[2016] 2 S.C.R. I 060 A AMAL KUMAR J HA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH & ANR. (Criminal Appeal No. 396 of2016) B APRIL 26, 20 I 6 [V. GOPALA GOWDA AND ARUN MISHRA, JJ.] Code of Criminal Procedure, 197 3 - ss. 17 3 and ./82 -Protection from prosecution without sanction - Availability of -Prosecution of doctor-in-charge of Primary Health Centre - u!s. c 30./A !PC - Alleging him for not providing Government Vehicle for shifting the patient from Primary Health Centre to Disrl'ict Hospital - Application u!s . ./82 for quashing the criminal proceedings on the ground that he could not have been prosecuted without sanction uls. 197 - Dismissed - On appeal, held: The act of the accused was D intrinsically concerned with discharge of his official duty - Hence protection u!s. 197 from prosecution was ai,ailable to him -Therefore, he can be prosecuted only when sanction is granted -Criminal proceedings are liable to be quashed - Penal Code, 1860 - s. 304 A. E Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1. In present case, the accused was acting iu discharge of his official duty when he refused to provide the official vehicle. Thus, the omission complained of, due to which offence is stated to have been committed, was intrinsically connected with discharge of official duty of the appellant, as such theF protection u/s. 197 Cr.PC from prosecution without sanction of the competent authority, is available to the appellant. Thus, he could not have been prosecuted without sanction. It would be for the competent authority to consider the question of grant of sanction in accordance with law. In case sanction is granted, only G then the appellant can be prosecuted and not otherwise. [Paras 5 and 12] [1063-B; 1073-E-F] Shreekantiah Ramayya Munipalli v. The State of Bombay· 1955 (1) SCR 1177; Matajog Dobey v. HC. Bhari 1955 (2) SCR 925; Bhappa Singh v. Ram Pal Singh & Ors. H 1981 (Supp) SCC 12; State of Maharashtra v. Dr. 1060 AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1061 Budhikota Subbarao 1993 (3) SCC 339: 1993 (2) A SCR 311; State of HP. v. MP. Gupta 2004 (2) SCC 349: 2003 (6) Suppl. SCR 541; State of Orissa & Ors. v. Ganesh Chandra Jew 2004 (8) SCC 40: 2004 (3) SCR 504; K. Kalimuthu 1: State by DSP 2005 (4) SCC 512: 2005 (3) SCR 1; Manorama Tiwari & Ors. v. B Surendra Nath Rai 2016 (1) SCC 594:2015 (9) SCR 436; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Sheet/a Sahai & Ors. 2009 (8) SCC 617:2009 (12) SCR 1048 ~relied on. Case Law Reference

1955 (1) SCR 1177 relied on Paras c 19~5. (2) SCR 925 relied on Para6 1981 (Supp) sec 12 relied on Para7 19~3. (2) SCR 311 relied on Para8 2003 (6) Suppl. SCR 541 relied on Para9 201)4 (3) SCR 504 relied on Para 10 D 2005 (3) SCR 1 relied on Para 11 2015 (9) SCR 436 relied on Para 12 2009 (12) SCR 1048 relied on Para 13 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. E 396 of2016. From the Judgment and Order dated 21.01.2011 of the High Court ofChhatisgarh at Bilaspur in M. Cr. C. No. 2140 of2002. Suresh C. Gupta, Birendra Kumar Mishra, Ms. Poonam A., Praneet Ranjan,Advs. fortheAppellant. F Aniruddha P. Mayee, Adv. for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ARUN MISHRA, J. I. Leave granted. 2. The appeal arises out of the order dated 21.1.2011 passed by Gthe High Court of Chhatisgarh at Bilaspur, thereby affirming the order dated 29.6.2002 passed by the Sessions Judge and Judicial Magistrate First Class, Dharamjaigarh, rejecting the application filed by the accused appellant for discharge on the ground of requirement of sanction to prosecute under section 197(1) Cr.P.C. H 1062 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R.

A 3. As per the prosecution case, the appellant was in-charge of Patthalgaon Hospital, District Raigad where on 1.1.1995 L.T.D. operation of Runiabai was conducted by Dr. A.M. Gupta. Thereafter she was sent home. As Runiabai vomited Dr. A.M. Gupta was approached. He sent one Aklu Ram to administer some treatment. However on 2.2.1995 she was brought to the Primary Health Centre, Patthalgaon where she B was admitted and died at 2 p.m. Her post mortem was conducted. After 25 days, First Information Report was lodged and ultimately Police filed · chargesheet under section 304-A !PC on 16. l 0.1996 in the court of Judicial Magistrate First Class, Dharamjaigarh, as against appellantA.K. Jha, Dr. A.M. Gupta and Aklu Ram. Charges under section 304-A were c framed as against Dr. A.M. Gupta and the appellant. Both of them filed an application for discharge under section 197 Cr.PC on the ground that sanction to prosecute was required and they could not be prosecuted without previous sanction. Vide order dated 27.6.2001 passed by the Judicial Magistrate First Class, the application filed by Dr. A.M. Garg had been allowed. However, the application filed by the appellant was D rejected on the ground that he was in-charge of the Primary Health Centre and he failed to provide Government jeep for shifting the patient Mrs. Runiabai to District Hospital, Raigad whereas the appellant himself travelled in the jeep to attend an official monthly meeting at Raigad which was District Headquarters. The Primary Health Centre did not E have ambulance. Thus, negligence was attributed to the appellant for not providing the said vehicle for shifting the patient to District Hospital, Raigad. A revision was preferred against the rejection of prayer and thereafter a petition was filed under section 482 Cr.P.C. before the High Court, the same having been dismissed, the appellant is before us. F 4. It was vehemently contended by learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant that the allegations constituted failure to provide official vehicle for shifting the patient to District Hospital, Raigad. As it was an act in discharge of official duty, as such the sanction to prosecute was necessary. Whereas the application filed by Dr. A.M. Gupta had been allowed, the prayer made by the appellant has been illegally rejected. G Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the State supported the order and contended that it was negligence on behalf of the appellant in not providing official vehicle to the patient due to which she could not be shifted to District Hospital, Raigad and died. Thus, sanction was not required in the instant case. -

H AMAL.KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1063 [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

