[2015] 12S.C.R.115 D. N. JEEVARAJ A v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF KARNATAKA& ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 13785 of 2015) B NOVEMBER27, 2015 [MADAN B. LOKUR ANDS. A. BOBDE, JJ.]

Lease: Allotment of plot to the appellant no. 1 and also to appellant no. 1 by BOA - Lease-cum-sale agreement c entered by both the appellants with BOA - Application by appellants for amalgamation, rejected - Appellants then sought sanction of construction of ground/stilt floor and two upper floors and started construction which was granted -Writ petition filed by public interest litigant, based on a news D report alleging illegal construction by appellants and praying for resumption of plot by authorities- Notices issued by High Court - Meanwhile, appellants applied for modification of sanctioned building plan, which was granted - High Court held that the two plots were amalgamated despite refusal to E grant permission to do so by the BOA and also that the homogenous structure had come up on the amalgamated plot and thus there was violation of lease-cum-sale agreement- High Court quashed the orders sanctioning the building construction plans in favour of the appellants and F ,directed the BOA to take action against them in terms of condition no. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement - On appeal, Held: There has been no violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement or sanction plan for construction - Corrective G measures can always be made by the owner of a building until an occupancy certificate or a completion certificate is granted - As long as the building conforms t(., the terms of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the building regulations and bye-laws, no objection can be taken to the construction H 115

116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A - The mere existence of some deviations in the buildings does not lead to any definite conclusion that there is either a breach or a violation of condition of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the building plan. B . Public interest litigation: Scope of - Held: In issues pertaining to good governance, the courts ought to be somewhat more liberal in entertaining public interest litigation. Administrative law: Exercise of discretion by statutory C authority- Judicial review- Scope of, discussed.

Allowing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1. Condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement is breached or violated under three D circumstances: (i) If the plot is sub-divided or (ii) If more than one building is constructed thereon for the purposes of human habitation or (iii) If an apartment whether attached to the building or not is used as a shop or a warehouse etc. As far as the first circumstance is E concern~d, there is no allegation that either of the appellants have sub-divided their respective plot. The allegatiol'.l (though denied) is to the contrary, which is that they have amalgamated their plots. Assuming the F allegation is substantiated, it can be said at best, that they have acted contrary to the letter whereby the prayer for amalgamation was rejected but there is no breach or violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. ·There is no sub-division of the plots and to G that extent there is no violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. As regards the second and third circumstance, it is nobody's case that more than one building has been constructed on either of the plots ~r that the building or any part thereof is used as a shop H or warehouse etc. [Paras 22 to 24] [131-C-H; 132-A] D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 117 KARNATAKA

2. The plea of writ petitioner was that after the writ A petition was filed, both the appellants made some changes and demolished a part of the structure by way of damage control so that it appears that there is a separate building on each plot. This plea cannot be accepted. The writ petition was filed by her at a time B when the construction was in progress - in fact, it is still not complete. It is true that substantial progress was made in the construction but nevertheless the appellants could make changes therein until the grant of an occupancy certificate by the BBMP. It would be a bit far- C fetched to assume, in a case such as the present, that an incomplete structure that can be modified is per se contrary to the building bye-laws or the lease-cum-sale agreement especially when changes or modifications 0could be made therein. Corrective measures can always be made by the owner of a building until an occupancy certificate or a completion certificate is granted. Merely because a building has some deviations from the sanctioned plan, either at the initial stage or later on in E the construction, does not necessarily mean that the construction is per se illegal unless the deviations are irremediable, in which event an occupancy certificate or completion certificate will not be granted. Changes and. modifications may be made as required by the building F bye-laws or by the municipal authority and this is precisely what has happened so far as the present case is.concerned, which is that to bring the construction in conformity with the building regulations, a part of the building was demolished by he appellants. The stage at G which the modifications are made is not of any consequence, as long as they are made before the occupancy certificate or a completion certificate is granted. [Paras 25 to 27] [132-C-H; 133-A-F] H

118 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A 3. Condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement does not prohibit the construction of a multi-storeyed building on the plot as long as the construction is of a dwelling house which is used wholly for human habitation and not as a shop or a warehouse or for other B commercial purposes. As long as the building conforms to the terms of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the building regulations and bye-laws, no objection can be taken to the construction, however large or ungainly it might be. In this regard, the BOA is on record to C specifically say that there is no violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the BBMP is on record to say that there is no violation of the sanctioned plan, except for some deviations. The BBMP is also on record to say D that unless the buildings are in conformity with the sanctioned plan and the building regulations, no occupancy certificate will be granted to the appellants. [Para 28] [133-G-H; 134-A-C]

4. The contention that second appellant is an E influential politician in Karnataka and was also its Chief Minister at the relevant time and that made it impossible for any of ~he statutory authorities to come to any conclusion adverse to his interest despite an ex facie F and egregious violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement is not tenable particularly in the absence of any material on record. That apart, it may be recalled that even when second appellant applied for amalgamation of his plot with that of first appellant, he G was an influential politician in Karnataka being the Deputy Leader of the Opposition. Notwithstanding this, the BOA rejected the request of amalgamating his plot with that fir$t appellant's plot. Additionally, even while writ petition was pending in the High Court and second H appellant was the Chief Minister of Karnataka, an D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 119 KAR NATAKA

inspection of the premises was carried out by the A · Assistant Director, Town Planning and the Assistant Executive Engineer of the BBMP. They pointed out · certain deviations in the construction and the BBMP did. state on affidavit that appropriate action would be taken in this regard and that an occupancy certificate would B be issued only after the BBMP is satisfied that the construction is in accordance with law. It is difficult to assume, under these circumstances, that the second appellant exercised his influence as the Chief Minister of Karnataka to arm-twist the BBMP since the inspection C report was not entirely in his favour. This is not to say that in no circumstance can a statutory body not be influenced by a politician who has considerable clout. A lot depends on the facts of each case and the 0 surrounding circumstances. Insofar as the present case is concerned, in spite of the clout that second appellant may have wielded in Karnataka, his actions relating to the construction of the building on his plot of land do not suggest any abuse. Undoubtedly, there are some E deviations in the construction which will surely be taken care of by the BBMP which has categorically stated on affidavit that an occupancy certificate will be given only if the building constructed conforms to the sanctioned plan and the building bye-laws. [Paras 31, 32) [135-C-H; F 136-A-C]

5. Public Interest Litigation. Generally speaking, procedural technicalities ought to take a back seat in public interest litigation. In issues pertaining to good G governance, the courts ought to be somewhat more liberal in entertaining public interest litigation. However, in matters that may not be of moment or a litigation essentially directed against one organization or individual ought not to be entertained or should be rarely H 120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R. A entertained. Other remedies are also available to public spirited litigants and they should be encouraged to avail of such remedies. [Para 36] [136-0-E; 137-C-O]

6. ~xercise of discretion. Where discretion is B required to be exercised by a statutory authority, it must be permitted to do so. It is not for the courts to take over the discretion available to a statutory authority and render a clecision. In the present case, the High Court has virtually taken over the function of the BOA by C requiring it to take action against the appellants. Clause 10 of the l1ease-cum-sale agreement gives discretion to the BOA to take action against the lessee in the event of a default i.n payment of rent or committing breach of the conditions of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the D provisions of law. This will, of course, require a notice being given to the alleged defaulter followed by a hearing and then a decision in the matter. By taking over the functions of the BOA in this regard, the High Court has given a complete go-bye to the procedural requirements E and has mandated a particular course of action to be taken by the BOA. It is quite possible that if the BOA is allowed to exercise its discretion it may not necessarily direct forfeiture of the lease but that was sought to be F pre-empted by the direction given by the High Court which, acted beyond its jurisdiction in this regard. [Para 41] [139-C, E-G; 140-A-C] R & M Trust v. Koramangala Residents Vigilance Group (2005) 3 sec 91: 2005 (1) SCR 582; G Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of u. P 1989 Supp (1) sec 504: 1988 (2) Suppl.

