[2015)2 S.C.R.120 A JITENDRA KHIMSHANKAR TRIVEDI & ORS. v. KASAM DAUD KUMBHAR & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 1415 of 2015) FEBRUARY 03, 2015 B [V. GOPALAGOWDAAND R. BANUMATHI, JJ.] Motor Vehicles Act, 1988: s. 166 - Compensation - Fatal accident due to rash and negligent driving - Deceased aged 22 years, a housewife and doing embroidery and knitting work C - Tribunal assessed the income of the deceased at Rs. 1500 p.m. -After deducting 113rd for personal expenses and after adopting multiplier of 18, tribunal calculated the loss of dependency at Rs. 2. 16 lacs - Driver/owner of offending vehicle filed appeal - High Court partly allowed the appeal 0 taking the income of the deceased at Rs. 1350 p. m. and deducting 1/3rd for personal expenses, held the claimants entitled to compensation of Rs. 2. 09 lacs - On claimant's appeal, held: Considering the nature of work and evidence of witnesses, the deceased would not have earned less than E Rs.3000 p.m. had she been alive - Even otherwise, as deceased was a home maker, it is reasonable to fix her income at Rs.3000. p.m. - Deducting 1/Jrd for personal expenses contribution of the deceased is calculated at F Rs.2,0001- p.m. - Taking multiplier to be adopted is 18- Total loss of dependency comes to Rs. 4, 32, 0001- (Rs. 2000 x 12 x

18) - Rs. 1, 00, 0001- awarded towards loss of consortium and Rs.1, 00, 0001- towards loss of love and affection to the minor children - Towards loss of estate and funeral expenses, award G of compensation of Rs. 15, 0001- awarded by the High Court is maintained - Thus, the claimants are entitled to a total compensation of Rs.6,47,0001- - As against the award passed by the tribunal even though the claimants have not preferred any appeal and even though the claimants have H 120 JITENDRA KHIMSHANKAR TRIVEDI & ORS. 121 v. KASAM DAUD KUMBHAR & ORS. then prayed for compensation of Rs.2.96 lacs for doing A complete justice to the parties, exercising jurisdiction u/Artic/e 142 of the Constitution of India, it is deemed appropriate to award enhanced compensation of Rs. 6,47,0001 to the claimants - Constitution of India, 1950 -Article 142. B

Partly allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The tribunal observed that in the district of Kachchh embroidery work, stitching work and local traditional embroidery work is doing well and had the deceased been alive she would have earned Rs.1,5001- C per month. Deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses and adopting multiplier of 18, tribunal calculated the loss of dependency at Rs.2, 16,0001- (Rs.1000 x 12 x 18). Though in their cross-examination, parents-in-law deposed that they did not keep voucher and account books, D reasoning of the tribunal that the "embroidery and tailoring work is doing well in the district of Kachchh and that the deceased would have earned not less than Rs.1,500/- per month is well merited. The respondents E have not adduced any evidence to prove that the deceased was not doing any embroidery or tailoring work or the like. While so, in the light of the factual findings recorded by the tribunal, High Court was not justified in reducing the income of the deceased to F Rs.1,350/- per month from Rs.1,5001-. Thus, considering the nature of the work and the evidence of claimants' witnesses-father-in-law and mother-in-law of the deceased, had the deceased been alive she would have earned not less than Rs.3,0001- per month. [Paras 9 and G 1OJ [126-G-H; 127-A-E]

2. Even assuming that the deceased was not self-employed doing embroidery and tailoring work, the fact remained that she was a housewife and a home maker. It is hard to monetize the domestic work done by a H 122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R. A house-mother. The services of the mother/wife is available 24 hours and her duties are never fixed. Courts have recognized the contribution made by the wife to the house is invaluable and that it cannot be computed in terms of money. A house-wife/home-maker does not B work by the clock and she is in constant attendance of the family throughout and such services rendered by the home maker has to be necessarily kept in view while calculating the loss of dependency. Thus even otherwise, taking deceased as the home maker, it is C reasonable to fix her income at Rs.3,000/- per month. [Para 11] [127-E-H]

3. As against the award passed by the tribunal even though the claimants have not filed any appeal, but it is o obligatory on the part of courts/tribunals to award just and reasonable compensation. In order to award just and reasonable compensation, the income of the deceased is taken as Rs.3000/- per month. Deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses contribution of the deceased is E calculated at Rs.2,000/- per month. At the time of her death deceased was aged about 22 years, proper multiplier to be adopted is 18. Adopting multiplier of 18, total loss of dependency is calculated at Rs.4,32,000/- (Rs.2000 x 12 x18). Rs.1,00,000/- is awarded towards loss of consortium F and Rs.1,00,000/- towards loss of love and affection to the minor children. Towards loss of estate and funeral expenses, award of compensation of Rs.15,000/-awarded by the High Court is maintained. Thus, the claimants are entitled to a total compensation of G Rs.6,47 ,000/-. As against the award passed by the tribunal even though the claimants have not preferred any appeal and even though the claimants haye then prayed for compensation of Rs.2,96,480/-, for doing complete justice to the parties, exercising jurisdiction under Article 142 of H the Constitution of India, it is deemed appropriate to JITENDRA KHIMSHANKAR TRIVEDI & ORS. 123 v. KASAM DAUD KUMBHAR & ORS.

