[2016) 8 S.C.R. 394 A MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH (Criminal Appeal No. 1141 of2007) B NOVEMBER 09, 2016 [A.K. SIKRI AND N.V. RAMANA, JJ.) Penal Code, 1860 - s. 302 - Appellant-accused alongwith other co-accused charged u/ss. 302, 147, 1./8 and 149 !PC - Trial c court acquitted all the accused in view of contradictory statements of PWs, conflict befll'een ocular and medical evidence, delay in recording statements of witnesses, non-availability of proper site plan and absence of authenticated ballistic expert report - High Court partly allowing the appeal of the State convicted the appe/lant-accused uls. 302 - On appeal, held: In the facts of the case there D was no .compelling and substantial reason for the High court to interfere with the order of acqui1tal, as the prosecution miserably failed to establish the guilt of the accused beyond doubt - Mere sei::ure of gun and cartridges, enmity between the parties, and altercation and exchange of heated words between the rival groups cannot establish the guilt beyond reasonable doubt - Appellant-E accused is acquitted. Criminal trial - Contradict01y statements - Held: It is natural for human beings to state variant statements due to time gap - But if the stalements go to defeat !he case of the prosecution, such contradictions are material and the court has to be mindful of such F statements.

Evidence - Ocular evidence vis-a-vis medical evidence -Ocular testimony has greater evidentimy value vis-a-vis medical evidence - But when medical evidence makes the oral testimony improbable, ocular evidenc_e may be disbelieved. G Witnesses: Interested witness - Evidentiary value - The evidence of interested witness needs to be scrutinized with utmost care - It can only be relied upon, if the evidence has ring of truth to it, is cogent, H 394 MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 395 credible and trustworthy - A contradicted testimony of an interested A witness cannot be usually treated as conclusive. Chance Witness - Evidentimy value - Though evidence of chance witness is qcceptable. yet such witness has to reasonably explain his presence at 1he place of occurrenc:e. B Appeal -Appeal against acquiual - Held: There are no fetters 011 the powers of' appellate court to revieH'. re-appreciale and reconsider the evidence. on facts as ivell as /all' - But the court is required lo be cautious in interfering with m1 appeal unless there are compelling and substanlial grounds to inte1fere ll'ith the order of acquittal. c Investigation - Investigating office1~ dealing ll'ith a murder case. is expected to be diligent. truthfitl and fair in his approach -His pe1for111a11ce should always be in conformity with the police manual -A default and breach of duty may prove fatal to prosecution case. D Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1 In the criminal .inrisprudence, an accused is presumed to be innocent till he is convicted by a competent court after a full-fledged trial, and once the trial court by cogent reasoning acquits the accused, then the reaffirmation of his E innocence places more burden on the appellate court while dealing with the appeal. No doubt, it is settled law that there are no fetters on the power of the appellate court to review, reappreciate and reconsider the evidence both on facts and law upon which the order of acquittal is passed. But the court has to be very F cautious in interfering with an appeal unless there are compelling and substantial grounds to interfere with the order of acquittal. The appellate court while passing an order has to give clear reasoning for such a conclusion. It is no doubt true that there cannot be any strait jacket formula as to under what circumstances appellate court can interfere with the order of acquittal, but the G same depends on facts and circumstances of each case. [Paras 12,_ p 1[403-E.-Hl 1.2 In the present case, from the same set of facts, the trial court as well as the High Court have arrived at different H 396 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A conclusions, such an exercise cannot be undertaken by the High Court in an appeal unless the conclusion drawn by the trial court cannot be sustained based on the facts and circumstances and when two conclusions are possible based on the evidence available on record, the appellate court should be all the more reluctant to interfere with the findings recorded by the trial court. [Para B 15)[404-F-G] 2. Both the courts below formed a common opinion that the prosecution has failed to prove the charges under Sections 148 and 302/149 of IPC against the co-accused and discharged them from those charges. The disagreement between the trial c court and the High Court is only in respect of the charge under Section 302, IPC against the appellant. The difference of opinion between the courts below in deciding whether or not the appellant has committed the offence with which he is charged, mainly revolves around the presence of alleged direct eyewitnesses at D the spot, possibility of appellant's inflicting firearm injury to the deceased in view of the positioning of the injury sustained by the deceased, the material infirmity, if any, and contradiction in the ocular and medical evidencc.[Paras 16, 23)[404-H; 405-A-B; 407-G-H; 408-A]

E 3. Though, at the outset, the accused/appellant absolutely rejected the allegation and pleaded not guilty by taking the defence of alibi that on the date of incident, he was irrigating his field, but his claim has not been supported by any evidence. [Para 16)(405-B) F 4. The parties arc admittedly in hostile terms and the incident in question occurred in a broad day light at the residence of the deceased. The prosecution, in support of its version, has heavily relied upon the statements of eyewitnesses PW 7, PW 8, PW 9 and PW 11. The trial Judge disbelieved the presence of eyewitnesses on the spot in view of delayed recording of their G statements by the Investigating Officer and also they remained unsuccessful in revealing exactly as to where the bullet had struck the deceased. Nowhere in the First Information Report, the name or presence of eyewitness PW 8 was mentioned as a witness to the incident. [Para 17)1405-D-FJ H MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 397

5. The High Court has attached a lot of weight to the A evidence of PW 9, who has admitted that he has been a witness in another case against the accused for the deceased. Thus PW 9 has been acting as a pocket witness for the family. Further, the credibility of this independent witness can be challenged on the fact that the commotion was only heard by PW9, whereas the 8rest of the members of the locality did not come for help. This admission by PW 9 not only forces the Court to doubt the veracity of his own deposition but also has created doubts on the version of PW 7. As PW 9 is a chance witness as well as an interested witness, causes suspicion and does not inspire confidence. The evidence of interested witness needs to be scrutinized with c utmost care. It can only be relied upon if the evidence has a ring of truth to it, is cogent, credible and trustworthy. A contradicted testimony of an interested witness cannot be usually treated as conclusive. It is to be seen that although the evidence of a chance witness is acceptable in India, yet the chance witness has to Dreasonably explain the presence at that particular point more so when his deposition is being assailed as being tainted. [Paras 18, 191(405-F-H; 406-A-C]

6. The evidence of PW 12 reveals that when the deceased sustained bullet injury, he might have been in a standing position Eand the bullet would have entered from left side and exited from right side of the body. This fact, however, is corroborated with the evidences of PW 7 and PW 8, but the statements of PW 9 and PW 11 do not support it. Similarly, there were contradictions between the statements of PW 12 and that of the eyewitnesses as to the distance and height of the assaulter while inflicting the F grievous injury to the deceased and whether the deceased was standing on the platform (Clwbutara) or came down from it, while receiving the bullet injury. PW 12 was not clear and definite to say exactly from what position and distance the assaulter could have fired the gun. [Para 20](406-D-F] G 7. One gun, 12 live and 9 empty cartridges were recovered from the appellant. The prosecution's story is somewhat strengthened by the ballistic expert's report. But nowhere it was mentioned that the death of the victim occurred by the bullet released from the seized gun. Merely the seizure of gun and H 398 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A cartridges from the appellant, the ongoing enmity between the parties on account of various criminal litigations and the altercation and exchange of heated words between the rival groups on the morning of the same day, cannot establish the guilt of accused beyond reasonable doubt. !Para 21][406-G-H; 407-A-B) B 8. Though the ocular testimony of a witness has greater evidentiary value vis-a-vis medical evidence, when medical evidence makes the ocular testimony inq>robable, that becomes a relevant factor in the process of the evaluation of evidence. However, where the medical evidence goes far that it completely c rules out all possibility of the ocular evidence being true, the ocular evidence may be disbelieved. [Para 22)(407-C-D) Abdul Sayeed v. State of M.P. 2010 (13) SCR 311 : (2010) 10 sec 259 - relied on. 9. It is the duty of the Apex Court to separate chaff from D the husk and to dredge the truth from the pandemonium of Statements. It is but natural for human beings to state variant statements due to time gap but if such statements go to defeat the core of the prosecution then such contradictions are material and the Court has to be mindful of such statements. In the present matter, there are material exaggerations and contradictions, which E inevitably raises doubt which is reasonable in normal circumstances. [Para 2411408-B-C]

