inclusive of police and to see that the direction which wd have issued io the Devaswom Board is implemented and coftiplied with." H

628 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R. A I I. When this matter was listed, we requested Mr. Raju Ramachandran and Mr. K. Ramamoorthy, learned senior counsel to assist the Com1 as amici curiae. 12. We have heard Mr. Raju Ramachandran and Mr. K. Ramamoorthy, learned amici curiae, Mr. R.P. Gupta, learned counsel B for the petitioners. Mr. Jaideep Gupta, learned senior counsel for the State of Kerala, Mr. K.K. Venugopal, Mr. K. Radhakrishnan and .Ms. Indira Jaising, learned senior counsel and Mr. V.K. Biju, learned counsel for the respondents /intcrvcnors. Be it clarified, the matter was heard solely for the purpose of considering whether the matter should be referred to a larger Bench or not. After the matter was reserved, learned c counsel for the parties have filed their written notes of submissions.

13. Before we refer to the legal issues, it is interesting to note that an affidavit was filed by the first respondent - State of Kerala through Joint Secretary, Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram on 13.11.2007 asserting, inter alia, that the Government is not against any D sort of discrimination towards women. An additional affidavit was filed on 05.02.2016 stating that an erroneous stand was taken in the earlier affidavit dated 13.11.2007. The subsequent affidavit states that the said affidavit could not have gone contrary to the High Court judgment and a stand in variance to the stand taken before the High Court cou Id not E have been taken. In the earlier affidavit, the State had supported the petitioners but in the additional affidavit, it has been asserted:-"12. It is submitted that lakhs of women devotees visit Sabarimal a every year. However the restriction of women between the age of I 0 and 50 has been prevailing in Sabrarimala from time . F immemorial. This is in keeping with the unique "pratishta sangalp" or idol concept of the temple. The same is an essential and integral part of the right of practice or religion of a devotee and comes under protective guarantee of the Constitution under article 25 and 26which has been held to contain a guarantee for rituals, observances, ceremonies and modes of worship which are an G essential or integral part of religion. It is then immune from challenge under Article 14. This Hon'ble Court in Ritu Prasad Sharma v. State of Assam, (2015) 9 SCC 461 held that religious customs which are protected under Articles 25 and 26 are immune from challenge under other provisions of Part III of the Constitution." H

INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 629 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI] 14. It is further asserted in the latter affidavit that: A "14. It is submitted that the Petitioners have challenged the constitutionality of Rule 3(b) of the Kera la Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisaton ofEntry) Rules, 1965 which provides that women at such time during which they are not by custom and usage allowed to enter a place of public worship shall be included B in the class of persons who shall not be entitled to offer worship in any place of worship. It is submitted that said Rule only reflects the guarantee under Articles 25 and 26(b) where rituals, ceremonies and modes of worship which are exclusively matters of religion are excluded from the legislation under Article c 25(2)(b)." 15. After referring to Rule 3, the asseveration of the State is: "It is clear that it is only custo1ns and usages of temples and rnlcs required to maintain order, decorum and safety of the temp le which are protected by these rules and such exclusions are not D on the basis of caste, birth, pedigree or sex but based on the beliefs, customs and usages of the temple. As far as Sabarimala is eoncemed, restriction of entry to persons who are not Hindus is not applicable and devotees of all religions worship at Sabarimala." E

16. Mr. R.P. Gupta, learned counsel for the petitioners submits that there is no religious custom or usage in the Hindu religion specially in Pampa river region to disallow women during menstrnal period. According to him, banning entry of women would be against the basic tenets of Hindu religion. It is his assertion in the written note that Sabarimala Temple is not a separate religious denomination because (i) F the religious practices perfonned in Sabarimala Temple at the time of 'Puja' and other religious ceremonies are not distinct and arc akin to any other practice perfonned in any Hindu Temple; (ii) that it does not have its separate administration but is regulated by statutory Board constituted under Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act, 1950; (iii) G that it is getting State funding out of Consolidated Fund under Article 290-A of the Constitution; (iv) that there is no particular follower of this temple except general Hindu followers visiting anytemple; and (v) that mere attraction of some people for some temple docs not make it a separate and distinct religious denomination. Learned counsel referring H 630 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R.

A to the decision in The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Shri Lakhshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutti would contend that what is protected under Article 26(b) is only the 'essential part' ofreligion. Relying on Durgah Committee,Ajmer v. Syed Uussain AIP, it is urged by him that clauses ( e) and (d) of Article 26 do not create any new right in favour ofreligious denomination but B only safeguards their rights. Learned counsel contends that in the matters of managing religious affairs. all practices arc not always sacrosanct. for there may be many ill practices like superstitions which in due course of time may be merely ac;cretions to the basic theme of that religious denomination. Itis put forth by him that entry to the temple is not essential c to religion and there is difference between "regulation of entry" and "complete prohibition of entry". Placing reliance on Sri Venkatramana Devaru & Ors. v. State of Mysore & Ors.4, learned counsel submits that the religious denomination cannot completely exclude the members ofany community and may only restrict their entry in certain rituals. He further contends that the relevant Rule cannot be interpreted to mean D that it bars entry of women as such an interpretation would invite violation of principles underlying gender equality. Mr. Gupta contends that the expression 'at any stage of time' occurring in Ruic 3(b) has to be read narrowly which can be found in customs or usage like during late night if by any custom or usage women arc not allowed to enter temple, the said E custom or usage shall continue but it docs not permit complete prohibition of entry of women.

17. Ms. Indira Jaising, learned senior counsel submits that entry into temple is a matter of religion as has been spelt out in Sri Venkatramana Devaru (supra) case and the tight of ently is claimed F for worship for the purposes of "darshan" and hence, is a part of the fundamental right under Article 25 .She has commended us to the authority in Sastri Yagnapurushadji and Ors. v. Muldas Bhudardas Vaishya and Anr. 5 Learned senior counsel would urge that Section 4 of the 1965 Act provides that no regulation has to be made to discriminate in any manner whatsoever against any Hindu on the ground that he G belongs to a particular section or class and. therefore, Rule 3(b) cannot withstand scrutiny. Learned senior counsel has pointed out that '1954 SCR 1005 '(1962) 1 SCR 383 '(1958) SCR 895 H 5 1966 3 SCR 242 : AIR 1966 SC 1119 INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 631 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

Notifications which stipulate a ban of women from the age of 10 to 50 A from entering the temple is contrary to the 1965 Act as well as the Constitution. According to her, the same is contrary to the letter and spirit of the Constitution as enshrined under Articles 25 and 26. It is her contention that Sabarimala is not a denominational temple but a temple for all Hindus and, therefore; Article 26(b) is not attracted. The said B temple permits all categories of Hindus to enter the temple regardless of the denomination. It is her stand that Rule 3 is also utra vires the 1965 Act inasmuch Section 4 of the 1965 Act restricts the authorities from making any rule that discriminates against any Hindu on the ground that he belongs to a section or class and the rule coupled with notifications singles out women as a separate class of Hindu whose entry into the C places of public worship can be restricted based on custom. According to the learned senior counsel, the right to manage the affairs in the matter of religion does not encompass the right to ban entry inside a temple. She has placed reliance on Sastri Yagnapurushadji (supra), Sri Adi Visheshwara of Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi v. State of D U.P.6 and A.S. Naryana Deekshitulu v. State of A.P.7• She would emphasise on harmonious interpretation of constitutional provisions, that is, Articles 14, 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution. Learned senior counsel placing reliance upon Adi Saiva Sivachariyargal Nata Sangam and Ors. v. The Government of Tamil Nadu and Ors.8 submits that constitutional legitimacy supersedes all religious beliefs and, therefore, E prohibition on entry of women between the ages of 10 to 50 years plays foul of the constitutional principle. She would also submit that it is not a custom as is conceived of by the authorities and even if it is accepted as such, it is wholly unconstitutional as it creates an invidious discrimination perpetrating sexual differences.

