[2016] 9 S.C.R. 687 SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ @ PR!THVIRAJ SINGH . A v. SHRI PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH (Civil Appeal No. 2649 of2016) OCTOBER 28, 20 I 6 B [ANIL R. DAVE AND L. NAGESWARA RAO, JJ.] Election Laws:

Legislative Assembly election - Only two candidates contesting the election in the constituency - Election petition by the candidate c who lost the election, challenging the election of returned candidate - Alleging false declaration as regards his educational qualification and improper acceptance of his nomination - Election petitioner also sought that he should be declared elected - High Court declared the election of the returned candidate as void -D However, the High Court refused to declare the election petitioner as elected - Cross-appeal by the election petitioner and the returned candidate - Held: The informatio11 provided by the returned candidate in Form 26 regarding his educational qualification would amount to false declaration - The false declaration regarding educational qualification is of substantial character - Mere finding E . that there has been an improper acceptance of the ·nomination is not sufficient for a declaration that the election is void uls. JOO(l}(d) - There has to be further proof and pleading that the result of the returned candidate was materially affected - But such proof is not required if there are only two candidates bf the fray - F Jn the present case, it was not necessmy for the election petitioner to prove that result of the election, in so far as it concerned the returned candidate has been materially affected by the improper acceptance of his nomination as there were only two candidates contesting the election - The High Court in exercise of its discretionary powe1; rightly refused to declare the election petitioner G as elected after the election of the returned candidate was declared void - The election petitioner since had contested the election on behalf of Nationalist Congress Party and after result of the election having joined Bhartiya Jania Party was not entitled for such declaration - Representation of the People Act, 1951 - ss.JOO(l)(d), H

687 688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R. A 36(4), 53(2) and 80A. High Court - Inherent powers - Exercise of - While hearing election petition - Held: High Court hearing an election petition is not an 'authority• and it remains the High Court while trying an election petition - Inherent powers of High court are not taken B away while adjudicating election disputes - Representation of the People Act, 1951 - ss. 53(2) and 80A. Dismissing the appeals, the Court HELD: c Civil Appeal No. 2649 of 2016: 1.1 The Election Commission of India issued a press note on 28.06.2002 in which there was a reference to the judgment of this Court in Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms, in which it was held that information on five aspects has to be provided to the voter. One of the five aspects pertains to the D educational qualification of the candidates. An order was issued by the Election Commission of India on 28.06.2002 directing that full and complete information relating to the five aspects which were mentioned in the judgment has to be furnished. Providing incomplete information or suppression of material information E on any of the five aspects was to be treated as a defect of substantial character by the Returning Officers. [Para 15)(699-E-F]

1.2 Every voter has a fundamental right to know about the educational qualification of a candidate. It is also clear from the F provisions of the Act, Rules and Form 26 that there is a duty cast on the candidates to give correct information about their educational qualifications.[Para l 7][700-B-C] 1.3 The declaration relating to educational qualification of the appellant in the affidavit cannot be called a clerical error. G It is not an error committed once. Since 2008, the Appellant was making the statement that he has an MBA degree. The information provided by him in the affidavit filed in Form 26 would amount to a false declaration. He was given an opportunity by the Returning Officer to produce the relevant document in support of his declaration. At least at that point of time he should H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 689 PUKHREMSHARATCHANDRASINGH have informed the Returning Officer that an error crept into the A declaration. He did not do so. The false declaration relating to his educational qualification cannot be stated to be not of a substantial character. [Para 18)(701-C-E) Kisan Shankar Kathore v. Arun Dattatray Sawant 2014 (14) sec 162; Union of India V. Association for B Democratic Reforms 2002 (5) SCC 294 : 2002 (3) SCR 696; Resurgence India v. Election Commission of India and Anr. 2014 (14) SCC189 : 2013 (9) SCR 360 -relied on.

2.1 There is a difference between improper acceptance of c a nomination of a returned candidate and improper acceptance of nomination of any other candidate. There is also a difference between cases where there are only two candidates in the fray and a situation where there are more than two candidates contesting the election. If the nomination of a candidate other Dthan the returned candidate is found to have been improperly accepted, it is essential that the election Petitioner has to plead and prove that the votes polled in favourof such candidate would have been polled in his favour. On the other hand, ifthe jpiproper acceptance of nomination is of the returned candidate, there is no necessity of proof that the election has been materially affected E as the returned candidate would not have been able to rontest the election if his nomination was not accepted. It is not necessary for the respondent to prove that result of the election in so far as it concerns the returned candidate has been materially affected by the improper acceptance of his nomination a~ there were only two candidates contesting the election and if the appellant's· F nomination is declared to have been improperly accepted, his election would have to be set aside without any further enquiry and the only candidate left in the fray is entitled to be declared elected. [Para 22)(706-A-D]

2.2 Thus; mere finding that there has been an improper G acceptance of the nomination is not sufficient for a declaration that the election is void under Section lOO(l)(d). There has to be further pleading and proof that the result of the election of the returned candidate was materially affected. But, there would be no necessity of any IJroof in the event of the nomination of a H 690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R. A returned candidate being declared as having been improperly accepted, especially in a case where there are only two candidates in the fray. If the returned candidate's nomination is declared to have been improperly accepted it would mean that he could not have contested the election and that the result of the election of the returned candidate was materially affected need not be proved B further. [Para 23][708-G-H; 709-A-B] Civil Appeal No. 2829 of 2016:

3. The High Court rightly refused to grant the relief to the appellant that he should be declared as elected. The High Court held that the appellant, after result of the election, having joined c BJP was not entitled for the declaration, as he had contested the election on behalf of NCP. The High Court held so taking into account the spirit of law as expressed in Paragraph No.2 of the JO•h Schedule of the Constitution of India. It is not correct to say that in view of s. 53(2) of the Act, the appellant should have been D declared duly elected as he was the only person remaining in the fray after the election of respondent/returned candidate was declared void. The High court is conferred with the jurisdiction to try an election petition u/s. 80(A) of the Act. The High Court hearing an election petition is not an 'authority' and that it remains the High Court while trying an election petition. The inherent E power of the High Court is not taken away when the election disputes arc adjudicated. The power of High Court is not fettered by s. 53(2). The High Court has taken into consideration an anomalous situation that would arise by a candidate belonging to one party being declared elected after having crossed the floor. F There is no need to interfere with the discretion exercised by the High Court. [Paras 27, 28, and 29][710-D-II; 711-A, C-D] Durai Muthuswami v. N. Nachiappan and Ors. 1973

(2) SCC 45 : 1974 (1) SCR 40; Jagjit Singh v. Dharan1 Pal Singh 1995 Sut>P (1) SCC 422; Vashist Narain G Sharma v. Dev Chandra 1955 (1) SCR 509; Kisan Shankar Kathore v. Arun Datta/ray Sawant 2014 (14) SCC 162 : 2014 (7) SCR 258 - relied on. Peoples Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India 2003 (4) sec 399 : 2003 (2) SCR 1136; H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 691 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH Ms. Meenakshi Arora Hari Krishna Lal v. Babu Lal A Marandi 2003 (8) SCC 613 : 2003 (4) Suppl. SCR 1170; Magani Lal Manda! v. Bis/11111 Deo Bhandari 2012 (3) SCC 314 : 2012 (1) SCR 527; Shambhu Prasad Sharma v. Charandas Mahant and Ors. 2012 (11) SCC 390 : 2012 (6) SCR 356; T. Deen Dayal v. B High Court of A.P. 1997 (7) SCC 535 : 1997 (4) Suppl. SCR 39; Hari Shanker Jain v. Sonia Gandhi 2001 (8) SCC 233 : 2001 (3) Suppl. SCR 38 - referred to. Case Law Reference 1974 (1) SCR 40 relied on Para 6 c 1995 Sur>P (1) sec 422 relied on Paras 7, 22 2002 (3) SCR 696 relied on Para 7 2003 (2) SCR 1136 referred to Para 7 2014 (7) SCR 258 relied on Paras 7, 16, 22 D 2013 (9) SCR 360 relied on Para 7. 2001 (3) Suppl. SCR 38 referred to Paras 7, 28 2012 (1) SCR 527 referred to Para 19 2012 (6) SCR 356 referred to Para 19 E 1955 (1) SCR 509 relied on Para 22 1997 (4) Suppl. SCR 39 referred to Para 29 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2649 of2016. F

From the Judgment and Order dated 29.02.2016 of the High Court ofManipur at Imphal in Election Petition No. I of2012 WITH C. A. No. 2829 of 2016. G V. Giri, Sr. Adv., Sapam Biswajit Meitei, Naresh Kumar Gaur, Manav Vohra, Ms. Punam Kumari, Advs. for the Appellant. Ms. Meenakshi Arora, Sr. Adv., Lenin Hijam, Vasav A., Rahul Joshi, A. D. Tamboli, S. Gowthaman, Advs. for the Respondent. H 692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R. A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by L. NAGESWARA RAO, J. CIVIL APPEAL No. 2649 of 2016 I. The Appellant has filed this appeal aggrieved by the judgment B of the High Court of Manipur at Imphal by which his election to the Manipur Legislative Assembly from MoirangAssembly constituency was declared as void.

2. A Notification was issued for election to the I O•h Manipur Legislative Assembly on 04.01.2012. The Appellant belonging to the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Respondent who was sponsored by c the National Congress Party (NCP) filed their nominations within the time prescribed. There was no other nomination filed. The Respondent objected to the nomination of the Appellant at the time of scrutiny on the ground that a false declaration relating to educational qualification was made by the Appellant. The Returning Officer directed the Appellant to D submit documents in proof of his educational qualification as declared in the affidavit filed under Form 26. The Appellant failed to produce any document to prove his educational qualification in spite of which the Returning Officer accepted the nomination of the Appellant. Polling took place on 28.01.2012 and the counting of votes was held on 06.03.2012. The result was declared on the same day. The Appellant secured 14,521 E votes and the Respondent secured 13,363 votes. The Appellant was declared elected as MLA, Moirang Constituency.

J. The Respondent challenged the election of the Appellant by filing an election petition in the Guwahati High Court seeking a declaration that the Appellant's election was null and void, that the Respondent should F be declared as duly elected and that a criminal proceeding should be directed to be initiated against the Appellant under Section 125-A and 127 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). Apa1t from the ground of improper acceptance of nomination, the Respondent also alleged corrupt practices against the G Appellant. 4. The Appellant denied the allegation of false declaration. According to the Appellant, the declaration made by him that he passed Master of Business Administration (MBA) in 2004 from Mysore University was a clerical error. The Respondent abandoned the allegation H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 693 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] of corrupt practices and other electoral malpractices during the trial of A the election petition in the High Court. The High Court framed six issues which are as follows: i) "Whether the Returning Officer of 27'" Moirang AC has illegally accepted the nomination paper of the respondent or not? B ii) Whether the election of the respondent had been materially affected by the acceptance of the nomination paper of the respondent by the R.O. of 27r1, Moirang AIC or not?

iii) Whether the respondent had filed false affidavit in respect of the highest education qualification in the Form, in which c the respondent had mentioned "MBA Mysore University" or whether it was merely a clerical error? iv) Whether the petition lacks material facts or not? v) Whether the election petition is liable to be dismissed for D not putting the words "attested to be true copy of the petition" on each and every page of the petition by the petitioner himself or not; or on any of the defects raised by the respondent in his written statement? vi) Whether the petitioner is entitled to the relief claimed in E the writ petition?"