Tahsildhar Singh v. State of Ul~ AIR 1959 SC 1012 i 1959 Suppl. SCR 875; Pudhu Raja v. State 2012 (8) SCR 740; (2012) 11 SCC 196: State of U.P. v. Naresh F (2011) 4 sec 324 - relied on. 10. The Investigating Ol'licer, dealing with a murder case, is expected to be diligent, truthful and fair in his approach and his performance should always be in conformity with the police manual and a default or breach of duty may prove fatal to the G prosecution's case. In the present case, the investigation was carried out with unconcerned and uninspiring performance. There was no firm and sincere effort with the needed zeal and spirit to bring home the guilt of the accused. [Para 26][408-F-G) 11. There are. no compelling and substantial reasons for H MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 399 the High Court to interfere with the order of acquittal when the A prosecution has miserably failed to establish the guilt of the accused. The accused has also already undergone nine years' of imprisonment and therefore it is a fit case inviting interference by this Court. (Para 26)(408-H; 409-A] Case Law Reference B 20l0 (13) SCR 311 relied on Para 22 1959 Suppl. SCR 875 relied on Para 24 2012 (8) SCR 740 relied on Para 24 2011 (15) SCR 34 relied on Para 24 c CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1141 of2007. From the Judgment and Order dated 19.03.2007 qfthe High Court ofM. P. at Gwalior in Government Appeal No. 36/96.

Anurag Dubey, Ms. Anu Sawhney, Ms. Meenakshi P, S. R. D Setia. Advs. for the Appellant. C. D. Singh, Ms. Sakshi Kakkar, D. S. Parmar, Sandeepan, Advs. for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by E N.V. RAMANA, J. I. This appeal arises out of the judgment and or<ler dated I 91h March, 2007 passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Bench at Gwalior in Criminal Appeal No. 36of1996 whereby the High Court has partly allowed the appeal preferred by the State by confirming the judgment of the Trial Court forthe offence under Section 148 of IPC and convicted the appellant herein for the offence under F Section 302, IPC and sentenced him to undergo imprisonment for life. 2. The brief facts of the case as culled out from the case of the prosecution are that on 26'h December, 1987 at about I p.111. while Gambhir Singh (PW 7) (brother of the deceased) was having lunch at his home, the appellant along with a group of co-accused persons, each G armed with deadly weapons rushed to his house hurling abusive filthy words and picked up a quarrel with his brother Jagannath Singh (deceased) who was sitting outside on a platform (Chabutara) along with his nephew Bir Singh (PW 11 ). When Jagannath Singh (deceased) raised objection to their behavior, the appellant fired a gunshot in the H 400 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 8 S.C.R. A abdomen of the deceased as a result of which he fell down on the ground and succumbed to the injuries.

3. Gambhir Singh (P.W. 7) carried the body of the deceased to the police station, Lahar on a bullock cart and lodged the FIR (Annexure P- l) at 4.15 PM on the same day. Dilip Singh Yadav (PW-13) prepared B inquest memo and Dr. A. K. Upadhyay (P.W. 12) conducted autopsy on the dead body. On the next day, Di lip Singh Yadav (PW 13) seized blood stained soil and plain soil from the place of occurrence, as per seizure memo. He also seized a gun, 12 live cartridges and 9 empty cartridges from the possession of appellant Mahavir Singh, an axe from Sobaran c (co-accused) and a lathi from Kanched Singh (another co-accused) as per seizure memo and sent them to the Forensic Science Laboratory at Sagar. Consequently, statements of witnesses were recorded under section 161 of Cr.P.C., spot map was prepared and Charge-sheet was filed against the appellant under sections 302, 147, 148 and 149 of the IPC in the Court of Judicial Magistrate First Class, Lahar who committed D the case to Court of Sessions for Trial. The Trial Court framed charges u/s 302 and 148 of IPC against the appellant and under sections 148, 302/149 of IPC against co-accused. All the accused pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. To prove the guilt of the accused, the prosecution has examined 13 witnesses and marked several Exhibits while the accused examined none in defence and no exhibits were marked on his behalf. E

4. The Trial Court by its judgment and order dated 30•h November, 1994 acquitted the appellant from the alleged offences mainly on the ground that there are contradictions in the evidence of eyewitnesses to that of medical evidence, prosecution has failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt formation of unlawful assembly with a motive of F committing murder of the deceased and also failed to establish that the bullet had been fired with the firearm seized from the appellant. 5. Dissatisfied with the Judgment of the Trial Court, the State preferred an appeal before the High Court claiming that the judgment of the Trial Court is perverse and illegal inasmuch as it did not appreciate G the prosecution evidence in right perspective and ignored the evidence of the eyewitnesses. The High Court, on a reanalysis of evidence of prosecution witnesses and other material available on record came to the conclusion that the Trial Court was right in acquitting the other co-accused persons but found fault with the acquittal of the appellant under H Section 302 IPC. The High Court, therefore, partly al_lowed the appeal MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 401 [N.V. RAMANA, J.] by confirming the judgment of the Trial Court in respect of the charge A under Section 148 and convicted the appellant herein for the offence under Section 302, IPC and sentenced him to undergo imprisonment for life. Aggrieved by the Judgment of the High Court, the appellant approached this Court in appeal.

6. Learned counsel forthe appellant submitted that the Trial Court B rightly acquitted the appellant, after elaborately considering the evidence on record, upon coming to the conclusion that there is lack of credibility in the testimony of the prosecution witnesses, and, in particular, the medical and ocular testimonies are conflicting; there was considerable delay on the part of Investigating Officer in recording the evidences of alleged ceyewitnesses inasmuch as statements by none of the eyewitnesses were recorded on the day of occurrence of the incident.

7. In the background of this factual matrix, learned counsel for •the appellant has advanced his arguments that since the appellant and victim parties have prior enmity over some pending criminal cases, the family members of the deceased, i.e., Gambhir Singh (PW 7), Shanti D Devi (PW 8), Bir Singh (PW 11) in connivance and with the help of a pocket witness Madho Singh (PW 9) concocted the story, by projecting himself as an eyewitness, and falsely implicated the appellant. According to him, this fact is clearly established with the contradictions in the medical evidence and the unreliable evidence of the alleged interested eyewitness. E The presence of Gambhir Singh (PW 7), at the time of occurrence, as heavily relied upon by the prosecution, proves to be false in the light of evidence of Bir Singh (PW 11) who nowhere in his testimony mentioned that Gambhir Singh (PW 7) alone came out of the house and witnessed the incident and Madho Singh (PW 9) claimed that soon after the shooting, FGambhir Singh (PW 7), Bir Singh (PW 11) and Shanti Devi (PW 8) came out of the house and therefore the accused fled away from the spot. It is also contended that the alleged eyewitnesses Gambhir Singh (PW 7), Bir Singh (PW 11) and Shanti Devi (PW 8) made material improvements in their testimonies before the Court in order to connect the case of prosecution with the medical report. Thus, the presence of G the eyewitnesses at the place of occurrence is doubtfu I.