F 18. Mr. K. Ramamoorthy, learned arnicus curiae in his written note of submission has put forth that the judgment of the High Court of Kerala is founded on the religious practice and after detailed enquiry the view having taken by the High Court that the restriction.imposed by the Devaswom Board is not violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution, the same should not set at naught in this petition for public G interest litigation. His further argument is that the devotees of Lord Ayyappa could also be brought within the ambit of religious denomination 1• 1997 (4) sec 606 1 1996 (9) sec 548 'AIR 2016 SC 209 H 632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14S.C.R.

A who have been following the religious practice which has been essential part ofreligion. His stand is that this Court had no occasion to consider the important question, that is,·what is religious practice on the basis of religious belief which w~uld apply not only to Ayyappa temple but would also apply to all the prominent temples all over India and, therefore, the matter has to be decided by a Constitution Bench. According to the B learned senior counse 1, none of the cases cited at the Bar would govern the issue raised here, that is, protection under Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution is not limited to the matters of doctrine or belief but also extends to acts done in pursuance of religion and, therefore, contains a guarantee for rituals and observations, ceremonies and modes of worship C which arc integral parts of religion. The concept "essential part ofreligious practice'' has to be decided by the Court with reference to the practices which arc regarded by the large sections of the community for several centuries. It is propounded by him that a religious practice based on religious faith adhered to and followed by millions of Hindus for over a millennium in consonance with natural rights of men and women is not D violative ofFundamen ta! Rights without appreciating the scope of these rights.

19. Mr. Raju Ramachandran, learned amicus curiae, in his turn, contends that Sabarimala Sree Dharma Sastha Temple is a public temple, members of the public arc admitted: and its use as a place of public E worship and entry thereto is not to any particular denomination or part thereof. The temple is managed andiadministered by a statutory body, i.e .. the Travancore Devaswom Board. As entry to a public temple is a legal right but not a permissible tight and, therefore, the temple authorities have no authority to curtail the said right. In this context, he has drawn F inspiration from the authorities namely. Deoki Nandan v. Murlidhar9, Sri Radhakanta Deb v. Commissioner of Hindu Religious Endowments, Orissa 10 and Nar Hari v. Badri Nath Temple Committee 11 • It is his proponement that the right of a woman t.o visit and enter the temple as a devotee of the deity, as a believer in Hindu faith is an essential facet of her right and restriction of the present G nature creates a dent in that right which is protected under Article 25 of the Constitution. Article 25(1) cstabli:;hes a non-discriminatory right and it is available to men and women prof :ssing the same faith, for it engulfs "(1956) SCR 756 "'(1981) 2 sec 226 H 11 (1952)SCR849 INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 633 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

the concept of intra-faith parity. The distinction between entry into temples A and right to conduct the worship of the deity as per ritualistic process of worship by an "Acharya" has been recognized to keep the constitutional norm at its pedestal. In this regard, he has commended few passages from Nar Hari (supra) and Shastri Yagnapurudasji (supra).

· 20. Mr. Ramachandran would further contend that Article 25(2)(b) B expressly states that intent of the Founding Fathers clearly prohibits exclusionary practices. As per Sri Vcnkatramana Devaru (supra). Article 25(2)(b) is not a mere enabling provision that creates substantive right being a constitutional command but lays down if any exception gets space, it has to be extremely narrow and within such cexception the exclusion of women as a class from the age of 10 to 50 is neither permissible nor acceptable. The exclusionary practice cannot be justified on the grounds of health, public order or morality because morality, as envisaged in Article 25 or Article 26, is not an individualized or sectionalized perception subj cct to varying practices and ideals of every religion. The concept of morality has to be based on the constitutional D text and especially should be inconsonance with Articles 14, 15, 17. 21,. 38 and 51 A of the Constitution. The word "morality" has to be interpreted as constitutional morality but not the speeches from the pulpit by some. It must have constitutjpnal legitimacy. In this regard, learned senior counsel has drawn our~ attention to Adi Saiva Sivaehariyargal Nala Sangam and others v, State of T.N.'2, Manoj Narula v. Union of E India13, National Legal Services Authority v. Union oflndia 14, State 1 ~.of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab .Jamat and others

21. Mr. Ramachandran further contends that the stand of the State of Kerala and the Devaswom Board is that the practice is based on Freligious custom and the same is essential to religious practice. It is fundamentally fallacious as such a religious practice cannot be essential to the religion and it has been only imposed by subordinate legislation. The custom that has been conceived of is not a part of the essential religious practice and t 11e said practice has to be appreciated keeping in view the religious rights as enshrined under Articles 25 and 26 of the G Constitution. The submi ;sion of the State is that there is no total prohibition is fallacious because a significant section of adult women is excluded 12 (2016) 2 sec ns "(20i4)9sec1 " (2014) s sec 438 1' (2oos1 8 sec 534 H 634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 14 S.C.R.

A and the singular ground for exclusion is sex and the biological feature of menstruation. To put it differently, the discrimination is not singularly on the ground of sex but also sex and the biological factor which is a characteristic of the particular sex. In such a situation, contends Mr. Ramachandran, "impact test'' has to be applied to declare the rule and the notification to be unconstitutional. For the said purpose, he has B commended us to the authority in Bennet Coleman & Co. and others v. Union of India and others16• Learned senior counsel would contend that Ruic 3(b) is ultra vircs of Sections 3 and 4 of the 1965 Act because Section 3 makes it clear that Rules made under it cannot be discriminatory against any section or class. Therefore, when it protects customs and c usage and takes shelter under the same, which may prohibit entry, then i't is not in accord with Section 3 of the 1965 Act which expressly overriiles custom and usage. The 1965 Act provides that rules have to be made for due observance of religious rites and ceremonies. The inclusion of words "custom and usage" transgress the very purpose of the Act and also the basic intent of the legislation apart from the D constitutional provisions. His further submission is that the State has a duty to ensure ilie enjoyment of fundamental rights. By inserting Rule 3(b) which goes against the inclusionary mandate of Section 3 of the I 965 Act, the State has failed in its duty to protect the fundamental rights. He has, in this regard, relied upon the decisions in S. Rangarajan E v. P. Jagjivan Ram and others17, Ram Jethmalani and others v. Union of .India and others18, M. Nagaraj and others v. Union of India and others 19.

22. Learned senior counsel has seriously criticized the stand of the Devaswom Board and the State that the decisions rendered by the F Kera la High Court operates as res judicata, for the High Court was not dealing with the validity of the Rules or invoking rights of individuals under Article 25. It is his further stand that when there is violation of a· fundamental right, the Court in a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution can proceed to re-examine the earlier decision as has been held in Sanjay Singh and another v. U.P. Public Service G Commission, Allahabad and another20 . In the present case, it is the 1' (I 972) 2 SCC 788 11 (1989)2 sec 574 1' (2011i s sec 1 1'I (2006) s sec 212 H 20 12007) 3 sec no INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 635 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, C.ll] judgment by the High Court and the said judgment cannot debar the A jurisdiction o{this Court to adjudge the constitutionality of the statutory provisions or the Rules or the notification because the principle of res judicata will not remotely apply to such a case. Additionally, he submits that a statute which may be upheld as constitutional at one poillt of time can become unconstitutional at a later point of time as has been held Bin Satyawati Sharma v.. Union of lndia and another21 anli in A tam Prakash v. State of Haryana and othcrs22•

23. lt is submitted by Mr . .laideep Gupta, learned senior counsel that Artide 25 and 26 of the Constitution guarantee every pcrsoli and community, the right and freedom to profess practice and pmpagate creligion and manage its own affairs in matters of religion. It is settled that a religion not only lays down a code of ethical rules but may also prescribe rituals and observances, ceremonies and modes of worship. These, whc11 they constitute an integral/essential part of the religion is protected uadcr Article 25 and Article 26 of the ConstitJJtion. It is further urged hy him 1hat the administration of the temple vests with the D Travancorc Dcvaswom Board under the provisions of the Act and there is a statutory duty cast on the Dcvaswom Board to arrange worship in temples in accorc.Jancc with the usage. Therefore, in matters ofrcligion, it is the opinion of the priests that is final. It is also the contention that under.ceremonial law pe1~taining to temples, who are entitled to enter Einto them for won:hip, where they arc entitled to stand and worship and how worship is to be conducted are all matters of religion protected both under Article 25 and Article 26(b ).