5. Issue No. 5 pertains to attestation of the petition not being made properly. The objection raised by the Appellant to the maintainability of the election petition was that only the front page of the election petition had the words "Attested to be true copy." Issue No. 5 was answered ill' Ffavour of the Respondent. The High Court considered the main controversy pertaining to the filing of false affidavit regarding the educational qualification by the Appellant in a detailed manner. There is no doubt that the Appellant filed Form 26 in which he mentioned his educational qualification as MBA from Mysore University in 2004. After careful consideration of the material on record and various judgments G cited by the parties, the High Court concluded that the declaration made by the Appellant in Form 26 about his educational qualification as MBA from Mysore University was false. The plea of the Appellant that the defect in Form 26 was due to a clerical error was rejected. The contention H 694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [20 I 6] 9 S.C.R.

A of the Appellant that providing wrong information about the educational qualification was not a defect of substantial character was also rejected. The Appellant contended that the Respondent failed to plead and prove that the result was 'materially affected' as required under Section I 00 (1 )(d) of the Act. The High Court did not accept the said contention on the ground that there were only two candidates in the fray in which case B it was not necessary to prove that the result of election of the returned candidate was materially affected. The High Court further held if it is found that the Appellant's nomination was improperly accepted, the result of his election stood automatically affected materially. The High Court on the basis of the above reasons declared the election of the Appellant c as void. The Appellant has filed this appeal challenging the same.

6. We have heard Mr. V. Giri, learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant and Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned Senior Counsel for the Respondent. Mr. Giri submitted that the declaration pertaining to the educational qualification of the Appellant was merely a clerical error D and cannot be termed as a false declaration. In any event, the declaration of educational qualification is not a defect of substantial nature warranting rejection of his nomination. Mr. Giri also submitted that the election petition was filed under Section 100 (I) (d) (i) and (iv) of the Act. He stated that there is neither pleading nor proof in the election petition that the improper acceptance of the Appellant's nomination had materially E affected the result. According to Mr. Giri, the Appellant's election cannot be set aside on the ground of improper acceptance of his nomination without the requirement of Section 100 ( 1) (d) of the Act being satisfied. He referred to Dur(li Mutlwswami v. N. Nac/1i(lppw1 (Int/ Ors. reported in 1973 (2) sec 45 and submitted that the said judgment F should be restricted to the facts of that case. He also attempted to distinguish the said judgment as not applicable to the facts of this case by submitting that it was a case of disqualification under Section 9-A of the Act. He further submitted that the said case was one filed under Section 100 (I) (a) of the Act. He contended that there is no need for pleading or proving that the result was materially affected ifthe election G is challenged under Section 100 (I) (a) to ( c) whereas it is compulsory in a petition filed under Section I 00 (I) ( d).

7. Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned Senior Counsel, argued that the Respondent pleaded in the election petition that the result of the election was materially affected by the improper acceptance of the nomination H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 695 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] of the Appellant. She took us through the pleadings and evidence, both A oral and documentary, to contend that the declaration of educational qualification by the Appellant was not a mistake. She submitted that the same declaration was made by the Appellant even when he contested the earlier election to the Legislative Assembly in 2008. She also highlighted the contradictory stands relating to the declaration taken by Bthe Appellant. She submitted that it was not necessary to show that the result of the election was materially affected when there were only two contesting candidates for one seat. She relied upon the judgment in Durai Muthuswami (supra) which according to her, was approved in Jagjit Singh v. Dlwram Pal Singh, reported in 1995 Supp (1) SCC

422. She further relied upon Union of India v. Association for c Democratic Reforms, reported in 2002 (5) SCC 294, People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India, re11orted in 2003 (4) SCC 399, Kisan_ Shankar Kathore v. Arun Dattatray Sawant reported in 2014 .(14) SCC 162 and Resurgence India v. Election Commission oflndia and Anr. reported in 2014 (14) SCC D189 in support of her submission that a voter has a right to know about the educational qualification of the candidate and any false or mis-declaration would result in rejection of the nomination of the candidate. Ms. Meenakshi Arora also cited Hari Krishna Lal v. Babu Lal Marandi re11orted in 2003 (8) SCC 613 to contend that the false declaration relating to the educational qualification of a candidate is a E defect of substantial character. 8. Two issues fall for our consideration in this appeal which are: (a)Whether a false declaration relating to the educational qualification is a defect of substantial character warranting F rejection of a nomination? (b )Whether it is necessary to plead and prove that the result was materially affected when the nomination of the returned candidate was found to have been improperly accepted, moreso, when there are only two candidates contesting the election? G

9. Chapter I of Part V of the Act deals with the nomination of candidates. Section 33 of the Act provides for presentation of nomination paper and requirements of a valid nomination. A nomination paper complete in the prescribed form, signed by a candidate and by an elector of the constituency as proposer should be delivered to the Returning H 696 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 9 S.C.R. A Officer within the prescribed period. Section 33-A which was inserted by Act 72 of 2002 with effect from 24.08.2002 contemplates that a candidate has to provide additional information, apart from the information provided by him under Section 33 (I). The information mentioned in Section 33-A relates to the criminal antecedents of a candidate. Section 36 deals with scrutiny of nomination. Section 36( 4) which is relevant for B adjudication of this case is as follows:

"36. Scrutiny of nomi11ation. -(4) The Returning Officer shall not reject any nomination paper on the ground of any defect which is not of a substantial character. " c I 0. Rule 4 (A) of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 which was inserted with effect from 03.09.2002 reads as under: "f4A. Form of <tffidllvit to be filed lit lite time of delivering 11omination paper.-The candidate or his proposer, as the case may be, shall, at the time of delivering to the returning officer the nomination paper D under subsection {I) of section 33 of the Act, also deliver to him an affidavit sworn by the candidate before a Magistrate of the first class or a Notary in Form 26.}" 11. A candidate has to file an affidavit along with his nomination paper as prescribed in Form 26 in which one of the columns pertains to E the educational qualification. Grounds for declaring the election to be void are provided in Section I 00 of the Act which is as under: "100. Gro1111ds for declllring election to be void.-[(I) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) if 3 [the High Cow:tJ is qf opinion- F (a) that on the date of his election a returned candidate was not qualified, or was disqualified, to be chosen to fill the · seat under the Constitution or this Act 9 [or the Govern111ent qf Union Territories Act, 1963 (20 qf 1963)]; or

(b) that any corrupt practice has been co111111itted by a returned G candidate or his election agent or by any other person with the coi1se111 of a returned candidate or his election agent; or (c) that any nomination has been improperly rejected; or H (d)that the result of the election, in so far as it concerns a SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 697 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] returned candidate, has been materially affected- A (i)by the improper acceptance or any nomination, or (ii}by any corrupt practice committed in the interests of the returned candidate 1 [by an agent other than his election agent], or B (iii)by the improper reception, refusal or rejection of any vote or the reception of any vote which is void, or (iv)by any non-compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of this Act or of auy rules or orders made under this Act, c [the High Court] shall declare the election of the returned candidate to be void.] [(2)] If in the opinion of 2 [the High Court], _a returned candidate has been guilty by an agent, other than his election agent, of any corrupt practice 4 *** D but 2 [the High Court] is satisfied-(a)that no such corrupt practice was committed at the election by the candidate or his election agent, and every such corrupt practice was committed contrary to the orders, and 5 [without the consent]. of the candidate or his election E agent; -- 6 * * * * *

(c)that the candidate and his election agent took all reasonable means for preventing the commission of corrupt 7 *** F practices at the election; and (d)that in all other respects the election was free from any corrupt 7 ***practice on the part of the candidate or any of his agents, then 2 [the High Court] may decide that the election of G the returned candidate is not void. " 12. Section 125-A prescribes penalty for filing false affidavit which is reproduced as under: "[125A. Pe11alty for jili11g fttlse ttffitlavit, etc.-H 698 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20 I 6] 9 S.C.R. A A candidate who hi111self or through his proposer, with intent to be elected in an election,- (i) fails to furnish i1ifor111atio11 relating to sub-section (1) of section 33A; or (ii) give false information which he knows or has reason to B believe to be false; or (iii)conceals any i11for111atio11, in his 110111i11atio11 paper delivered under sub-section (1) of section 33 or in his affidavit ·which is required to be delivered under sub-section (2) of section 33A, as the case may be, shall, c notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force. be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both}" I 3. Sir Winston Churchill underlining the importance of a voter in D a democratic form of Government stated as follows:

"At the bottom of all tributes paid to democracy is the little 111an, walking into a little booth, with a little pencil, making a little cross on a little bit ofpaper - no amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion can possibly E diminish the overwhelming importance of the point. " 14. In Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms (supra) this Court held that the voter has a fundamental right to information about the contesting candidates. The voter has the choice to decide whether he should cast a vote in favour of a person involved in F a criminal case. He also has a right to decide whether holding of an educational qualification or holding of property is relevant for electing a person to be his representative. Pursuant to the judgment in Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms (supra) Section 33-A was inserted in the Representation of the People Act providing for right to additional inforn1ation by an Ordinance. The challenge to the said G Ordinance was dealt with by this Court in People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India (supra) in which it was held as follows: "78. What e111erges from the above discussion can be su111111arised thus: H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 699 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.]

(D) The contention that as there is no spec(fic A fundamental right conferred on a voter by any statutory provision to know the antecedents of a candidate, the directions given by this Court are against the statutory provisions is. on the face of it, without any substance. In an election petition challenging the validity of an B election of a particular candidate, the statutory provisions would govern re~pective rights of the parties. However, voters' funda111ental right to know the antecedents of a candidate is independent of statulory rights under the election law. A voter is first citizen of this country and apart from statutory rights, he is having c funda111ental rights conferred by the Constitution. Members of a democratic society should be s1!1Jicie111Zv informed so that they may cast their votes i11telligentZv in favour of persons who are to govern them. Right to vote would be meaningless unless the citizens are well D informed about the antecedents of a candidate. There can be little doubt that exposure to public gaze and scrutiny is one of the surest means to cleanse our democratic governing system and to have competent legislatures. "

E 15. It is i·elevant to mention that the Election Commission of India issued a press note on 28.06.2002 in which there was a reference to the judgment of this Court in Union oflndia v. Association for Democratic Reforms in which it was held that information on five aspects has to be provided to the voter. One of the five aspects pertains to the educational qualification of the candidates. An order was issued by the Election F Commission of India on 28.06.2002 directing that full and complete information relating to the five aspects which were mentioned in the judgment has to be furnished. Providing incomplete information or suppression of material infonnation on any of the five aspects was to be treated as a defect of substantial character by the Returning Officers. G 16. In Resurgence India v. Election Commission oflndia and Anr. (supra) this Court held that every candidate is obligated to file an affidavit with relevant information with regard to their criminal antecedents, assets and liabilities and educational qualification. The fundamental right under Article 19 (I) (a) of the voter was reiterated in the said judgment and it H 700 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 9 S.C.R.