SCR 690; Union of India v. S.8. Vohra (2004) 2 SCC 150: 2004 (1) SCR 36; Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. v. Union of India (197 4) 2 SCC 630: H 1975 (1) SCR 956- relied on. D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 121 KARNATAKA 7. If a court is of the opinion that a statutory A authority cannot take an independent or impartial decision due to some external or internal pressure, it must give its reasons for coming to that conclusion. The reasons given by the court for disabling the statutory authority from taking a decision can always be tested B and if the reasons are found to be inadequate, the decision. of the court to by-pass the statutory authority can always be set aside. If the reasons are cogent, then in an exceptional case, the court may take a decision without leaving it to· the statutory authority to do so. C · However, if the court were to take over the decision taking power of the statutory authority it must only be in exceptional circumstances and not as a routine. Insofar as the present case is concerned, the High Court has 0 not given any reason why it virtually took over the decision taking function of the authorities and for this reason alone the mandamus issued by the High Court deserves to be set aside, apart from the merits of the case. [Para 43] [141-B-E] E Mansukh/a/ Vithaldas Chauhan v. State of Gujarat (1997) 1sec622: 1997 (3) Suppl. SCR 705-relied on. Case Law Reference F

2005 (1) SCR 582 relied on. Para 19 1988 (2) Suppl. SCR 690 relied on. Para 34 2004 (1) SCR 36 relied on. Para 36 G 1975 (1) SCR 956 relied on. Para 38 .· 1997 (3) Suppl. SCR 705 relied on . Para 42 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTiON : Civil Appeal No. 13785of2015. H 122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A From the Judgment and Order dated 19.10.2012 of the Division Bench of High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Writ Petition No. 30568 of 2011 (BDA-PIL) WITH C. A. No. 13786 of 2015 B T, R. Andhyarujina, Basava Prabhu S. Patil, S.N. Bh~t, Ravi Panwar, B. Subrahmanya Prasad, Nishanth Patil, Anirudh Sanganeria, Chinmay Deshpande, Amjid Maqbool, Prashant .c Bhush~m, Pranav Sachdeva, Neha Rathi, E.C. Vidya Sagar, Jennifer John, Subhash Chandra Sagar, B.K. Gautam, S. K. Kulkarni, M. Gireesh Kumar, Ankur S. Kulkarni, V. N. Raghupathy for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D MADAN B. LOKUR, J. 1. Leave granted in both petitions.

2. The question for consideration is whether the appellants (Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj) have per se E violated the terms of the lease-cum-sale agreement that they have ihdividually entered into with the Bangalore Development Authority (for short 'the BOA') by constructing a multi-storeyed residential building on the plots allotted to them. The alternative question is whether the construction made by them is contrary F to the plan sanctioned by the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (for short 'the BBMP') and thereby violated the lease-cum-sale agreement with the BOA. The term of the lease-cum-sale agreement alleged to have been violated is clause 4 which reads as follows: G "4. The Lessee/Purchaser shall not sub-divide the property or construct more than one dwelling house in it. The expression 'dwelling house' means building constructed to be used wholly for human habitation and H shall not include any apartments to the building whether D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 123 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] attached thereto or not, used as a shop or a building of A warehouse or building in which manufactory operations are conducted by mechanical power or otherwise. (a) The Lessee shall plant at least two trees in the site leased to him." B

3. In our opinion, both the questions are required to be answered in the negative. There has been no violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the sanction plan for construction such as to violate the lease-cum-sale agreement with the BOA. cThe facts 4. On or about 5th March, 2002 Sadananda Gowda (the then Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly in Karnataka) addressed a letter to the Chief Minister of Karnataka requesting for allotment of a plot from the D Bangalore Development Authority. This request was favourably considered and he was allotted plot No. 2-B in HSR layout, Sector-3, Bangalore measuring 50 ft x 80 ft. on 30th August, 2006 in terms of the Bangalore DevelopmentAuthority (Site Allotment) Rules, 2006. 1 In accordance with the requir.ed E formalities, Sadananda Gowda executed an affidavit on 1st September, 2006 in the form of an undertaking with the BDA in which it was stated as follows:-"4. In the event that any false statements or declarations F furnished and sworn to and declared in this Affidavit and in the event that I violate any conditions of site allotment, the Authorities are empowered to resume such building and site without granting any compensation to me and BDA is entitled to and empowered to resume the site for G which BDA is authorized and I hereby declare so and I hereby swear accordingly."

1 Learned counsel for Nagalaxmi Bai mentioned that the discretionary allotment was not warranted but that was not pressed nor is it an 'issue H before us. 124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A Pursuant to the execution of the affidavit and completion of all necessa~y administrative formalities, the BOA executed a lease-cum-sale agreement in favour of Sadananda Gowda on 2nd February, 2007 and on the same day handed over possession of the plot to him. ·B 5. As far as Jeevaraj is concerned,· he too made a request an or about 14th September, 2004 for the allotment of a plot to the Chief Minister of Karnataka and was allotted a plot by the BOA. Subsequently and on his request, the allotment C was changed to plot no. 13-B in HSR layout, Sector-3, Bangalore on 30th October, 2008. The area of Jeevaraj's plot is also 59 ft. x 80 ft. and it is adjacent to the plot allotted to Sadananda Gowda. Jeevaraj too completed all necessary administrative formalities and was handed over possession D of the plat on 241h November, 2008. 6. On 4th June, 2009 both Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj moved an application before the BOA to amalgamate their plats. The request was rejected by the BOA and E commun'icated to them on 24th September, 2009 and there is no dispute or doubt with regard to the validity of the reasol'ls for turning down the proposal for amalgamation.