24. Mr. K. Parasaran and Mr. K.K. Venugopal, learned senior counsel appearing for Dcvaswom Board submit that the Fpetition mider Article 32 of the Constitution is not maintainable as no right affecting public at large is involved in the case. The religious questions posed in this Writ Petition can be determined finally only by the "Thanthri" concerned and not by other Thanthries who have no authority over the Sabarimala Temple; that worshippers visit the temple after observing penance for 41 days and usually ladies between the age G of lO and 50 will not be physically capable of observing "vratham" for 41 days on physiological grounds; that the rule that during these seasons no women aged more than 10 and less than 50 shall enter the temple is · 21 (2008l s sec 287 22 ( t 986) 2 sec 249 H 636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S,C.R.

A scrupulously followed and the Board, being a statuto1y authority, cannot forget the mandate laid down under Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution while administering the Temples under their control; that the Board cannot conceive of any religious practice under the Hindu Religion which deprives a worshipper of his right to enter the Temple and worship therein according to his belief; that notifications arc issued B by the Board during Mandalam, Makaravilakku and Vishu preventing women of the age group between 10 to 50 from entering the Temple taking into account the religious sentiments and practices followed in the temple. Article 25confcrs freedom of conscience and freedom to profess, practice and propagate religion subject to public order, morality and health c and all other provisions of Part III. But every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right to manage their religious affairs subject to public order, morality and health. Every religious denomination is conferred such freedom under Article 26 of the Constitution and they shall have the right - (a) to established and maintain institutions for D religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion, and (c) to administer such property in accordance with law. It i1> contended that Ayyappa devotees form a denomination by themselves and have every ri~ht to regulate and manage its own affairs in matters ofreligion. Reliance has been placed on Raja Bira Kishore Deb v. State of Orissa23 • teamed senior counsel have also drawn E immense inspiration from theYudgment of the High Court to highlight the stand that it is the right of a rdigious denomination to administer property and it is fundamental under the Constitution. Passages have been reproduced from Shri Lakhshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt (supra). In essence, th~ submission is that the practice which is in vogue in the temple is an essential part of religion which the Constitution F protects. Learned senior counsel have commended us to a decision in S.P. Mittal v. Union of India and others24• According to them, whether any practice is an integral part of the religion or not has to be decided on the basis of evidence. Rely'ng upon the authority in Tilkayat Shri Gvindlalji Maharaj v. State ofRajasthan and others25 it is contended G that that the question will alv ays have to be decided by the Court and in doing so the Court may have :o enquire whether the practice in question is religious in character and if it is, whether it can be regarded as an

2·' AIR 1964 SC 150 '·1 (1983J 1 sec s1 "(1964).2SCR561: AIR 1963~=1638 H INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 637 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

integral or essential part of the religion and finding on the question on A such an issue will al~·ays depend upon the evidence adduced before it as to the conscience of the community and the tenets of its religion. Reference has been made to Ratilal Panachand Gandhi v. State of Bombay and Others26 to state that the said authority has in unmistakable terms held that in regard to affairs in matters of religion the right of B management given to a religious body is a guaranteed fundamental right which no legislature can take away. Various paragraphs from the judgment of the.Kcrala High Court have been referred to bolster the stand that such restriction imposed by the Davaswom Board is not violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution. Such restriction is also not violative of the provisions ofthel965 Act since there is no restriction c between one section and another section or between one class among . the Hindus in the matter of entry to the temple whereas the prohibition is only in respect of women of a particular age group and not women as a class. They have referred to the additional affidavit filed by the Dcvaswom Board that Ayyappans belong to a different denomination and it is D elaborately set forth bow the temple has come into existence. That apart, it is seriously canvassed that once a decision has been rendered by the High Court, it would operate as res judicata and that will bind all persons including the petitioners herein. The question as to whether a set of persons constitute a religious denomination is a mixed question of fact and law and should be decided by a competent civil court after E examination of documentary and other evidence. In this regard, reliance has been placed on the authority in Dr. Subramanian Swamy v. State of Tamil Nadu and othcrs27• Various other aspects have also been highlighted but it is not necessary to note the same at present.

25. Having noted the submissions of the learned counsel for the F parties and that of the State, we feel certain significant issues arise for consideration. Be it noted, learned ~ounsel for the parties have formulated certain issues as we had reserved the order on a singularaspect, that is, whether the matter should be referred to the Constitutiort Bench or not. We need not reproduce the questions framed by them. G 26. According to us, the following questions arise for consideration:-!. Whether the exclusionary practice which is based upon a biological factor exclusive to the female gender amounts to "AIR I 954 SC 388: 1954 SCR I 55 ·" (2014) s sec 75 H 638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R. A "discrimination" and thereby violates the very core of Articles 14, 15and17 and not protected by 'morality' as used in Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution? 2. Whether the practice of excluding such women constitutes an "essential religious practice" underArticle 25 and whether a B religious institution can assert a claim in that regard under the umbrella of right to manage its own affairs in the matters of religion?

3. Whether Ayyappa Temple has a denominational character and, if so, is it permissible on the part of a 'religious denomination' c managed by a statutory board and financed under Article 290-A of the Constitution of India out of Consolidated Fund ofKerala and Tamil Nadu can indulge in such practices violating constitutional principles/ morality embedded in Articles 14, 15{3), 39(a) and 51-A( e)? 4. Whether Ruic 3 of Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship D (Authorisation of Entry) Rules permits 'religious denomination' to ban entry of women between the age of 10 to 50 years? And if so, would it not play foul of Articles 14 and 15(3) of the Constitution by restricting entry of women on the ground of sex? 5. Whether Rule 3(b) ofKerala Hindu Places of Public Worship E (Authorization of Entry) Rules, I 965 is ultra vires the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act, 1965 and, if treated to be intra vires, whether it will be violative of the provisions of Part III of the Constitution? 27. Let the papers be placed before the learned Chief Justice for F constitution of the appropriate larger Bench. Ankit Gyan Matter referred for constitution oflarger Bench. ENDOF2017 *****

[2017] 14 S.C.R. 618 A INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE OF KER,ALA & ORS. (Writ Petition (C) No. 373 of2006) B OCTOBER 13,2017 [DIPAK MISRA, CJJ, R. BANUMATHI AND ASHOK BHUSHAN, JJ.)

Re!igion/Religiou.1· Institutions - Gender Discrimination -C Exclusion of women from entering temple on basis of custom and usage - Constitutionality of - Petitioners pleaded for issue of appropriate writ or direction - to ensure entry of female devotees between age group JO to 50 yrs at the Lord Ayappa Temple at Sabrimala, Kera/a which has been denied to them on the basis of certain custom and usage; and to declare d(b) of the Kera/a Hindu D Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Ent1y) Rules. 1965 framed in exercise of powers cm1ferred ~y s.4 of the Kera/a Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Ent1y) Act, 1965 as 1mconstitutiona/ being violative of Arts. I 4. I 5, 25 and 51 A (e) of the Constitution - Held: Following' issues arise for consideration -E Whether the practice of excluding woman based upon a biological factor amounts to "discrimination", thereby violating Arts. I 4. I 5, I 7 and not protected by 'morality· as used in u!Arts. 25. 26 and whether such exclusion by a religious institution constitutes an "essential religious practice" u/Art.25 and whether they can assert such claim under the right to manage its own affairs in the matter of religion -F Furthe1; whether Ayyappa Temple has a denominational character and. !f so, is it permissible on the part of a 'religious denomination ' managed by a staflltory board and financed out of Consolidated Fund of Kera/a and Tamil Nadu to indulge in such practices violating constitutional principles/morality embedded in Arts.14.15(3),39(a) G and 51-A(e)-Also, whether d of the Rules. 1965 permits 'religious denomination' to ban ent1y of woman between the age of 10 to 50 years. and if so. would it not violate Arts.14.15(3) of the Constitution by restricting ently of woman on the ground of sex - . Lastly. whether f.3(b) of the Rules, 1965 is ultra vircs the Act, 1965 and if treated to he intra vi res. whether it will he violative of the provisions of Part-Ill H ·of the Constitution - Since, .sign/ficant issues arise for consideration. 618

INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 619 OF KERALA & ORS. therefore. matter referred to the Chief Justice to constitute A appropriate larger bench - Constitution of India -Arts.14.15.17.25.26.32.39 and 51A - Kera/a Hindu Places of Pub,lic Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules. 1965 - 1:3(b) - Kera/a Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act. 1965 -s.4 - Public Interest Litigation. B S. Mahendran v. The Secretary. Travancore Devaswom Board. Thiruvananthpuram a11d Ors. AIR 1993 Kentla 42; The Commissione1: Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Shri Lakhshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirnr Mutt [1954] SCR 1005; Durgah Committee. c Ajmer v. Syed Hussain Ali [1962) 1 SCR 383; Sri Venkatramana Devam & Ors. v. State of Mysore & Ors. [1958) SCR 895; Sastri Yagnapurushadji and Ors. v. M11ldas Bhudardas Vaishya and Anr. [1966) 3 SCR 242; Sri Adi Visheshwara of Kashi Vishwanath Temple. Vara11asi v. State of U.P. (1997) 4 SCC 606 ! (1997) D 2SCR1086; A.S. Nmyana Deekshitulu v. State of A.P. (1996) 9 SCC 548 : 11996] 3 SCR 543; Adi Saiva Sivachariyargal Nala Sangam and Ors. v. The Government o,f Tamil Nadu and Ors. AIR 2016 SC 209:

(2015) 11 SCR 1110; Deoki Nandan v. Murlidhar E [1956] SCR 756; Sri Radhakanta Deb v. Commissioner of Hindu Religious Endowments. Orissa (1981) 2 SCC 226: 11981] 2 SCR 826; Nar Hari v. Badri Nath Temple Committee [1952] SCR 849; Adi Saiva Sti1achariyargal Na/a Sangam and others v. State of T.N. (2016) 2 SCC 725 : [2015) 11 SCR 1110; Mano,j Narula v. Union o,f F India (2014) 9 SCC 1 : 120141 11 SCR 712; National Legal Services Awhorizv v. Union o,f'Jndia (2014) 5 SCC 438; State of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Mo ti Ku res hi Kassab Jamar and others (2005) 8 SCC 534: (2005] 4 Suppl. SCR 582; Bennet Coleman & Co. and others v. Union G o,f India and others (1972) 2 SCC 788 : (1973] 2 SCR 757; S. Rangarajan v. P. .Jagjivan Ram and others (1989) 2 SCC 574 : [1989) 2 SCR 204; Ram Jethmalani and others v. Union oflndia and others (2011) 8 SCC 1 : (2011] 8 SCR 725; M Nagarqj and others v. Union of India and others (2006) 8 SCC 212 : 12006] 7 Suppl. H 620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 14 S.C.R. A SCR 336; Sanjay Singh and another v. UP. Public Service Commission, Allahabad and another (2007) 3 SCC 720 : [2007] 1 SCR 235; Satyawati Sharma v.

Union of India and another (2008) 5 SCC 287 : (20081 6 SCR 566; A tam Prakash v. State of Haryana and others (1986) 2 SCC 249 : (1986) 1 SCR 399; Raja B Bira Ki.shore Deb v. State of Orissa AIR 1964 SC 1501: [19641 SCR 32; S.P. Mittal v. Union of India and others (1983) 1 SCC 51 : (1983) 1 SCR 729; Tilkayat Shri Gvindlalji Maharaj v. State of Rajasthan and others [19641 l SCR 561; Ratilal Panachand Gandhi v. State c of Bombay and Others [1954) SCR 155; Dr. Subramanian Swamy v. State of Tamil Nadu and others (2014) 5 SCC 75 : (20141 1 SCR 308 - referred to. Case Law Reference AIR 1993 Kerala 42 referred to Para6 D 119541 SCR 1005 referred to Para 16 (1962] 1 SCR 383 referred to Para 16 [1958] SCR 895 referred to Para 16 1;1966] 3 SCR 242 .. eferred to Para 17•. E j (19971 2 SCR 1086 referred to Para 17' [19961 3 SCR 543 referred to Para 17 12015] 11 SCR lllO referred to Para 17 F [1956] SCR 756 referred to Para 19 [1981] 2 SCR 826 referred to Para 19 (1952] SCR 849 referred to Para 19 (2015] ll SCR 1110 referred to Para 20 G (2014] lI SCR 712 referred to Para 20 (2014) s sec 438 referred to Para 20 [2005) 4 Suppl. SCR 582 referred to Para 20 [1973] 2 SCR 757 referred to Para 21 H INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 621 OF KERALA & ORS.

[1989) 2 SCR 204 referred to Para 21 A [2011) 8 SCR 725 referred to Para 21 [2006) 7 Suppl. SCR 336 referred to Para 21 [2007) 1 SCR 235 referred to Para 22 [2008) 6 SCR 566 referred to Para 22 B [1986) l SCR 399 referred to Para: 22 [1964] SCR 32 referred t9 Para 24 [1983] 1 SCR 729 referred to Para 24 c(1964) 1 SCR 561 referred to Para 24 (1954) SCR 155 referred to Para 24 [20141 1SCR308 referred to Para 24 CIVILORIGINALJURISDICTiON: Writ Petition (Civil) No.373 of2006. D Under Article 32 of the Constitution oflndia.

Raju Ramachandran(AC), K. Ramamoorthy(AC), Jaideep Gupta, P. V. Surendranath, K.K. Venugopal, K., Dr. Kylashnath Pillai, K. Radhakrishnan, Sajan Poovayya, Ajit Kr. Sinha, Sr. Advs., E K.Parameshwar, Ms.Mythili Vijay Kumar Thallam, Vikram Aditya Narayan, R.P. Gupta, Vikas Gupta, Anubhav, G. Prakash, Jishnu M.L. Mrs. Priyanka Prakash, Ms. Beena Prakash, Manu Srinath, V:K. Sidharthan, Ms. Reshmitha R. Chandran, Abhilesh M.R., Ranjan Kumar, Nishe Rajen Shonker, Sanjeet Kumar Mishra, Anjani Kumar Mihra, Haider Ali, Gautam Talukdar, S. Udaya Kumar Sagar, Ms.Bina F Madhavan, Ms. Akanksha Mehr!l,°Ankur Talwar (for M/s Lawyer S. Knit & Co.), Wills Mathews Ginesh P., Birjender Chudhray, Hitesh Kumar Shanna, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Sbree Pal Singh, Harish V. Shankar, Ms. Nisha Mohandas, K.V. Mohan, K.V. Balakrishnan, Ravi Prakash Mehrotra, Ms.Deepti R. Mehrotra, Vibhu Tiwari, Pragyan Pradip G Shanna, Ganesh Babu TR, Shikhar Garg, P.V. Yogeswaran, N. Shoba, Sri Ram J. Thalapathy, V. Adhimoolam, Shilp Vino<L M/s AP & J Chambers, Ms.V.S. Lakshmi, Shine P. Sbashidbar, A. Venayagam Balan, K. V. Jagdishvaran, Ms. G. Indira, Priyadarshi Banerjee, E.C. Agrawala, V.K. Biju, Abbay Pratap Singh, Suhaas Ratna Joshi, Shaijan George, H 622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R.