8. Learned counsel further urged that as per the site plan prepared by the Investigation Officer and also as per the medical evidence, the deceased Jagannath Singh was standing when he was shot. According to the medical report, the injuries sustained by the deceased are possible H 402 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A only when the assaulter stands at a height above the victim. Contrary to this, the case advanced by the prosecution, coupled with the evidence of alleged eyewitness, is that the appellant was standing on a lower level and the deceased was standing on a higher level i.e. on the platform. In his statement Madho Singh (PW 9) categorically mentioned that the deceased was sitting on the platform (Chabutara) and the appellant B was standing on the ground, when he was shot. While the medical report indicated that the margins of the wounds were inverted and the bullet must have been fired from a distance of within 6 feet, and as per the testimonies of the direct eyewitnesses, the said distance varied between 12 to 22.5 feet. The absence of human blood at the alleged place of c incident i.e. on the platform and presence of blood on the ·ground in front of the platform further renders the prosecution's case even more doubtful. This blood also could not be matched with that of the deceased and therefore, recovery of weapons is ofno relevance. Simply (or the reason that the post-mortem report indicated that the deceased had died due to one single gunshot, and mere recovery of nine empty cartridges from D the appellant does not in any way connect him with the crime, when the empty cartridges were not recovered from the place of incident and also in the absence of authenticated proof that the bullet shot at the deceased was fired from the gun owned by the appellant. Learned counsel thus submits that the statements of eyewitness are not trustworthy. E Considering the facts in their entirety, such as delayed recording of statements of the eyewitnesses and an unsuccessful attempt to reveal as to where the bullet had struck the victim and the unmatched statements by prosecution witnesses with that of the medical expert, the learned Trial Court was pleased to record the order of acquittal of the appellant. F 9. The learned counsel finally submitted that the High Court, on the other hand, failed to appreciate the evidence in true legal perspective and wrongly interfered with the well reasoned judgment of acquittal passed by the Trial Court based on a cogent and detailed reasoning and that the High Court committed a grave error by convicting the accused forthe offence under Section 302 !PC. The impugned judgment is contrary G to the settled legal principles as it did not give due weightage to the medical evidence and rejected the same without ascribing any reason. Thus, interference by the High Court with the reasoned judgment of acquittal passed by the Trial Court is unwarranted. Learned counsel submits that in the light of settled legal principles, the conviction of the H

MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 403 [N.V. RAMANA, J.] appellant by the High Court is vague and uncalled for and the same A requires to be set aside by this Court. I 0. On the other hand, learned counsel appearing for the State, argued that the judgment of the Trial Court acquitting the appellant was wholly erroneous as it was passed without taking into account the prosecution evidence in its right perspective. There was no inconsistency B in the evidence of eyewitnesses who were very much present at the scene of offence and the Trial Court was not justified in ignoring their evidences. The High Court, after re~appreciating the entire evidence on record, took a justifiable stand in convicting the accused under Section 302 of the IPC by a well reasoned judgment and that there is no illegality or perversity in the conviction of the accused calling interference by this c Court. 11. We have heard the learned counsel on either side at length and perused the material available on record. Now it is imperative to look into the scope of interference by the appellate Court in an appeal against acquittal and whether the High Court was justified in convicting D the accused under Section 302, IPC by reversing the order of acquittal passed by the Trial Court.

12. In the criminal jurisprudence, an accused is presumed to be innocent till he is convicted by a competent Court after a full-fledged trial, and once the Trial Court by cogent reasoning acquits the accused, E then the reaffirmation of his innocence places more burden on the appellate Court while dealing with the appeal. No doubt, it is settled law that there are no fetters on the power of the appellate Com1 to review, reappreciate and reconsider the evidence both on facts and law upon which the order of acquittal is passed. But the court has to be very Fcautious in interfering with an appeal unless there are compelling and substantial grounds to interfere with the order of acquittal. The appellate Court while passing an order has to give clear reasoning for such a conclusion. 13. It is no doubt true that there cannot be any straitjacket formula as to under what circumstances appellate Court can interfere with the G order of acquittal, but the same depends on facts and circumstances of each case. In the case on hand, we have to examine the rationale behind the conclusion of the High Court in convicting the accused and the compelling reasons to deviate from the order of acquittal passed by the Trial Court. H 404 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A 14. On a thorough analysis of the judgment impugned, it is evident that the High Court has not recorded any reasons for partly setting aside the judgment of the Trial Court which has acquitted all the accused persons from the same set of facts before it. The High Court which has set aside the acquittal order of the Trial Court has observed that the Trial Court has based its reasoning on guess work. We find it that even the B High Cou11 has committed the same mistake and basing on the same facts and guess work has arrived at the conclusion that the appellant is guilty.

15. It is specifically urged by the learned counsel for the appellant that as per the medical evidence, the injuries sustained by the deceased c are possible only when the assaulter stands at a height above the victim. In this process, the court has guessed that Mahavir Singh (accused-appellant) and Jagannath (deceased) were of similar height which is nobody's case and no evidence is available on record to come to a conclusion that the height of the two is same. The evidence available on D record in this regard is a statement of Dr. A.K. Upadhyay (PW 12) that the deceased was of average Height. Now in order to establish that the bullet traveled in a downward direction, they have explained that the position of the gun usually kept in a downward position resting on the chest. Now the logical fallacy is to have assumed the height of the platform whose height has not been recorded due to sloppy investigation by the E Investigating Officers. There exists a reasonable doubt because of the fact that the height of the platform was not recorded and the same cannot be guessed at this point of time. Fu11hcr, the deposition of the Doctor is very clear that the shooter might have been at a lower level. While some of the witnesses have suggested that the deceased was on F the ground while others have pointed out to the fact that he was standing on the platform. Therefore, from the same set of facts, the Trial Court as well as the High Court have arrived at different conclusions, such an exercise cannot be undertaken by the High Couii in an Appeal unless the conclusion drawn by the Trial Court cannot be sustained based on the facts and circumstances and when two conclusions are possible G based on the evidence available on record, the appellate court should be all the more reluctant to interfere with the findings recorded by the Trial Court.

16. It appears to us that the difference of opinion between the Courts below in deciding whether or not the appellant has committed the H MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 405 [N.V.~ RAMANA, J.] offence with which he is charged, mainly revolves around the presence A of alleged direct eyewitnesses at the spot, possibility of appellant's inflicting firearm injury to the deceased in view of the positioning of the injury sustained by the deceased, the material infirmity, if any, and contradiction in the ocular and medical evidence. It is, however, clear that though, at the outset, the accused/appellant absolutely rejected the B allegation and pleaded not guilty by taking the defence of alibi that, on the date of incident, he was irrigating his field, but his claim has not been supported by any evidence.