7. Thereafter, both Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj F made separate applications for sanction of a building plan to the BBMP. The building plans were for the construction of a ground/stilt floor and two upper floors. The plans were considered by the BBMP and sanctioned on 22nd July, 2010. At this stf':lge, it may be noted that there was some confusion G with regard to the sanctioned construction but during the course of hearing it was clarified that the sanction was for a ground/ stilt floor and two upper floors. 8. Based on the sanction so granted, the construction of H the buildings began on the plots owned by Sadananda Gowda D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 125 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] and Jeevaraj. A 9. On 2"d August, 2011 the Bangalore Mirror newspaper carried a story alleging that Sadananda Gowda was making an illegal construction on the plot allotted to him and Jeevaraj by amalgamating the two plots. The newspaper carried B photographs of the construction which showed one composite building under construction on the two plots and it was alleged that the building under construction was a five storeyed building. It was also alleged that a part of the building was to be used for commercial purposes although the allotment was C for a residential purpose.

10. Apparently based on the newspaper report (and perhaps her own research) one Nagalaxmi Bai filed a Writ Petition in the Karnataka High Court on 4th August, 2011 D wherein a prayer was made for a declaration that the building being constructed on the plots above mentioned having been allotted to Sadananda Gowda by the BDA is an illegally constructed building and that the BDA ought to resume the site along with the building and forfeit any amount paid in this E behalf by Sadananda Gowda. The parties to the writ petition were the State of Karnataka (respondent Nos. 1 and 2), the BDA (respondent No. 3), the Commissioner of Police (respondent No. 4 but later deleted) and Sadananda Gowda (respondent No. 5). Later, the BBMP was impleaded as F respondent No. 6 and Jeevaraj was impleaded as respondent No. 7 in the High Court. 11. For the reGord, it maybe mentioned that on 41hAugust, 2011 the day the writ petition was filed, Sadananda Gowda G was appointed as the Chief Minister of Karnataka. · 12. The essence of the grievance of Nagalaxmi Bai was that first of all the two adjacent plots were amalgamated despite refusal by the BDA and a composite or consolidated building H 126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A was impermissibly constructed on them and therefore there was a per se violation of the lease-cum-sale deed entered into by Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj with the BOA.

Secondly the constructed building was not in conformity with the sanctiol'.led plan approved by the BBMP and therefore there B was a violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement with the BOA and the affidavit in the form of an undertaking given to the BOA. It was also alleged that contrary to the lease-cum-sale deed, the building was intended to be used for commercial purposes. These were the three principal grievances raised by Nagalaxmi c Bai. 13. The High Court admitted the writ petition and issued notice to the respondents on 101h January, 2012. o 14. 111 the meanwhile, Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj moved applications for modification of the sanctioned building plan. There is no dispute that this was permissible. The request was considered by the BBMP and on 26th September/3'd October, 2011 sanction was granted for the construction of a E basement, ground floor and tl:lree upper floors on each plot. After admission of the writ petition, the modified building plan was further modified on the request of Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj and construction was permitted by the BBMP on 121h June/22"d June, 2012 for a building having a basement, ground F floor and three upper floors entirely for residential purposes. Responses in the High Court 15. In response to the writ petition, affidavits were filed G by the BOA, the BBMP, Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj.

16. The BOA denied that the two plots in question had been amalgamated and it also stated that it had no role in the sanctioning of building plans. The BBMP stated that the 1-1 allegation that a five storeyed building had been constructed D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 127 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] was not correct nor was it correct that the building was being A used for commercial purposes. In fact, it was submitted that the construction had not been completed and so it could not be assumed that the building was in violation of the sanctioned building plans or was to be used for commercial purposes. Attention was drawn to Section 310 of the Karnataka Municipal B Corporations Act, 19762 which provided that a building cannot be occupied or permitted to be occupied without permission from the Commissioner. 3 It was submitted that Sadananda Gowda would be permitted to occupy the building only after an inspection of the building and compliance with the C sanctioned plan. 17. The BBMP further stated (in the additional statement of objections filed on 9th October, 2012 just a few days before ,. judgment was delivered) that the permissible floor area ratio D of the plot in question is 2.25 and the permissible coverage is 2 Section 310-Completion certificate and permission to occupy or use

(1) Every person shall, within one month after the compl.etion of the erection of a building or the execution of any such work, deliver or send or cause to be delivered or sent to the Commissioner at his office notice in writing of such completion, accompanied by a certificate in the form prescribed in E the bye-laws signed and subscribed in the manner prescribed and shall give to the Commissioner all necessary facilities for the inspection of· such buildings or of such work and shall apply for permission to occupy the building. (1 A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1 ), where permission is granted to any person for erection of a building having more than one floor, such person shall, within one month after completion F of execution of any of the floors of such building, deliver or send or cause to be delivered or sent to the Commissioner at his office, a notice in writing of such completion accompanied by a certificate in the form . prescribed in the bye-laws, signed and subscribed in the manner prescribed and shall give to the Commissioner all necessary facilities for inspection. of such floor of the building and may apply for permission to occupy such floor of the building. G (2) No person shall occupy or permit to be occupied any such building, or part of the building or use or permit to be used the building or part thereof affected by any work, until,- (a) permission has been received from the Commissioner in this behalf, or

(b) The Commissioner has failed for thirty days after receipt of the notice of completion to intimate his refusal of the said permission. 3 This is usually known as a 'completion certificate' or an 'occupancy certificate' H 128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A 65%. However, since Sadananda Gowda had purchased transferable development rights, he is entitled to a floor area ratio of 3.60 and permissible coverage is 82.5%. The BBMP gave a chart of the permissible floor area ratio, the permissible coverage area and what has been achieved in the modified B sanctioned plan. This is as follows: S.No. Details As per the Achieved as against modified plan the modified plan 1. Permissible floor area 3.60 2.562 ratiq 2. Permissible coverable 82.50% 64.03% c area It was specifically stated by the BBMP that "The modified plan now sanctioned is purely for residential purpose." The BBMP further stated that an inspection of the building was D carried out by the Assistant Director, Town Planning and Assistant Executive Engineer of the BBMP IJl(ith reference to ., the sanctioned plan. During the inspection, certain deviations were noticed and appropriate action would be taken in that regard under the ·Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act and E that an occupancy certificate would be issued only after the BBMP is satisfied that the construction meets the requirements of law.