A Krishna Ku mat Singh, K.V. Muthu.K umar, Suvvidutt M.S., Sai Decpak Iyer, Arnold Harvey, Mathew Eapen Vcttath, Vija K. Verma, Naresh Kumar. Shadman Ali, R.K. Rathorc, D.S. Mahra, B.K. Prasad, Advs. with them for the appearing parties. Intervenor (in-person) B Applicant (in-person)

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by· .DIPAK MISRA, CJI 1. In this public interest litigation preferred under Article 32 of the Constitution oflndia the petitioners have prayed C for issue of appropriate writ or direction commanding the Government of Kerala, Dcwaswom Board of Travancore, Chief Thanthri of Sabarimala Temple and the District Magistrate of Pathanamthitta and their officers to ensure entry of female devotees between the age group of 10 to 50 at the Lord Ayappa Temple at Sabarimala (Kcrala) which has been denied to them on the basis of certain custom and usage; to D declare Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules, 1965 (for Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by SATISH KUMAR YADAV short, "the 1965 Rules") framed in exercise of powers conferred by Section 4 of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act, 1965 (for brevity, "the E 1965 Act") as unconstitutional being violative ofArticles 14, 15, 25 and ~I A(e) of the Constitution of India and further to pass directions for safety of women pilgrims. That apart, a prayer has also been made for laying guidelines in matters of general inequality related to religious practices in places of worship. 2. The preamble to 1965 Act lays down that the Act has been F enacted to make better provisions for entry of all classes and sections of Hindu into places of public worship. Section 2 is the dictionary clause. It reads as follows:-

"Section 2 . .Definitions:- In this Act, unless the context oth crwisc rcq uircs, - G (a) "Hindu" includes a person professing the Buddhist, Sikh or Jaina religion; (b) "place of public worship" means a place, by whatever name known or to whomsoever belonging, which is dedicated to, or H fo~ the benefit of. or is used generally by, Hindus or any section INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 623 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK.MISRA, CJl] or class thereof, for the pcrfonnancc of any religious service or A for offering prayers therein, and includes all ands and subsidiary shrines, mutts, devasthanams, namaskara mandapams and nalambalams appurtenant or attached to any such place, and also any sacred tanks, wells, springs and water courses the waters of which arc worshipped, or arc used for bathing or for B worship, but does not include a "sreekoil"; . (c) "section or class" includes any division, sub-division, caste, sub-caste, sect or denomination whatsoever." 3. Section 3 that provides for places of public worship to be open to all sections &nd classes of Hindus reads thus:- c "Section 3. Places of public worship to be open to all.

section and classes of Hindus:- Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law for the time being in foi:ce or any custom or usage or ai1y instrument having effect by .virtue of any such law or any decree or order of court, every D place of public worship which is open to Hindus generally or to any section or class thereof, shall be open to all sections and classes of Hindus; and no Hindu of whatsoever section or class shall, in any manner, be prevented, obstructed or discouraged from entering such place of public worship, or from worshipping or offering prayers thereat, or performing any religious service E therein, in the like manner and to the like extent as any other Hindu of whatsoever section or class may enter, worship, pray or perform: Provided that in the case of a public of public worship which is a temple founded for the benefit ofany religious denomination or F section thereof, the provisions of this section, shall be subject to the right of that religious denomination or section as the ca.se may be, to manage its own affairs in matters of religion."

4. Section 4 deals with the power to make regulations. The said provision being significant is reproduced below:- G "Section 4. Power. to make regulations for the maintenance of order and decorum and the due performance of rites and ceremonies in places of public worship:- ( 1) The trustee or any other person in charge of any place or public worship shall have power, subject to the control of the competent authority H ....., 624 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 14 S.C.R. A and any rules which may be made by that authority. to make regulations for the maintenance of order and the decorum in the place of public worship and the due observance of the religious rites and ceremonies performed therein: Provided that no regulation made under this sub-section shall B discriminate in any manner whatsoever, against any Hindu on the ground that he belongs to a particular or class. (2) The competent authority referred to in sub-section ( 1) shall be,- (i) in relation to a place of public worship situated in any area to which Part I of the Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious C Institutions Act, 1950 (Travancore-Cochin Act XV of 1930), extends. the Travancorc Dcvaswom Board; (ii) in relation to a place ofpuhlic worship situated in any area to which Part II of the said Act extends, the Cochin Devaswom Board; and D (iii) in relation to a place of public worship situated in any other area in the State ofKerala, the Government."

5. The State of Kerala in exercise of power under Section 4 framed the 1965 Rules. Rule 3 of the 1965 Rules is extracted hereunder:-"Ruic 3. The classes of persons mentioned here under shall not E be entitled to offer worship in any place of public worship or bath in or use the water of any sacred tank, well, spring or water course appurtenant to a place of public worship whether situate within or outside precincts thereof, or any sacred place including a hill or hill lock, or a road, street or pathways which is requisite F for obtaining access to the place of public worship- (a) Persons who are not Hindus. (b) Women at such time during which they are not by custom and usage allowed to enter a place of public worship. G (c) Persons under pollution arising out of birth or death in their families. ( d) Drunken or disorderly persons. ( e) Persons suffering from any loathsome or contagious disease. (f) Persons of unsound mind except when taken for worship H INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 625 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI] under proper control and with the permission of the executive A authority of the place of public worship concerned. (g) Professional beggars when their entry is solely for the purpose ofbcgging." [Emphasis supplied] B

6. It is contended in the Writ Petition that the Division Bench of the High Court of Kcrala in S. Mahendran v. The Secretary, Travancore Devaswom Board, Thiruvananthpuram and Ors. 1 has upheld the practice of banning the entry of women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 to trek the holy hills ofSabarimala in connection with the pilgrimage to the Sabarimala temple and from offering worship C ·at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year. It is worthy to note here that a public interest litigation was entertained by the High Court on the basis of a petition sent by one S. Mahendran which was· converted into a Writ Petition and treated as a public interest litigati.on. It complained that the young women are not allowed to offer prayers at the Sabarimala D Shrine which was contrary to the customs and usage followed in the temple. The Chief Secretary of the State of Kerala filed a counter affidavit before the High Court. The High Court has summarized the said affidavit which is to the following effect:-"l 0. The Chief Secretary of Kerala filed a counter-affidavit on E behalf of 3rd respondent. In that affidavit it is stated that the Tavancore Devaswom Board has to manage and arrange for the conduct of daily worship and ceremonies and festivals in every temple according to its usage as per the provision contained in Section 31 of the Travancorc-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act. The Board is entrusted with administration as F well as making of rules. Regarding the entry in temples, necessary provision has been made in the Travancore-Cochin Temple (Removal ofDisabilities) Act and by Act 7of1965. Every Hindu shall be entitled to enter a temple and offer worship there by virtus of Section 3 of that Act. The Travancore Dcvaswom G Board had framed ru Jes before the enactment of Act 7 /1965 under Section 9 of the Temple Entry Act. Rule 6(c) framed thereunder relates to entry of women. The restriction is for entry of women at such times during which they are not by custom 1 AIR 1993 Kerala 42 H

626 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R. A and usage al lowed to enter temples. The Board issues notifications evety year informing the public about the prohibition regarding entty of women of the age group of 10 to 50 in the Sabarimala temple and Pathinattampadi during Mandalam, Makaravi.lakku festival and Vishu: Third respondent further contends that the complaint voiced by the petitioner is not one B maintainable under Article 226 of the Constitution oflndia and seeks dismissal of the petition." 7. The High Court posed the following questions:-"(l) Whether woman of the age group 10 to 50 can be permitted c to enter the Sabarimala temple at any period of the year or during any of the festivals or poojas conducted in the temple. (2) Whether the denial ofentty of that class of woman amounts to discrimination and violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution of India, and D (3) Whether directions can be issued by this Court to the Devaswom Board and the Government ofKerala to restrict the entty of such woman to the temple?" 8. We need not refer to the reasoning and the analysis made by the High Court, for what we are going to say at a later stage. After devoting some space, the High Court held thus:-E

"40. The deity in Sabarimala temple is in the form of a Yogi or a Bramchari according to the Thanthri of the temple. He stated that there are Sasta temples at Achankovil, Aryankavu and Kulathupuzha, but the deities there are in different fonns. Puthumana Narayanan Namboodiri, a Thanthrimukhya · F recognised by the Travancore Devaswom Board, while examined as C. W. 1 stated that God in Sabarimala is in the fonn of a Naisthik Bramchari. That, according to him, is the reason why young women are not permitted to offer prayers in the temple. 41. Since the deity is in the form of a Naisthik Brahmachari, it is G therefore believed that young women should not offer worship in the temple so that even the slightest deviation from celibacy and austerity observed by the deity is not caused by the presence of such women." And again:- H INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 627 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI] "43 .... We are therefore of the opinion that the usage of woman. A of the age group I 0 to 5.0 not being permitted to enter the temple and its precincts had been made applicable throughout the year and there is no reason why they should be permitted to offer worship during specified days when they are not in a position to observe penance for 41 days due to physiological reasons. In B · short, woman after menarche up to menopause are not entitled to enter the temple and offer prayers there at any time of the year."