A was held that filing of affidavit with blank particulars would render the affidavit as nugatory. In Kisan Shankar Kathore v. Arun Dattatray Sawant reported in 2014 (14) SCC page 162 this Court considered the question as to whether it was incumbent upon the Appellant to have disclose the information sought for in the nomination form and whether the non-disclosure thereof render the nomination invalid and void. It B was held that non-furnishing of the required information would amount to suppression/non-disclosure.

17. It is clear from the law laid down by this Court as stated above that every voter has a fundamental right to know about the c educational qualification of a candidate. It is also clear from the provisions of the Act, Rules and Form 26 that there is a duty cast on the candidates to give correct information about their educational qualifications. It is not in dispute that the Appellant did not study MBA in the Mysore University. It is the case of the Appellant that reference to MBA from Mysore University was a clerical error. It was contended by the D Appellant that he always thought of doing MBA by correspondence course from Mysore University. But, actually he did not do the course. The question which has to be decided is whether the declaration given by him in Form 26 would amount to a defect of substantial nature warranting rejection of his nomination. Section 36 (4) of the Act mandates that the Returning Officer shall not reject a nomination paper on the E ground of any defect which is not of a substantial character. The 'declaration made by the Appellant in Form 26, filed in 2012 is not a clerical error as contended by him. The Appellant contested election to the same constituency in 2008 and in the affidavit filed by him in Form 26 he declared that he passed MBA from Mysore University in 2004. F In the affidavit filed by him in this election petition by way of examination-in-chief, the Appellant stated that his nomination paper and the enclosed affidavit were prepared and filed by his counsel Chakpam Bimolchandra Singh on the instructions of his agent Ph. Shamu Singh. He also stated that his counsel filled the prescribed affidavit in his own hand-writing. The Appellant also stated that he signed the affidavit without reading the G contents and he came to know about the error only when the Respondent raised his objection to the nomination. The Appellant further stated that he was working in Projeon, Infosys Company and IBM till 2007 and because of his job many local friends and elders thought that he was an MBA degree-holder. His election agent also thought that he was holding H

SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 701 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] an MBA degree due to which he instructed the Advocate Chakpam A Bimolchandra Singh to fill up column 9 of the affidavit by stating that the Appellant is an MBA degree-holder. In his cross-examination, the Appellant gave evasive replies to the questions relating to his educational qualification. He stated that he does not remember whether he had undergone MBA from Mysore University and he does not remember Bwhether he possesses MBA degree. Chakpam Bimolchandra Singh who was examined as DW-3 in his cross-examination denied having filled up the entries in Form 26. He stated that he entered the educational qualifications of the Appellant on the basis of instructions given by the election agent Shamu Singh. He also stated that he was not present before the Oath Commissioner when the Appellant signed the affidavit. c

18. The contention of the Appellant that the declaration relating to his educational qualification in the affidavit is a clerical error cannot be accepted. It is not an error committed once. Since 2008, the Appellant was making the statement that he has an MBA degree. The information provided by him in the affidavit filed in Form 26 would amount to a false D declaration. The said false declaration cannot be said to be a defect which is not substantial. He was given an oppo1tunity by the Returning Officer to produce the relevant document in support of his declaration. At least at that point of time he should have informed the Returning Officer that an error crept into the declaration. He did not do so. The Efalse declaration relating to his educational qualification cannot be stated to be not of a substantial character. It is no more res integra that every candidate has to disclose his educational qualification to subserve the right to information of the voter. Having made a false declaration relating to his educational qualification, the Appellant cannot be permitted to contend that the declaration is not of a substantial character. For the F reasons stated supra, we uphold the findings recorded by the High Court that the false declaration relating to the educational qualification made by the Appellant is substantial in nature.

19. Having answered the first question against the Appellant, we proceed now to deal with the next point. Section I 00 ( 1) (a) to ( c) deals G with disqualification, corrupt practices and improper rejection of nominations respectively which are _grounds for setting aside the election. The sine qua 11011 for setting aside an election under Section l 00 (I) ( d) is that the result of the election, in so far as it concerns a returned candidate, has been materially affected. The contention of Mr. Giri, H 702 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 9 S.C.R. A learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant is that even if it is held that the nomination of the appellant was improperly accepted, his election cannot be set aside in the absence of any pleading or proof that the result was materially affected by the improper acceptance of the nomination. He relied upon Magani Lal Manda! v. Bishnu Deo Bhandari, reported in 2012 (3) sec page 314 to contend that every defect cannot be a B ground for setting aside an election under Section I 00 (I) (d) without further proof that it had materially affected the result of the returned candidate. He also referred to Shambhu Prasad Sharma v. Charandas Mahant and Ors. reported in 2012 (11) SCC nage 390 in which it was held as follows: c "20. Coming to the allegatio11 that other candidates had also not submitted affidavits in proper.format, rendering the acceptance of their 11ominatio11 papers improper.

we need to point out that the appellant was required to not only allege material facts relevant to such improper D acceptance, but .fi1rther assert that the election of the returned candidate had been materially affected by such acceptance. There is no such assertion in the election petition. Mere improper acceptance assuming that any such improper acceptance was supported by assertion of material facts by the appellant-petitioner. would not E disclose a cause of action to call for trial of the election petition on merit unless the same is alleged to have materially affected the result of the re fumed candidate. " 20. There is no dispute that an election cannot be set aside on the ground of improper acceptance of any nomination without a pleading F and proof that the result of the returned candidate was materially affected. The point to be considered is whether the law as laid down by this Court relating to the pleading and proof of the fact of the result of the returned candidate being materially affected applies to a case where the nomination of the returned candidate is declared to have been improperly accepted. A situation similar to the facts of this case arose for consideration of this G Court in Durai Muthuswami's case. It is necessary to deal with this case in detail as the Counsel for the Appellant submitted that the said judgment is not applicable to the facts of the present case and that finding in the said case have to be treated as obiter.

21. The facts, in brief, of the case ofDurai Muthuswami are that H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHV!RAJ@ PRITHV!RAJ SINGH v. SHRI 703 PUK.HREM SHARATCHANDRASINGH [L. NAGESWARARAO, J.] the Petitioner in the election petition contested in the election to the A Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Sankarapuram constituency. He challenged the election of the First Respondent on the grounds ofimproper acceptance of nomination of the returned candidate, rejection of I 0 I postal ballot papers, ineligible persons permitted to vote, voting in the name of dead persons and double voting. The High Court dismissed the B·election petition by holding that the Petitioner failed to allege and prove that the result of the election was materially affected by the improper acceptance of the nomination of the First Respondent as required by Section I 00 (I) (d) of the Act. The Civil Appeal filed by the Petitioner therein was allowed by this Court in Durai Muthuswami (supra) in which it was held as follows: c

"3. Before dealing with the question whether the learned Judge was right in holding that he could not go into the question whether the 1st respondent's nomination has been improperly accepted because there was no allegation in the election petition that the election had D been materially affected as a result of such improper acceptance, we may look into the relevant provisions of law. Under Section 81 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 an election petition calling in question any election may be presented on one or more of the E grounds specified in sub-section (1) of Section JOO and Section 101. It is not necessary to refer to the rest of the section. Under Section 83(1) (a), insofar as it is necessary for the purpose of this case, an election petition shall contain a concise statement of the material facts on which the petitioner relies. Under Section 100(1) F if the HiKh Court is qf opinion- (a) that on the date of his election a returned candidate was not qualified, or was disqualified, to be chosen to fill the seat under the Constitution or this Act .... (b)-(c) * * * G (d) that the result of the election, insofar as it concerns a returned candidate, has been materially ajfected- (i) by the improper acceptance of any nomination, or H / 704 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R/ A (ii)-(iii) •••

the High Court shall declare the ell!ction of the returned candidate to be void. Therefore, what Section 100 requires is that the High Court before it declares the election of a returned candidate is void should be of B opinion that the result of the election insofar as it ·concerns a returned candidate has been materially :.1 ajfected·by the improper acceptance of any nomination.

! I Under Section 83 all that was necessary was a concise ij statement of the material facts on which the petitioner .relies. That the appellant in this case has done. He has c also stated that the election is void because of the improper acceptance of the 1st respondent's nomination and the facts given showed that the 1st respondent was suffering from a disqualification which will fall under Section 9-A. That was why it was called improper D acceptance. We do not consider that in the circu111sta11ces o[_ this case it was necessary_ (pr the v.etitioner to have also (prther alleged that the result o(_the election inso(_ar as it concerns the returned candidate has been materially_ a((gcted by_ the imv.ror..er accep_tance of_ the 1st resv.ondent 's nomination. That is the obvious E conclusion to be drmvn (!'om the circumstances of_ this case. There was only_ one seat to be fl/led and there were only_ two contesting candidates. If_ the allegation that the /st resv.ondent's no111inatio11 has been imv.rov.erly_ accev.ted is accev.ted the conc!usio11 that would (pl!ow F is that the Of!.f!.ellant would have bee11 elected as he was -1he only_ candidate validly_ no111i11ated. There can be, there(pre, no disv.ute that the result of_ the election inso(_ar as it concerns the returned candidate has been materially_ affected by_ the imv.rov.er accev.tance of_ his nomination because but (pr such imv.rov.er accev.tance ' G he would not have been able to stand (pr the election or be declared to be elected. The p_etitioner had also alleged that the election was void because of_ the imv.rov.er accev.tance o(_the I st resv.ondent 's nominatio11. In the case of_ election to a single-member constituenrx H

SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 705 PUK.HREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] if there are more than two candidates and the A nomination of one of the defeated candidates had been improperly accepted the question .n)ight arise as to . whether the result of the election of the returned candidate had been materially affected by such improper reception. In such a case the question would arise as to B what' would have happened to the votes which had been cast in favour of the defeated candidate whose nomination had been improperly accepted if it had not been accepted. In that case it would be necessary for the person challenging the election not merely to allege but also tO prove that the result of the election had been c materially affected by the i111proper acceptance of the nomination of the other defeated candidate. Unless he succeeds in proving that if the votes cast in favour of the candidate whose nomination had been improperly accepted would have gone in the petitioners favour D and he would have got a majority he cannot succeed in his election petition. Section 1OO(l)(d){i) deals with such , '· a contingency. it iif,not intended to provide a convenient. technical plea in a case like this where there ca11 be no .

dispute at all about the election being materially affected by the acceptance of the improper. nomination. E "Materially affected" is not a formula that has got to be specified but it is an essential requirement that is , contemplated in this section. Law does not conupnplate · (I mere repetition of a formula. The learned Judge has failerJ to notice the distinction between a ground on F which an election can. be declared to be void and the allegations that are necessary in an election petition in . respect of such a ground.. The petitioner had stated the ground on ivhich the 1~·t respondent!:,· election should be declared to be void. He had also give,11 the. material facts as required under Section 83 (I) (a). We are, G therefore, of opinion that the learned Judge erred in holding that it was not competent for him to go into the question whether the 1st respondent's no111i11ation had been improperly accepted." (Underlining ours) H 706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R.