17. Undoubtedly, Gambhir Singh (PW 7-brother of the deceased) has accepted that certain criminal proceedings were pending between C the accused and his family members. He also admits that one case had already been filed by the accused prior to the incident. Admittedly, Shanti Devi (PW 8-wife of the deceased) also has deposed that there was an altercation between her son Yijender and Dhullu, on which they killed her husband. Thus, the parties are admittedly in hostile terms and the incident in question occurred in a broad day light at the residence of the D deceased by doing away his precious life. The prosecution, in support of its version, has heavily relied upon the statements of eyewitnesses Gambhir Singh (PW 7-complainant and also brother of the deceased), Shanti Devi (PW 8-wife of the deceased), Madho Singh (PW 9) and Bir Singh (PW I I-nephew of the deceased). The learned Trial Judge disbelieved the presence of eyewitnesses on the spot in view of delayed E recording of their statements by the Investigating Officer (PW 13) and also they remained unsuccessful in revealing exactly as to where the bullet had struck the deceased. We also find that nowhere in the First Information Report, the name or presence of eyewitness Shanti Devi (PW 8) was mentioned as a witness to the incident. F

18. The High Court has attached a lot of weight to the evidence of the said Madho Singh (PW 9) as he is an independent witness. On perusal of the record, it appears that the said person already had deposed for the victim family on a number of previous occasions, that too against the same accused. This being the fact, it is important to analyze the G jurisprudence on interested witness. It is a settled principle that the evidence of interested witness needs to be scrutinized with utmost care. It can only be relied upon if the evidence has a ring of truth to it, is cogent, credible and trustworthy. Here we may refer to chance witness also. It is to be seen that although the evidence of a chance witness is H 406 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2016) 8 S.C.R. A acceptable in India, yet the chance witness has to reasonably explain the presence at that particular point more so when his deposition is being assailed as being tainted.

19. A contradicted testimony of an interested witness cannot be usually treated as conclusive. The said Madho Singh (PW 9) has admitted B that he has been a witness in another case against the accused for the deceased. Here it is to be seen that the said Madho Singh (PW 9) has been acting as a pocket witness for the family. Further, the credibility of this independent witness can be challenged on the fact that the commotion was only heard by the said Madho Singh (PW 9) whereas the rest of the members of the locality did not c come for help. As Madho Singh (PW 9) is a chance witness as well as an interested witness herein, causes suspicion and does not inspire confidence. This admission by Madho Singh (PW 9) not only forces us to doubt the veracity of his own deposition but also has created doubts on the version ofGambhir Singh (PW 7).

D 20. We have thoroughly examined the evidence of expert witnesses as well as other ocular witnesses. The evidence of Dr. A.K. Upadhyay (PW 12) reveals that when the deceased sustained bullet injury, he might have been in a standing position and the bullet would have entered from left side and exited from right side of the body. This fact, however, E corroborated with the evidences of PW 7 (Gambhir Singh) and PW 8 (Shanti Devi), but the statements of PW 9 (Madho Singh) and PW 11 (Bir Singh) do not support it. Similarly, there were contradictions between the statements of Dr. Upadhyay (PW 12) and that of the eyewitnesses as to the distance and height of the assaulter while inflicting the grievous injury to the deceased and whether the deceased was standing on the F platform (Chabutara) or came down from it while receiving the bullet injury. We find from the statement of Dr. Upadhyay (l'W 12) that he was not clear and definite to say exactly from what position and distance the assaulter could have tired the gun. 21. Going by the seizure memo (Ex.P/3) apparently one gun, 12 G live and 9 empty cartridges were recovered from the appellant. The evidences of eyewitnesses support this fact and no question was put to the 1.0. after the recovery of the gun and cartridges, that whether he himself shot from the seized gun to create evidence. The prosecution's story is somewhat strengthened by the ballistic expett's report (Ex. P/ H MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 407

[N.V. RAMANA, J.] 12) which affirms that the gun seized from the appellant was in perfect A order, the empty cartridges bore the same impression on pin as seized from the accused and the live cartridges were actually fired by the gun seized from the appellant. But nowhere it was mentioned that the death of the victim occurred by the bullet released from the seized gun. Merely the seizure of gun and cartridges from the appellant, the ongoing enmity Bbetween the parties on account of various criminal litigations and the altercation and exchange of heated words between the rival groups on the morning of the same day, cannot establish the guilt of accused beyond reasonable doubt. 22. The position of law in cases where there is a contradiction cbetween medical evidence and ocular evidence can be crystallized to the effect that though the ocular testimony of a witness has greater evidentiary value vis-a-vis medical evidence, when medical evidence makes the ocular testimony improbable, that becomes a relevant factor in the process of the evaluation of evidence. However, where the medical evidence goes far that it completely rules out all possibility of the ocular D evidence being true, the ocular evidence may be disbelieved [See: Abdul Sayeetl v . State of M.P., (2010) 10 SCC 259)

23. In view of contradictory statements by the prosecution witnesses coupled with the unmatched medical evidence, delay in recording of statements of witnesses by the 1.0., non-availability of proper E site plan and in the absence of authenticated ballistic expert report that the bullet had been fired with the seized gun of the appellant, the Trial Comi had to decide the case against the prosecution and discharge the appellant from the charges. The High Court, upon carrying the exercise of reappreciation of evidence, formed the view that the reasons for delay Fin recording the statements of witnesses have been properly explained; that as soon as the bullet struck on the abdomen of the deceased, he immediately fell down from the platform. It further observed that though the name of Shanti Devi (PW 8) was not mentioned in the FIR, there is positive evidence on record to establish her presence at the time of incident along with other eyewitnesses and this fact has been established G by their corroborative statements and there is no reason to disbelieve their statements. Here it is worthwhile to mention that both the Courts below formed a common opinion that the prosecution has failed to prove the charges under Sections 148 and 302/149 of !PC against the co-accused and discharged them from those charges. The disagreement H 408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A between the Trial Court and the High Court is only in respect of the charge under Section 302, IPC against the appellant. 24. It is the duty of the Apex Court to separate chaff from the husk and to dredge the truth from the pandemonium of Statements. It is but natural for human beings to state variant statements due to time gap B but if such statements go to defeat the core of the prosecution then such contradictions are material and the Court has to be mindful of such statements [See : Ta/lsi/dltar Sing/I v. State of UP, AIR 1959 SC 1012; P11d/1u Raja v. State, (2012) 11 SCC 196; State of UP vs. Naresh, (2011) 4 SCC 324]. The case in hand is a fit case, wherein there are material exaggerations and contradictions, which inevitably C raises doubt which is reasonable in normal circumstances and keeping in view the substratum of the prosecution case, we cannot infer beyond reasonable doubt that the appellant caused the death of the deceased.

25. Normally, when a culprit perpetrates a heinous crime of murder and takes away the life of a human being, if appropriate punishment is D not awarded to that offender, the Court will be failing in its duty. Such crime, when indulged by a criminal blatantly, is not committed against an individual alone, but is committed against the society as well to which the criminal and victim are a part. It needs no emphasis from this Court that the punishment to be awarded for such a crime must be relevant E and it should conform to and be consistent with the atrocity and brutality with which the crime has been carried out.

26. Here in the instant case, no doubt, an innocent man has lost his life at the hands of another man, and looking at the way in which the investigation was handled, we are sure to observe that it was carried out F in a lackluster manner. The approach of the Investigating Officer in recording the statements of witnesses, collecting the evidence and preparation of site map has remained unmindful. The Investigating Officer, dealing with a murder case, is expected to be diligent, truthful and fair in his approach and his performance should always be in conformity with the police manual and a default or breach of duty may G prove fatal to the prosecution's case. We may hasten to add that in the present case the investigation was carried out with unconcerned and uninspiring performance. There was no firm and sincere effort with the needed zeal and spirit to bring home the guilt of the accused. We feel that there are no compelling and substantial reasons for the High Court H to interfere with the order of acquittal when the prosecution has miserably MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 409 [N.V. RAMANA, J.] failed to establish the guilt of the accused. Added to this, the accused A has already undergone nine years' of imprisonment and we feel that it is a fit case inviting interference by this Court.