18. Sadananda Gowda also filed an affidavit in the High F Court in which he denied any violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the sanctioned building plan. He denied that a five storeyed building was constructed or that the two plots in question were amalgamated. He submitted that an area of. 20% could be earmarked for commercial activity and that he G had not violated the sanctioned building plan. Jeevaraj also filed a more or less similar affidavit emphasizing, however, that no relief was claimed against him in the writ petition. Decision of the High Court H 19. After going through the affidavits filed by the various D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 129 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

parties and after hearing learned counsel, the High Court A allowed the writ petition filed by Nagalaxmi Bai by its impugned judgment and order dated 191h October, 2012. The High Court held that the two plots of Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj were amalgamated despite the refusal to grant permission to do so by the BOA and also that a 'homogenous structure' had come B up on the amalgamated plots. There was, therefore, a violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. The High Court also held that the building plan sanctioned by the BBMP on 22nct July, 2010 was in violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement and that the subsequent C modifications were an exercise in 'belated damage control'. The High Court considered the decision of this Court in R &M · Trust v. Koramangala Residents Vigilance Group4 and held it inapplicable to the facts of the case. Accordingly, the High 0 Court quashed the orders sanctioning the building construction plans in favour of Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj by the BBMP and directed the BDA to take action against them in terms of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement as well as the affidavit in the form of an undertaking given by them E to the BDA for abiding by the terms and conditions thereof and the allotment rules. 20. The sum and substance of the decision of the High Court is to be found in paragraph 53 and paragraph 61 thereof and these read as follows: F

"53. From the facts pleaded and materials on record and even the averments as contained in the statements of objections filed on behalf of respondents and annexures such as photographs produced by the petitioner and the G respondents, it cannot be disputed nor in any manner doubted that a homogenous structure which has been characterized as one plus four floors or otherwise, had been put up and this construction has come up after • (2005) 3 sec 91 H 130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A rejection of a joint request of the fifth and seventh respondents for amalgamating the two sites and putting up a commercial complex or combined structure, is a structure which is flawed from the very beginning and is clei:irly in contravention of the order passed by BOA B rejecting the request of the fifth and seventh respondents for amalgamating the two sites. Apart from enabling provi$ions of the building byelaws and zonal regulations, which are brought to our attention, which may, perhaps, c enablemay be apermitted,modificationif all ofis withinthe plansthe limitsand aofrevisedlaw andplannot prohibited by a basic law. In the instant case, as is pointed out by the learned counsel forthe petitioner, the construction initially was in violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement and also therefore 0 violating affidavit of undertaking." Paragraph 61 of the decision of the High Court reads as follows:

E "61. The municipal authority, if at all, is only concerned with the building plan being in conformity with the zonal regulations and the building bye-laws. At the same time, conditions that are incorporated in the lease-cum-sale agr~ement are also to be looked into. The manner in F which the initial plan is sanctioned by the municipal authorities approving construction of ground plus two floors in itself indicates that they are overlooking condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. Whether this initial plan can be characterized as a valid one or G otherwise, it is obviously one overlooking one of the conditions of allotment and therefore the allottees, who are very much aware of the conditions imposed on them by BOA, cannot take advantage of this plan sanctioned by BBMP to s~stain their action which is initially flawed H and contrary to the terms of allotment to contend that it is D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 131 KARNATAKA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] based on a valid initial plan and revised plans as A permitted in law as per the bye-laws etc." 21. Feeling aggrieved, Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj have preferred these appeals. BDiscussion

22. It appears to us, on a plain reading of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreementthat it is breached or violated under three circumstances: (i) If the plot is sub-divided or (ii) If more than one building is constructed thereon for the purposes C of human habitation or (iii) If an apartment whether attached to the building or not is used as a shop or a warehouse etc.

23. As far as the first circumstance is concerned, there is no allegation that either Sadananda Gowda or Jeevaraj have D sub-divided their respective plot. The allegation (though denied) is to the contrary, which is that they have amalgamated their plots. Assuming the allegation is substantiated, it can be said at best, that they have acted contrary to the letter dated 24th September, 2009 but there is no breach or violation of E condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. The effect, if any, of acting contrary to the letter dated 24th September, 2009 has not been canvassed or agitated. In any event, the case set up by Nagalaxmi Bai is not of a violation of the letter F Idated 24th September, 2009 but of a violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. Under these circumstances, frankly, we fail to understand how it has been found by the High Court that amalgamation of the two plots (assuming it to be so) is a breach or violation of the lease- G cum-sale agreement. Be that as it may, factually there is no sub-division of the plots and to that extent there is no violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. 24. As regards the second and third circumstance, it is nobody's case that more than one building has been H 132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R.

A constructed on either of the plots or that the building or any part thereof is used as a shop or warehouse etc. Therefore, this need not detain us any further, more particularly since the buildings are not yet completely constructed. B 25. The grievance of Nagalaxmi Bai is that the photographs of the building indicate that the construction on the two plots is actually a composite or a combined or a homogenous structure and that construction is per se in violation of condition No.4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. C It is her further grievance that after the writ petition was filed both Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj made some changes and demolished a part of the structure by way of damage control so that it appears that there is a separate building on each plot. It is submitted that once the condition of the lease-cum-D sale agreement is breached, the demolition of a part of the combined or composite or homogenous structure cannot undo or remedy the violation that has already occurred.

26. We are not in agreement with the contention E advanced on behalf of Nagalaxmi Bai in this regard. The writ petition was filed by her at a time when the construction was in progress- in fact, it is still not complete. It is true that substantial progress was made in the construction but nevertheless Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj could make changes therein F until the grant of an occupancy certificate by the BBMP. It would be a bit far-fetched to assume, in a case such as the present, that an incomplete structure that can be modified is per se contrary to the building bye-laws or the lease-cum-sale agreement especially when changes or modifications could G be made therein. Corrective measures can always be made by the owner of a building until an occupancy certificate or a completion certificate is granted. It is perhaps pursuant to this 'entitlement' to make changes that both Sadananda Gowda H and Jeevaraj appreciated that were the structure to remain as D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 133 KARNATAKA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] it is, an occupancy certificate might not be granted by the A BBMP and that is perhaps why there was a partial demolition of the structure. They cannot be faulted for taking corrective steps, however belated, whether they were voluntary or prompted by the writ petition, or otherwise. B

27. An analogy may be drawn in this connection with regard to deviations that sometimes come up in constructed buildings. Some deviations are compoundable and some are not and those that are not compoundable are required to be rectified before an occupancy certificate or a completion C certificate is granted. Merely because a building has some deviations from the sanctioned plan, either at the initial stage or later on in the construction, does not necessarily mean that the construction is per se illegal unless the deviations are irremediable, in which event an occupancy certificate or D completion certificate will not be granted. Changes and modifications may be made as required by the building bye-laws or by the municipal authority and this is precisely what has happened so far as the present case is concerned, which is that to bring the construction in conformity with the building E regulations, a part of the building was demolished by Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj. The stage at which the modifications are made is not of any consequence, as long as they are made before the occupancy certificate or a F completion certificate is granted.

28. Nagalaxmi Bai is also aggrieved that multi-storeyed constructions have come up on the two plots. Like it or not, condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement does not prohibit the construction of a multi-storeyed building on the plot G as long as the construction is of a dwelling house which is used wholly for human habitation and not as a shop or a warehouse or for other commercial purposes. As long as the building conforms to the terms of the lease-cum-sale H 134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A agreement and the building regulations and bye-laws, no objection can be taken to the construction, however large or ungainly it might be. In this regard, the BOA is on record to specifically say that there is no violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the BBMP is on record to say that there is no B violation of the sanctioned plan, except for some deviations. The BBMP is also on record to say that unless the buildings are in conformity with the sanctioned plan and the building regulations, no occupancy certificate will be granted to Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj. The matter should rest at C that.