A 22. It is clear from the above judgment that there is a difference between the improper acceptance of a nomination of a returned candidate and the improper acceptance of nomination of any other candidate. There is also a difference between cases where there are only two candidates in the fray and a situation where there are more than two candidates contesting the election. If the nomination of a candidate other than the B returned candidate is found to have been improperly accepted, it is essential that the election Petitioner has to plead and prove that the votes polled in favour of such candidate would have been polled in his favour. On the other hand, if the improper acceptance of nomination is of the returned candidate, there is no necessity of proof that the election c has been materially affected as the returned candidate would not have been able to contest the election if his nomination was not accepted. It is not necessary for the Respondent to prove that result of the election in so far as it concerns the returned candidate has been materially affected by the improper acceptance of his nomination as there were only two candidates contesting the election and ifthe Appellant's nomination is 0 declared to have been improperly accepted, his election would have to be set aside without any further enquiry and the only candidate left in the fray is entitled to be declared elected. The judgment of this Court in Durai Muthuswami (supra) was referred to in Jagjit Singh v. Dlwram Pal Singll, 1995 Supp (1) SCC 422 page 429 in which it was held as E follows:

"21. The trial Judge has held that since there is no averment in the petition that the result of the election was materially affected by improper rejection or acceptance of votes, it is devoid of cause of action. We F are unable to agree that the absence of such an averment in the facts of this case is fatal. As pointed out by this Court, there may be cases where the obvious conclusion to be drawn jiwn the circumstances is that the result of the election has been materially affected and that Section JOO(l}(d) of the Act is not intended to provide G a convenient technical plea in a case where there can be no dispute at all about the result of the election being materially affected by the alleged infirmity. (See: Durai Muthuswami v. N. Nachiappan [(1973) 2 SCC 45 : (1974) 1 SCR 40] .) In the present case, the appellant H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ @PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 707 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARARAO, J.] in the election petition has stated that he has lost by a A margin of 80 votes only. From the various averments in the election petition it was evident that the number of valid votes of the appellant which are alleged to have been improperly rejected is much more than 80. Fro111 the aver111ents contained in the election petition it is thus B obvious if the appellant succeeds in establishing his case as set out in the election petition the result of this election, insofar as it concerns the returned candidate, would be materially affected. "

It was held by this Court in Vashist Narain Slwrnw v. Dev cChandra, reported in 1955 (1) SCR 509 as under: "9. The learned counsel for the respondents concedes that the burden of proving that the i111proper acceptance of a nomination has 111aterially affected the result of the election lies upon the petitioner but he argues that D the question can arise in one of three wtrys: (1) where the candidate whose nomination was improperly accepted had secured less votes than the difference between the returned candidate and the candidate securing the next highest number of votes, E (2) where the person referred to above secured more votes, and (3) where the person whose nomination has been improperly accepted is the returned candidate hi111sel( It is agreed that in the first case the result of the election F is not materially affected because if all the wasted votes are added to lhe votes of the candidate securing the highest votes, it will make no difference to the result and the returned candidate will retain the seat. In the other two cases it is contended that the result is G materially affected. So far as the third case is concerned it may be readily conceded that such would be the conclusion. But we are not prepared to hold that the mere fact that the wasted votes are greater than the margin of votes be1ween the returned candidate and H 708 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R.

A the candidate securing the next highest number of votes must lead to the necessary inference that the result of the election has been materially affected. That is a matter which has to be proved and the onus of proving it lies upon the petitioner. It will not do merely to say that all or a majority of the wasted votes might have B gone to the next highest candidate. The casting of votes at an election depends upon a variety of factors and it is not possible for any one to predicate how many or which proportion of the votes will go to one or the other of the candidates. While it must be recognised that the petitioner in such a case is confronted with a difficult c situation, it is 110'1 possible to relieve him of the duty imposed upon him by Section 100(1) (c) and hold without evidence that the duty has been discharged. Should the petitioner fail to adduce satisfactory evidence to enable the Court to find in his favour 011 D this point, the inevitable result would be that the Tribunal would not inte1fere in his favour and would allow the election to stand. " (Underlining ours). This Cou11 in Kisan Shankar Kathore v. Arun Dattatray Sawant (supra) dealt with a situation similar to that of this case. In that case, the E election of the returned candidate was successfully challenged on the ground of non-disclosure of material informatiori. The appeal filed by the returned candidate was dismissed by this Court by observing as follows:

"Once it is found that it was a case of improper F acceptance, as the1·e was misinformation or suppression of material information, one can state that question of rejection in such a case was only deferred to a later date. When the Court gives such a finding, which would have resulted in rejection, the effect would be same, G namely, such a candidate was not entitled to contest and the election is void. " 23. Mere finding that there has been an improper acceptance of the nomination is not sufficient for a declaration that the election is void under Section I 00 (I) (d). There has to be further pleading and proof that the result of the election of the returned candidate was materially H SRI MAIREMBAM PR ITH VI RAJ@ PRITHVlRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 709 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAG ES WA RA RAO, J.]

affected. But, there would be no necessity ofany proof in the event of A the nomination of a returned candidate being declared as having been improperly accepted, especially in a case where there are only two candidates in the fray. If the returned candidate's nomination is declared to have been improperly accepted it would mean that he could not have contested the election and that the result of the election of the returned Bcandidate was materially affected need not be proved further. We do not find substance in the submission of Mr. Giri that the judgment in Durai Muthuswami (supra) is not applicable to the facts of this case. The submission that Durai Muthuswami is a case of disqualification under Section 9-A of the Act and, so, it is not applicable to the facts llf this case is also not correct. As stated supra, the election petition in that c case was rejected on the ground of non-compliance of Section 100 (1) (d). The said judgment squarely applies to this case on all fours. We also do not find force in the submission that the Act has to be strictly construed and that the election cannot be declared to be void under Section 100 (1) (d) without pleading and proof that the result of the Delection was materially affected. There is no requirement to prove that the result of the election of the returned candidate is materially affected once his nomination is declared to have been improperly accepted.

24. For the aforementioned reasons, the Civil Appeal is dismissed. No costs. E Civil Appeal No. 2829 of 2016 25. This appeal is filed by the Petitioner in the election petition challenging that pati of the judgment dated 29.02.2016 of the High Court Manipur at Imphal, by which the reliefthat he should be declared to be elected was rejected. The Appellant contested the election as a candidate F of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). Respondent No.1 was declared to have been elected on 28.01.2012. The election of the First Respondent was set aside by the High Court in the election petition filed by the Appellant. The Appellant also sought for a reliefthat he should be declared to have been elected. Such relief was rejected by the High Court. Hence, this appeal. G 26. After the result of the election was declared on 28.01.2012, the Appellant resigned from NCP and joined Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP). To a question posed by the Court during the recording of his evidence, the Appellant stated that he tendered resignation from NCP in the latter I-I 710 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R.

A part of2013, that he joined BJP and he continued to be a member of the BJP. In January, 2016, the Appellant filed an application for amendment to the election petition. He intended to insert additional submissions relating to his expulsion from NCP on 23.12.2013 and the representation made by him to the President NCP Manipur to cancel the expulsion order. He also wanted to bring on record the fact that his enrolment to B the membership of BJP was rejected on 18.01.2016. He further stated in the application that the order of expulsion by the NCP was revoked by an order dated 21.01.2016.

27. The arguments in the election petition filed by the Appellant were concluded on 25.02.2016. The High Court recorded a finding in c the impugned judgment that all the pending miscellaneous applications were disposed of with the consent of both sides and the election petition was to be adjudicated on the basis of existing material on record. As the miscellaneous application filed by the Appellant was not considered, the High Court decided the matter on the basis of the material on record D which clearly showed that the Appellant resigned from NCP and joined BJP. After a careful consideration of the material on record, the High Court refused to grant the declaration as sought by the Appellant. The High Court held that having joined BJP, the Appellant was not entitled for a declaration as he contested the election in 2012 on behalf ofNCP. The High Court highlighted the fact that the Appellant will be an MLA E belonging to BJP, if declared elected after having contested the election on behalf of the NCP. Taking into account the spirit of law as expressed in paragraph no. 2 of the I 01h Schedule of the Constitution of India the High Court did not grant the relief sought by the Appellant that he should be declared elected.

F 28. Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Appellant submitted that the I 01h Schedule to the Constitution is not applicable to adjudication of an election petition. She relied upon Section 53 (2) of the Act to contend that the Appellant sliould be declared as duly elected as he was the only person remaining i~1 the fray after the G election of respondent/returned candidate was declared void. Section · IOI of the Act provides for declaration of the Petitioner to have been duly elected ifthe High Court is ofthe opinion that the Petitioner received majority of the valid votes. 29. According to Section 80 (A) of the Act, the High Court will H have the jurisdiction to try an election petition. It is well settled law that SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@PRJTHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 711 PUKHREMSHARATCHANDRASINGH [L. NAGESWARARAO,J.] the High Court hearing an election petition is not an 'authority' and that A it remains the High Co~n1 while trying an election petition under the Act. (See T. Deen' D(ly(l/ 1•. llitJli Court o_i A.P., 1997 (7) SCC 535 at page 540. This Court in H(lri Shanker Jain v. Sonia Gmullii, 2001

(8) SCC 233 at page 244 upheld the decision of a Full Bench of the Rajasthan High Court wherein it was decided that the jurisdiction of the BHigh Court to try an election petition is not by way of constituting a special jurisdiction and conferring it upon the High Com1. It is an extension of the originaljurisdiction of the High Court to hear and decide the election disputes. It is clear froin the above judgments of this Court that the inherent power of the High Court is not taken away when the election disputes are adjudicated. Section 53 (2) is a power conferred on the c Returning Officer·to·declare a candidate elected when the number of candidates is equal to the number of seats to be filled. The powerofthe Hjgh C::m1rt is not fetter~d by.Section 53 (2}. The High Court has taken into consideration ananqll)alqus.~ituation that would a~i~e j:lya candidate belonging to one party being dec~ared elected after having crossed the Dfloor. We are in ag~ee~entwith tl~e High Court and ~e do not intend to interfere with the disc~etion exercised by the High Court. 30. For the aforesaid reasons, the Civil Appeal is dismissed. No order as to costs. Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeals dismissed.