9. The conclusions summed up by the High Court read as follows:-"44. Our conclusions are as follows : c ( 1) The restriction imposed on women aged above l 0 and below 50 from trekking the holy hills ofSabarimala and offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine is in accordance with the usage prevalent from time immemorial. (2) Such restriction imposed by the Devaswom Board is not D violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution oflndia. (3) Such restriction is also not violative of the provisions of Hindu Place of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act, 1965 since there is no restriction between one section and another section or between one class and another class among the Hindus in the E matter of entry to a temple whereas the prohibition is only in respect of women of a particular age group and not women as a class." 10. It issued the following directions:-F "45. In the light of the aforesaid conclusions we direct the first respondent, the Travancore Devaswom Board, not to permit women above the age of 10 and below the age of 50 to trek the holy hills ofSabarimala in connection with the pilgrimage to the Sabarimala temple and from offering worship at Sabarimala Shrine during any period of the year. We also direct the 3rd G . respondent, Government of Kerala, to render all necessary assistance inclusive of police and to see that the direction which wd have issued io the Devaswom Board is implemented and coftiplied with." H

628 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R. A I I. When this matter was listed, we requested Mr. Raju Ramachandran and Mr. K. Ramamoorthy, learned senior counsel to assist the Com1 as amici curiae. 12. We have heard Mr. Raju Ramachandran and Mr. K. Ramamoorthy, learned amici curiae, Mr. R.P. Gupta, learned counsel B for the petitioners. Mr. Jaideep Gupta, learned senior counsel for the State of Kerala, Mr. K.K. Venugopal, Mr. K. Radhakrishnan and .Ms. Indira Jaising, learned senior counsel and Mr. V.K. Biju, learned counsel for the respondents /intcrvcnors. Be it clarified, the matter was heard solely for the purpose of considering whether the matter should be referred to a larger Bench or not. After the matter was reserved, learned c counsel for the parties have filed their written notes of submissions.

13. Before we refer to the legal issues, it is interesting to note that an affidavit was filed by the first respondent - State of Kerala through Joint Secretary, Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram on 13.11.2007 asserting, inter alia, that the Government is not against any D sort of discrimination towards women. An additional affidavit was filed on 05.02.2016 stating that an erroneous stand was taken in the earlier affidavit dated 13.11.2007. The subsequent affidavit states that the said affidavit could not have gone contrary to the High Court judgment and a stand in variance to the stand taken before the High Court cou Id not E have been taken. In the earlier affidavit, the State had supported the petitioners but in the additional affidavit, it has been asserted:-"12. It is submitted that lakhs of women devotees visit Sabarimal a every year. However the restriction of women between the age of I 0 and 50 has been prevailing in Sabrarimala from time . F immemorial. This is in keeping with the unique "pratishta sangalp" or idol concept of the temple. The same is an essential and integral part of the right of practice or religion of a devotee and comes under protective guarantee of the Constitution under article 25 and 26which has been held to contain a guarantee for rituals, observances, ceremonies and modes of worship which are an G essential or integral part of religion. It is then immune from challenge under Article 14. This Hon'ble Court in Ritu Prasad Sharma v. State of Assam, (2015) 9 SCC 461 held that religious customs which are protected under Articles 25 and 26 are immune from challenge under other provisions of Part III of the Constitution." H

INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 629 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI] 14. It is further asserted in the latter affidavit that: A "14. It is submitted that the Petitioners have challenged the constitutionality of Rule 3(b) of the Kera la Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisaton ofEntry) Rules, 1965 which provides that women at such time during which they are not by custom and usage allowed to enter a place of public worship shall be included B in the class of persons who shall not be entitled to offer worship in any place of worship. It is submitted that said Rule only reflects the guarantee under Articles 25 and 26(b) where rituals, ceremonies and modes of worship which are exclusively matters of religion are excluded from the legislation under Article c 25(2)(b)." 15. After referring to Rule 3, the asseveration of the State is: "It is clear that it is only custo1ns and usages of temples and rnlcs required to maintain order, decorum and safety of the temp le which are protected by these rules and such exclusions are not D on the basis of caste, birth, pedigree or sex but based on the beliefs, customs and usages of the temple. As far as Sabarimala is eoncemed, restriction of entry to persons who are not Hindus is not applicable and devotees of all religions worship at Sabarimala." E

16. Mr. R.P. Gupta, learned counsel for the petitioners submits that there is no religious custom or usage in the Hindu religion specially in Pampa river region to disallow women during menstrnal period. According to him, banning entry of women would be against the basic tenets of Hindu religion. It is his assertion in the written note that Sabarimala Temple is not a separate religious denomination because (i) F the religious practices perfonned in Sabarimala Temple at the time of 'Puja' and other religious ceremonies are not distinct and arc akin to any other practice perfonned in any Hindu Temple; (ii) that it does not have its separate administration but is regulated by statutory Board constituted under Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act, 1950; (iii) G that it is getting State funding out of Consolidated Fund under Article 290-A of the Constitution; (iv) that there is no particular follower of this temple except general Hindu followers visiting anytemple; and (v) that mere attraction of some people for some temple docs not make it a separate and distinct religious denomination. Learned counsel referring H 630 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R.

A to the decision in The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Shri Lakhshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutti would contend that what is protected under Article 26(b) is only the 'essential part' ofreligion. Relying on Durgah Committee,Ajmer v. Syed Uussain AIP, it is urged by him that clauses ( e) and (d) of Article 26 do not create any new right in favour ofreligious denomination but B only safeguards their rights. Learned counsel contends that in the matters of managing religious affairs. all practices arc not always sacrosanct. for there may be many ill practices like superstitions which in due course of time may be merely ac;cretions to the basic theme of that religious denomination. Itis put forth by him that entry to the temple is not essential c to religion and there is difference between "regulation of entry" and "complete prohibition of entry". Placing reliance on Sri Venkatramana Devaru & Ors. v. State of Mysore & Ors.4, learned counsel submits that the religious denomination cannot completely exclude the members ofany community and may only restrict their entry in certain rituals. He further contends that the relevant Rule cannot be interpreted to mean D that it bars entry of women as such an interpretation would invite violation of principles underlying gender equality. Mr. Gupta contends that the expression 'at any stage of time' occurring in Ruic 3(b) has to be read narrowly which can be found in customs or usage like during late night if by any custom or usage women arc not allowed to enter temple, the said E custom or usage shall continue but it docs not permit complete prohibition of entry of women.