award enhanced compensation of Rs. 6,47,000/- to the A claimants. [Paras 13 to 15] [129-C-E; 130-A-D] General Manager, Kera/a S. R. TC. v. Susamma Thomas (1994) 2 SCC 176; Arun Kumar Agrawal & Anr. v. National Insurance Company Ltd. (2010) 9 SCC 218: 2010 (9) SCR B 303; Nagappa v. Gurudaya/Singh (2003) 2 sec 274: 2002 (4) Suppl. SCR 499; Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. v. Mohd. Nasir (2009) 6 SCC 280:2009 (8) SCR 829; Ningamma v. United India Insurance Company Ltd. (2009) 13 SCC 710 : 2009 (8) SCR 683; Rajesh v. Rajbir Singh c (2013) 9 SCC 54: 2013 (5) SCR 961; Jiju Kuruvila v. Kunjujamma Mohan (2013) 9 SCC 166: 2013 (7) SCR 276; Oriental Insurance Company Limited v. Brij Mohan (2007) 7 SCC 56: 2007 (6) SCR 843; Deddappa v. Branch Manager, National Insurance Company Limited (2008) 2 SCC o 595:2007(13) SCR 287; Amresh Kumari v. Niranjan Lal Jagdish Prasad Jain (2010) ACJ 551; Mohinder Kaurv. Hira Nand Sindhi (Ghoriwala) (2007) ACJ 2123 - relied on. Case Law Reference E (1994) 2 sec 116 Relied on. Para 4 2010 (9) SCR 303 Relied on. Para 12 2002 (4) Suppl. SCR 499 Relied on. Para 13 F 2009 (8) SCR 829 Relied on. Para 13 2009 (8) SCR 683 Relied on. Para 13 2013 (5) SCR 961 Relied on. Para 14 2013 (7) SCR 276 Relied on. Para 14 G 2007 (6) SCR 843 Relied on. Para 16 2007 (13) SCR 287 Relied on. Para 16 (2010)ACJ 551 Relied on. Para 17 (2007) ACJ 2123 Relied on. Para 17 H 124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R. A CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1415of2015

From the Judgment and Order dated 16.01.2012 of the High Court of Gujarat atAhmedabad in FirstAppeal No. 4021 B of 1998 Yadunandan Bansal, Abhijat P. Medh for the Appellants. P. K. Seth, Manjeet Chawla, Sunanda Roy for the Respondents. c The Judgment of the Court was delivered by R. BANUMATHI, J. 1. Delay condoned. Leave granted. 2. Being dissatisfied with the quantum of compensation awarded by the High Court of Gujarat in FirstAppeal No. 4021 0 of 1998 dated 16.1.2012, the claimants have filed this appeal seeking enhancement of compensation on account of death of Smt. Jayvantiben Jitendra Trivedi in a motor accident on 21.9.1990. E 3. Undisputed facts emerging from this case can be briefly stated as under:- On 21.9.1990 respondent No.1 while driving tempo bearing registration No. GQY-4701 in a rash and negligent manner lost the control over it and hit Smt. Jayvantiben F Jitendra Trivedi (deceased) who subsequently succumbed to injuries. Appellant No.1 is the husband of deceased and appellant Nos. 2 to 5 are husband's sisters, daughter and father-in-law respectively of the deceased Jayvantiben. Claimants filed claim petition before the Motor Accidents G Claims Tribunal, Bhuj-Kachchh, Gujarat, interalia, claiming compensation under different heads to the tune of Rs.2,96,480/

- along with interest at the rate of 18 per cent per annum. The appellants averred in the claim petition that the deceased was a housewife at the time of accident and was aged 22 years H and that she was doing embroidery and knitting work and was JITENDRAKHIMSHANKARTRIVEDI v. KASAM DAUD 125 KUMBHAR [R. BANUMATHI, J.] earning Rs.900/- per month from the said work and was A maintaining her family. Respondents No. 1 and 2 did not enter into defence. Respondent No.3-lnsurance Company has filed counter statement denying averments made in the claim petition and contended that the compensation claimed is on the higher side. B 4. After considering the oral and documentary evidence, the tribunal came to the conclusion that the death of Smt. Jayvantiben Jitendra Trivedi was caused due to the rash and negligent driving of respondent No.1. Based on the oral c testimony of witnesses, tribunal came to the conclusion that deceased was earning Rs.900/- per month. Relying upon the decision in General Manager, Kera/a S.R. TC. vs. Susamma Thomas & Ors. 1, the tribunal assessed the income of the deceased at Rs.1,500/- per month. After deducting 1/3'd for D personal expenses and after adopting multiplier of 18, tribunal has calculated the loss of dependency at Rs.2, 16,000/-. Adding conventional damages Rs.8,000/-, vide award dated 30.4.1998, the tribunal awarded total compensation of Rs.2,24,000/-with interest at the rate of 15 per cent per annum. E

5. Being aggrieved by the award of the tribunal, respondents filed appeal being First Appeal No.402111998 under Section 171 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 before the High Court of Gujarat atAhmedabad. Vide impugned judgment F dated 16.1.2012, the High Court partly allowed the appeal taking the income of the deceased at Rs.1,350/- per month and deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses, the High Court held that the claimants are entitled to compensation of Rs.2,09,400/ - along with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum from G the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of realization. 6. Learned counsel for the claimants submitted that the owner has neither filed written statement nor contested the 1 (1994)2 sec 175 H 126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R. A claim petition before the tribunal and while so the insurance company cannot challenge the award on merits. It was further submitted that the High Court did not keep in view that the deceased was self-employed person apart from being a home maker and while so, the High Court erred in reducing the B compensation as well as the rate of interest.