[2016] 9 S.C.R. 687 SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ @ PR!THVIRAJ SINGH . A v. SHRI PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH (Civil Appeal No. 2649 of2016) OCTOBER 28, 20 I 6 B [ANIL R. DAVE AND L. NAGESWARA RAO, JJ.] Election Laws:

Legislative Assembly election - Only two candidates contesting the election in the constituency - Election petition by the candidate c who lost the election, challenging the election of returned candidate - Alleging false declaration as regards his educational qualification and improper acceptance of his nomination - Election petitioner also sought that he should be declared elected - High Court declared the election of the returned candidate as void -D However, the High Court refused to declare the election petitioner as elected - Cross-appeal by the election petitioner and the returned candidate - Held: The informatio11 provided by the returned candidate in Form 26 regarding his educational qualification would amount to false declaration - The false declaration regarding educational qualification is of substantial character - Mere finding E . that there has been an improper acceptance of the ·nomination is not sufficient for a declaration that the election is void uls. JOO(l}(d) - There has to be further proof and pleading that the result of the returned candidate was materially affected - But such proof is not required if there are only two candidates bf the fray - F Jn the present case, it was not necessmy for the election petitioner to prove that result of the election, in so far as it concerned the returned candidate has been materially affected by the improper acceptance of his nomination as there were only two candidates contesting the election - The High Court in exercise of its discretionary powe1; rightly refused to declare the election petitioner G as elected after the election of the returned candidate was declared void - The election petitioner since had contested the election on behalf of Nationalist Congress Party and after result of the election having joined Bhartiya Jania Party was not entitled for such declaration - Representation of the People Act, 1951 - ss.JOO(l)(d), H

687 688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R. A 36(4), 53(2) and 80A. High Court - Inherent powers - Exercise of - While hearing election petition - Held: High Court hearing an election petition is not an 'authority• and it remains the High Court while trying an election petition - Inherent powers of High court are not taken B away while adjudicating election disputes - Representation of the People Act, 1951 - ss. 53(2) and 80A. Dismissing the appeals, the Court HELD: c Civil Appeal No. 2649 of 2016: 1.1 The Election Commission of India issued a press note on 28.06.2002 in which there was a reference to the judgment of this Court in Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms, in which it was held that information on five aspects has to be provided to the voter. One of the five aspects pertains to the D educational qualification of the candidates. An order was issued by the Election Commission of India on 28.06.2002 directing that full and complete information relating to the five aspects which were mentioned in the judgment has to be furnished. Providing incomplete information or suppression of material information E on any of the five aspects was to be treated as a defect of substantial character by the Returning Officers. [Para 15)(699-E-F]

1.2 Every voter has a fundamental right to know about the educational qualification of a candidate. It is also clear from the F provisions of the Act, Rules and Form 26 that there is a duty cast on the candidates to give correct information about their educational qualifications.[Para l 7][700-B-C] 1.3 The declaration relating to educational qualification of the appellant in the affidavit cannot be called a clerical error. G It is not an error committed once. Since 2008, the Appellant was making the statement that he has an MBA degree. The information provided by him in the affidavit filed in Form 26 would amount to a false declaration. He was given an opportunity by the Returning Officer to produce the relevant document in support of his declaration. At least at that point of time he should H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 689 PUKHREMSHARATCHANDRASINGH have informed the Returning Officer that an error crept into the A declaration. He did not do so. The false declaration relating to his educational qualification cannot be stated to be not of a substantial character. [Para 18)(701-C-E) Kisan Shankar Kathore v. Arun Dattatray Sawant 2014 (14) sec 162; Union of India V. Association for B Democratic Reforms 2002 (5) SCC 294 : 2002 (3) SCR 696; Resurgence India v. Election Commission of India and Anr. 2014 (14) SCC189 : 2013 (9) SCR 360 -relied on.

2.1 There is a difference between improper acceptance of c a nomination of a returned candidate and improper acceptance of nomination of any other candidate. There is also a difference between cases where there are only two candidates in the fray and a situation where there are more than two candidates contesting the election. If the nomination of a candidate other Dthan the returned candidate is found to have been improperly accepted, it is essential that the election Petitioner has to plead and prove that the votes polled in favourof such candidate would have been polled in his favour. On the other hand, ifthe jpiproper acceptance of nomination is of the returned candidate, there is no necessity of proof that the election has been materially affected E as the returned candidate would not have been able to rontest the election if his nomination was not accepted. It is not necessary for the respondent to prove that result of the election in so far as it concerns the returned candidate has been materially affected by the improper acceptance of his nomination a~ there were only two candidates contesting the election and if the appellant's· F nomination is declared to have been improperly accepted, his election would have to be set aside without any further enquiry and the only candidate left in the fray is entitled to be declared elected. [Para 22)(706-A-D]

2.2 Thus; mere finding that there has been an improper G acceptance of the nomination is not sufficient for a declaration that the election is void under Section lOO(l)(d). There has to be further pleading and proof that the result of the election of the returned candidate was materially affected. But, there would be no necessity of any IJroof in the event of the nomination of a H 690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R. A returned candidate being declared as having been improperly accepted, especially in a case where there are only two candidates in the fray. If the returned candidate's nomination is declared to have been improperly accepted it would mean that he could not have contested the election and that the result of the election of the returned candidate was materially affected need not be proved B further. [Para 23][708-G-H; 709-A-B] Civil Appeal No. 2829 of 2016:

3. The High Court rightly refused to grant the relief to the appellant that he should be declared as elected. The High Court held that the appellant, after result of the election, having joined c BJP was not entitled for the declaration, as he had contested the election on behalf of NCP. The High Court held so taking into account the spirit of law as expressed in Paragraph No.2 of the JO•h Schedule of the Constitution of India. It is not correct to say that in view of s. 53(2) of the Act, the appellant should have been D declared duly elected as he was the only person remaining in the fray after the election of respondent/returned candidate was declared void. The High court is conferred with the jurisdiction to try an election petition u/s. 80(A) of the Act. The High Court hearing an election petition is not an 'authority' and that it remains the High Court while trying an election petition. The inherent E power of the High Court is not taken away when the election disputes arc adjudicated. The power of High Court is not fettered by s. 53(2). The High Court has taken into consideration an anomalous situation that would arise by a candidate belonging to one party being declared elected after having crossed the floor. F There is no need to interfere with the discretion exercised by the High Court. [Paras 27, 28, and 29][710-D-II; 711-A, C-D] Durai Muthuswami v. N. Nachiappan and Ors. 1973

(2) SCC 45 : 1974 (1) SCR 40; Jagjit Singh v. Dharan1 Pal Singh 1995 Sut>P (1) SCC 422; Vashist Narain G Sharma v. Dev Chandra 1955 (1) SCR 509; Kisan Shankar Kathore v. Arun Datta/ray Sawant 2014 (14) SCC 162 : 2014 (7) SCR 258 - relied on. Peoples Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India 2003 (4) sec 399 : 2003 (2) SCR 1136; H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 691 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH Ms. Meenakshi Arora Hari Krishna Lal v. Babu Lal A Marandi 2003 (8) SCC 613 : 2003 (4) Suppl. SCR 1170; Magani Lal Manda! v. Bis/11111 Deo Bhandari 2012 (3) SCC 314 : 2012 (1) SCR 527; Shambhu Prasad Sharma v. Charandas Mahant and Ors. 2012 (11) SCC 390 : 2012 (6) SCR 356; T. Deen Dayal v. B High Court of A.P. 1997 (7) SCC 535 : 1997 (4) Suppl. SCR 39; Hari Shanker Jain v. Sonia Gandhi 2001 (8) SCC 233 : 2001 (3) Suppl. SCR 38 - referred to. Case Law Reference 1974 (1) SCR 40 relied on Para 6 c 1995 Sur>P (1) sec 422 relied on Paras 7, 22 2002 (3) SCR 696 relied on Para 7 2003 (2) SCR 1136 referred to Para 7 2014 (7) SCR 258 relied on Paras 7, 16, 22 D 2013 (9) SCR 360 relied on Para 7. 2001 (3) Suppl. SCR 38 referred to Paras 7, 28 2012 (1) SCR 527 referred to Para 19 2012 (6) SCR 356 referred to Para 19 E 1955 (1) SCR 509 relied on Para 22 1997 (4) Suppl. SCR 39 referred to Para 29 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2649 of2016. F

From the Judgment and Order dated 29.02.2016 of the High Court ofManipur at Imphal in Election Petition No. I of2012 WITH C. A. No. 2829 of 2016. G V. Giri, Sr. Adv., Sapam Biswajit Meitei, Naresh Kumar Gaur, Manav Vohra, Ms. Punam Kumari, Advs. for the Appellant. Ms. Meenakshi Arora, Sr. Adv., Lenin Hijam, Vasav A., Rahul Joshi, A. D. Tamboli, S. Gowthaman, Advs. for the Respondent. H 692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R. A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by L. NAGESWARA RAO, J. CIVIL APPEAL No. 2649 of 2016 I. The Appellant has filed this appeal aggrieved by the judgment B of the High Court of Manipur at Imphal by which his election to the Manipur Legislative Assembly from MoirangAssembly constituency was declared as void.

2. A Notification was issued for election to the I O•h Manipur Legislative Assembly on 04.01.2012. The Appellant belonging to the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Respondent who was sponsored by c the National Congress Party (NCP) filed their nominations within the time prescribed. There was no other nomination filed. The Respondent objected to the nomination of the Appellant at the time of scrutiny on the ground that a false declaration relating to educational qualification was made by the Appellant. The Returning Officer directed the Appellant to D submit documents in proof of his educational qualification as declared in the affidavit filed under Form 26. The Appellant failed to produce any document to prove his educational qualification in spite of which the Returning Officer accepted the nomination of the Appellant. Polling took place on 28.01.2012 and the counting of votes was held on 06.03.2012. The result was declared on the same day. The Appellant secured 14,521 E votes and the Respondent secured 13,363 votes. The Appellant was declared elected as MLA, Moirang Constituency.

J. The Respondent challenged the election of the Appellant by filing an election petition in the Guwahati High Court seeking a declaration that the Appellant's election was null and void, that the Respondent should F be declared as duly elected and that a criminal proceeding should be directed to be initiated against the Appellant under Section 125-A and 127 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). Apa1t from the ground of improper acceptance of nomination, the Respondent also alleged corrupt practices against the G Appellant. 4. The Appellant denied the allegation of false declaration. According to the Appellant, the declaration made by him that he passed Master of Business Administration (MBA) in 2004 from Mysore University was a clerical error. The Respondent abandoned the allegation H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 693 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] of corrupt practices and other electoral malpractices during the trial of A the election petition in the High Court. The High Court framed six issues which are as follows: i) "Whether the Returning Officer of 27'" Moirang AC has illegally accepted the nomination paper of the respondent or not? B ii) Whether the election of the respondent had been materially affected by the acceptance of the nomination paper of the respondent by the R.O. of 27r1, Moirang AIC or not?

iii) Whether the respondent had filed false affidavit in respect of the highest education qualification in the Form, in which c the respondent had mentioned "MBA Mysore University" or whether it was merely a clerical error? iv) Whether the petition lacks material facts or not? v) Whether the election petition is liable to be dismissed for D not putting the words "attested to be true copy of the petition" on each and every page of the petition by the petitioner himself or not; or on any of the defects raised by the respondent in his written statement? vi) Whether the petitioner is entitled to the relief claimed in E the writ petition?"