5. It is apparent from the facts of the instant case that the allegation A against the appellant is of omission in discharge of official duty in not providing Government vehicle for shifting the patient from Primary Health Centre to District Hospital, Raigad; whereas he himself travelled in the vehicle in question for attending the monthly official meeting at the District Headquarters. In our considered opinion, it was an act or omission in Bdischarge of the official duty. The sanction to prosecute was necessary. In this case, the accused was acting in discharge of his official duty when he refused to provide the official vehicle. The refusal is directly and reasonably connectedwith his official duty, thus sanction is required for prosecution as provided under section 197(1) Cr.PC. It is not disputed that no ambulance was provided to the Primary Health Centre. The c question arises whether omission to provide the official jeep which was not meant for patients, wou Id constitute an omission in discharge of his duty. Though public servant is not entitled to indulge in criminal activities in the course of his duty but the act in question had relation to discharge of official duty of the accused. It was clearly connected to the Dperformance of his official duty. When such is the case, sanction is required. This Court in Shreekantiah Ramayya Munipalli v. The State of Bombay [ 195 5 (I) SCR 11 77] has observed thus :

"Now it is obvious that if section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is construed too narrowly it can never be applied, for E of course it is no part of an official's duty to commit an offence and never can be. But it is not the duty we have to examine so much as the act, because an official act can be performed in the discharge of official duty as well as in dereliction ofit The section has content and its language must be given meaning. What it says ts - F "when any public servant ..... is accused of any offence alleged . to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty ...... " We have therefore first to concentrate on the word 'offence'. G Now an offence seldom consists of a single act. It is usually composed of several elements and, as a rule, a whole series of acts must be proved before it can be established. In the present case, the elements alleged against the second accused are, first, that there was an "entrustment" and/or "dominion"; second, that H 1064 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R.

A the entrustment and/or dominion was "in his capacity as a public servant"; third, that there was a "disposal"; and fourth, that the disposal was "dishonest". Now it is evident that the entrustment and/or dominion here were in an official capacity, and it is equally evident that there could in this case be no disposal, lawful or otherwise, save by an act done or purporting to be done in an B official capacity. Therefore, the act complained of, namely the disposal, could not have been done in any other way. If it was innocent, it was an official act; if dishonest, it was the dishonest doing of an official act, but in either event the act was official because the second accused could not dispose of the goods save c by the doing of an official act, namely officially permitting their disposal; and that he did. He actually permitted their release and purported to do it in an official capacity, and apart from the fact that he did not pretend to act privately, there was no other way in which he could have done it. Therefore, whatever the intention or motive behind the act may have been, the physical part of it D remained unaltered, so if it was official in the one case it was equally official in the other, and the only difference would lie in the intention with which it was done: in the one event, it would be done in the discharge of an official duty and in the other, in the purported discharge of it.

E The act of abetment alleged against him stands on the same footing, for his part in the abetment was to permit the disposal of the goods by the doing of an official act and thus "willfully suffer" another person to use them dishonestly: section 405 of the Indian Penal Code. In both cases, the "offence" in his case would be incomplete without proving the official act. F We therefore hold that section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure applies and that sanctim1 was necessary, and as there was none the trial is vitiated from the start. We therefore quash the proceedings against the second accused as also his conviction and sentence." G 6. This Court in Matajog Dobey v. H.C. Bhari [1955 (2) SCR 925] has also considered when sanction is necessary. This Court has laid down thus : "ls the need for sanction to be considered as soon as the complaint is lodged and on the allegations therein contained? At first sight, H AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1065 fARUN MISHRA, J.l

it seems as though there is some support for this view in Hori A Rams case and also in Sarjoo Prasad v. The King-Emperor (1945) F.C.R. 227. Sulaiman, J. says that as the prohibition is against the institution itself, its applicability must be judged in the first instance at the earliest stage of institution. Varadachariar, J. also states that the question must be determined with reference B to the nature of the allegations made against the public servant in the criminal proceeding. But a careful perusal of the later parts of their judgments shows that they did not intent to lay down any such proposition. Sulaiman, J. refers (at page 179) to the prosecution case as disclosed by the complaint or the police report and he winds up the discussion in these words: "Ofcourse, ifthe c case-as put forward fails or the defence establishes that the act . purported to be _done is in execution of duty, the proceedings will have to be dropped and the complaint dismissed on that ground". The other learned Judge also states at page 185, "At this stage we have only to see whether the case alleged against the appellant D or sought to be proved against him relates to acts done or· purporting to be done by him in the execution of his duty". It must be so. The question may arise at any stage of the proceedings. The complaint may not disclose that the act constituting the offence was done or purported to be done in the discharge of official duty; but facts subsequently coming to light E on a police or. judicial inquiry or even in the course of the prosecution evidence at the trial, may establish the necessity for sanction. Whether sanction is necessary or not may have to be determined from stage to stage. The necessity may reveal itself in the course of the progress of the case."

F In Bhappa Singh v. Ram Pal Singh & Ors. 1981 (Supp) SCC 12 this Court considered the grant of protection to an officer for official act done in good faith thus : "6. In view of the circumstances mentioned in the last paragraph, there is little room for doubt that the Customs party was not out to G commit dacoity either in the jewellery shop or the chaubara, that they also committed no trespass into either of those places, but that the purpose of the raid was to find out if any illegal activity was being carried on therein. The presence of two licensed Gold-smiths in the chaubara speaks volumes in that behalf. It may H . 1066 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R. A further be taken for granted that the Customs party was manhandled before they themselves resorted to violence, because there was no reason forthem to open fire unless they were resisted in the carrying out of the raid peacefully.