7. Learned counsel forthe respondents contended that in the absence of furnishing documentary proof like receipts of work, accounts books, any authenticated evidence of income c no reliance can be placed on oral testimony to prove that the deceased was earning income as self-employed at the time of accident. Further, it is asserted that the deceased being self-employed therefore no enhancement in income could be lawfully granted in the light offuture prospects of the deceased. D 8. Admittedly, claimants adduced only oral testimony of the witnesses to substantiate their claim that deceased was self-employed and was earning Rs.900/- per month. Smt. Godavariben Khimshankar Trivedi-mother-in-law and Shri E Khimshankar Raguram Trivedi, father-in-law have deposed to the effect that deceased at the time of accident was doing tailoring, embroidery and knitting and was earning Rs.900/-per month. They further deposed that their daughters were also doing the same work as the deceased Jayvantiben Jitendra F Trivedi was then doing and that their daughters were earning Rs.3,000/- per month and had the deceased been alive, she would have also earned Rs.3,000/- per month.

9. The tribunal observed that in the district of Kachchh embroidery work, stitching work and local traditional G embroidery work is doing well and had the deceased been alive she would have earned Rs.1,500/- per month. Deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses and adopting multiplier of 18, tribunal has calculated the loss of dependency at Rs.2, 16,000/ -(Rs.1000x12x18 ). Though in their cross-examination, Smt. H Godavariben KhimshankarTrivedi and Khimshankar Raguram JITENDRAKHIMSHANKARTRIVEDI v. KASAM DAUD 127 KUMBHAR [R. BANUMATHI, J.] Trivedi deposed that they did not keep voucher and account A books, reasoning of the tribunal that the embroidery and tailoring work is doing well in the district of Kachchh and that the deceased would have earned not less than Rs.1,500/- per m.onth is well merited. It is to be pointed out that the respondents have not adduced any evidence to prove that the deceased B was not doing any embroidery or tailoring work or the like. While so, in the light of the factual findings recorded by the tribunal, High Court was not justified in reducing the income of the deceased to Rs.1,350/- per month from Rs.1,500/-. c

10. As noticed earlier, tribunal has taken the income of the deceased at Rs.1,500/- whereas the High Court has assessed the income of the deceased at Rs.1,350/- per month. As observed by the tribunal, embroidery work, stitching work and local traditional embroidery work was doing well in the o district of Kachchh and there was good earning. Considering the nature of the work and the evidence of claimants' witnesses-father-in-law and mother-in-law of the deceased, had the deceased Jayvantiben been alive she would have earned not less than Rs.3,000/- per month. E 11. Even assuming Jayvantiben Jitendra Trivedi was not self-employed doing embroidery and tailoring work, the fact remains that she was a housewife and a home maker. It is hard to monetize the domestic work done by a house-mother. The services of the mother/wife is available 24 hours and her F duties are never fixed. Courts have recognized the contribution made by the wife to the house is invaluable and that it cannot be computed in terms of money. A house-wife/home-maker does not work by the clock and she is in constant attendance G of the family throughout and such services rendered by the home maker has to be necessarily kept in view while calculating the loss of dependency. Thus even otherwise, taking deceased Jayvantiben Jitendra Trivedi as the home maker, it is reasonable to fix her income at Rs.3,000/- per month. H 128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R.

A 12. Recognizing the services of the home maker and that domestic services have to be recognized in terms of money, in Arun Kumar Agrawal & Anr. vs. National Insurance Company Ltd. & Ors. 2, this Court has held as under:-"The alternative to imputing money values is to B measure the time taken to produce these services and compare these with the time that is taken to produce goods and services which are commercially viable. One has to admit that in the long run, the services rendered by women in the household sustain c a supply of labour to the economy and keep human societies going by weaving the social fabric and keeping it in good repair. If we take these services for granted and do not attach any value to this, this may escalate the unforeseen costs in terms of deterioration D of both human capabilities and social fabric.

Household work performed by women throughout India is more than US $612.8 billion per year (Evangelical Social Action Forum and Health Bridge, p. 17). We E often forget that the time spent by women in doing household work as homemakers is the time which they can devote to paid work or to their education. Th is lack of sensitiveness and recognition of their work mainly contributes to women's high rate of poverty and their F consequential oppression in society, as well as various physical, social and psychological problems. The cou.ts and tribunals should do well to factor these considerations in assessing compensation for housewives who are victims of road accidents and quantifying the amount in the name of fixing "just compensation".G 13. The tribunal has awarded Rs.2,24,000/- as against the same, claimants have not filed any appeal. As against the award passed by the tribunal when the claimants have not filed H 2(2010) g sec 21 a JITENDRAKHIMSHANKARTRIVEDI v. KASAM DAUD 129 KUMBHAR [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

any appeal, the question arises whether the income of the A deceased could be increased and compensation could be enhanced. In terms of Section 168 of the Motor Vehicles Act, the courts/tribunals are to pass awards determining the amount of compensation as to be fair and reasonable and accepted by the legal standards. The power of the courts in awarding B reasonable compensation was emphasized by this Court in Nagappa vs. Gurudayal Singh & Ors. 3, Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. vs. Mohd. Nasir & Anr. 4, and Ningamma & Anr. vs. United India Insurance Company Ltd. 5. As against the award passed by the tribunal even though the claimants c have not filed any appeal, as it is obligatory on the part of courts/ tribunals to award just and reasonable compensation, it is appropriate to increase the compensation.