29. In our opinion, the High Court was in error in coming to the conclusion that the buildings· constructed on the two plots were not in accordance with the sanctioned plan. The buildings D were and are still under construction and it is too early to say thatthere has been a violation of the sanctioned plan. No doubt there are some deviations as pointed out by the BBMP but that is a matter that can certainly be attended to by Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj on the one hand and the BBMP on the E other. The mere existence of some deviations in the buildings does not lead to any definite conclusion that there is either a breach or a violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the building plan sanctioned by the BBMP. F 30. Another grievance of Nagalaxmi Bai is that the construction is such that the building is capable of being used as a commercial complex. For instance, some photographs show that shutters have been put up and the contention is that actually some shops have been constructed with shutters. As G mentioned above, the building is not yet complete and we cannot guess why shutters have been put up by Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj. There might or might not be a good reason for it. Nothing can be assumed either way. We also H cannot ignore the contention put forward that 20% of the building can be permissibly used for a commercial purpose. If D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 135 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

the putting up of shutters is suggestive of unlawful commercial A use of a part of the building, the BDAand the BBMPwill certainly consider the matter for whatever it is worth, including whether 20% of the building can be commercially exploited or not. 31. It is finally contended that what we are effectively B required to do is to lift the veil, so to speak, and appreciate that Sadananda Gowda is an influential politician and can muscle his way with the statutory authorities. The contention is that Sadananda Gowda was (and is) an influential politician in Karnataka and was also its Chief Minister at the relevant time C and that made it impossible for any of the statutory authorities to come to any conclusion adverse to his interest despite an ex facie and egregious violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. It is difficult to accept such a blanket and free-wheeling submission, particularly in the absence of any D material on record. That apart, it may be recalled that even when Sadananda Gowda applied for amalgamation of his plot with that of Jeevaraj, he was an influential politiCian in Karnataka being the Deputy Leader of the Opposition.

Notwithstanding this, the BDA rejected the req1.,1est of E amalgamating his plot with that Jeevaraj's plot. Additionally, even while Nagalaxmi Bai's writ petition was pending in the High Court and Sadananda Gowda was the Chief Minister of Karnataka, an inspection of the premises was carried out by F the Assistant Director, Town Planning and the Assistant Executive Engineer of the BBMP. They pointed out certain deviations in the construction and the BBMP did state on affidavit that appropriate action would be taken in this regard and that an occupancy certificate would be issued only after G the BBMP is satisfied that the construction is in accordance with law. It is difficult to assume, under these circumstances, that Sadananda Gowda exercised his influence as the Chief Minister of Karnataka to arm-twist the BBMP since the inspection report was not entirely in his favour. H 136 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R.

A 32. This is not to say that in no circumstance can a statutory body not be influenced by a politician who has considerable clout. A lot depends on the facts of each case and the surrounding circumstances. Insofar as the present case is concerned, in spite of the clout that Sadananda Gowda B may have wielded in Karnataka, his actions relating to the construction of the building on his plot of land do not suggest any abuse, as mentioned above. Undoubtedly, there are some deviations in the construction which will surely be taken care of by the BBMP which has categorically stated on affidavit that C an occupancy certificate will be given only if the building constructed conforms to the sanctioned plan and the building bye-laws. 33. In view of the above, we find no good reason to D uphold the order passed by the High Court allowing the writ petition and it is accordingly set aside. Public interest litigation 34. Learned counsel forthe parties addressed us on the E question of the bona fides of Nagalaxmi Bai in filing a public interest litigation. We leave this question open and do not express any opinion on the correctness or otherwise of the decision of the High Court in this regard.

F 35. However, we note that generally speaking, procedural technicalities ought to take a back seat in public interest litigation. This Court held in Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P. 5 to th is effect as follows: G "The writ petitions before us are not inter-partes disputes and have been raised by way of public intere~t litigation and the controversy before the court is as to whether for social safety and for creating a hazard less environment for the people to live in, mining in the area should be H s 1989 Supp (1) sec 504 D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 137 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] permitted or stopped. We may not be taken to have said A that for public interest litigations, procedural laws do not apply. At the same time it has to be remembered that every technicality in the procedural law is not available as a defence when a matter of grave public importance is for consideration before the court." B

36. A considerable amount has been said about public interest litigation in R & M Trust and it is not necessary for us to dwell any further on this except to say that in issues pertaining to good governance, the courts ought to be somewhat more c liberal in entertaining public interest litigation. However, in matters that may not be of moment or a litigation essentially directed against one organization or individual (such as the present litigation which was di~ected only against Sadananda Gowda and later Jeevaraj was impleaded) ought not to be D entertained or should be rarely entertained. Other remedies are also available to public spirited litigants and they should be encouraged to avail of such remedies. ·37. In such cases, that might not strictly fall in the category E of public interest litigation and for which other remedies are available, insofar as the issuance of a writ of mandamus is concerned, this Court held in Union oflndia v. S.B. Vohra6 that F "Mandamus literally means a command. The essence of mandamus in England was that it was a royal command issued by the King's Bench (now Queen's Bench) directing performance of a public legal duty. A writ of mandamus is issued in favour of a person who G establishes a legal right in himself. A writ of mandamus is issued against a person who has a legal duty to perform but has failed and/or neglected to do so. Such a legal duty emanates from either in discharge of a public Ha (2004) 2 sec 1so

138 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 12 S.C.R. A duty or by operation of law. The writ of mandamus is of a most extensive remedial nature. The object of mandamus is to prevent disorder from a failure of justice and is required to be granted in all cases where law has established no specific remedy and whether justice . B despite demanded has not been granted." 38. A salutary principle or a well recognized rule that needs to be kept in mind before issuing a writ of mandamus was stated in Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. v. Union . c oflndia7 in the following words: "The powers of the High Court under Article 226 are not strictly confined to the limits to which proceedings for prerogative writs are subject in English practice. Nevertheless, the well recognised rule that no writ or order D in the nature of a mandamus would issue when there is no failure to perform a mandatory duty applies in this country as well. Even in cases of alleged breaches of mandatory duties, the salutary general rule, which is subject to certain exceptions, applied by us, as it 'is in E England, when a writ of mandamus is asked for, could be stated as we find it set out in Halsbury's Laws of Eng/and(3rd Edn.), Vol.13, p. 106):

"As a general rule the order will not be granted unless F the party complained of has known what it was he was required to do, so that he had the means of considering whether or not he should comply, and it must be shown by evidence that there was a distinct demand of that which the party seeking the mandamus desires to G enforce, and that that demand was met by a refusal." In the cases before us there was no such demand or refusal. Thus, no ground whatsoever is shown here for the issue of any writ, order, or direction under Article 226 of the Constitution." H 1 (1974) 2 sec 630 0. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 139 KARNATAKA[MAOAN B. LOKUR, J.] 39. It is not necessary for us to definitively pronounce on A the contention of learned counsel for Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj that the litigation initiated by Nagalaxmi Bai was not a public interest litigation or that no mandamus ought to have been issued by the High Court since no demand was made nor was there any refusal to meet that demand. But we do find B it necessary to reaffirm the law should a litigant be asked to avail of remedies that are not within the purview of public interest litigation. Exercise of discretion c

40. Learned counsel for Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj also addressed us on the issue that-the High Court had exceeded its jurisdiction in questioning the sanctioning of the building plans by the BBMP and further mandating the BOA to take action against Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj in. 0 terms of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the affidavit undertaking given by them, thereby effectively requiring the BOA to forfeit the lease.