27. Resultantly, the appeal is allowed and the judgment of conviction and order of sentence passed by the High Court is set aside. Consequently, the appellant shall be set at Iiberty forthwith if not required in any other B case. Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal allowed,

[2016) 8 S.C.R. 394 A MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH (Criminal Appeal No. 1141 of2007) B NOVEMBER 09, 2016 [A.K. SIKRI AND N.V. RAMANA, JJ.) Penal Code, 1860 - s. 302 - Appellant-accused alongwith other co-accused charged u/ss. 302, 147, 1./8 and 149 !PC - Trial c court acquitted all the accused in view of contradictory statements of PWs, conflict befll'een ocular and medical evidence, delay in recording statements of witnesses, non-availability of proper site plan and absence of authenticated ballistic expert report - High Court partly allowing the appeal of the State convicted the appe/lant-accused uls. 302 - On appeal, held: In the facts of the case there D was no .compelling and substantial reason for the High court to interfere with the order of acqui1tal, as the prosecution miserably failed to establish the guilt of the accused beyond doubt - Mere sei::ure of gun and cartridges, enmity between the parties, and altercation and exchange of heated words between the rival groups cannot establish the guilt beyond reasonable doubt - Appellant-E accused is acquitted. Criminal trial - Contradict01y statements - Held: It is natural for human beings to state variant statements due to time gap - But if the stalements go to defeat !he case of the prosecution, such contradictions are material and the court has to be mindful of such F statements.

Evidence - Ocular evidence vis-a-vis medical evidence -Ocular testimony has greater evidentimy value vis-a-vis medical evidence - But when medical evidence makes the oral testimony improbable, ocular evidenc_e may be disbelieved. G Witnesses: Interested witness - Evidentiary value - The evidence of interested witness needs to be scrutinized with utmost care - It can only be relied upon, if the evidence has ring of truth to it, is cogent, H 394 MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 395 credible and trustworthy - A contradicted testimony of an interested A witness cannot be usually treated as conclusive. Chance Witness - Evidentimy value - Though evidence of chance witness is qcceptable. yet such witness has to reasonably explain his presence at 1he place of occurrenc:e. B Appeal -Appeal against acquiual - Held: There are no fetters 011 the powers of' appellate court to revieH'. re-appreciale and reconsider the evidence. on facts as ivell as /all' - But the court is required lo be cautious in interfering with m1 appeal unless there are compelling and substanlial grounds to inte1fere ll'ith the order of acquittal. c Investigation - Investigating office1~ dealing ll'ith a murder case. is expected to be diligent. truthfitl and fair in his approach -His pe1for111a11ce should always be in conformity with the police manual -A default and breach of duty may prove fatal to prosecution case. D Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1 In the criminal .inrisprudence, an accused is presumed to be innocent till he is convicted by a competent court after a full-fledged trial, and once the trial court by cogent reasoning acquits the accused, then the reaffirmation of his E innocence places more burden on the appellate court while dealing with the appeal. No doubt, it is settled law that there are no fetters on the power of the appellate court to review, reappreciate and reconsider the evidence both on facts and law upon which the order of acquittal is passed. But the court has to be very F cautious in interfering with an appeal unless there are compelling and substantial grounds to interfere with the order of acquittal. The appellate court while passing an order has to give clear reasoning for such a conclusion. It is no doubt true that there cannot be any strait jacket formula as to under what circumstances appellate court can interfere with the order of acquittal, but the G same depends on facts and circumstances of each case. [Paras 12,_ p 1[403-E.-Hl 1.2 In the present case, from the same set of facts, the trial court as well as the High Court have arrived at different H 396 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A conclusions, such an exercise cannot be undertaken by the High Court in an appeal unless the conclusion drawn by the trial court cannot be sustained based on the facts and circumstances and when two conclusions are possible based on the evidence available on record, the appellate court should be all the more reluctant to interfere with the findings recorded by the trial court. [Para B 15)[404-F-G] 2. Both the courts below formed a common opinion that the prosecution has failed to prove the charges under Sections 148 and 302/149 of IPC against the co-accused and discharged them from those charges. The disagreement between the trial c court and the High Court is only in respect of the charge under Section 302, IPC against the appellant. The difference of opinion between the courts below in deciding whether or not the appellant has committed the offence with which he is charged, mainly revolves around the presence of alleged direct eyewitnesses at D the spot, possibility of appellant's inflicting firearm injury to the deceased in view of the positioning of the injury sustained by the deceased, the material infirmity, if any, and contradiction in the ocular and medical evidencc.[Paras 16, 23)[404-H; 405-A-B; 407-G-H; 408-A]

E 3. Though, at the outset, the accused/appellant absolutely rejected the allegation and pleaded not guilty by taking the defence of alibi that on the date of incident, he was irrigating his field, but his claim has not been supported by any evidence. [Para 16)(405-B) F 4. The parties arc admittedly in hostile terms and the incident in question occurred in a broad day light at the residence of the deceased. The prosecution, in support of its version, has heavily relied upon the statements of eyewitnesses PW 7, PW 8, PW 9 and PW 11. The trial Judge disbelieved the presence of eyewitnesses on the spot in view of delayed recording of their G statements by the Investigating Officer and also they remained unsuccessful in revealing exactly as to where the bullet had struck the deceased. Nowhere in the First Information Report, the name or presence of eyewitness PW 8 was mentioned as a witness to the incident. [Para 17)1405-D-FJ H MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 397

5. The High Court has attached a lot of weight to the A evidence of PW 9, who has admitted that he has been a witness in another case against the accused for the deceased. Thus PW 9 has been acting as a pocket witness for the family. Further, the credibility of this independent witness can be challenged on the fact that the commotion was only heard by PW9, whereas the 8rest of the members of the locality did not come for help. This admission by PW 9 not only forces the Court to doubt the veracity of his own deposition but also has created doubts on the version of PW 7. As PW 9 is a chance witness as well as an interested witness, causes suspicion and does not inspire confidence. The evidence of interested witness needs to be scrutinized with c utmost care. It can only be relied upon if the evidence has a ring of truth to it, is cogent, credible and trustworthy. A contradicted testimony of an interested witness cannot be usually treated as conclusive. It is to be seen that although the evidence of a chance witness is acceptable in India, yet the chance witness has to Dreasonably explain the presence at that particular point more so when his deposition is being assailed as being tainted. [Paras 18, 191(405-F-H; 406-A-C]

6. The evidence of PW 12 reveals that when the deceased sustained bullet injury, he might have been in a standing position Eand the bullet would have entered from left side and exited from right side of the body. This fact, however, is corroborated with the evidences of PW 7 and PW 8, but the statements of PW 9 and PW 11 do not support it. Similarly, there were contradictions between the statements of PW 12 and that of the eyewitnesses as to the distance and height of the assaulter while inflicting the F grievous injury to the deceased and whether the deceased was standing on the platform (Clwbutara) or came down from it, while receiving the bullet injury. PW 12 was not clear and definite to say exactly from what position and distance the assaulter could have fired the gun. [Para 20](406-D-F] G 7. One gun, 12 live and 9 empty cartridges were recovered from the appellant. The prosecution's story is somewhat strengthened by the ballistic expert's report. But nowhere it was mentioned that the death of the victim occurred by the bullet released from the seized gun. Merely the seizure of gun and H 398 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A cartridges from the appellant, the ongoing enmity between the parties on account of various criminal litigations and the altercation and exchange of heated words between the rival groups on the morning of the same day, cannot establish the guilt of accused beyond reasonable doubt. !Para 21][406-G-H; 407-A-B) B 8. Though the ocular testimony of a witness has greater evidentiary value vis-a-vis medical evidence, when medical evidence makes the ocular testimony inq>robable, that becomes a relevant factor in the process of the evaluation of evidence. However, where the medical evidence goes far that it completely c rules out all possibility of the ocular evidence being true, the ocular evidence may be disbelieved. [Para 22)(407-C-D) Abdul Sayeed v. State of M.P. 2010 (13) SCR 311 : (2010) 10 sec 259 - relied on. 9. It is the duty of the Apex Court to separate chaff from D the husk and to dredge the truth from the pandemonium of Statements. It is but natural for human beings to state variant statements due to time gap but if such statements go to defeat the core of the prosecution then such contradictions are material and the Court has to be mindful of such statements. In the present matter, there are material exaggerations and contradictions, which E inevitably raises doubt which is reasonable in normal circumstances. [Para 2411408-B-C]