17. Ms. Indira Jaising, learned senior counsel submits that entry into temple is a matter of religion as has been spelt out in Sri Venkatramana Devaru (supra) case and the tight of ently is claimed F for worship for the purposes of "darshan" and hence, is a part of the fundamental right under Article 25 .She has commended us to the authority in Sastri Yagnapurushadji and Ors. v. Muldas Bhudardas Vaishya and Anr. 5 Learned senior counsel would urge that Section 4 of the 1965 Act provides that no regulation has to be made to discriminate in any manner whatsoever against any Hindu on the ground that he G belongs to a particular section or class and. therefore, Rule 3(b) cannot withstand scrutiny. Learned senior counsel has pointed out that '1954 SCR 1005 '(1962) 1 SCR 383 '(1958) SCR 895 H 5 1966 3 SCR 242 : AIR 1966 SC 1119 INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 631 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

Notifications which stipulate a ban of women from the age of 10 to 50 A from entering the temple is contrary to the 1965 Act as well as the Constitution. According to her, the same is contrary to the letter and spirit of the Constitution as enshrined under Articles 25 and 26. It is her contention that Sabarimala is not a denominational temple but a temple for all Hindus and, therefore; Article 26(b) is not attracted. The said B temple permits all categories of Hindus to enter the temple regardless of the denomination. It is her stand that Rule 3 is also utra vires the 1965 Act inasmuch Section 4 of the 1965 Act restricts the authorities from making any rule that discriminates against any Hindu on the ground that he belongs to a section or class and the rule coupled with notifications singles out women as a separate class of Hindu whose entry into the C places of public worship can be restricted based on custom. According to the learned senior counsel, the right to manage the affairs in the matter of religion does not encompass the right to ban entry inside a temple. She has placed reliance on Sastri Yagnapurushadji (supra), Sri Adi Visheshwara of Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi v. State of D U.P.6 and A.S. Naryana Deekshitulu v. State of A.P.7• She would emphasise on harmonious interpretation of constitutional provisions, that is, Articles 14, 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution. Learned senior counsel placing reliance upon Adi Saiva Sivachariyargal Nata Sangam and Ors. v. The Government of Tamil Nadu and Ors.8 submits that constitutional legitimacy supersedes all religious beliefs and, therefore, E prohibition on entry of women between the ages of 10 to 50 years plays foul of the constitutional principle. She would also submit that it is not a custom as is conceived of by the authorities and even if it is accepted as such, it is wholly unconstitutional as it creates an invidious discrimination perpetrating sexual differences.

F 18. Mr. K. Ramamoorthy, learned arnicus curiae in his written note of submission has put forth that the judgment of the High Court of Kerala is founded on the religious practice and after detailed enquiry the view having taken by the High Court that the restriction.imposed by the Devaswom Board is not violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution, the same should not set at naught in this petition for public G interest litigation. His further argument is that the devotees of Lord Ayyappa could also be brought within the ambit of religious denomination 1• 1997 (4) sec 606 1 1996 (9) sec 548 'AIR 2016 SC 209 H 632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14S.C.R.

A who have been following the religious practice which has been essential part ofreligion. His stand is that this Court had no occasion to consider the important question, that is,·what is religious practice on the basis of religious belief which w~uld apply not only to Ayyappa temple but would also apply to all the prominent temples all over India and, therefore, the matter has to be decided by a Constitution Bench. According to the B learned senior counse 1, none of the cases cited at the Bar would govern the issue raised here, that is, protection under Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution is not limited to the matters of doctrine or belief but also extends to acts done in pursuance of religion and, therefore, contains a guarantee for rituals and observations, ceremonies and modes of worship C which arc integral parts of religion. The concept "essential part ofreligious practice'' has to be decided by the Court with reference to the practices which arc regarded by the large sections of the community for several centuries. It is propounded by him that a religious practice based on religious faith adhered to and followed by millions of Hindus for over a millennium in consonance with natural rights of men and women is not D violative ofFundamen ta! Rights without appreciating the scope of these rights.

19. Mr. Raju Ramachandran, learned amicus curiae, in his turn, contends that Sabarimala Sree Dharma Sastha Temple is a public temple, members of the public arc admitted: and its use as a place of public E worship and entry thereto is not to any particular denomination or part thereof. The temple is managed andiadministered by a statutory body, i.e .. the Travancore Devaswom Board. As entry to a public temple is a legal right but not a permissible tight and, therefore, the temple authorities have no authority to curtail the said right. In this context, he has drawn F inspiration from the authorities namely. Deoki Nandan v. Murlidhar9, Sri Radhakanta Deb v. Commissioner of Hindu Religious Endowments, Orissa 10 and Nar Hari v. Badri Nath Temple Committee 11 • It is his proponement that the right of a woman t.o visit and enter the temple as a devotee of the deity, as a believer in Hindu faith is an essential facet of her right and restriction of the present G nature creates a dent in that right which is protected under Article 25 of the Constitution. Article 25(1) cstabli:;hes a non-discriminatory right and it is available to men and women prof :ssing the same faith, for it engulfs "(1956) SCR 756 "'(1981) 2 sec 226 H 11 (1952)SCR849 INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 633 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

the concept of intra-faith parity. The distinction between entry into temples A and right to conduct the worship of the deity as per ritualistic process of worship by an "Acharya" has been recognized to keep the constitutional norm at its pedestal. In this regard, he has commended few passages from Nar Hari (supra) and Shastri Yagnapurudasji (supra).

· 20. Mr. Ramachandran would further contend that Article 25(2)(b) B expressly states that intent of the Founding Fathers clearly prohibits exclusionary practices. As per Sri Vcnkatramana Devaru (supra). Article 25(2)(b) is not a mere enabling provision that creates substantive right being a constitutional command but lays down if any exception gets space, it has to be extremely narrow and within such cexception the exclusion of women as a class from the age of 10 to 50 is neither permissible nor acceptable. The exclusionary practice cannot be justified on the grounds of health, public order or morality because morality, as envisaged in Article 25 or Article 26, is not an individualized or sectionalized perception subj cct to varying practices and ideals of every religion. The concept of morality has to be based on the constitutional D text and especially should be inconsonance with Articles 14, 15, 17. 21,. 38 and 51 A of the Constitution. The word "morality" has to be interpreted as constitutional morality but not the speeches from the pulpit by some. It must have constitutjpnal legitimacy. In this regard, learned senior counsel has drawn our~ attention to Adi Saiva Sivaehariyargal Nala Sangam and others v, State of T.N.'2, Manoj Narula v. Union of E India13, National Legal Services Authority v. Union oflndia 14, State 1 ~.of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab .Jamat and others

21. Mr. Ramachandran further contends that the stand of the State of Kerala and the Devaswom Board is that the practice is based on Freligious custom and the same is essential to religious practice. It is fundamentally fallacious as such a religious practice cannot be essential to the religion and it has been only imposed by subordinate legislation. The custom that has been conceived of is not a part of the essential religious practice and t 11e said practice has to be appreciated keeping in view the religious rights as enshrined under Articles 25 and 26 of the G Constitution. The submi ;sion of the State is that there is no total prohibition is fallacious because a significant section of adult women is excluded 12 (2016) 2 sec ns "(20i4)9sec1 " (2014) s sec 438 1' (2oos1 8 sec 534 H 634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017] 14 S.C.R.

A and the singular ground for exclusion is sex and the biological feature of menstruation. To put it differently, the discrimination is not singularly on the ground of sex but also sex and the biological factor which is a characteristic of the particular sex. In such a situation, contends Mr. Ramachandran, "impact test'' has to be applied to declare the rule and the notification to be unconstitutional. For the said purpose, he has B commended us to the authority in Bennet Coleman & Co. and others v. Union of India and others16• Learned senior counsel would contend that Ruic 3(b) is ultra vircs of Sections 3 and 4 of the 1965 Act because Section 3 makes it clear that Rules made under it cannot be discriminatory against any section or class. Therefore, when it protects customs and c usage and takes shelter under the same, which may prohibit entry, then i't is not in accord with Section 3 of the 1965 Act which expressly overriiles custom and usage. The 1965 Act provides that rules have to be made for due observance of religious rites and ceremonies. The inclusion of words "custom and usage" transgress the very purpose of the Act and also the basic intent of the legislation apart from the D constitutional provisions. His further submission is that the State has a duty to ensure ilie enjoyment of fundamental rights. By inserting Rule 3(b) which goes against the inclusionary mandate of Section 3 of the I 965 Act, the State has failed in its duty to protect the fundamental rights. He has, in this regard, relied upon the decisions in S. Rangarajan E v. P. Jagjivan Ram and others17, Ram Jethmalani and others v. Union of .India and others18, M. Nagaraj and others v. Union of India and others 19.