7. Even though what we have just stated is a general prima facie B impression that we have formed at this stage on the materials available to us at present, it may not be possible to come to a conclusive finding about the falsity or otherwise of the complaint. But then we think that it would amount to giving a go-by to Section 108 of the Gold (Control) Act, if cases of this type are allowed to be pursued to their logical conclusion, c i.e., to that of conviction or acquittal. In this view of the matter we do not feel inclined to upset the impugned order, even ihough perhaps the matter may have required further evidence before quashing of the complaint could be held to be fully justified. The appeal is accordingly dismissed." In State of Maharashtra v. Dr. Budhikota Subbarao 1993 (3) D SCC 339, this Court has considered the meaning of the 'official act' thus:

"6. Such being the nature of the provision the question is how should the expression, 'any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge E of his official duty', be understood? What does it mean? 'Official' according to dictionary, means pertaining to an office. And official act or official duty means an act or duty done by an officer in his official capacity. Jn S.B. Saha v. MS. Kochar ( 1979) 4 SCC 177 it was held: (SCC pp. 184-85, para 17) F "The words 'any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty' employed in Section 197(1) of the Code, are capable of a narrow as well as a wide interpretation. If these words are construed too narrowly, the section will be rendered altogether sterile, for, 'it is no part of an official duty to commit G an offence, and never can be'. In the wider sense, these words will take under theirumbrella every act constituting an offence, committed in the course of the same transaction in which the official duty is performed or purports to be performed. The right approach to the import of these words lies between these two extremes. While on the one hand, it is not every offence H AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1067 [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

committed by a public servant while engaged in the A performance of his official duty, which is entitled to the protection of Section 197(1), an act constituting an offence, directly and reasonably connected with his official duty will require sanction for prosecution under the said provision." B Use of the expression, 'official duty' implies that the act or omission must have been done by the public servant in course of his service and that it should have been in discharge of his duty. The section does not extend its protective cover to every act or omission done by a public servant in service but restricts its scope of operation to only those acts or omissions which are done by a public servant c in discharge of official duty. In P. Arulsll'ami v. State of Madras ( 1967) 1 SCR 201 this Court after reviewing the authorities right from the days of Federal Court and Privy Council held:

" ... It is not therefore every offence committed by a public servant that requires sanction for prosecution under Section D 197(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code; nor even every act done by him while he is actually engaged in the performance of his official duties; but ifthe act complained of is directly concerned with his official duties so that, if questioned, it could be claimed to have been done by virtue of the office, then E sanction would be necessary. It is the quality of the act that is important and if it falls within the scope and range of his official duties the protection contemplated by Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code wi II be attracted. An offence may be entirely unconnected with the official duty as such or it may be committed within the scope of the official duty. Where it is F unconnected with the official duty there can be no protection. It is only when it is either within the scope of the official duty or in excess of it that the protection is claimable."

It has been widened further by extending protection to even those acts or omissions which are done in purported G exercise of official duty. That is under the colour of office. Official duty therefore implies that the act or omission must have been done by the public servant in course of his service and such act or omission must have been performed as part of duty which further must have been official in nature. The section has, thus, to be construed strictly, while determining its applicability to any act H 1068 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R. A or omission in course of service. Its operation has to be limited to those duties which are discharged in course of duty. But once any act or omission has been found to have been committed by a public servant in discharge of his duty then it must be given liberal aud wide construction so far its official natnre is concerned. For instance a public servant is not entitled B to indulge in criminal activities. To that extent the section has to be construed narrowly and in a restricted manner.

But once it is established that act or omission was done by the public servant while discharging his duty then the scope of its being official should be construed so as to advance the objective c of the section in favour of the public servant. Otherwise the entire purpose of affording protection to a pub Iic servant without sanction shall stand frustrated. For instance a police officer in discharge of duty may have to use force which may be an offence for the prosecution of which the sanction may be necessary. But if the same officer commits an act in course of service but not in D discharge of his duty then the bar under Section 197 of the Code is· not attracted. To what extent an act or omission performed by a public servant in discharge of his duty can be deemed to be official was explained by this Court in Matajog Dubey v. HC. Bhari AIR 1956 SC 44 thus: E "[T]he offence alleged to have been committed (by the accused) must have something to do, or must be related in some manner with the discharge of official duty ... there must be a reasonable connection between the act and the discharge of official duty; the act must bear sucft relation to the duty that tfte accused could lay a F reasonable (claim) but not a pretended or fanciful claim, that fte did it in the course of the performance of his duty." (emphasis supplied)

lfon facts, therefore, it is prima facie found thatthe act oromission G for which the accused was charged had reasonable connection with discharge of his duty then it must be held to be official to which applicability of Section 197 of the Code cannot be disputed." In State of HP. v. MP. Gupta 2004 (2) SCC 349 this Court in regard to official duty has laid down thus : H AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATJSGARH 1069 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] "11. Such being the nature of the provision, the question is how A shou Id the expression, "any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty", be understood? What does it mean? "Official" according to the dictionary, means pertaining to an office, and official act or official duty means an act or duty done by an officer B in his official capacity."

8. In State of Orissa & Ors. '" Ganesh Chandra Jew 2004 (8) SCC 40 this Court has laid down that protection under section 197 would be available only when the act done by the public servant is reasonably connected with the discharge of his official duty. This Court has laid cdown thus: "7. The protection given under Section 197 is to protect responsible public servants against the institution of possibly vexatious criminal proceedings foroffences alleged to have been committed by them while they are acting or purporting to act as public servants. The D policy of the legislature is to afford adequate protection to public servants to ensure that they are not prosecuted for anything done by them in the discharge of their official duties without reasonable cause, and if sanction is granted, to confer on the Government, if they choose to exercise it, complete control of the prosecution. This protection has certain limits and is available only when the E alleged act done by the public servant is reasonably connected with the discharge of his official duty and is not merely a cloak for doing the objectionable act. If in doing his official duty, he acted in excess of his duty, but there is a reasonable connection between the act and the performance of the official duty, the excess will F not be a sufficient ground to deprive the public servant of the protection. The question is not as to the nature of the offence such as whether the alleged offence contained an element necessarily dependent upon the offender being a public servant, but whether it was committed by a public servant acting or purporting to act as such in the discharge of his official capacity. G Before Section 197 can be invoked, it must be shown that the official concerned was accused of an offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duties. It is not the duty which requires examination so much as the act, because the official act can be H