14. In order to award just and reasonable compensation 0income of the deceased is taken as Rs.3000/- per month. Deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses contribution of the deceased and the family is calculated at Rs.2,000/- per month. At the time of her death deceased Jayvantiben was aged about 22 years, proper multiplier to be adopted is 18. Adopting multiplier of 18, total loss of dependency is calculated at E Rs.4,32,000/- (Rs.2000 x 12 x 18). With respect to the award of compensation under conventional heads, tribunal has awarded Rs.5,000/- towards loss of estate and Rs.3,000/-towards funeral expenses totaling Rs.8,000/-. The High Court has awarded conventional damages of Rs.15,000/- i.e. F Rs.10,000/- towards loss of estate and Rs.5,000/- towards funeral expenses. The courts below have not awarded any compensation towards loss of consortium and towards love and affection. In Rajesh & Ors. vs. Rajbir Singh & Ors. 6, and Jiju Kuruvi/a & Ors. vs. Kunjujamma Mohan & Ors. 7, this Court G 3(2003) 2 sec 274 4(2009) 6 sec 2so 5(2009) 13 sec 710 6 (2013) 9 sec 54 7 (2013) 9sec166 H 130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R. A has awarded substantial amount of Rs.1,00,000/- towards loss of consortium and Rs.1,00,000/- towards loss of love and affection. Following the same, in the case in hand, Rs.1,00,000/

- is awarded towards loss of consortium and Rs.1,00,000/-towards loss of love and affection to the minor children. B Towards loss of estate and funeral expenses, award of compensation of Rs.15,000/- awarded by the High Court is maintained. Thus, the claimants are entitled to a total compensation of Rs.6,47,000/-. 15. As against the award passed by the tribunal even C though the claimants have not preferred any appeal and even though the claimants have then prayed for compensation of Rs.2,96,480/-, for doing complete justice to the parties, exercising jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India, we deem it appropriate to award enhanced D compensation of Rs. 6,47,000/ to the claimants. 16. In situation of this nature, for doing complete justice to the parties, this Court has always exercised the jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. In Oriental E Insurance Company Limited vs. Brij Mohan and Ors., 8 this Court held as under:-

"13. However, Respondent 1 is a poor labourer. He had suffered grievous injuries. He had become disabled to a great extent. The amount of F compensation awarded in his favour appears to be on a lower side. In the aforementioned situation, although we reject the other contentions of Ms lndu Malhotra, we are inclined to exercise our extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of G India so as to direct that the award may be satisfied by the appellant but it would be entitled to realise the same from the owner of the tractor and the trolley wherefor it would not be necessary for it to initiate H 8 (2007) 7 sec 56 JITENDRAKHIMSHANKARTRIVEDI v. KASAM DAUD 131 KUMBHAR [R. BANUMATHI, J.] any separate proceedings for recovery of the amount A as provided for under the Motor Vehicles Act. "14. It is well settled that in a situation of this nature this Court in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India read with Article 136 B thereof can issue suit directions for doing complete justice to the parties". In Deddappa & Ors. vs. Branch Manager, National Insurance Company Limited, 9 it was observed as under:-c

"26. However, as the appellant hails from the lowest strata of society, we are of the opinion that in a case of this nature, we should, in exercise of our extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constit.ution of India, direct Respondent 1 to pay the D amount of claim to the appellants herein and recover the same from the owner of the vehicle viz. Respondent 2, particularly in view of the fact that no appeal was preferred by him. We direct accordingly". E 17. The next question falling for our consideration is the rate of interest to be awarded. The tribunal has awarded interest at the rate of 15 per cent which was reduced to 12 per cent by the High Court. The rate of interest awarded by both the courts is on higher side. In Amresh Kumari vs. Niranjan F Lal Jagdish Prasad Jain & Ors. 10 and Mohinder Kaur & Ors. vs. Hira Nand Sindhi (Ghoriwala) and Anr. 11 , this Court has awarded the compensation amount payable to the claimants with interest at the rate of 9 per cent. 18. The compensation reduced by the High Court G from Rs. 2,24,000/- to Rs.2,09,400/- is enhanced to 9 (2oosi 2 sec 595 10(2010)ACJ 551 11(2007)ACJ 2123 H 132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R.

A Rs.6,47,000/-. The quantum of compensation clatmed is KS.2,96,480/~ i.e. payable with interest at the rate of 9 per cent from the date of the filing of the claim petition till the date of payment. So far as the enhanced compensation of Rs.3,50,520/- is payable with interest at the rate of 9 per cent B from the date of filing of the special leave petition till the date of realization. The enhanced compensation of Rs.3,50,520/-alongwith accrued interest shall be equally divided between the appellants No.1 and 4 Jitendra Khimshankar Trivedi, Ku. Preeti Jitendra Trivedi (husband and daughter respectively of C the deceased-Jayvantiben Jitendra Khimshankar) in equal share. 19. In the result, impugned judgment of the High Court is modified and the appeal is partly allowed in the above terms. o In the facts and circumstances of the case, we make no order to as to costs. Devika Gujral Appeal partly allowed