22. Learned senior counsel has seriously criticized the stand of the Devaswom Board and the State that the decisions rendered by the F Kera la High Court operates as res judicata, for the High Court was not dealing with the validity of the Rules or invoking rights of individuals under Article 25. It is his further stand that when there is violation of a· fundamental right, the Court in a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution can proceed to re-examine the earlier decision as has been held in Sanjay Singh and another v. U.P. Public Service G Commission, Allahabad and another20 . In the present case, it is the 1' (I 972) 2 SCC 788 11 (1989)2 sec 574 1' (2011i s sec 1 1'I (2006) s sec 212 H 20 12007) 3 sec no INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 635 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, C.ll] judgment by the High Court and the said judgment cannot debar the A jurisdiction o{this Court to adjudge the constitutionality of the statutory provisions or the Rules or the notification because the principle of res judicata will not remotely apply to such a case. Additionally, he submits that a statute which may be upheld as constitutional at one poillt of time can become unconstitutional at a later point of time as has been held Bin Satyawati Sharma v.. Union of lndia and another21 anli in A tam Prakash v. State of Haryana and othcrs22•

23. lt is submitted by Mr . .laideep Gupta, learned senior counsel that Artide 25 and 26 of the Constitution guarantee every pcrsoli and community, the right and freedom to profess practice and pmpagate creligion and manage its own affairs in matters of religion. It is settled that a religion not only lays down a code of ethical rules but may also prescribe rituals and observances, ceremonies and modes of worship. These, whc11 they constitute an integral/essential part of the religion is protected uadcr Article 25 and Article 26 of the ConstitJJtion. It is further urged hy him 1hat the administration of the temple vests with the D Travancorc Dcvaswom Board under the provisions of the Act and there is a statutory duty cast on the Dcvaswom Board to arrange worship in temples in accorc.Jancc with the usage. Therefore, in matters ofrcligion, it is the opinion of the priests that is final. It is also the contention that under.ceremonial law pe1~taining to temples, who are entitled to enter Einto them for won:hip, where they arc entitled to stand and worship and how worship is to be conducted are all matters of religion protected both under Article 25 and Article 26(b ).

24. Mr. K. Parasaran and Mr. K.K. Venugopal, learned senior counsel appearing for Dcvaswom Board submit that the Fpetition mider Article 32 of the Constitution is not maintainable as no right affecting public at large is involved in the case. The religious questions posed in this Writ Petition can be determined finally only by the "Thanthri" concerned and not by other Thanthries who have no authority over the Sabarimala Temple; that worshippers visit the temple after observing penance for 41 days and usually ladies between the age G of lO and 50 will not be physically capable of observing "vratham" for 41 days on physiological grounds; that the rule that during these seasons no women aged more than 10 and less than 50 shall enter the temple is · 21 (2008l s sec 287 22 ( t 986) 2 sec 249 H 636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S,C.R.

A scrupulously followed and the Board, being a statuto1y authority, cannot forget the mandate laid down under Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution while administering the Temples under their control; that the Board cannot conceive of any religious practice under the Hindu Religion which deprives a worshipper of his right to enter the Temple and worship therein according to his belief; that notifications arc issued B by the Board during Mandalam, Makaravilakku and Vishu preventing women of the age group between 10 to 50 from entering the Temple taking into account the religious sentiments and practices followed in the temple. Article 25confcrs freedom of conscience and freedom to profess, practice and propagate religion subject to public order, morality and health c and all other provisions of Part III. But every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right to manage their religious affairs subject to public order, morality and health. Every religious denomination is conferred such freedom under Article 26 of the Constitution and they shall have the right - (a) to established and maintain institutions for D religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion, and (c) to administer such property in accordance with law. It i1> contended that Ayyappa devotees form a denomination by themselves and have every ri~ht to regulate and manage its own affairs in matters ofreligion. Reliance has been placed on Raja Bira Kishore Deb v. State of Orissa23 • teamed senior counsel have also drawn E immense inspiration from theYudgment of the High Court to highlight the stand that it is the right of a rdigious denomination to administer property and it is fundamental under the Constitution. Passages have been reproduced from Shri Lakhshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt (supra). In essence, th~ submission is that the practice which is in vogue in the temple is an essential part of religion which the Constitution F protects. Learned senior counsel have commended us to a decision in S.P. Mittal v. Union of India and others24• According to them, whether any practice is an integral part of the religion or not has to be decided on the basis of evidence. Rely'ng upon the authority in Tilkayat Shri Gvindlalji Maharaj v. State ofRajasthan and others25 it is contended G that that the question will alv ays have to be decided by the Court and in doing so the Court may have :o enquire whether the practice in question is religious in character and if it is, whether it can be regarded as an

2·' AIR 1964 SC 150 '·1 (1983J 1 sec s1 "(1964).2SCR561: AIR 1963~=1638 H INDIAN YOUNG LAWYERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. v. STATE 637 OF KERALA & ORS. [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

integral or essential part of the religion and finding on the question on A such an issue will al~·ays depend upon the evidence adduced before it as to the conscience of the community and the tenets of its religion. Reference has been made to Ratilal Panachand Gandhi v. State of Bombay and Others26 to state that the said authority has in unmistakable terms held that in regard to affairs in matters of religion the right of B management given to a religious body is a guaranteed fundamental right which no legislature can take away. Various paragraphs from the judgment of the.Kcrala High Court have been referred to bolster the stand that such restriction imposed by the Davaswom Board is not violative of Articles 15, 25 and 26 of the Constitution. Such restriction is also not violative of the provisions ofthel965 Act since there is no restriction c between one section and another section or between one class among . the Hindus in the matter of entry to the temple whereas the prohibition is only in respect of women of a particular age group and not women as a class. They have referred to the additional affidavit filed by the Dcvaswom Board that Ayyappans belong to a different denomination and it is D elaborately set forth bow the temple has come into existence. That apart, it is seriously canvassed that once a decision has been rendered by the High Court, it would operate as res judicata and that will bind all persons including the petitioners herein. The question as to whether a set of persons constitute a religious denomination is a mixed question of fact and law and should be decided by a competent civil court after E examination of documentary and other evidence. In this regard, reliance has been placed on the authority in Dr. Subramanian Swamy v. State of Tamil Nadu and othcrs27• Various other aspects have also been highlighted but it is not necessary to note the same at present.

25. Having noted the submissions of the learned counsel for the F parties and that of the State, we feel certain significant issues arise for consideration. Be it noted, learned ~ounsel for the parties have formulated certain issues as we had reserved the order on a singularaspect, that is, whether the matter should be referred to the Constitutiort Bench or not. We need not reproduce the questions framed by them. G 26. According to us, the following questions arise for consideration:-!. Whether the exclusionary practice which is based upon a biological factor exclusive to the female gender amounts to "AIR I 954 SC 388: 1954 SCR I 55 ·" (2014) s sec 75 H 638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 14 S.C.R. A "discrimination" and thereby violates the very core of Articles 14, 15and17 and not protected by 'morality' as used in Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution? 2. Whether the practice of excluding such women constitutes an "essential religious practice" underArticle 25 and whether a B religious institution can assert a claim in that regard under the umbrella of right to manage its own affairs in the matters of religion?

3. Whether Ayyappa Temple has a denominational character and, if so, is it permissible on the part of a 'religious denomination' c managed by a statutory board and financed under Article 290-A of the Constitution of India out of Consolidated Fund ofKerala and Tamil Nadu can indulge in such practices violating constitutional principles/ morality embedded in Articles 14, 15{3), 39(a) and 51-A( e)? 4. Whether Ruic 3 of Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship D (Authorisation of Entry) Rules permits 'religious denomination' to ban entry of women between the age of 10 to 50 years? And if so, would it not play foul of Articles 14 and 15(3) of the Constitution by restricting entry of women on the ground of sex? 5. Whether Rule 3(b) ofKerala Hindu Places of Public Worship E (Authorization of Entry) Rules, I 965 is ultra vires the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Act, 1965 and, if treated to be intra vires, whether it will be violative of the provisions of Part III of the Constitution? 27. Let the papers be placed before the learned Chief Justice for F constitution of the appropriate larger Bench. Ankit Gyan Matter referred for constitution oflarger Bench. ENDOF2017 *****