1070 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R. A performed both in the discharge of the official duty as well as in dereliction of it. The act must fall within the scope and range of the official duties of the public servant concerned. It is the quality of the act which is important and the protection of this section is available ifthe act falls within the scope and range of his official duty. There cannot be any universal rule to determine whether B there is a reasonable connection between the act done and the official duty, nor is it possible to lay down any such rule. One safe and sure test in this regard would be to consider ifthe omission or neglect on the part of the public servant to commit the act complained of could have made him answerable for a charge of c dereliction of his official duty. If the answer to this question is in the affirmative, it may be said that such act was committed by the public servant while acting in the discharge of his official duty and there was every connection with the act complained of and the official duty of the public servant. This aspect makes it clear that the concept of Section 197 does not get immediately attracted on D institution of the complaint case." 9. ln K. Kalimuthu v. State by DSP 2005 (4) SCC 512 this Court has observed that official duty implies that an act or omission must have been done by the public servant within the scope and range of his official duty for protection. This Court has laid down thus: E

"12. If on facts, therefore, it is prima facie found that the act or omission for which the accused was charged had reasonable connection with discharge of his duty then it must be held to be official to which applicability of Section 197 of the Code cannot be disputed. F xxxxx 15. The question relating to the need of sanction under Section 197 of the Code is not necessarily to be considered as soon as the complaint is lodged and on the allegations contained therein. This question may arise at any stage of the proceeding. The question G whether sanction is necessary or not may have to be determined from stage to stage. Further, in cases where offences under the Act are concerned, the effect of Section 197, dealing with the question of prejudice has also to be noted." · 10. In Manoramu Tiwari & Ors. v. Surendra Nath Rai 2016 ( 1) H SCC 594, it was held that the appellants were discharging public duties AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1071 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] while performing surgery in a Government hospital, hence prosecution A was not maintainable without sanction from the State Government. I I. Jn State of Madhya Pradesh v. Sheet/a Sahai & Ors. 2009 (8) SCC 617, this Court has laid down thus :

"59. For the purpose of attracting the provisions of Section 197 of B the Code of Criminal Procedure, it is not necessary that they must act in their official capacity but even where public servants purport to act intheir official capacity, the same would attract the provisions of Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It was so held by this Court in Sankaran Moitra v. Sadhna Das (2006) 4 SCC 584. The question came up for consideration before this Court in c Matajog Dobey v. H C. Bhari AIR 1956 SC 44 wherein it was held: (AIR pp. 48-49, para 17) "17. Slightly differing tests have been laid down in the decided cases to ascertain the scope and the meaning of the relevant words occurring in Section 197 of the Code; 'any offence alleged D to have been committed by him whHe acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty'. But the difference is only in language and not in substance.

The offence alleged to have been committed must have something to do, or must be related in some manner, with the discharge of E official duty. No question of sanction can arise under Section 197, unless the act complained of is an offence; the only point to determine is whether it was committed in the discharge of official duty. There must be a reasonable connection between the. act and the official duty. It does not matter even if the act exceeds · . what is strictly necessary for the discharge of the duty, as this F question will arise only ai a later stage when the trial proceeds on the merits. What we must find out is whether the act and the official duty are so interrelated that one can postulate reasonably that it was done by the accused in the performance of the official duty, though G possibly in excess of the needs and requirements of the situation. In Hori Ram Singh v. Crown 1939 FCR 159 Sulaiman, J. observes: 'The section cannot be confined to only such acts as are done by a public servant directly in pursuance of his public office, though in excess of the duty or under a mistaken belief as to H 1072 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R. A the existence of such duty. Nor is it necessary to go to the length of saying thatthe act constituting the offence should be so inseparably connected with the official duty as to form part and parcel of the same transaction.'

The interpretation that found favour with Varadachariar, J. in the B same case is stated by him in these terms at p. 56: 'There must be something in the nature of the act complained o.fthat attaches it to the official character of the person doing it.' In affirming this view, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council c observed in Gill case : AIR 1948 PC 128 (IA pp. 59-60) 'A public servant can only be said to act or to purport to act in the discharge of his official duty, if his act is such as to lie within the scope of his official duty .... The test may well be whether the public servant, if challenged, can reasonably claim D that, what he does, he does in virtue of his office.' Hori Ram case 1939 FCR I 59 is referred to with approval in the later case of Lieutenant Hector Thomas Huntley v. King Emperor 1944 FCR 262 but the test laid down that it must be established that the act complained of was an 'official' act E appears to us unduly to narrow down the scope of the protection afforded by Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code as defined and understood in the earlier case. The decision in Albert West Meads v. R. AIR 1948 PC 156 does not carry us any further; it adopts the reasoning in Gill case AIR 1948 PC 128." F 60. The said principle has been reiterated by this Court in B. Saha v. MS. Kochar (l 979) 4 SCC 177 in the following terms: (SCC pp. 184-85, paras 17-18)

"17. The words 'any offence alleged to have been committed G by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty' employed in Section 197(1) of the Code, are capable of a narrow as well as a wide interpretation. If these words are construed too narrowly, the section will be rendered altogether sterile, for, 'it is no part ofan official duty to commit an offence, and never can be'. In the wider sense, these words H AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1073 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] will take under their umbrella every act constituting an offence, A committed in the course of the same transaction in which the official duty is performed or purports to be performed. The right approach to the import of these words lies between these two extremes. While on the one hand, it is not every offence committed by a public servant while engaged in the B perfor.mance of his official duty, which is entitled to the protection of Section 197(1 ), an act constituting an offence, directly and reasonably connected with his official duty will require sanction for prosecution under the said provision. As pointed out by Ramaswami, J. in Baijnath v. State of MP. AIR 1966 SC 220 : (AIR p. 227, para 16) c 'I 6 . ... It is the quality of the act that is important, and if it falls within the scope and range of his official duties the protection contemplated by Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code will be attracted'.