41. This Court has repeatedly held that where discretion E is required to be exercised by a statutory authority, it must be . permitted to do so. It is not for the courts to take over the discretion available to a statutory authority and render a decision. In the present case, the High Court has virtually taken over the function of the BOA by requiring it to take action F against Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj. Clause 10 of the lease-cum-sale agreement gives discretion to the BOA to take action against the lessee in the event of a default in payment of rent or committing breach of the conditions of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the provisions of law. 8 This will, of G 8 In the event of the Lessee/Purchaser committing default in the payment of rent or committing breach of any conditions of this agreement or the provisions of the Bangalore Development Authority, (Allotment of Sites) Rules, the Lessor/ Vendor may determine the tenancy at any time after giving the Lessee/ Purchaser fifteen days notice ending with the month of the tenancy, and take possession of the property. The LessorNendor may also forfeit twelve and a half per cent of the amounts treated as security deposit under clause of these H presents. 140 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R.

A course, require a notice being given to the alleged defaulter followed by a hearing and then a decision in the matter. By taking over the functions of the BOA in this regard, the High Court has given a complete go-bye to the procedural requirements and has mandated a particular course of action B to be taken by the BDA. It is quite possible that if the BDA is allowed to exercise its discretion it may not necessarily direct forfeiture of the lease but that was sought to be pre-empted by the direction given by the High Court which, in our opinion, acted beyond its jurisdiction in this regard. c 42. In Mansukhlal Vithaldas Chauhan v. State of Gujarat9 this Court held that it is primarily the responsibility and duty of a statutory authority to take a decision and it should be enabled to exercise its discretion independently. If the D authority does not exercise its mind independently, the decision taken by the statutory authority can be quashed and a direction given to take an independent decision. It was said: "Mandamus which is a discretionary remedy under Article 226 of the Constitution is requested to be issued, inter E alia, to compel performance of public duties which may be administrative, ministerial or statutory in nature. Statutory duty may be either directory or mandatory.

Statutory duties, if they are intended to be mandatory in F character, are indicated by the use of the words "shall" or "must". But this is not conclusive as "shall" and "must" have, sometimes, been interpreted as "may". What is determinative of the nature of duty, whether it is obligatory, mandatory or directory, is the scheme of the statute in G which the "duty" has been set out. Even if the "duty" is not set out clearly and specifically in the statute, it may be implied as correlative to a "right". In the performance of this duty, ifthe authority in whom the discretion is vested under the statute, does not act H ' (1997) 7 sec 622 D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 141 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] independently and passes an order under the instructions A and orders of another authority; the Court would intervene in the matter, quash the order and issue a mandamus to that authority to exercise its own discretion."

43. To this we may add that if a court is of the opinion B that a statutory authority cannot take an independent or impartial decision due to some external or internal pressure, it must give its reasons for coming to that conclusion. The reasons given by the court for disabling the statutory authority from taking a decision can always be tested and if the reasons are found to c be inadequate, the decision of the court to by-pass the statutory authority can always be set aside. If the reasons are cogent, then in an exceptional case, the court may take a decision without leaving it to the statutory authority to do so. However, we must caution that if the court were to take over the decision D taking power of the statutory authority it must only be in exceptional circumstances and not as a routine. Insofar as the present case is concerned, the High Court has not given any reason why it virtually took over the decision taking function of the authorities and for this reason alone the mandamus E issued by the High Court deserves to be set aside, apart from the merits of the case which we have already adverted to. Conclusion F 44. Therefore, whichever way the decision of the High Court is looked at, in our opinion, the conclusions arrived at and the directions given are not sustainable in law and are set aside. The appeals are accordingly allowed. GDevika Gujral Appeal allowed.

[2015] 12S.C.R.115 D. N. JEEVARAJ A v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF KARNATAKA& ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 13785 of 2015) B NOVEMBER27, 2015 [MADAN B. LOKUR ANDS. A. BOBDE, JJ.]

Lease: Allotment of plot to the appellant no. 1 and also to appellant no. 1 by BOA - Lease-cum-sale agreement c entered by both the appellants with BOA - Application by appellants for amalgamation, rejected - Appellants then sought sanction of construction of ground/stilt floor and two upper floors and started construction which was granted -Writ petition filed by public interest litigant, based on a news D report alleging illegal construction by appellants and praying for resumption of plot by authorities- Notices issued by High Court - Meanwhile, appellants applied for modification of sanctioned building plan, which was granted - High Court held that the two plots were amalgamated despite refusal to E grant permission to do so by the BOA and also that the homogenous structure had come up on the amalgamated plot and thus there was violation of lease-cum-sale agreement- High Court quashed the orders sanctioning the building construction plans in favour of the appellants and F ,directed the BOA to take action against them in terms of condition no. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement - On appeal, Held: There has been no violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement or sanction plan for construction - Corrective G measures can always be made by the owner of a building until an occupancy certificate or a completion certificate is granted - As long as the building conforms t(., the terms of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the building regulations and bye-laws, no objection can be taken to the construction H 115

116 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A - The mere existence of some deviations in the buildings does not lead to any definite conclusion that there is either a breach or a violation of condition of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the building plan. B . Public interest litigation: Scope of - Held: In issues pertaining to good governance, the courts ought to be somewhat more liberal in entertaining public interest litigation. Administrative law: Exercise of discretion by statutory C authority- Judicial review- Scope of, discussed.

Allowing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1. Condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement is breached or violated under three D circumstances: (i) If the plot is sub-divided or (ii) If more than one building is constructed thereon for the purposes of human habitation or (iii) If an apartment whether attached to the building or not is used as a shop or a warehouse etc. As far as the first circumstance is E concern~d, there is no allegation that either of the appellants have sub-divided their respective plot. The allegatiol'.l (though denied) is to the contrary, which is that they have amalgamated their plots. Assuming the F allegation is substantiated, it can be said at best, that they have acted contrary to the letter whereby the prayer for amalgamation was rejected but there is no breach or violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. ·There is no sub-division of the plots and to G that extent there is no violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. As regards the second and third circumstance, it is nobody's case that more than one building has been constructed on either of the plots ~r that the building or any part thereof is used as a shop H or warehouse etc. [Paras 22 to 24] [131-C-H; 132-A] D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 117 KARNATAKA