5. Issue No. 5 pertains to attestation of the petition not being made properly. The objection raised by the Appellant to the maintainability of the election petition was that only the front page of the election petition had the words "Attested to be true copy." Issue No. 5 was answered ill' Ffavour of the Respondent. The High Court considered the main controversy pertaining to the filing of false affidavit regarding the educational qualification by the Appellant in a detailed manner. There is no doubt that the Appellant filed Form 26 in which he mentioned his educational qualification as MBA from Mysore University in 2004. After careful consideration of the material on record and various judgments G cited by the parties, the High Court concluded that the declaration made by the Appellant in Form 26 about his educational qualification as MBA from Mysore University was false. The plea of the Appellant that the defect in Form 26 was due to a clerical error was rejected. The contention H 694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [20 I 6] 9 S.C.R.

A of the Appellant that providing wrong information about the educational qualification was not a defect of substantial character was also rejected. The Appellant contended that the Respondent failed to plead and prove that the result was 'materially affected' as required under Section I 00 (1 )(d) of the Act. The High Court did not accept the said contention on the ground that there were only two candidates in the fray in which case B it was not necessary to prove that the result of election of the returned candidate was materially affected. The High Court further held if it is found that the Appellant's nomination was improperly accepted, the result of his election stood automatically affected materially. The High Court on the basis of the above reasons declared the election of the Appellant c as void. The Appellant has filed this appeal challenging the same.

6. We have heard Mr. V. Giri, learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant and Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned Senior Counsel for the Respondent. Mr. Giri submitted that the declaration pertaining to the educational qualification of the Appellant was merely a clerical error D and cannot be termed as a false declaration. In any event, the declaration of educational qualification is not a defect of substantial nature warranting rejection of his nomination. Mr. Giri also submitted that the election petition was filed under Section 100 (I) (d) (i) and (iv) of the Act. He stated that there is neither pleading nor proof in the election petition that the improper acceptance of the Appellant's nomination had materially E affected the result. According to Mr. Giri, the Appellant's election cannot be set aside on the ground of improper acceptance of his nomination without the requirement of Section 100 ( 1) (d) of the Act being satisfied. He referred to Dur(li Mutlwswami v. N. Nac/1i(lppw1 (Int/ Ors. reported in 1973 (2) sec 45 and submitted that the said judgment F should be restricted to the facts of that case. He also attempted to distinguish the said judgment as not applicable to the facts of this case by submitting that it was a case of disqualification under Section 9-A of the Act. He further submitted that the said case was one filed under Section 100 (I) (a) of the Act. He contended that there is no need for pleading or proving that the result was materially affected ifthe election G is challenged under Section 100 (I) (a) to ( c) whereas it is compulsory in a petition filed under Section I 00 (I) ( d).

7. Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned Senior Counsel, argued that the Respondent pleaded in the election petition that the result of the election was materially affected by the improper acceptance of the nomination H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 695 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] of the Appellant. She took us through the pleadings and evidence, both A oral and documentary, to contend that the declaration of educational qualification by the Appellant was not a mistake. She submitted that the same declaration was made by the Appellant even when he contested the earlier election to the Legislative Assembly in 2008. She also highlighted the contradictory stands relating to the declaration taken by Bthe Appellant. She submitted that it was not necessary to show that the result of the election was materially affected when there were only two contesting candidates for one seat. She relied upon the judgment in Durai Muthuswami (supra) which according to her, was approved in Jagjit Singh v. Dlwram Pal Singh, reported in 1995 Supp (1) SCC

422. She further relied upon Union of India v. Association for c Democratic Reforms, reported in 2002 (5) SCC 294, People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India, re11orted in 2003 (4) SCC 399, Kisan_ Shankar Kathore v. Arun Dattatray Sawant reported in 2014 .(14) SCC 162 and Resurgence India v. Election Commission oflndia and Anr. reported in 2014 (14) SCC D189 in support of her submission that a voter has a right to know about the educational qualification of the candidate and any false or mis-declaration would result in rejection of the nomination of the candidate. Ms. Meenakshi Arora also cited Hari Krishna Lal v. Babu Lal Marandi re11orted in 2003 (8) SCC 613 to contend that the false declaration relating to the educational qualification of a candidate is a E defect of substantial character. 8. Two issues fall for our consideration in this appeal which are: (a)Whether a false declaration relating to the educational qualification is a defect of substantial character warranting F rejection of a nomination? (b )Whether it is necessary to plead and prove that the result was materially affected when the nomination of the returned candidate was found to have been improperly accepted, moreso, when there are only two candidates contesting the election? G

9. Chapter I of Part V of the Act deals with the nomination of candidates. Section 33 of the Act provides for presentation of nomination paper and requirements of a valid nomination. A nomination paper complete in the prescribed form, signed by a candidate and by an elector of the constituency as proposer should be delivered to the Returning H 696 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 9 S.C.R. A Officer within the prescribed period. Section 33-A which was inserted by Act 72 of 2002 with effect from 24.08.2002 contemplates that a candidate has to provide additional information, apart from the information provided by him under Section 33 (I). The information mentioned in Section 33-A relates to the criminal antecedents of a candidate. Section 36 deals with scrutiny of nomination. Section 36( 4) which is relevant for B adjudication of this case is as follows:

"36. Scrutiny of nomi11ation. -(4) The Returning Officer shall not reject any nomination paper on the ground of any defect which is not of a substantial character. " c I 0. Rule 4 (A) of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 which was inserted with effect from 03.09.2002 reads as under: "f4A. Form of <tffidllvit to be filed lit lite time of delivering 11omination paper.-The candidate or his proposer, as the case may be, shall, at the time of delivering to the returning officer the nomination paper D under subsection {I) of section 33 of the Act, also deliver to him an affidavit sworn by the candidate before a Magistrate of the first class or a Notary in Form 26.}" 11. A candidate has to file an affidavit along with his nomination paper as prescribed in Form 26 in which one of the columns pertains to E the educational qualification. Grounds for declaring the election to be void are provided in Section I 00 of the Act which is as under: "100. Gro1111ds for declllring election to be void.-[(I) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) if 3 [the High Cow:tJ is qf opinion- F (a) that on the date of his election a returned candidate was not qualified, or was disqualified, to be chosen to fill the · seat under the Constitution or this Act 9 [or the Govern111ent qf Union Territories Act, 1963 (20 qf 1963)]; or

(b) that any corrupt practice has been co111111itted by a returned G candidate or his election agent or by any other person with the coi1se111 of a returned candidate or his election agent; or (c) that any nomination has been improperly rejected; or H (d)that the result of the election, in so far as it concerns a SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 697 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] returned candidate, has been materially affected- A (i)by the improper acceptance or any nomination, or (ii}by any corrupt practice committed in the interests of the returned candidate 1 [by an agent other than his election agent], or B (iii)by the improper reception, refusal or rejection of any vote or the reception of any vote which is void, or (iv)by any non-compliance with the provisions of the Constitution or of this Act or of auy rules or orders made under this Act, c [the High Court] shall declare the election of the returned candidate to be void.] [(2)] If in the opinion of 2 [the High Court], _a returned candidate has been guilty by an agent, other than his election agent, of any corrupt practice 4 *** D but 2 [the High Court] is satisfied-(a)that no such corrupt practice was committed at the election by the candidate or his election agent, and every such corrupt practice was committed contrary to the orders, and 5 [without the consent]. of the candidate or his election E agent; -- 6 * * * * *

(c)that the candidate and his election agent took all reasonable means for preventing the commission of corrupt 7 *** F practices at the election; and (d)that in all other respects the election was free from any corrupt 7 ***practice on the part of the candidate or any of his agents, then 2 [the High Court] may decide that the election of G the returned candidate is not void. " 12. Section 125-A prescribes penalty for filing false affidavit which is reproduced as under: "[125A. Pe11alty for jili11g fttlse ttffitlavit, etc.-H 698 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20 I 6] 9 S.C.R. A A candidate who hi111self or through his proposer, with intent to be elected in an election,- (i) fails to furnish i1ifor111atio11 relating to sub-section (1) of section 33A; or (ii) give false information which he knows or has reason to B believe to be false; or (iii)conceals any i11for111atio11, in his 110111i11atio11 paper delivered under sub-section (1) of section 33 or in his affidavit ·which is required to be delivered under sub-section (2) of section 33A, as the case may be, shall, c notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force. be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both}" I 3. Sir Winston Churchill underlining the importance of a voter in D a democratic form of Government stated as follows:

"At the bottom of all tributes paid to democracy is the little 111an, walking into a little booth, with a little pencil, making a little cross on a little bit ofpaper - no amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion can possibly E diminish the overwhelming importance of the point. " 14. In Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms (supra) this Court held that the voter has a fundamental right to information about the contesting candidates. The voter has the choice to decide whether he should cast a vote in favour of a person involved in F a criminal case. He also has a right to decide whether holding of an educational qualification or holding of property is relevant for electing a person to be his representative. Pursuant to the judgment in Union of India v. Association for Democratic Reforms (supra) Section 33-A was inserted in the Representation of the People Act providing for right to additional inforn1ation by an Ordinance. The challenge to the said G Ordinance was dealt with by this Court in People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) v. Union of India (supra) in which it was held as follows: "78. What e111erges from the above discussion can be su111111arised thus: H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 699 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.]

(D) The contention that as there is no spec(fic A fundamental right conferred on a voter by any statutory provision to know the antecedents of a candidate, the directions given by this Court are against the statutory provisions is. on the face of it, without any substance. In an election petition challenging the validity of an B election of a particular candidate, the statutory provisions would govern re~pective rights of the parties. However, voters' funda111ental right to know the antecedents of a candidate is independent of statulory rights under the election law. A voter is first citizen of this country and apart from statutory rights, he is having c funda111ental rights conferred by the Constitution. Members of a democratic society should be s1!1Jicie111Zv informed so that they may cast their votes i11telligentZv in favour of persons who are to govern them. Right to vote would be meaningless unless the citizens are well D informed about the antecedents of a candidate. There can be little doubt that exposure to public gaze and scrutiny is one of the surest means to cleanse our democratic governing system and to have competent legislatures. "

E 15. It is i·elevant to mention that the Election Commission of India issued a press note on 28.06.2002 in which there was a reference to the judgment of this Court in Union oflndia v. Association for Democratic Reforms in which it was held that information on five aspects has to be provided to the voter. One of the five aspects pertains to the educational qualification of the candidates. An order was issued by the Election F Commission of India on 28.06.2002 directing that full and complete information relating to the five aspects which were mentioned in the judgment has to be furnished. Providing incomplete information or suppression of material infonnation on any of the five aspects was to be treated as a defect of substantial character by the Returning Officers. G 16. In Resurgence India v. Election Commission oflndia and Anr. (supra) this Court held that every candidate is obligated to file an affidavit with relevant information with regard to their criminal antecedents, assets and liabilities and educational qualification. The fundamental right under Article 19 (I) (a) of the voter was reiterated in the said judgment and it H 700 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 9 S.C.R.