D /8. ln sum, the sine qua non for the applicability of this section is that the offence charged, be it one of commission or omission, must be one which has been committed by the public servant either in his official capacity or under colour of the office held by him." (emphasis in original)" 12. In view of the aforesaid discussion, it is clear that the omission E complained of due to which offence is stated to have been committed, was intrinsically connected with discharge of official cjuty of the appellant, as such the protection under section 197 Cr.PC from prosecution without sanction of the competent authority, is available to the appellant. Thus, he could not have been prosecuted without sanction. It would be forthe F competent authority to consider the question of grant of sanction in accordance with law. In case sanction is granted only then the appellant can be prosecuted and not otherwise. Resultantly, the impugned orders are set aside, the appeal is allowed. Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal allowed. G

[2016] 2 S.C.R. I 060 A AMAL KUMAR J HA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH & ANR. (Criminal Appeal No. 396 of2016) B APRIL 26, 20 I 6 [V. GOPALA GOWDA AND ARUN MISHRA, JJ.] Code of Criminal Procedure, 197 3 - ss. 17 3 and ./82 -Protection from prosecution without sanction - Availability of -Prosecution of doctor-in-charge of Primary Health Centre - u!s. c 30./A !PC - Alleging him for not providing Government Vehicle for shifting the patient from Primary Health Centre to Disrl'ict Hospital - Application u!s . ./82 for quashing the criminal proceedings on the ground that he could not have been prosecuted without sanction uls. 197 - Dismissed - On appeal, held: The act of the accused was D intrinsically concerned with discharge of his official duty - Hence protection u!s. 197 from prosecution was ai,ailable to him -Therefore, he can be prosecuted only when sanction is granted -Criminal proceedings are liable to be quashed - Penal Code, 1860 - s. 304 A. E Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1. In present case, the accused was acting iu discharge of his official duty when he refused to provide the official vehicle. Thus, the omission complained of, due to which offence is stated to have been committed, was intrinsically connected with discharge of official duty of the appellant, as such theF protection u/s. 197 Cr.PC from prosecution without sanction of the competent authority, is available to the appellant. Thus, he could not have been prosecuted without sanction. It would be for the competent authority to consider the question of grant of sanction in accordance with law. In case sanction is granted, only G then the appellant can be prosecuted and not otherwise. [Paras 5 and 12] [1063-B; 1073-E-F] Shreekantiah Ramayya Munipalli v. The State of Bombay· 1955 (1) SCR 1177; Matajog Dobey v. HC. Bhari 1955 (2) SCR 925; Bhappa Singh v. Ram Pal Singh & Ors. H 1981 (Supp) SCC 12; State of Maharashtra v. Dr. 1060 AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1061 Budhikota Subbarao 1993 (3) SCC 339: 1993 (2) A SCR 311; State of HP. v. MP. Gupta 2004 (2) SCC 349: 2003 (6) Suppl. SCR 541; State of Orissa & Ors. v. Ganesh Chandra Jew 2004 (8) SCC 40: 2004 (3) SCR 504; K. Kalimuthu 1: State by DSP 2005 (4) SCC 512: 2005 (3) SCR 1; Manorama Tiwari & Ors. v. B Surendra Nath Rai 2016 (1) SCC 594:2015 (9) SCR 436; State of Madhya Pradesh v. Sheet/a Sahai & Ors. 2009 (8) SCC 617:2009 (12) SCR 1048 ~relied on. Case Law Reference

1955 (1) SCR 1177 relied on Paras c 19~5. (2) SCR 925 relied on Para6 1981 (Supp) sec 12 relied on Para7 19~3. (2) SCR 311 relied on Para8 2003 (6) Suppl. SCR 541 relied on Para9 201)4 (3) SCR 504 relied on Para 10 D 2005 (3) SCR 1 relied on Para 11 2015 (9) SCR 436 relied on Para 12 2009 (12) SCR 1048 relied on Para 13 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. E 396 of2016. From the Judgment and Order dated 21.01.2011 of the High Court ofChhatisgarh at Bilaspur in M. Cr. C. No. 2140 of2002. Suresh C. Gupta, Birendra Kumar Mishra, Ms. Poonam A., Praneet Ranjan,Advs. fortheAppellant. F Aniruddha P. Mayee, Adv. for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ARUN MISHRA, J. I. Leave granted. 2. The appeal arises out of the order dated 21.1.2011 passed by Gthe High Court of Chhatisgarh at Bilaspur, thereby affirming the order dated 29.6.2002 passed by the Sessions Judge and Judicial Magistrate First Class, Dharamjaigarh, rejecting the application filed by the accused appellant for discharge on the ground of requirement of sanction to prosecute under section 197(1) Cr.P.C. H 1062 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R.

A 3. As per the prosecution case, the appellant was in-charge of Patthalgaon Hospital, District Raigad where on 1.1.1995 L.T.D. operation of Runiabai was conducted by Dr. A.M. Gupta. Thereafter she was sent home. As Runiabai vomited Dr. A.M. Gupta was approached. He sent one Aklu Ram to administer some treatment. However on 2.2.1995 she was brought to the Primary Health Centre, Patthalgaon where she B was admitted and died at 2 p.m. Her post mortem was conducted. After 25 days, First Information Report was lodged and ultimately Police filed · chargesheet under section 304-A !PC on 16. l 0.1996 in the court of Judicial Magistrate First Class, Dharamjaigarh, as against appellantA.K. Jha, Dr. A.M. Gupta and Aklu Ram. Charges under section 304-A were c framed as against Dr. A.M. Gupta and the appellant. Both of them filed an application for discharge under section 197 Cr.PC on the ground that sanction to prosecute was required and they could not be prosecuted without previous sanction. Vide order dated 27.6.2001 passed by the Judicial Magistrate First Class, the application filed by Dr. A.M. Garg had been allowed. However, the application filed by the appellant was D rejected on the ground that he was in-charge of the Primary Health Centre and he failed to provide Government jeep for shifting the patient Mrs. Runiabai to District Hospital, Raigad whereas the appellant himself travelled in the jeep to attend an official monthly meeting at Raigad which was District Headquarters. The Primary Health Centre did not E have ambulance. Thus, negligence was attributed to the appellant for not providing the said vehicle for shifting the patient to District Hospital, Raigad. A revision was preferred against the rejection of prayer and thereafter a petition was filed under section 482 Cr.P.C. before the High Court, the same having been dismissed, the appellant is before us. F 4. It was vehemently contended by learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant that the allegations constituted failure to provide official vehicle for shifting the patient to District Hospital, Raigad. As it was an act in discharge of official duty, as such the sanction to prosecute was necessary. Whereas the application filed by Dr. A.M. Gupta had been allowed, the prayer made by the appellant has been illegally rejected. G Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the State supported the order and contended that it was negligence on behalf of the appellant in not providing official vehicle to the patient due to which she could not be shifted to District Hospital, Raigad and died. Thus, sanction was not required in the instant case. -

H AMAL.KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1063 [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