2. The plea of writ petitioner was that after the writ A petition was filed, both the appellants made some changes and demolished a part of the structure by way of damage control so that it appears that there is a separate building on each plot. This plea cannot be accepted. The writ petition was filed by her at a time B when the construction was in progress - in fact, it is still not complete. It is true that substantial progress was made in the construction but nevertheless the appellants could make changes therein until the grant of an occupancy certificate by the BBMP. It would be a bit far- C fetched to assume, in a case such as the present, that an incomplete structure that can be modified is per se contrary to the building bye-laws or the lease-cum-sale agreement especially when changes or modifications 0could be made therein. Corrective measures can always be made by the owner of a building until an occupancy certificate or a completion certificate is granted. Merely because a building has some deviations from the sanctioned plan, either at the initial stage or later on in E the construction, does not necessarily mean that the construction is per se illegal unless the deviations are irremediable, in which event an occupancy certificate or completion certificate will not be granted. Changes and. modifications may be made as required by the building F bye-laws or by the municipal authority and this is precisely what has happened so far as the present case is.concerned, which is that to bring the construction in conformity with the building regulations, a part of the building was demolished by he appellants. The stage at G which the modifications are made is not of any consequence, as long as they are made before the occupancy certificate or a completion certificate is granted. [Paras 25 to 27] [132-C-H; 133-A-F] H

118 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A 3. Condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement does not prohibit the construction of a multi-storeyed building on the plot as long as the construction is of a dwelling house which is used wholly for human habitation and not as a shop or a warehouse or for other B commercial purposes. As long as the building conforms to the terms of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the building regulations and bye-laws, no objection can be taken to the construction, however large or ungainly it might be. In this regard, the BOA is on record to C specifically say that there is no violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the BBMP is on record to say that there is no violation of the sanctioned plan, except for some deviations. The BBMP is also on record to say D that unless the buildings are in conformity with the sanctioned plan and the building regulations, no occupancy certificate will be granted to the appellants. [Para 28] [133-G-H; 134-A-C]

4. The contention that second appellant is an E influential politician in Karnataka and was also its Chief Minister at the relevant time and that made it impossible for any of ~he statutory authorities to come to any conclusion adverse to his interest despite an ex facie F and egregious violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement is not tenable particularly in the absence of any material on record. That apart, it may be recalled that even when second appellant applied for amalgamation of his plot with that of first appellant, he G was an influential politician in Karnataka being the Deputy Leader of the Opposition. Notwithstanding this, the BOA rejected the request of amalgamating his plot with that fir$t appellant's plot. Additionally, even while writ petition was pending in the High Court and second H appellant was the Chief Minister of Karnataka, an D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 119 KAR NATAKA

inspection of the premises was carried out by the A · Assistant Director, Town Planning and the Assistant Executive Engineer of the BBMP. They pointed out · certain deviations in the construction and the BBMP did. state on affidavit that appropriate action would be taken in this regard and that an occupancy certificate would B be issued only after the BBMP is satisfied that the construction is in accordance with law. It is difficult to assume, under these circumstances, that the second appellant exercised his influence as the Chief Minister of Karnataka to arm-twist the BBMP since the inspection C report was not entirely in his favour. This is not to say that in no circumstance can a statutory body not be influenced by a politician who has considerable clout. A lot depends on the facts of each case and the 0 surrounding circumstances. Insofar as the present case is concerned, in spite of the clout that second appellant may have wielded in Karnataka, his actions relating to the construction of the building on his plot of land do not suggest any abuse. Undoubtedly, there are some E deviations in the construction which will surely be taken care of by the BBMP which has categorically stated on affidavit that an occupancy certificate will be given only if the building constructed conforms to the sanctioned plan and the building bye-laws. [Paras 31, 32) [135-C-H; F 136-A-C]

5. Public Interest Litigation. Generally speaking, procedural technicalities ought to take a back seat in public interest litigation. In issues pertaining to good G governance, the courts ought to be somewhat more liberal in entertaining public interest litigation. However, in matters that may not be of moment or a litigation essentially directed against one organization or individual ought not to be entertained or should be rarely H 120 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 12 S.C.R. A entertained. Other remedies are also available to public spirited litigants and they should be encouraged to avail of such remedies. [Para 36] [136-0-E; 137-C-O]

6. ~xercise of discretion. Where discretion is B required to be exercised by a statutory authority, it must be permitted to do so. It is not for the courts to take over the discretion available to a statutory authority and render a clecision. In the present case, the High Court has virtually taken over the function of the BOA by C requiring it to take action against the appellants. Clause 10 of the l1ease-cum-sale agreement gives discretion to the BOA to take action against the lessee in the event of a default i.n payment of rent or committing breach of the conditions of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the D provisions of law. This will, of course, require a notice being given to the alleged defaulter followed by a hearing and then a decision in the matter. By taking over the functions of the BOA in this regard, the High Court has given a complete go-bye to the procedural requirements E and has mandated a particular course of action to be taken by the BOA. It is quite possible that if the BOA is allowed to exercise its discretion it may not necessarily direct forfeiture of the lease but that was sought to be F pre-empted by the direction given by the High Court which, acted beyond its jurisdiction in this regard. [Para 41] [139-C, E-G; 140-A-C] R & M Trust v. Koramangala Residents Vigilance Group (2005) 3 sec 91: 2005 (1) SCR 582; G Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of u. P 1989 Supp (1) sec 504: 1988 (2) Suppl.

SCR 690; Union of India v. S.8. Vohra (2004) 2 SCC 150: 2004 (1) SCR 36; Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. v. Union of India (197 4) 2 SCC 630: H 1975 (1) SCR 956- relied on. D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 121 KARNATAKA 7. If a court is of the opinion that a statutory A authority cannot take an independent or impartial decision due to some external or internal pressure, it must give its reasons for coming to that conclusion. The reasons given by the court for disabling the statutory authority from taking a decision can always be tested B and if the reasons are found to be inadequate, the decision. of the court to by-pass the statutory authority can always be set aside. If the reasons are cogent, then in an exceptional case, the court may take a decision without leaving it to· the statutory authority to do so. C · However, if the court were to take over the decision taking power of the statutory authority it must only be in exceptional circumstances and not as a routine. Insofar as the present case is concerned, the High Court has 0 not given any reason why it virtually took over the decision taking function of the authorities and for this reason alone the mandamus issued by the High Court deserves to be set aside, apart from the merits of the case. [Para 43] [141-B-E] E Mansukh/a/ Vithaldas Chauhan v. State of Gujarat (1997) 1sec622: 1997 (3) Suppl. SCR 705-relied on. Case Law Reference F

2005 (1) SCR 582 relied on. Para 19 1988 (2) Suppl. SCR 690 relied on. Para 34 2004 (1) SCR 36 relied on. Para 36 G 1975 (1) SCR 956 relied on. Para 38 .· 1997 (3) Suppl. SCR 705 relied on . Para 42 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTiON : Civil Appeal No. 13785of2015. H 122 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A From the Judgment and Order dated 19.10.2012 of the Division Bench of High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in Writ Petition No. 30568 of 2011 (BDA-PIL) WITH C. A. No. 13786 of 2015 B T, R. Andhyarujina, Basava Prabhu S. Patil, S.N. Bh~t, Ravi Panwar, B. Subrahmanya Prasad, Nishanth Patil, Anirudh Sanganeria, Chinmay Deshpande, Amjid Maqbool, Prashant .c Bhush~m, Pranav Sachdeva, Neha Rathi, E.C. Vidya Sagar, Jennifer John, Subhash Chandra Sagar, B.K. Gautam, S. K. Kulkarni, M. Gireesh Kumar, Ankur S. Kulkarni, V. N. Raghupathy for the appearing parties. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by D MADAN B. LOKUR, J. 1. Leave granted in both petitions.