A was held that filing of affidavit with blank particulars would render the affidavit as nugatory. In Kisan Shankar Kathore v. Arun Dattatray Sawant reported in 2014 (14) SCC page 162 this Court considered the question as to whether it was incumbent upon the Appellant to have disclose the information sought for in the nomination form and whether the non-disclosure thereof render the nomination invalid and void. It B was held that non-furnishing of the required information would amount to suppression/non-disclosure.

17. It is clear from the law laid down by this Court as stated above that every voter has a fundamental right to know about the c educational qualification of a candidate. It is also clear from the provisions of the Act, Rules and Form 26 that there is a duty cast on the candidates to give correct information about their educational qualifications. It is not in dispute that the Appellant did not study MBA in the Mysore University. It is the case of the Appellant that reference to MBA from Mysore University was a clerical error. It was contended by the D Appellant that he always thought of doing MBA by correspondence course from Mysore University. But, actually he did not do the course. The question which has to be decided is whether the declaration given by him in Form 26 would amount to a defect of substantial nature warranting rejection of his nomination. Section 36 (4) of the Act mandates that the Returning Officer shall not reject a nomination paper on the E ground of any defect which is not of a substantial character. The 'declaration made by the Appellant in Form 26, filed in 2012 is not a clerical error as contended by him. The Appellant contested election to the same constituency in 2008 and in the affidavit filed by him in Form 26 he declared that he passed MBA from Mysore University in 2004. F In the affidavit filed by him in this election petition by way of examination-in-chief, the Appellant stated that his nomination paper and the enclosed affidavit were prepared and filed by his counsel Chakpam Bimolchandra Singh on the instructions of his agent Ph. Shamu Singh. He also stated that his counsel filled the prescribed affidavit in his own hand-writing. The Appellant also stated that he signed the affidavit without reading the G contents and he came to know about the error only when the Respondent raised his objection to the nomination. The Appellant further stated that he was working in Projeon, Infosys Company and IBM till 2007 and because of his job many local friends and elders thought that he was an MBA degree-holder. His election agent also thought that he was holding H

SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 701 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] an MBA degree due to which he instructed the Advocate Chakpam A Bimolchandra Singh to fill up column 9 of the affidavit by stating that the Appellant is an MBA degree-holder. In his cross-examination, the Appellant gave evasive replies to the questions relating to his educational qualification. He stated that he does not remember whether he had undergone MBA from Mysore University and he does not remember Bwhether he possesses MBA degree. Chakpam Bimolchandra Singh who was examined as DW-3 in his cross-examination denied having filled up the entries in Form 26. He stated that he entered the educational qualifications of the Appellant on the basis of instructions given by the election agent Shamu Singh. He also stated that he was not present before the Oath Commissioner when the Appellant signed the affidavit. c

18. The contention of the Appellant that the declaration relating to his educational qualification in the affidavit is a clerical error cannot be accepted. It is not an error committed once. Since 2008, the Appellant was making the statement that he has an MBA degree. The information provided by him in the affidavit filed in Form 26 would amount to a false D declaration. The said false declaration cannot be said to be a defect which is not substantial. He was given an oppo1tunity by the Returning Officer to produce the relevant document in support of his declaration. At least at that point of time he should have informed the Returning Officer that an error crept into the declaration. He did not do so. The Efalse declaration relating to his educational qualification cannot be stated to be not of a substantial character. It is no more res integra that every candidate has to disclose his educational qualification to subserve the right to information of the voter. Having made a false declaration relating to his educational qualification, the Appellant cannot be permitted to contend that the declaration is not of a substantial character. For the F reasons stated supra, we uphold the findings recorded by the High Court that the false declaration relating to the educational qualification made by the Appellant is substantial in nature.

19. Having answered the first question against the Appellant, we proceed now to deal with the next point. Section I 00 ( 1) (a) to ( c) deals G with disqualification, corrupt practices and improper rejection of nominations respectively which are _grounds for setting aside the election. The sine qua 11011 for setting aside an election under Section l 00 (I) ( d) is that the result of the election, in so far as it concerns a returned candidate, has been materially affected. The contention of Mr. Giri, H 702 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 9 S.C.R. A learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant is that even if it is held that the nomination of the appellant was improperly accepted, his election cannot be set aside in the absence of any pleading or proof that the result was materially affected by the improper acceptance of the nomination. He relied upon Magani Lal Manda! v. Bishnu Deo Bhandari, reported in 2012 (3) sec page 314 to contend that every defect cannot be a B ground for setting aside an election under Section I 00 (I) (d) without further proof that it had materially affected the result of the returned candidate. He also referred to Shambhu Prasad Sharma v. Charandas Mahant and Ors. reported in 2012 (11) SCC nage 390 in which it was held as follows: c "20. Coming to the allegatio11 that other candidates had also not submitted affidavits in proper.format, rendering the acceptance of their 11ominatio11 papers improper.

we need to point out that the appellant was required to not only allege material facts relevant to such improper D acceptance, but .fi1rther assert that the election of the returned candidate had been materially affected by such acceptance. There is no such assertion in the election petition. Mere improper acceptance assuming that any such improper acceptance was supported by assertion of material facts by the appellant-petitioner. would not E disclose a cause of action to call for trial of the election petition on merit unless the same is alleged to have materially affected the result of the re fumed candidate. " 20. There is no dispute that an election cannot be set aside on the ground of improper acceptance of any nomination without a pleading F and proof that the result of the returned candidate was materially affected. The point to be considered is whether the law as laid down by this Court relating to the pleading and proof of the fact of the result of the returned candidate being materially affected applies to a case where the nomination of the returned candidate is declared to have been improperly accepted. A situation similar to the facts of this case arose for consideration of this G Court in Durai Muthuswami's case. It is necessary to deal with this case in detail as the Counsel for the Appellant submitted that the said judgment is not applicable to the facts of the present case and that finding in the said case have to be treated as obiter.

21. The facts, in brief, of the case ofDurai Muthuswami are that H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHV!RAJ@ PRITHV!RAJ SINGH v. SHRI 703 PUK.HREM SHARATCHANDRASINGH [L. NAGESWARARAO, J.] the Petitioner in the election petition contested in the election to the A Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Sankarapuram constituency. He challenged the election of the First Respondent on the grounds ofimproper acceptance of nomination of the returned candidate, rejection of I 0 I postal ballot papers, ineligible persons permitted to vote, voting in the name of dead persons and double voting. The High Court dismissed the B·election petition by holding that the Petitioner failed to allege and prove that the result of the election was materially affected by the improper acceptance of the nomination of the First Respondent as required by Section I 00 (I) (d) of the Act. The Civil Appeal filed by the Petitioner therein was allowed by this Court in Durai Muthuswami (supra) in which it was held as follows: c

"3. Before dealing with the question whether the learned Judge was right in holding that he could not go into the question whether the 1st respondent's nomination has been improperly accepted because there was no allegation in the election petition that the election had D been materially affected as a result of such improper acceptance, we may look into the relevant provisions of law. Under Section 81 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 an election petition calling in question any election may be presented on one or more of the E grounds specified in sub-section (1) of Section JOO and Section 101. It is not necessary to refer to the rest of the section. Under Section 83(1) (a), insofar as it is necessary for the purpose of this case, an election petition shall contain a concise statement of the material facts on which the petitioner relies. Under Section 100(1) F if the HiKh Court is qf opinion- (a) that on the date of his election a returned candidate was not qualified, or was disqualified, to be chosen to fill the seat under the Constitution or this Act .... (b)-(c) * * * G (d) that the result of the election, insofar as it concerns a returned candidate, has been materially ajfected- (i) by the improper acceptance of any nomination, or H / 704 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R/ A (ii)-(iii) •••

the High Court shall declare the ell!ction of the returned candidate to be void. Therefore, what Section 100 requires is that the High Court before it declares the election of a returned candidate is void should be of B opinion that the result of the election insofar as it ·concerns a returned candidate has been materially :.1 ajfected·by the improper acceptance of any nomination.

! I Under Section 83 all that was necessary was a concise ij statement of the material facts on which the petitioner .relies. That the appellant in this case has done. He has c also stated that the election is void because of the improper acceptance of the 1st respondent's nomination and the facts given showed that the 1st respondent was suffering from a disqualification which will fall under Section 9-A. That was why it was called improper D acceptance. We do not consider that in the circu111sta11ces o[_ this case it was necessary_ (pr the v.etitioner to have also (prther alleged that the result o(_the election inso(_ar as it concerns the returned candidate has been materially_ a((gcted by_ the imv.ror..er accep_tance of_ the 1st resv.ondent 's nomination. That is the obvious E conclusion to be drmvn (!'om the circumstances of_ this case. There was only_ one seat to be fl/led and there were only_ two contesting candidates. If_ the allegation that the /st resv.ondent's no111inatio11 has been imv.rov.erly_ accev.ted is accev.ted the conc!usio11 that would (pl!ow F is that the Of!.f!.ellant would have bee11 elected as he was -1he only_ candidate validly_ no111i11ated. There can be, there(pre, no disv.ute that the result of_ the election inso(_ar as it concerns the returned candidate has been materially_ affected by_ the imv.rov.er accev.tance of_ his nomination because but (pr such imv.rov.er accev.tance ' G he would not have been able to stand (pr the election or be declared to be elected. The p_etitioner had also alleged that the election was void because of_ the imv.rov.er accev.tance o(_the I st resv.ondent 's nominatio11. In the case of_ election to a single-member constituenrx H

SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@ PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 705 PUK.HREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARA RAO, J.] if there are more than two candidates and the A nomination of one of the defeated candidates had been improperly accepted the question .n)ight arise as to . whether the result of the election of the returned candidate had been materially affected by such improper reception. In such a case the question would arise as to B what' would have happened to the votes which had been cast in favour of the defeated candidate whose nomination had been improperly accepted if it had not been accepted. In that case it would be necessary for the person challenging the election not merely to allege but also tO prove that the result of the election had been c materially affected by the i111proper acceptance of the nomination of the other defeated candidate. Unless he succeeds in proving that if the votes cast in favour of the candidate whose nomination had been improperly accepted would have gone in the petitioners favour D and he would have got a majority he cannot succeed in his election petition. Section 1OO(l)(d){i) deals with such , '· a contingency. it iif,not intended to provide a convenient. technical plea in a case like this where there ca11 be no .

dispute at all about the election being materially affected by the acceptance of the improper. nomination. E "Materially affected" is not a formula that has got to be specified but it is an essential requirement that is , contemplated in this section. Law does not conupnplate · (I mere repetition of a formula. The learned Judge has failerJ to notice the distinction between a ground on F which an election can. be declared to be void and the allegations that are necessary in an election petition in . respect of such a ground.. The petitioner had stated the ground on ivhich the 1~·t respondent!:,· election should be declared to be void. He had also give,11 the. material facts as required under Section 83 (I) (a). We are, G therefore, of opinion that the learned Judge erred in holding that it was not competent for him to go into the question whether the 1st respondent's no111i11ation had been improperly accepted." (Underlining ours) H 706 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R.