5. It is apparent from the facts of the instant case that the allegation A against the appellant is of omission in discharge of official duty in not providing Government vehicle for shifting the patient from Primary Health Centre to District Hospital, Raigad; whereas he himself travelled in the vehicle in question for attending the monthly official meeting at the District Headquarters. In our considered opinion, it was an act or omission in Bdischarge of the official duty. The sanction to prosecute was necessary. In this case, the accused was acting in discharge of his official duty when he refused to provide the official vehicle. The refusal is directly and reasonably connectedwith his official duty, thus sanction is required for prosecution as provided under section 197(1) Cr.PC. It is not disputed that no ambulance was provided to the Primary Health Centre. The c question arises whether omission to provide the official jeep which was not meant for patients, wou Id constitute an omission in discharge of his duty. Though public servant is not entitled to indulge in criminal activities in the course of his duty but the act in question had relation to discharge of official duty of the accused. It was clearly connected to the Dperformance of his official duty. When such is the case, sanction is required. This Court in Shreekantiah Ramayya Munipalli v. The State of Bombay [ 195 5 (I) SCR 11 77] has observed thus :

"Now it is obvious that if section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure is construed too narrowly it can never be applied, for E of course it is no part of an official's duty to commit an offence and never can be. But it is not the duty we have to examine so much as the act, because an official act can be performed in the discharge of official duty as well as in dereliction ofit The section has content and its language must be given meaning. What it says ts - F "when any public servant ..... is accused of any offence alleged . to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty ...... " We have therefore first to concentrate on the word 'offence'. G Now an offence seldom consists of a single act. It is usually composed of several elements and, as a rule, a whole series of acts must be proved before it can be established. In the present case, the elements alleged against the second accused are, first, that there was an "entrustment" and/or "dominion"; second, that H 1064 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R.

A the entrustment and/or dominion was "in his capacity as a public servant"; third, that there was a "disposal"; and fourth, that the disposal was "dishonest". Now it is evident that the entrustment and/or dominion here were in an official capacity, and it is equally evident that there could in this case be no disposal, lawful or otherwise, save by an act done or purporting to be done in an B official capacity. Therefore, the act complained of, namely the disposal, could not have been done in any other way. If it was innocent, it was an official act; if dishonest, it was the dishonest doing of an official act, but in either event the act was official because the second accused could not dispose of the goods save c by the doing of an official act, namely officially permitting their disposal; and that he did. He actually permitted their release and purported to do it in an official capacity, and apart from the fact that he did not pretend to act privately, there was no other way in which he could have done it. Therefore, whatever the intention or motive behind the act may have been, the physical part of it D remained unaltered, so if it was official in the one case it was equally official in the other, and the only difference would lie in the intention with which it was done: in the one event, it would be done in the discharge of an official duty and in the other, in the purported discharge of it.

E The act of abetment alleged against him stands on the same footing, for his part in the abetment was to permit the disposal of the goods by the doing of an official act and thus "willfully suffer" another person to use them dishonestly: section 405 of the Indian Penal Code. In both cases, the "offence" in his case would be incomplete without proving the official act. F We therefore hold that section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure applies and that sanctim1 was necessary, and as there was none the trial is vitiated from the start. We therefore quash the proceedings against the second accused as also his conviction and sentence." G 6. This Court in Matajog Dobey v. H.C. Bhari [1955 (2) SCR 925] has also considered when sanction is necessary. This Court has laid down thus : "ls the need for sanction to be considered as soon as the complaint is lodged and on the allegations therein contained? At first sight, H AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1065 fARUN MISHRA, J.l

it seems as though there is some support for this view in Hori A Rams case and also in Sarjoo Prasad v. The King-Emperor (1945) F.C.R. 227. Sulaiman, J. says that as the prohibition is against the institution itself, its applicability must be judged in the first instance at the earliest stage of institution. Varadachariar, J. also states that the question must be determined with reference B to the nature of the allegations made against the public servant in the criminal proceeding. But a careful perusal of the later parts of their judgments shows that they did not intent to lay down any such proposition. Sulaiman, J. refers (at page 179) to the prosecution case as disclosed by the complaint or the police report and he winds up the discussion in these words: "Ofcourse, ifthe c case-as put forward fails or the defence establishes that the act . purported to be _done is in execution of duty, the proceedings will have to be dropped and the complaint dismissed on that ground". The other learned Judge also states at page 185, "At this stage we have only to see whether the case alleged against the appellant D or sought to be proved against him relates to acts done or· purporting to be done by him in the execution of his duty". It must be so. The question may arise at any stage of the proceedings. The complaint may not disclose that the act constituting the offence was done or purported to be done in the discharge of official duty; but facts subsequently coming to light E on a police or. judicial inquiry or even in the course of the prosecution evidence at the trial, may establish the necessity for sanction. Whether sanction is necessary or not may have to be determined from stage to stage. The necessity may reveal itself in the course of the progress of the case."

F In Bhappa Singh v. Ram Pal Singh & Ors. 1981 (Supp) SCC 12 this Court considered the grant of protection to an officer for official act done in good faith thus : "6. In view of the circumstances mentioned in the last paragraph, there is little room for doubt that the Customs party was not out to G commit dacoity either in the jewellery shop or the chaubara, that they also committed no trespass into either of those places, but that the purpose of the raid was to find out if any illegal activity was being carried on therein. The presence of two licensed Gold-smiths in the chaubara speaks volumes in that behalf. It may H . 1066 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R. A further be taken for granted that the Customs party was manhandled before they themselves resorted to violence, because there was no reason forthem to open fire unless they were resisted in the carrying out of the raid peacefully.