[2015)2 S.C.R.120 A JITENDRA KHIMSHANKAR TRIVEDI & ORS. v. KASAM DAUD KUMBHAR & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 1415 of 2015) FEBRUARY 03, 2015 B [V. GOPALAGOWDAAND R. BANUMATHI, JJ.] Motor Vehicles Act, 1988: s. 166 - Compensation - Fatal accident due to rash and negligent driving - Deceased aged 22 years, a housewife and doing embroidery and knitting work C - Tribunal assessed the income of the deceased at Rs. 1500 p.m. -After deducting 113rd for personal expenses and after adopting multiplier of 18, tribunal calculated the loss of dependency at Rs. 2. 16 lacs - Driver/owner of offending vehicle filed appeal - High Court partly allowed the appeal 0 taking the income of the deceased at Rs. 1350 p. m. and deducting 1/3rd for personal expenses, held the claimants entitled to compensation of Rs. 2. 09 lacs - On claimant's appeal, held: Considering the nature of work and evidence of witnesses, the deceased would not have earned less than E Rs.3000 p.m. had she been alive - Even otherwise, as deceased was a home maker, it is reasonable to fix her income at Rs.3000. p.m. - Deducting 1/Jrd for personal expenses contribution of the deceased is calculated at F Rs.2,0001- p.m. - Taking multiplier to be adopted is 18- Total loss of dependency comes to Rs. 4, 32, 0001- (Rs. 2000 x 12 x

18) - Rs. 1, 00, 0001- awarded towards loss of consortium and Rs.1, 00, 0001- towards loss of love and affection to the minor children - Towards loss of estate and funeral expenses, award G of compensation of Rs. 15, 0001- awarded by the High Court is maintained - Thus, the claimants are entitled to a total compensation of Rs.6,47,0001- - As against the award passed by the tribunal even though the claimants have not preferred any appeal and even though the claimants have H 120 JITENDRA KHIMSHANKAR TRIVEDI & ORS. 121 v. KASAM DAUD KUMBHAR & ORS. then prayed for compensation of Rs.2.96 lacs for doing A complete justice to the parties, exercising jurisdiction u/Artic/e 142 of the Constitution of India, it is deemed appropriate to award enhanced compensation of Rs. 6,47,0001 to the claimants - Constitution of India, 1950 -Article 142. B

Partly allowing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. The tribunal observed that in the district of Kachchh embroidery work, stitching work and local traditional embroidery work is doing well and had the deceased been alive she would have earned Rs.1,5001- C per month. Deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses and adopting multiplier of 18, tribunal calculated the loss of dependency at Rs.2, 16,0001- (Rs.1000 x 12 x 18). Though in their cross-examination, parents-in-law deposed that they did not keep voucher and account books, D reasoning of the tribunal that the "embroidery and tailoring work is doing well in the district of Kachchh and that the deceased would have earned not less than Rs.1,500/- per month is well merited. The respondents E have not adduced any evidence to prove that the deceased was not doing any embroidery or tailoring work or the like. While so, in the light of the factual findings recorded by the tribunal, High Court was not justified in reducing the income of the deceased to F Rs.1,350/- per month from Rs.1,5001-. Thus, considering the nature of the work and the evidence of claimants' witnesses-father-in-law and mother-in-law of the deceased, had the deceased been alive she would have earned not less than Rs.3,0001- per month. [Paras 9 and G 1OJ [126-G-H; 127-A-E]

2. Even assuming that the deceased was not self-employed doing embroidery and tailoring work, the fact remained that she was a housewife and a home maker. It is hard to monetize the domestic work done by a H 122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R. A house-mother. The services of the mother/wife is available 24 hours and her duties are never fixed. Courts have recognized the contribution made by the wife to the house is invaluable and that it cannot be computed in terms of money. A house-wife/home-maker does not B work by the clock and she is in constant attendance of the family throughout and such services rendered by the home maker has to be necessarily kept in view while calculating the loss of dependency. Thus even otherwise, taking deceased as the home maker, it is C reasonable to fix her income at Rs.3,000/- per month. [Para 11] [127-E-H]

3. As against the award passed by the tribunal even though the claimants have not filed any appeal, but it is o obligatory on the part of courts/tribunals to award just and reasonable compensation. In order to award just and reasonable compensation, the income of the deceased is taken as Rs.3000/- per month. Deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses contribution of the deceased is E calculated at Rs.2,000/- per month. At the time of her death deceased was aged about 22 years, proper multiplier to be adopted is 18. Adopting multiplier of 18, total loss of dependency is calculated at Rs.4,32,000/- (Rs.2000 x 12 x18). Rs.1,00,000/- is awarded towards loss of consortium F and Rs.1,00,000/- towards loss of love and affection to the minor children. Towards loss of estate and funeral expenses, award of compensation of Rs.15,000/-awarded by the High Court is maintained. Thus, the claimants are entitled to a total compensation of G Rs.6,47 ,000/-. As against the award passed by the tribunal even though the claimants have not preferred any appeal and even though the claimants haye then prayed for compensation of Rs.2,96,480/-, for doing complete justice to the parties, exercising jurisdiction under Article 142 of H the Constitution of India, it is deemed appropriate to JITENDRA KHIMSHANKAR TRIVEDI & ORS. 123 v. KASAM DAUD KUMBHAR & ORS.