Tahsildhar Singh v. State of Ul~ AIR 1959 SC 1012 i 1959 Suppl. SCR 875; Pudhu Raja v. State 2012 (8) SCR 740; (2012) 11 SCC 196: State of U.P. v. Naresh F (2011) 4 sec 324 - relied on. 10. The Investigating Ol'licer, dealing with a murder case, is expected to be diligent, truthful and fair in his approach and his performance should always be in conformity with the police manual and a default or breach of duty may prove fatal to the G prosecution's case. In the present case, the investigation was carried out with unconcerned and uninspiring performance. There was no firm and sincere effort with the needed zeal and spirit to bring home the guilt of the accused. [Para 26][408-F-G) 11. There are. no compelling and substantial reasons for H MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 399 the High Court to interfere with the order of acquittal when the A prosecution has miserably failed to establish the guilt of the accused. The accused has also already undergone nine years' of imprisonment and therefore it is a fit case inviting interference by this Court. (Para 26)(408-H; 409-A] Case Law Reference B 20l0 (13) SCR 311 relied on Para 22 1959 Suppl. SCR 875 relied on Para 24 2012 (8) SCR 740 relied on Para 24 2011 (15) SCR 34 relied on Para 24 c CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1141 of2007. From the Judgment and Order dated 19.03.2007 qfthe High Court ofM. P. at Gwalior in Government Appeal No. 36/96.

Anurag Dubey, Ms. Anu Sawhney, Ms. Meenakshi P, S. R. D Setia. Advs. for the Appellant. C. D. Singh, Ms. Sakshi Kakkar, D. S. Parmar, Sandeepan, Advs. for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by E N.V. RAMANA, J. I. This appeal arises out of the judgment and or<ler dated I 91h March, 2007 passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Bench at Gwalior in Criminal Appeal No. 36of1996 whereby the High Court has partly allowed the appeal preferred by the State by confirming the judgment of the Trial Court forthe offence under Section 148 of IPC and convicted the appellant herein for the offence under F Section 302, IPC and sentenced him to undergo imprisonment for life. 2. The brief facts of the case as culled out from the case of the prosecution are that on 26'h December, 1987 at about I p.111. while Gambhir Singh (PW 7) (brother of the deceased) was having lunch at his home, the appellant along with a group of co-accused persons, each G armed with deadly weapons rushed to his house hurling abusive filthy words and picked up a quarrel with his brother Jagannath Singh (deceased) who was sitting outside on a platform (Chabutara) along with his nephew Bir Singh (PW 11 ). When Jagannath Singh (deceased) raised objection to their behavior, the appellant fired a gunshot in the H 400 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 8 S.C.R. A abdomen of the deceased as a result of which he fell down on the ground and succumbed to the injuries.

3. Gambhir Singh (P.W. 7) carried the body of the deceased to the police station, Lahar on a bullock cart and lodged the FIR (Annexure P- l) at 4.15 PM on the same day. Dilip Singh Yadav (PW-13) prepared B inquest memo and Dr. A. K. Upadhyay (P.W. 12) conducted autopsy on the dead body. On the next day, Di lip Singh Yadav (PW 13) seized blood stained soil and plain soil from the place of occurrence, as per seizure memo. He also seized a gun, 12 live cartridges and 9 empty cartridges from the possession of appellant Mahavir Singh, an axe from Sobaran c (co-accused) and a lathi from Kanched Singh (another co-accused) as per seizure memo and sent them to the Forensic Science Laboratory at Sagar. Consequently, statements of witnesses were recorded under section 161 of Cr.P.C., spot map was prepared and Charge-sheet was filed against the appellant under sections 302, 147, 148 and 149 of the IPC in the Court of Judicial Magistrate First Class, Lahar who committed D the case to Court of Sessions for Trial. The Trial Court framed charges u/s 302 and 148 of IPC against the appellant and under sections 148, 302/149 of IPC against co-accused. All the accused pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. To prove the guilt of the accused, the prosecution has examined 13 witnesses and marked several Exhibits while the accused examined none in defence and no exhibits were marked on his behalf. E

4. The Trial Court by its judgment and order dated 30•h November, 1994 acquitted the appellant from the alleged offences mainly on the ground that there are contradictions in the evidence of eyewitnesses to that of medical evidence, prosecution has failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt formation of unlawful assembly with a motive of F committing murder of the deceased and also failed to establish that the bullet had been fired with the firearm seized from the appellant. 5. Dissatisfied with the Judgment of the Trial Court, the State preferred an appeal before the High Court claiming that the judgment of the Trial Court is perverse and illegal inasmuch as it did not appreciate G the prosecution evidence in right perspective and ignored the evidence of the eyewitnesses. The High Court, on a reanalysis of evidence of prosecution witnesses and other material available on record came to the conclusion that the Trial Court was right in acquitting the other co-accused persons but found fault with the acquittal of the appellant under H Section 302 IPC. The High Court, therefore, partly al_lowed the appeal MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 401 [N.V. RAMANA, J.] by confirming the judgment of the Trial Court in respect of the charge A under Section 148 and convicted the appellant herein for the offence under Section 302, IPC and sentenced him to undergo imprisonment for life. Aggrieved by the Judgment of the High Court, the appellant approached this Court in appeal.

6. Learned counsel forthe appellant submitted that the Trial Court B rightly acquitted the appellant, after elaborately considering the evidence on record, upon coming to the conclusion that there is lack of credibility in the testimony of the prosecution witnesses, and, in particular, the medical and ocular testimonies are conflicting; there was considerable delay on the part of Investigating Officer in recording the evidences of alleged ceyewitnesses inasmuch as statements by none of the eyewitnesses were recorded on the day of occurrence of the incident.

7. In the background of this factual matrix, learned counsel for •the appellant has advanced his arguments that since the appellant and victim parties have prior enmity over some pending criminal cases, the family members of the deceased, i.e., Gambhir Singh (PW 7), Shanti D Devi (PW 8), Bir Singh (PW 11) in connivance and with the help of a pocket witness Madho Singh (PW 9) concocted the story, by projecting himself as an eyewitness, and falsely implicated the appellant. According to him, this fact is clearly established with the contradictions in the medical evidence and the unreliable evidence of the alleged interested eyewitness. E The presence of Gambhir Singh (PW 7), at the time of occurrence, as heavily relied upon by the prosecution, proves to be false in the light of evidence of Bir Singh (PW 11) who nowhere in his testimony mentioned that Gambhir Singh (PW 7) alone came out of the house and witnessed the incident and Madho Singh (PW 9) claimed that soon after the shooting, FGambhir Singh (PW 7), Bir Singh (PW 11) and Shanti Devi (PW 8) came out of the house and therefore the accused fled away from the spot. It is also contended that the alleged eyewitnesses Gambhir Singh (PW 7), Bir Singh (PW 11) and Shanti Devi (PW 8) made material improvements in their testimonies before the Court in order to connect the case of prosecution with the medical report. Thus, the presence of G the eyewitnesses at the place of occurrence is doubtfu I.