7. Even though what we have just stated is a general prima facie B impression that we have formed at this stage on the materials available to us at present, it may not be possible to come to a conclusive finding about the falsity or otherwise of the complaint. But then we think that it would amount to giving a go-by to Section 108 of the Gold (Control) Act, if cases of this type are allowed to be pursued to their logical conclusion, c i.e., to that of conviction or acquittal. In this view of the matter we do not feel inclined to upset the impugned order, even ihough perhaps the matter may have required further evidence before quashing of the complaint could be held to be fully justified. The appeal is accordingly dismissed." In State of Maharashtra v. Dr. Budhikota Subbarao 1993 (3) D SCC 339, this Court has considered the meaning of the 'official act' thus:

"6. Such being the nature of the provision the question is how should the expression, 'any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge E of his official duty', be understood? What does it mean? 'Official' according to dictionary, means pertaining to an office. And official act or official duty means an act or duty done by an officer in his official capacity. Jn S.B. Saha v. MS. Kochar ( 1979) 4 SCC 177 it was held: (SCC pp. 184-85, para 17) F "The words 'any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty' employed in Section 197(1) of the Code, are capable of a narrow as well as a wide interpretation. If these words are construed too narrowly, the section will be rendered altogether sterile, for, 'it is no part of an official duty to commit G an offence, and never can be'. In the wider sense, these words will take under theirumbrella every act constituting an offence, committed in the course of the same transaction in which the official duty is performed or purports to be performed. The right approach to the import of these words lies between these two extremes. While on the one hand, it is not every offence H AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1067 [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

committed by a public servant while engaged in the A performance of his official duty, which is entitled to the protection of Section 197(1), an act constituting an offence, directly and reasonably connected with his official duty will require sanction for prosecution under the said provision." B Use of the expression, 'official duty' implies that the act or omission must have been done by the public servant in course of his service and that it should have been in discharge of his duty. The section does not extend its protective cover to every act or omission done by a public servant in service but restricts its scope of operation to only those acts or omissions which are done by a public servant c in discharge of official duty. In P. Arulsll'ami v. State of Madras ( 1967) 1 SCR 201 this Court after reviewing the authorities right from the days of Federal Court and Privy Council held:

" ... It is not therefore every offence committed by a public servant that requires sanction for prosecution under Section D 197(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code; nor even every act done by him while he is actually engaged in the performance of his official duties; but ifthe act complained of is directly concerned with his official duties so that, if questioned, it could be claimed to have been done by virtue of the office, then E sanction would be necessary. It is the quality of the act that is important and if it falls within the scope and range of his official duties the protection contemplated by Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code wi II be attracted. An offence may be entirely unconnected with the official duty as such or it may be committed within the scope of the official duty. Where it is F unconnected with the official duty there can be no protection. It is only when it is either within the scope of the official duty or in excess of it that the protection is claimable."

It has been widened further by extending protection to even those acts or omissions which are done in purported G exercise of official duty. That is under the colour of office. Official duty therefore implies that the act or omission must have been done by the public servant in course of his service and such act or omission must have been performed as part of duty which further must have been official in nature. The section has, thus, to be construed strictly, while determining its applicability to any act H 1068 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R. A or omission in course of service. Its operation has to be limited to those duties which are discharged in course of duty. But once any act or omission has been found to have been committed by a public servant in discharge of his duty then it must be given liberal aud wide construction so far its official natnre is concerned. For instance a public servant is not entitled B to indulge in criminal activities. To that extent the section has to be construed narrowly and in a restricted manner.

But once it is established that act or omission was done by the public servant while discharging his duty then the scope of its being official should be construed so as to advance the objective c of the section in favour of the public servant. Otherwise the entire purpose of affording protection to a pub Iic servant without sanction shall stand frustrated. For instance a police officer in discharge of duty may have to use force which may be an offence for the prosecution of which the sanction may be necessary. But if the same officer commits an act in course of service but not in D discharge of his duty then the bar under Section 197 of the Code is· not attracted. To what extent an act or omission performed by a public servant in discharge of his duty can be deemed to be official was explained by this Court in Matajog Dubey v. HC. Bhari AIR 1956 SC 44 thus: E "[T]he offence alleged to have been committed (by the accused) must have something to do, or must be related in some manner with the discharge of official duty ... there must be a reasonable connection between the act and the discharge of official duty; the act must bear sucft relation to the duty that tfte accused could lay a F reasonable (claim) but not a pretended or fanciful claim, that fte did it in the course of the performance of his duty." (emphasis supplied)

lfon facts, therefore, it is prima facie found thatthe act oromission G for which the accused was charged had reasonable connection with discharge of his duty then it must be held to be official to which applicability of Section 197 of the Code cannot be disputed." In State of HP. v. MP. Gupta 2004 (2) SCC 349 this Court in regard to official duty has laid down thus : H AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATJSGARH 1069 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] "11. Such being the nature of the provision, the question is how A shou Id the expression, "any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty", be understood? What does it mean? "Official" according to the dictionary, means pertaining to an office, and official act or official duty means an act or duty done by an officer B in his official capacity."

8. In State of Orissa & Ors. '" Ganesh Chandra Jew 2004 (8) SCC 40 this Court has laid down that protection under section 197 would be available only when the act done by the public servant is reasonably connected with the discharge of his official duty. This Court has laid cdown thus: "7. The protection given under Section 197 is to protect responsible public servants against the institution of possibly vexatious criminal proceedings foroffences alleged to have been committed by them while they are acting or purporting to act as public servants. The D policy of the legislature is to afford adequate protection to public servants to ensure that they are not prosecuted for anything done by them in the discharge of their official duties without reasonable cause, and if sanction is granted, to confer on the Government, if they choose to exercise it, complete control of the prosecution. This protection has certain limits and is available only when the E alleged act done by the public servant is reasonably connected with the discharge of his official duty and is not merely a cloak for doing the objectionable act. If in doing his official duty, he acted in excess of his duty, but there is a reasonable connection between the act and the performance of the official duty, the excess will F not be a sufficient ground to deprive the public servant of the protection. The question is not as to the nature of the offence such as whether the alleged offence contained an element necessarily dependent upon the offender being a public servant, but whether it was committed by a public servant acting or purporting to act as such in the discharge of his official capacity. G Before Section 197 can be invoked, it must be shown that the official concerned was accused of an offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duties. It is not the duty which requires examination so much as the act, because the official act can be H