award enhanced compensation of Rs. 6,47,000/- to the A claimants. [Paras 13 to 15] [129-C-E; 130-A-D] General Manager, Kera/a S. R. TC. v. Susamma Thomas (1994) 2 SCC 176; Arun Kumar Agrawal & Anr. v. National Insurance Company Ltd. (2010) 9 SCC 218: 2010 (9) SCR B 303; Nagappa v. Gurudaya/Singh (2003) 2 sec 274: 2002 (4) Suppl. SCR 499; Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. v. Mohd. Nasir (2009) 6 SCC 280:2009 (8) SCR 829; Ningamma v. United India Insurance Company Ltd. (2009) 13 SCC 710 : 2009 (8) SCR 683; Rajesh v. Rajbir Singh c (2013) 9 SCC 54: 2013 (5) SCR 961; Jiju Kuruvila v. Kunjujamma Mohan (2013) 9 SCC 166: 2013 (7) SCR 276; Oriental Insurance Company Limited v. Brij Mohan (2007) 7 SCC 56: 2007 (6) SCR 843; Deddappa v. Branch Manager, National Insurance Company Limited (2008) 2 SCC o 595:2007(13) SCR 287; Amresh Kumari v. Niranjan Lal Jagdish Prasad Jain (2010) ACJ 551; Mohinder Kaurv. Hira Nand Sindhi (Ghoriwala) (2007) ACJ 2123 - relied on. Case Law Reference E (1994) 2 sec 116 Relied on. Para 4 2010 (9) SCR 303 Relied on. Para 12 2002 (4) Suppl. SCR 499 Relied on. Para 13 F 2009 (8) SCR 829 Relied on. Para 13 2009 (8) SCR 683 Relied on. Para 13 2013 (5) SCR 961 Relied on. Para 14 2013 (7) SCR 276 Relied on. Para 14 G 2007 (6) SCR 843 Relied on. Para 16 2007 (13) SCR 287 Relied on. Para 16 (2010)ACJ 551 Relied on. Para 17 (2007) ACJ 2123 Relied on. Para 17 H 124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R. A CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1415of2015

From the Judgment and Order dated 16.01.2012 of the High Court of Gujarat atAhmedabad in FirstAppeal No. 4021 B of 1998 Yadunandan Bansal, Abhijat P. Medh for the Appellants. P. K. Seth, Manjeet Chawla, Sunanda Roy for the Respondents. c The Judgment of the Court was delivered by R. BANUMATHI, J. 1. Delay condoned. Leave granted. 2. Being dissatisfied with the quantum of compensation awarded by the High Court of Gujarat in FirstAppeal No. 4021 0 of 1998 dated 16.1.2012, the claimants have filed this appeal seeking enhancement of compensation on account of death of Smt. Jayvantiben Jitendra Trivedi in a motor accident on 21.9.1990. E 3. Undisputed facts emerging from this case can be briefly stated as under:- On 21.9.1990 respondent No.1 while driving tempo bearing registration No. GQY-4701 in a rash and negligent manner lost the control over it and hit Smt. Jayvantiben F Jitendra Trivedi (deceased) who subsequently succumbed to injuries. Appellant No.1 is the husband of deceased and appellant Nos. 2 to 5 are husband's sisters, daughter and father-in-law respectively of the deceased Jayvantiben. Claimants filed claim petition before the Motor Accidents G Claims Tribunal, Bhuj-Kachchh, Gujarat, interalia, claiming compensation under different heads to the tune of Rs.2,96,480/

- along with interest at the rate of 18 per cent per annum. The appellants averred in the claim petition that the deceased was a housewife at the time of accident and was aged 22 years H and that she was doing embroidery and knitting work and was JITENDRAKHIMSHANKARTRIVEDI v. KASAM DAUD 125 KUMBHAR [R. BANUMATHI, J.] earning Rs.900/- per month from the said work and was A maintaining her family. Respondents No. 1 and 2 did not enter into defence. Respondent No.3-lnsurance Company has filed counter statement denying averments made in the claim petition and contended that the compensation claimed is on the higher side. B 4. After considering the oral and documentary evidence, the tribunal came to the conclusion that the death of Smt. Jayvantiben Jitendra Trivedi was caused due to the rash and negligent driving of respondent No.1. Based on the oral c testimony of witnesses, tribunal came to the conclusion that deceased was earning Rs.900/- per month. Relying upon the decision in General Manager, Kera/a S.R. TC. vs. Susamma Thomas & Ors. 1, the tribunal assessed the income of the deceased at Rs.1,500/- per month. After deducting 1/3'd for D personal expenses and after adopting multiplier of 18, tribunal has calculated the loss of dependency at Rs.2, 16,000/-. Adding conventional damages Rs.8,000/-, vide award dated 30.4.1998, the tribunal awarded total compensation of Rs.2,24,000/-with interest at the rate of 15 per cent per annum. E

5. Being aggrieved by the award of the tribunal, respondents filed appeal being First Appeal No.402111998 under Section 171 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 before the High Court of Gujarat atAhmedabad. Vide impugned judgment F dated 16.1.2012, the High Court partly allowed the appeal taking the income of the deceased at Rs.1,350/- per month and deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses, the High Court held that the claimants are entitled to compensation of Rs.2,09,400/ - along with interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum from G the date of filing of the claim petition till the date of realization. 6. Learned counsel for the claimants submitted that the owner has neither filed written statement nor contested the 1 (1994)2 sec 175 H 126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R. A claim petition before the tribunal and while so the insurance company cannot challenge the award on merits. It was further submitted that the High Court did not keep in view that the deceased was self-employed person apart from being a home maker and while so, the High Court erred in reducing the B compensation as well as the rate of interest.