8. Learned counsel further urged that as per the site plan prepared by the Investigation Officer and also as per the medical evidence, the deceased Jagannath Singh was standing when he was shot. According to the medical report, the injuries sustained by the deceased are possible H 402 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A only when the assaulter stands at a height above the victim. Contrary to this, the case advanced by the prosecution, coupled with the evidence of alleged eyewitness, is that the appellant was standing on a lower level and the deceased was standing on a higher level i.e. on the platform. In his statement Madho Singh (PW 9) categorically mentioned that the deceased was sitting on the platform (Chabutara) and the appellant B was standing on the ground, when he was shot. While the medical report indicated that the margins of the wounds were inverted and the bullet must have been fired from a distance of within 6 feet, and as per the testimonies of the direct eyewitnesses, the said distance varied between 12 to 22.5 feet. The absence of human blood at the alleged place of c incident i.e. on the platform and presence of blood on the ·ground in front of the platform further renders the prosecution's case even more doubtful. This blood also could not be matched with that of the deceased and therefore, recovery of weapons is ofno relevance. Simply (or the reason that the post-mortem report indicated that the deceased had died due to one single gunshot, and mere recovery of nine empty cartridges from D the appellant does not in any way connect him with the crime, when the empty cartridges were not recovered from the place of incident and also in the absence of authenticated proof that the bullet shot at the deceased was fired from the gun owned by the appellant. Learned counsel thus submits that the statements of eyewitness are not trustworthy. E Considering the facts in their entirety, such as delayed recording of statements of the eyewitnesses and an unsuccessful attempt to reveal as to where the bullet had struck the victim and the unmatched statements by prosecution witnesses with that of the medical expert, the learned Trial Court was pleased to record the order of acquittal of the appellant. F 9. The learned counsel finally submitted that the High Court, on the other hand, failed to appreciate the evidence in true legal perspective and wrongly interfered with the well reasoned judgment of acquittal passed by the Trial Court based on a cogent and detailed reasoning and that the High Court committed a grave error by convicting the accused forthe offence under Section 302 !PC. The impugned judgment is contrary G to the settled legal principles as it did not give due weightage to the medical evidence and rejected the same without ascribing any reason. Thus, interference by the High Court with the reasoned judgment of acquittal passed by the Trial Court is unwarranted. Learned counsel submits that in the light of settled legal principles, the conviction of the H

MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 403 [N.V. RAMANA, J.] appellant by the High Court is vague and uncalled for and the same A requires to be set aside by this Court. I 0. On the other hand, learned counsel appearing for the State, argued that the judgment of the Trial Court acquitting the appellant was wholly erroneous as it was passed without taking into account the prosecution evidence in its right perspective. There was no inconsistency B in the evidence of eyewitnesses who were very much present at the scene of offence and the Trial Court was not justified in ignoring their evidences. The High Court, after re~appreciating the entire evidence on record, took a justifiable stand in convicting the accused under Section 302 of the IPC by a well reasoned judgment and that there is no illegality or perversity in the conviction of the accused calling interference by this c Court. 11. We have heard the learned counsel on either side at length and perused the material available on record. Now it is imperative to look into the scope of interference by the appellate Court in an appeal against acquittal and whether the High Court was justified in convicting D the accused under Section 302, IPC by reversing the order of acquittal passed by the Trial Court.

12. In the criminal jurisprudence, an accused is presumed to be innocent till he is convicted by a competent Court after a full-fledged trial, and once the Trial Court by cogent reasoning acquits the accused, E then the reaffirmation of his innocence places more burden on the appellate Court while dealing with the appeal. No doubt, it is settled law that there are no fetters on the power of the appellate Com1 to review, reappreciate and reconsider the evidence both on facts and law upon which the order of acquittal is passed. But the court has to be very Fcautious in interfering with an appeal unless there are compelling and substantial grounds to interfere with the order of acquittal. The appellate Court while passing an order has to give clear reasoning for such a conclusion. 13. It is no doubt true that there cannot be any straitjacket formula as to under what circumstances appellate Court can interfere with the G order of acquittal, but the same depends on facts and circumstances of each case. In the case on hand, we have to examine the rationale behind the conclusion of the High Court in convicting the accused and the compelling reasons to deviate from the order of acquittal passed by the Trial Court. H 404 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A 14. On a thorough analysis of the judgment impugned, it is evident that the High Court has not recorded any reasons for partly setting aside the judgment of the Trial Court which has acquitted all the accused persons from the same set of facts before it. The High Court which has set aside the acquittal order of the Trial Court has observed that the Trial Court has based its reasoning on guess work. We find it that even the B High Cou11 has committed the same mistake and basing on the same facts and guess work has arrived at the conclusion that the appellant is guilty.

15. It is specifically urged by the learned counsel for the appellant that as per the medical evidence, the injuries sustained by the deceased c are possible only when the assaulter stands at a height above the victim. In this process, the court has guessed that Mahavir Singh (accused-appellant) and Jagannath (deceased) were of similar height which is nobody's case and no evidence is available on record to come to a conclusion that the height of the two is same. The evidence available on D record in this regard is a statement of Dr. A.K. Upadhyay (PW 12) that the deceased was of average Height. Now in order to establish that the bullet traveled in a downward direction, they have explained that the position of the gun usually kept in a downward position resting on the chest. Now the logical fallacy is to have assumed the height of the platform whose height has not been recorded due to sloppy investigation by the E Investigating Officers. There exists a reasonable doubt because of the fact that the height of the platform was not recorded and the same cannot be guessed at this point of time. Fu11hcr, the deposition of the Doctor is very clear that the shooter might have been at a lower level. While some of the witnesses have suggested that the deceased was on F the ground while others have pointed out to the fact that he was standing on the platform. Therefore, from the same set of facts, the Trial Court as well as the High Court have arrived at different conclusions, such an exercise cannot be undertaken by the High Couii in an Appeal unless the conclusion drawn by the Trial Court cannot be sustained based on the facts and circumstances and when two conclusions are possible G based on the evidence available on record, the appellate court should be all the more reluctant to interfere with the findings recorded by the Trial Court.

16. It appears to us that the difference of opinion between the Courts below in deciding whether or not the appellant has committed the H MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 405 [N.V.~ RAMANA, J.] offence with which he is charged, mainly revolves around the presence A of alleged direct eyewitnesses at the spot, possibility of appellant's inflicting firearm injury to the deceased in view of the positioning of the injury sustained by the deceased, the material infirmity, if any, and contradiction in the ocular and medical evidence. It is, however, clear that though, at the outset, the accused/appellant absolutely rejected the B allegation and pleaded not guilty by taking the defence of alibi that, on the date of incident, he was irrigating his field, but his claim has not been supported by any evidence.