1070 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R. A performed both in the discharge of the official duty as well as in dereliction of it. The act must fall within the scope and range of the official duties of the public servant concerned. It is the quality of the act which is important and the protection of this section is available ifthe act falls within the scope and range of his official duty. There cannot be any universal rule to determine whether B there is a reasonable connection between the act done and the official duty, nor is it possible to lay down any such rule. One safe and sure test in this regard would be to consider ifthe omission or neglect on the part of the public servant to commit the act complained of could have made him answerable for a charge of c dereliction of his official duty. If the answer to this question is in the affirmative, it may be said that such act was committed by the public servant while acting in the discharge of his official duty and there was every connection with the act complained of and the official duty of the public servant. This aspect makes it clear that the concept of Section 197 does not get immediately attracted on D institution of the complaint case." 9. ln K. Kalimuthu v. State by DSP 2005 (4) SCC 512 this Court has observed that official duty implies that an act or omission must have been done by the public servant within the scope and range of his official duty for protection. This Court has laid down thus: E

"12. If on facts, therefore, it is prima facie found that the act or omission for which the accused was charged had reasonable connection with discharge of his duty then it must be held to be official to which applicability of Section 197 of the Code cannot be disputed. F xxxxx 15. The question relating to the need of sanction under Section 197 of the Code is not necessarily to be considered as soon as the complaint is lodged and on the allegations contained therein. This question may arise at any stage of the proceeding. The question G whether sanction is necessary or not may have to be determined from stage to stage. Further, in cases where offences under the Act are concerned, the effect of Section 197, dealing with the question of prejudice has also to be noted." · 10. In Manoramu Tiwari & Ors. v. Surendra Nath Rai 2016 ( 1) H SCC 594, it was held that the appellants were discharging public duties AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1071 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] while performing surgery in a Government hospital, hence prosecution A was not maintainable without sanction from the State Government. I I. Jn State of Madhya Pradesh v. Sheet/a Sahai & Ors. 2009 (8) SCC 617, this Court has laid down thus :

"59. For the purpose of attracting the provisions of Section 197 of B the Code of Criminal Procedure, it is not necessary that they must act in their official capacity but even where public servants purport to act intheir official capacity, the same would attract the provisions of Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. It was so held by this Court in Sankaran Moitra v. Sadhna Das (2006) 4 SCC 584. The question came up for consideration before this Court in c Matajog Dobey v. H C. Bhari AIR 1956 SC 44 wherein it was held: (AIR pp. 48-49, para 17) "17. Slightly differing tests have been laid down in the decided cases to ascertain the scope and the meaning of the relevant words occurring in Section 197 of the Code; 'any offence alleged D to have been committed by him whHe acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty'. But the difference is only in language and not in substance.

The offence alleged to have been committed must have something to do, or must be related in some manner, with the discharge of E official duty. No question of sanction can arise under Section 197, unless the act complained of is an offence; the only point to determine is whether it was committed in the discharge of official duty. There must be a reasonable connection between the. act and the official duty. It does not matter even if the act exceeds · . what is strictly necessary for the discharge of the duty, as this F question will arise only ai a later stage when the trial proceeds on the merits. What we must find out is whether the act and the official duty are so interrelated that one can postulate reasonably that it was done by the accused in the performance of the official duty, though G possibly in excess of the needs and requirements of the situation. In Hori Ram Singh v. Crown 1939 FCR 159 Sulaiman, J. observes: 'The section cannot be confined to only such acts as are done by a public servant directly in pursuance of his public office, though in excess of the duty or under a mistaken belief as to H 1072 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 2 S.C.R. A the existence of such duty. Nor is it necessary to go to the length of saying thatthe act constituting the offence should be so inseparably connected with the official duty as to form part and parcel of the same transaction.'

The interpretation that found favour with Varadachariar, J. in the B same case is stated by him in these terms at p. 56: 'There must be something in the nature of the act complained o.fthat attaches it to the official character of the person doing it.' In affirming this view, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council c observed in Gill case : AIR 1948 PC 128 (IA pp. 59-60) 'A public servant can only be said to act or to purport to act in the discharge of his official duty, if his act is such as to lie within the scope of his official duty .... The test may well be whether the public servant, if challenged, can reasonably claim D that, what he does, he does in virtue of his office.' Hori Ram case 1939 FCR I 59 is referred to with approval in the later case of Lieutenant Hector Thomas Huntley v. King Emperor 1944 FCR 262 but the test laid down that it must be established that the act complained of was an 'official' act E appears to us unduly to narrow down the scope of the protection afforded by Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code as defined and understood in the earlier case. The decision in Albert West Meads v. R. AIR 1948 PC 156 does not carry us any further; it adopts the reasoning in Gill case AIR 1948 PC 128." F 60. The said principle has been reiterated by this Court in B. Saha v. MS. Kochar (l 979) 4 SCC 177 in the following terms: (SCC pp. 184-85, paras 17-18)

"17. The words 'any offence alleged to have been committed G by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty' employed in Section 197(1) of the Code, are capable of a narrow as well as a wide interpretation. If these words are construed too narrowly, the section will be rendered altogether sterile, for, 'it is no part ofan official duty to commit an offence, and never can be'. In the wider sense, these words H AMAL KUMAR JHA v. STATE OF CHHATISGARH 1073 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] will take under their umbrella every act constituting an offence, A committed in the course of the same transaction in which the official duty is performed or purports to be performed. The right approach to the import of these words lies between these two extremes. While on the one hand, it is not every offence committed by a public servant while engaged in the B perfor.mance of his official duty, which is entitled to the protection of Section 197(1 ), an act constituting an offence, directly and reasonably connected with his official duty will require sanction for prosecution under the said provision. As pointed out by Ramaswami, J. in Baijnath v. State of MP. AIR 1966 SC 220 : (AIR p. 227, para 16) c 'I 6 . ... It is the quality of the act that is important, and if it falls within the scope and range of his official duties the protection contemplated by Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code will be attracted'.

D /8. ln sum, the sine qua non for the applicability of this section is that the offence charged, be it one of commission or omission, must be one which has been committed by the public servant either in his official capacity or under colour of the office held by him." (emphasis in original)" 12. In view of the aforesaid discussion, it is clear that the omission E complained of due to which offence is stated to have been committed, was intrinsically connected with discharge of official cjuty of the appellant, as such the protection under section 197 Cr.PC from prosecution without sanction of the competent authority, is available to the appellant. Thus, he could not have been prosecuted without sanction. It would be forthe F competent authority to consider the question of grant of sanction in accordance with law. In case sanction is granted only then the appellant can be prosecuted and not otherwise. Resultantly, the impugned orders are set aside, the appeal is allowed. Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal allowed. G