7. Learned counsel forthe respondents contended that in the absence of furnishing documentary proof like receipts of work, accounts books, any authenticated evidence of income c no reliance can be placed on oral testimony to prove that the deceased was earning income as self-employed at the time of accident. Further, it is asserted that the deceased being self-employed therefore no enhancement in income could be lawfully granted in the light offuture prospects of the deceased. D 8. Admittedly, claimants adduced only oral testimony of the witnesses to substantiate their claim that deceased was self-employed and was earning Rs.900/- per month. Smt. Godavariben Khimshankar Trivedi-mother-in-law and Shri E Khimshankar Raguram Trivedi, father-in-law have deposed to the effect that deceased at the time of accident was doing tailoring, embroidery and knitting and was earning Rs.900/-per month. They further deposed that their daughters were also doing the same work as the deceased Jayvantiben Jitendra F Trivedi was then doing and that their daughters were earning Rs.3,000/- per month and had the deceased been alive, she would have also earned Rs.3,000/- per month.

9. The tribunal observed that in the district of Kachchh embroidery work, stitching work and local traditional G embroidery work is doing well and had the deceased been alive she would have earned Rs.1,500/- per month. Deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses and adopting multiplier of 18, tribunal has calculated the loss of dependency at Rs.2, 16,000/ -(Rs.1000x12x18 ). Though in their cross-examination, Smt. H Godavariben KhimshankarTrivedi and Khimshankar Raguram JITENDRAKHIMSHANKARTRIVEDI v. KASAM DAUD 127 KUMBHAR [R. BANUMATHI, J.] Trivedi deposed that they did not keep voucher and account A books, reasoning of the tribunal that the embroidery and tailoring work is doing well in the district of Kachchh and that the deceased would have earned not less than Rs.1,500/- per m.onth is well merited. It is to be pointed out that the respondents have not adduced any evidence to prove that the deceased B was not doing any embroidery or tailoring work or the like. While so, in the light of the factual findings recorded by the tribunal, High Court was not justified in reducing the income of the deceased to Rs.1,350/- per month from Rs.1,500/-. c

10. As noticed earlier, tribunal has taken the income of the deceased at Rs.1,500/- whereas the High Court has assessed the income of the deceased at Rs.1,350/- per month. As observed by the tribunal, embroidery work, stitching work and local traditional embroidery work was doing well in the o district of Kachchh and there was good earning. Considering the nature of the work and the evidence of claimants' witnesses-father-in-law and mother-in-law of the deceased, had the deceased Jayvantiben been alive she would have earned not less than Rs.3,000/- per month. E 11. Even assuming Jayvantiben Jitendra Trivedi was not self-employed doing embroidery and tailoring work, the fact remains that she was a housewife and a home maker. It is hard to monetize the domestic work done by a house-mother. The services of the mother/wife is available 24 hours and her F duties are never fixed. Courts have recognized the contribution made by the wife to the house is invaluable and that it cannot be computed in terms of money. A house-wife/home-maker does not work by the clock and she is in constant attendance G of the family throughout and such services rendered by the home maker has to be necessarily kept in view while calculating the loss of dependency. Thus even otherwise, taking deceased Jayvantiben Jitendra Trivedi as the home maker, it is reasonable to fix her income at Rs.3,000/- per month. H 128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R.

A 12. Recognizing the services of the home maker and that domestic services have to be recognized in terms of money, in Arun Kumar Agrawal & Anr. vs. National Insurance Company Ltd. & Ors. 2, this Court has held as under:-"The alternative to imputing money values is to B measure the time taken to produce these services and compare these with the time that is taken to produce goods and services which are commercially viable. One has to admit that in the long run, the services rendered by women in the household sustain c a supply of labour to the economy and keep human societies going by weaving the social fabric and keeping it in good repair. If we take these services for granted and do not attach any value to this, this may escalate the unforeseen costs in terms of deterioration D of both human capabilities and social fabric.

Household work performed by women throughout India is more than US $612.8 billion per year (Evangelical Social Action Forum and Health Bridge, p. 17). We E often forget that the time spent by women in doing household work as homemakers is the time which they can devote to paid work or to their education. Th is lack of sensitiveness and recognition of their work mainly contributes to women's high rate of poverty and their F consequential oppression in society, as well as various physical, social and psychological problems. The cou.ts and tribunals should do well to factor these considerations in assessing compensation for housewives who are victims of road accidents and quantifying the amount in the name of fixing "just compensation".G 13. The tribunal has awarded Rs.2,24,000/- as against the same, claimants have not filed any appeal. As against the award passed by the tribunal when the claimants have not filed H 2(2010) g sec 21 a JITENDRAKHIMSHANKARTRIVEDI v. KASAM DAUD 129 KUMBHAR [R. BANUMATHI, J.]

any appeal, the question arises whether the income of the A deceased could be increased and compensation could be enhanced. In terms of Section 168 of the Motor Vehicles Act, the courts/tribunals are to pass awards determining the amount of compensation as to be fair and reasonable and accepted by the legal standards. The power of the courts in awarding B reasonable compensation was emphasized by this Court in Nagappa vs. Gurudayal Singh & Ors. 3, Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. vs. Mohd. Nasir & Anr. 4, and Ningamma & Anr. vs. United India Insurance Company Ltd. 5. As against the award passed by the tribunal even though the claimants c have not filed any appeal, as it is obligatory on the part of courts/ tribunals to award just and reasonable compensation, it is appropriate to increase the compensation.