A 22. It is clear from the above judgment that there is a difference between the improper acceptance of a nomination of a returned candidate and the improper acceptance of nomination of any other candidate. There is also a difference between cases where there are only two candidates in the fray and a situation where there are more than two candidates contesting the election. If the nomination of a candidate other than the B returned candidate is found to have been improperly accepted, it is essential that the election Petitioner has to plead and prove that the votes polled in favour of such candidate would have been polled in his favour. On the other hand, if the improper acceptance of nomination is of the returned candidate, there is no necessity of proof that the election c has been materially affected as the returned candidate would not have been able to contest the election if his nomination was not accepted. It is not necessary for the Respondent to prove that result of the election in so far as it concerns the returned candidate has been materially affected by the improper acceptance of his nomination as there were only two candidates contesting the election and ifthe Appellant's nomination is 0 declared to have been improperly accepted, his election would have to be set aside without any further enquiry and the only candidate left in the fray is entitled to be declared elected. The judgment of this Court in Durai Muthuswami (supra) was referred to in Jagjit Singh v. Dlwram Pal Singll, 1995 Supp (1) SCC 422 page 429 in which it was held as E follows:

"21. The trial Judge has held that since there is no averment in the petition that the result of the election was materially affected by improper rejection or acceptance of votes, it is devoid of cause of action. We F are unable to agree that the absence of such an averment in the facts of this case is fatal. As pointed out by this Court, there may be cases where the obvious conclusion to be drawn jiwn the circumstances is that the result of the election has been materially affected and that Section JOO(l}(d) of the Act is not intended to provide G a convenient technical plea in a case where there can be no dispute at all about the result of the election being materially affected by the alleged infirmity. (See: Durai Muthuswami v. N. Nachiappan [(1973) 2 SCC 45 : (1974) 1 SCR 40] .) In the present case, the appellant H SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ @PRITHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 707 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAGESWARARAO, J.] in the election petition has stated that he has lost by a A margin of 80 votes only. From the various averments in the election petition it was evident that the number of valid votes of the appellant which are alleged to have been improperly rejected is much more than 80. Fro111 the aver111ents contained in the election petition it is thus B obvious if the appellant succeeds in establishing his case as set out in the election petition the result of this election, insofar as it concerns the returned candidate, would be materially affected. "

It was held by this Court in Vashist Narain Slwrnw v. Dev cChandra, reported in 1955 (1) SCR 509 as under: "9. The learned counsel for the respondents concedes that the burden of proving that the i111proper acceptance of a nomination has 111aterially affected the result of the election lies upon the petitioner but he argues that D the question can arise in one of three wtrys: (1) where the candidate whose nomination was improperly accepted had secured less votes than the difference between the returned candidate and the candidate securing the next highest number of votes, E (2) where the person referred to above secured more votes, and (3) where the person whose nomination has been improperly accepted is the returned candidate hi111sel( It is agreed that in the first case the result of the election F is not materially affected because if all the wasted votes are added to lhe votes of the candidate securing the highest votes, it will make no difference to the result and the returned candidate will retain the seat. In the other two cases it is contended that the result is G materially affected. So far as the third case is concerned it may be readily conceded that such would be the conclusion. But we are not prepared to hold that the mere fact that the wasted votes are greater than the margin of votes be1ween the returned candidate and H 708 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R.

A the candidate securing the next highest number of votes must lead to the necessary inference that the result of the election has been materially affected. That is a matter which has to be proved and the onus of proving it lies upon the petitioner. It will not do merely to say that all or a majority of the wasted votes might have B gone to the next highest candidate. The casting of votes at an election depends upon a variety of factors and it is not possible for any one to predicate how many or which proportion of the votes will go to one or the other of the candidates. While it must be recognised that the petitioner in such a case is confronted with a difficult c situation, it is 110'1 possible to relieve him of the duty imposed upon him by Section 100(1) (c) and hold without evidence that the duty has been discharged. Should the petitioner fail to adduce satisfactory evidence to enable the Court to find in his favour 011 D this point, the inevitable result would be that the Tribunal would not inte1fere in his favour and would allow the election to stand. " (Underlining ours). This Cou11 in Kisan Shankar Kathore v. Arun Dattatray Sawant (supra) dealt with a situation similar to that of this case. In that case, the E election of the returned candidate was successfully challenged on the ground of non-disclosure of material informatiori. The appeal filed by the returned candidate was dismissed by this Court by observing as follows:

"Once it is found that it was a case of improper F acceptance, as the1·e was misinformation or suppression of material information, one can state that question of rejection in such a case was only deferred to a later date. When the Court gives such a finding, which would have resulted in rejection, the effect would be same, G namely, such a candidate was not entitled to contest and the election is void. " 23. Mere finding that there has been an improper acceptance of the nomination is not sufficient for a declaration that the election is void under Section I 00 (I) (d). There has to be further pleading and proof that the result of the election of the returned candidate was materially H SRI MAIREMBAM PR ITH VI RAJ@ PRITHVlRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 709 PUKHREM SHARATCHANDRA SINGH [L. NAG ES WA RA RAO, J.]

affected. But, there would be no necessity ofany proof in the event of A the nomination of a returned candidate being declared as having been improperly accepted, especially in a case where there are only two candidates in the fray. If the returned candidate's nomination is declared to have been improperly accepted it would mean that he could not have contested the election and that the result of the election of the returned Bcandidate was materially affected need not be proved further. We do not find substance in the submission of Mr. Giri that the judgment in Durai Muthuswami (supra) is not applicable to the facts of this case. The submission that Durai Muthuswami is a case of disqualification under Section 9-A of the Act and, so, it is not applicable to the facts llf this case is also not correct. As stated supra, the election petition in that c case was rejected on the ground of non-compliance of Section 100 (1) (d). The said judgment squarely applies to this case on all fours. We also do not find force in the submission that the Act has to be strictly construed and that the election cannot be declared to be void under Section 100 (1) (d) without pleading and proof that the result of the Delection was materially affected. There is no requirement to prove that the result of the election of the returned candidate is materially affected once his nomination is declared to have been improperly accepted.

24. For the aforementioned reasons, the Civil Appeal is dismissed. No costs. E Civil Appeal No. 2829 of 2016 25. This appeal is filed by the Petitioner in the election petition challenging that pati of the judgment dated 29.02.2016 of the High Court Manipur at Imphal, by which the reliefthat he should be declared to be elected was rejected. The Appellant contested the election as a candidate F of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). Respondent No.1 was declared to have been elected on 28.01.2012. The election of the First Respondent was set aside by the High Court in the election petition filed by the Appellant. The Appellant also sought for a reliefthat he should be declared to have been elected. Such relief was rejected by the High Court. Hence, this appeal. G 26. After the result of the election was declared on 28.01.2012, the Appellant resigned from NCP and joined Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP). To a question posed by the Court during the recording of his evidence, the Appellant stated that he tendered resignation from NCP in the latter I-I 710 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 9 S.C.R.

A part of2013, that he joined BJP and he continued to be a member of the BJP. In January, 2016, the Appellant filed an application for amendment to the election petition. He intended to insert additional submissions relating to his expulsion from NCP on 23.12.2013 and the representation made by him to the President NCP Manipur to cancel the expulsion order. He also wanted to bring on record the fact that his enrolment to B the membership of BJP was rejected on 18.01.2016. He further stated in the application that the order of expulsion by the NCP was revoked by an order dated 21.01.2016.

27. The arguments in the election petition filed by the Appellant were concluded on 25.02.2016. The High Court recorded a finding in c the impugned judgment that all the pending miscellaneous applications were disposed of with the consent of both sides and the election petition was to be adjudicated on the basis of existing material on record. As the miscellaneous application filed by the Appellant was not considered, the High Court decided the matter on the basis of the material on record D which clearly showed that the Appellant resigned from NCP and joined BJP. After a careful consideration of the material on record, the High Court refused to grant the declaration as sought by the Appellant. The High Court held that having joined BJP, the Appellant was not entitled for a declaration as he contested the election in 2012 on behalf ofNCP. The High Court highlighted the fact that the Appellant will be an MLA E belonging to BJP, if declared elected after having contested the election on behalf of the NCP. Taking into account the spirit of law as expressed in paragraph no. 2 of the I 01h Schedule of the Constitution of India the High Court did not grant the relief sought by the Appellant that he should be declared elected.

F 28. Ms. Meenakshi Arora, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Appellant submitted that the I 01h Schedule to the Constitution is not applicable to adjudication of an election petition. She relied upon Section 53 (2) of the Act to contend that the Appellant sliould be declared as duly elected as he was the only person remaining i~1 the fray after the G election of respondent/returned candidate was declared void. Section · IOI of the Act provides for declaration of the Petitioner to have been duly elected ifthe High Court is ofthe opinion that the Petitioner received majority of the valid votes. 29. According to Section 80 (A) of the Act, the High Court will H have the jurisdiction to try an election petition. It is well settled law that SRI MAIREMBAM PRITHVIRAJ@PRJTHVIRAJ SINGH v. SHRI 711 PUKHREMSHARATCHANDRASINGH [L. NAGESWARARAO,J.] the High Court hearing an election petition is not an 'authority' and that A it remains the High Co~n1 while trying an election petition under the Act. (See T. Deen' D(ly(l/ 1•. llitJli Court o_i A.P., 1997 (7) SCC 535 at page 540. This Court in H(lri Shanker Jain v. Sonia Gmullii, 2001

(8) SCC 233 at page 244 upheld the decision of a Full Bench of the Rajasthan High Court wherein it was decided that the jurisdiction of the BHigh Court to try an election petition is not by way of constituting a special jurisdiction and conferring it upon the High Com1. It is an extension of the originaljurisdiction of the High Court to hear and decide the election disputes. It is clear froin the above judgments of this Court that the inherent power of the High Court is not taken away when the election disputes are adjudicated. Section 53 (2) is a power conferred on the c Returning Officer·to·declare a candidate elected when the number of candidates is equal to the number of seats to be filled. The powerofthe Hjgh C::m1rt is not fetter~d by.Section 53 (2}. The High Court has taken into consideration ananqll)alqus.~ituation that would a~i~e j:lya candidate belonging to one party being dec~ared elected after having crossed the Dfloor. We are in ag~ee~entwith tl~e High Court and ~e do not intend to interfere with the disc~etion exercised by the High Court. 30. For the aforesaid reasons, the Civil Appeal is dismissed. No order as to costs. Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeals dismissed.