17. Undoubtedly, Gambhir Singh (PW 7-brother of the deceased) has accepted that certain criminal proceedings were pending between C the accused and his family members. He also admits that one case had already been filed by the accused prior to the incident. Admittedly, Shanti Devi (PW 8-wife of the deceased) also has deposed that there was an altercation between her son Yijender and Dhullu, on which they killed her husband. Thus, the parties are admittedly in hostile terms and the incident in question occurred in a broad day light at the residence of the D deceased by doing away his precious life. The prosecution, in support of its version, has heavily relied upon the statements of eyewitnesses Gambhir Singh (PW 7-complainant and also brother of the deceased), Shanti Devi (PW 8-wife of the deceased), Madho Singh (PW 9) and Bir Singh (PW I I-nephew of the deceased). The learned Trial Judge disbelieved the presence of eyewitnesses on the spot in view of delayed E recording of their statements by the Investigating Officer (PW 13) and also they remained unsuccessful in revealing exactly as to where the bullet had struck the deceased. We also find that nowhere in the First Information Report, the name or presence of eyewitness Shanti Devi (PW 8) was mentioned as a witness to the incident. F

18. The High Court has attached a lot of weight to the evidence of the said Madho Singh (PW 9) as he is an independent witness. On perusal of the record, it appears that the said person already had deposed for the victim family on a number of previous occasions, that too against the same accused. This being the fact, it is important to analyze the G jurisprudence on interested witness. It is a settled principle that the evidence of interested witness needs to be scrutinized with utmost care. It can only be relied upon if the evidence has a ring of truth to it, is cogent, credible and trustworthy. Here we may refer to chance witness also. It is to be seen that although the evidence of a chance witness is H 406 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2016) 8 S.C.R. A acceptable in India, yet the chance witness has to reasonably explain the presence at that particular point more so when his deposition is being assailed as being tainted.

19. A contradicted testimony of an interested witness cannot be usually treated as conclusive. The said Madho Singh (PW 9) has admitted B that he has been a witness in another case against the accused for the deceased. Here it is to be seen that the said Madho Singh (PW 9) has been acting as a pocket witness for the family. Further, the credibility of this independent witness can be challenged on the fact that the commotion was only heard by the said Madho Singh (PW 9) whereas the rest of the members of the locality did not c come for help. As Madho Singh (PW 9) is a chance witness as well as an interested witness herein, causes suspicion and does not inspire confidence. This admission by Madho Singh (PW 9) not only forces us to doubt the veracity of his own deposition but also has created doubts on the version ofGambhir Singh (PW 7).

D 20. We have thoroughly examined the evidence of expert witnesses as well as other ocular witnesses. The evidence of Dr. A.K. Upadhyay (PW 12) reveals that when the deceased sustained bullet injury, he might have been in a standing position and the bullet would have entered from left side and exited from right side of the body. This fact, however, E corroborated with the evidences of PW 7 (Gambhir Singh) and PW 8 (Shanti Devi), but the statements of PW 9 (Madho Singh) and PW 11 (Bir Singh) do not support it. Similarly, there were contradictions between the statements of Dr. Upadhyay (PW 12) and that of the eyewitnesses as to the distance and height of the assaulter while inflicting the grievous injury to the deceased and whether the deceased was standing on the F platform (Chabutara) or came down from it while receiving the bullet injury. We find from the statement of Dr. Upadhyay (l'W 12) that he was not clear and definite to say exactly from what position and distance the assaulter could have tired the gun. 21. Going by the seizure memo (Ex.P/3) apparently one gun, 12 G live and 9 empty cartridges were recovered from the appellant. The evidences of eyewitnesses support this fact and no question was put to the 1.0. after the recovery of the gun and cartridges, that whether he himself shot from the seized gun to create evidence. The prosecution's story is somewhat strengthened by the ballistic expett's report (Ex. P/ H MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 407

[N.V. RAMANA, J.] 12) which affirms that the gun seized from the appellant was in perfect A order, the empty cartridges bore the same impression on pin as seized from the accused and the live cartridges were actually fired by the gun seized from the appellant. But nowhere it was mentioned that the death of the victim occurred by the bullet released from the seized gun. Merely the seizure of gun and cartridges from the appellant, the ongoing enmity Bbetween the parties on account of various criminal litigations and the altercation and exchange of heated words between the rival groups on the morning of the same day, cannot establish the guilt of accused beyond reasonable doubt. 22. The position of law in cases where there is a contradiction cbetween medical evidence and ocular evidence can be crystallized to the effect that though the ocular testimony of a witness has greater evidentiary value vis-a-vis medical evidence, when medical evidence makes the ocular testimony improbable, that becomes a relevant factor in the process of the evaluation of evidence. However, where the medical evidence goes far that it completely rules out all possibility of the ocular D evidence being true, the ocular evidence may be disbelieved [See: Abdul Sayeetl v . State of M.P., (2010) 10 SCC 259)

23. In view of contradictory statements by the prosecution witnesses coupled with the unmatched medical evidence, delay in recording of statements of witnesses by the 1.0., non-availability of proper E site plan and in the absence of authenticated ballistic expert report that the bullet had been fired with the seized gun of the appellant, the Trial Comi had to decide the case against the prosecution and discharge the appellant from the charges. The High Court, upon carrying the exercise of reappreciation of evidence, formed the view that the reasons for delay Fin recording the statements of witnesses have been properly explained; that as soon as the bullet struck on the abdomen of the deceased, he immediately fell down from the platform. It further observed that though the name of Shanti Devi (PW 8) was not mentioned in the FIR, there is positive evidence on record to establish her presence at the time of incident along with other eyewitnesses and this fact has been established G by their corroborative statements and there is no reason to disbelieve their statements. Here it is worthwhile to mention that both the Courts below formed a common opinion that the prosecution has failed to prove the charges under Sections 148 and 302/149 of !PC against the co-accused and discharged them from those charges. The disagreement H 408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 8 S.C.R.

A between the Trial Court and the High Court is only in respect of the charge under Section 302, IPC against the appellant. 24. It is the duty of the Apex Court to separate chaff from the husk and to dredge the truth from the pandemonium of Statements. It is but natural for human beings to state variant statements due to time gap B but if such statements go to defeat the core of the prosecution then such contradictions are material and the Court has to be mindful of such statements [See : Ta/lsi/dltar Sing/I v. State of UP, AIR 1959 SC 1012; P11d/1u Raja v. State, (2012) 11 SCC 196; State of UP vs. Naresh, (2011) 4 SCC 324]. The case in hand is a fit case, wherein there are material exaggerations and contradictions, which inevitably C raises doubt which is reasonable in normal circumstances and keeping in view the substratum of the prosecution case, we cannot infer beyond reasonable doubt that the appellant caused the death of the deceased.

25. Normally, when a culprit perpetrates a heinous crime of murder and takes away the life of a human being, if appropriate punishment is D not awarded to that offender, the Court will be failing in its duty. Such crime, when indulged by a criminal blatantly, is not committed against an individual alone, but is committed against the society as well to which the criminal and victim are a part. It needs no emphasis from this Court that the punishment to be awarded for such a crime must be relevant E and it should conform to and be consistent with the atrocity and brutality with which the crime has been carried out.

26. Here in the instant case, no doubt, an innocent man has lost his life at the hands of another man, and looking at the way in which the investigation was handled, we are sure to observe that it was carried out F in a lackluster manner. The approach of the Investigating Officer in recording the statements of witnesses, collecting the evidence and preparation of site map has remained unmindful. The Investigating Officer, dealing with a murder case, is expected to be diligent, truthful and fair in his approach and his performance should always be in conformity with the police manual and a default or breach of duty may G prove fatal to the prosecution's case. We may hasten to add that in the present case the investigation was carried out with unconcerned and uninspiring performance. There was no firm and sincere effort with the needed zeal and spirit to bring home the guilt of the accused. We feel that there are no compelling and substantial reasons for the High Court H to interfere with the order of acquittal when the prosecution has miserably MAHAVIR SINGH v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 409 [N.V. RAMANA, J.] failed to establish the guilt of the accused. Added to this, the accused A has already undergone nine years' of imprisonment and we feel that it is a fit case inviting interference by this Court.

27. Resultantly, the appeal is allowed and the judgment of conviction and order of sentence passed by the High Court is set aside. Consequently, the appellant shall be set at Iiberty forthwith if not required in any other B case. Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal allowed,