14. In order to award just and reasonable compensation 0income of the deceased is taken as Rs.3000/- per month. Deducting 1/3'd for personal expenses contribution of the deceased and the family is calculated at Rs.2,000/- per month. At the time of her death deceased Jayvantiben was aged about 22 years, proper multiplier to be adopted is 18. Adopting multiplier of 18, total loss of dependency is calculated at E Rs.4,32,000/- (Rs.2000 x 12 x 18). With respect to the award of compensation under conventional heads, tribunal has awarded Rs.5,000/- towards loss of estate and Rs.3,000/-towards funeral expenses totaling Rs.8,000/-. The High Court has awarded conventional damages of Rs.15,000/- i.e. F Rs.10,000/- towards loss of estate and Rs.5,000/- towards funeral expenses. The courts below have not awarded any compensation towards loss of consortium and towards love and affection. In Rajesh & Ors. vs. Rajbir Singh & Ors. 6, and Jiju Kuruvi/a & Ors. vs. Kunjujamma Mohan & Ors. 7, this Court G 3(2003) 2 sec 274 4(2009) 6 sec 2so 5(2009) 13 sec 710 6 (2013) 9 sec 54 7 (2013) 9sec166 H 130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R. A has awarded substantial amount of Rs.1,00,000/- towards loss of consortium and Rs.1,00,000/- towards loss of love and affection. Following the same, in the case in hand, Rs.1,00,000/

- is awarded towards loss of consortium and Rs.1,00,000/-towards loss of love and affection to the minor children. B Towards loss of estate and funeral expenses, award of compensation of Rs.15,000/- awarded by the High Court is maintained. Thus, the claimants are entitled to a total compensation of Rs.6,47,000/-. 15. As against the award passed by the tribunal even C though the claimants have not preferred any appeal and even though the claimants have then prayed for compensation of Rs.2,96,480/-, for doing complete justice to the parties, exercising jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India, we deem it appropriate to award enhanced D compensation of Rs. 6,47,000/ to the claimants. 16. In situation of this nature, for doing complete justice to the parties, this Court has always exercised the jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. In Oriental E Insurance Company Limited vs. Brij Mohan and Ors., 8 this Court held as under:-

"13. However, Respondent 1 is a poor labourer. He had suffered grievous injuries. He had become disabled to a great extent. The amount of F compensation awarded in his favour appears to be on a lower side. In the aforementioned situation, although we reject the other contentions of Ms lndu Malhotra, we are inclined to exercise our extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of G India so as to direct that the award may be satisfied by the appellant but it would be entitled to realise the same from the owner of the tractor and the trolley wherefor it would not be necessary for it to initiate H 8 (2007) 7 sec 56 JITENDRAKHIMSHANKARTRIVEDI v. KASAM DAUD 131 KUMBHAR [R. BANUMATHI, J.] any separate proceedings for recovery of the amount A as provided for under the Motor Vehicles Act. "14. It is well settled that in a situation of this nature this Court in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India read with Article 136 B thereof can issue suit directions for doing complete justice to the parties". In Deddappa & Ors. vs. Branch Manager, National Insurance Company Limited, 9 it was observed as under:-c

"26. However, as the appellant hails from the lowest strata of society, we are of the opinion that in a case of this nature, we should, in exercise of our extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constit.ution of India, direct Respondent 1 to pay the D amount of claim to the appellants herein and recover the same from the owner of the vehicle viz. Respondent 2, particularly in view of the fact that no appeal was preferred by him. We direct accordingly". E 17. The next question falling for our consideration is the rate of interest to be awarded. The tribunal has awarded interest at the rate of 15 per cent which was reduced to 12 per cent by the High Court. The rate of interest awarded by both the courts is on higher side. In Amresh Kumari vs. Niranjan F Lal Jagdish Prasad Jain & Ors. 10 and Mohinder Kaur & Ors. vs. Hira Nand Sindhi (Ghoriwala) and Anr. 11 , this Court has awarded the compensation amount payable to the claimants with interest at the rate of 9 per cent. 18. The compensation reduced by the High Court G from Rs. 2,24,000/- to Rs.2,09,400/- is enhanced to 9 (2oosi 2 sec 595 10(2010)ACJ 551 11(2007)ACJ 2123 H 132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 2 S.C.R.

A Rs.6,47,000/-. The quantum of compensation clatmed is KS.2,96,480/~ i.e. payable with interest at the rate of 9 per cent from the date of the filing of the claim petition till the date of payment. So far as the enhanced compensation of Rs.3,50,520/- is payable with interest at the rate of 9 per cent B from the date of filing of the special leave petition till the date of realization. The enhanced compensation of Rs.3,50,520/-alongwith accrued interest shall be equally divided between the appellants No.1 and 4 Jitendra Khimshankar Trivedi, Ku. Preeti Jitendra Trivedi (husband and daughter respectively of C the deceased-Jayvantiben Jitendra Khimshankar) in equal share. 19. In the result, impugned judgment of the High Court is modified and the appeal is partly allowed in the above terms. o In the facts and circumstances of the case, we make no order to as to costs. Devika Gujral Appeal partly allowed