2. The question for consideration is whether the appellants (Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj) have per se E violated the terms of the lease-cum-sale agreement that they have ihdividually entered into with the Bangalore Development Authority (for short 'the BOA') by constructing a multi-storeyed residential building on the plots allotted to them. The alternative question is whether the construction made by them is contrary F to the plan sanctioned by the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (for short 'the BBMP') and thereby violated the lease-cum-sale agreement with the BOA. The term of the lease-cum-sale agreement alleged to have been violated is clause 4 which reads as follows: G "4. The Lessee/Purchaser shall not sub-divide the property or construct more than one dwelling house in it. The expression 'dwelling house' means building constructed to be used wholly for human habitation and H shall not include any apartments to the building whether D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 123 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] attached thereto or not, used as a shop or a building of A warehouse or building in which manufactory operations are conducted by mechanical power or otherwise. (a) The Lessee shall plant at least two trees in the site leased to him." B

3. In our opinion, both the questions are required to be answered in the negative. There has been no violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the sanction plan for construction such as to violate the lease-cum-sale agreement with the BOA. cThe facts 4. On or about 5th March, 2002 Sadananda Gowda (the then Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly in Karnataka) addressed a letter to the Chief Minister of Karnataka requesting for allotment of a plot from the D Bangalore Development Authority. This request was favourably considered and he was allotted plot No. 2-B in HSR layout, Sector-3, Bangalore measuring 50 ft x 80 ft. on 30th August, 2006 in terms of the Bangalore DevelopmentAuthority (Site Allotment) Rules, 2006. 1 In accordance with the requir.ed E formalities, Sadananda Gowda executed an affidavit on 1st September, 2006 in the form of an undertaking with the BDA in which it was stated as follows:-"4. In the event that any false statements or declarations F furnished and sworn to and declared in this Affidavit and in the event that I violate any conditions of site allotment, the Authorities are empowered to resume such building and site without granting any compensation to me and BDA is entitled to and empowered to resume the site for G which BDA is authorized and I hereby declare so and I hereby swear accordingly."

1 Learned counsel for Nagalaxmi Bai mentioned that the discretionary allotment was not warranted but that was not pressed nor is it an 'issue H before us. 124 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A Pursuant to the execution of the affidavit and completion of all necessa~y administrative formalities, the BOA executed a lease-cum-sale agreement in favour of Sadananda Gowda on 2nd February, 2007 and on the same day handed over possession of the plot to him. ·B 5. As far as Jeevaraj is concerned,· he too made a request an or about 14th September, 2004 for the allotment of a plot to the Chief Minister of Karnataka and was allotted a plot by the BOA. Subsequently and on his request, the allotment C was changed to plot no. 13-B in HSR layout, Sector-3, Bangalore on 30th October, 2008. The area of Jeevaraj's plot is also 59 ft. x 80 ft. and it is adjacent to the plot allotted to Sadananda Gowda. Jeevaraj too completed all necessary administrative formalities and was handed over possession D of the plat on 241h November, 2008. 6. On 4th June, 2009 both Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj moved an application before the BOA to amalgamate their plats. The request was rejected by the BOA and E commun'icated to them on 24th September, 2009 and there is no dispute or doubt with regard to the validity of the reasol'ls for turning down the proposal for amalgamation.

7. Thereafter, both Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj F made separate applications for sanction of a building plan to the BBMP. The building plans were for the construction of a ground/stilt floor and two upper floors. The plans were considered by the BBMP and sanctioned on 22nd July, 2010. At this stf':lge, it may be noted that there was some confusion G with regard to the sanctioned construction but during the course of hearing it was clarified that the sanction was for a ground/ stilt floor and two upper floors. 8. Based on the sanction so granted, the construction of H the buildings began on the plots owned by Sadananda Gowda D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 125 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] and Jeevaraj. A 9. On 2"d August, 2011 the Bangalore Mirror newspaper carried a story alleging that Sadananda Gowda was making an illegal construction on the plot allotted to him and Jeevaraj by amalgamating the two plots. The newspaper carried B photographs of the construction which showed one composite building under construction on the two plots and it was alleged that the building under construction was a five storeyed building. It was also alleged that a part of the building was to be used for commercial purposes although the allotment was C for a residential purpose.

10. Apparently based on the newspaper report (and perhaps her own research) one Nagalaxmi Bai filed a Writ Petition in the Karnataka High Court on 4th August, 2011 D wherein a prayer was made for a declaration that the building being constructed on the plots above mentioned having been allotted to Sadananda Gowda by the BDA is an illegally constructed building and that the BDA ought to resume the site along with the building and forfeit any amount paid in this E behalf by Sadananda Gowda. The parties to the writ petition were the State of Karnataka (respondent Nos. 1 and 2), the BDA (respondent No. 3), the Commissioner of Police (respondent No. 4 but later deleted) and Sadananda Gowda (respondent No. 5). Later, the BBMP was impleaded as F respondent No. 6 and Jeevaraj was impleaded as respondent No. 7 in the High Court. 11. For the reGord, it maybe mentioned that on 41hAugust, 2011 the day the writ petition was filed, Sadananda Gowda G was appointed as the Chief Minister of Karnataka. · 12. The essence of the grievance of Nagalaxmi Bai was that first of all the two adjacent plots were amalgamated despite refusal by the BDA and a composite or consolidated building H 126 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A was impermissibly constructed on them and therefore there was a per se violation of the lease-cum-sale deed entered into by Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj with the BOA.

Secondly the constructed building was not in conformity with the sanctiol'.led plan approved by the BBMP and therefore there B was a violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement with the BOA and the affidavit in the form of an undertaking given to the BOA. It was also alleged that contrary to the lease-cum-sale deed, the building was intended to be used for commercial purposes. These were the three principal grievances raised by Nagalaxmi c Bai. 13. The High Court admitted the writ petition and issued notice to the respondents on 101h January, 2012. o 14. 111 the meanwhile, Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj moved applications for modification of the sanctioned building plan. There is no dispute that this was permissible. The request was considered by the BBMP and on 26th September/3'd October, 2011 sanction was granted for the construction of a E basement, ground floor and tl:lree upper floors on each plot. After admission of the writ petition, the modified building plan was further modified on the request of Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj and construction was permitted by the BBMP on 121h June/22"d June, 2012 for a building having a basement, ground F floor and three upper floors entirely for residential purposes. Responses in the High Court 15. In response to the writ petition, affidavits were filed G by the BOA, the BBMP, Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj.

16. The BOA denied that the two plots in question had been amalgamated and it also stated that it had no role in the sanctioning of building plans. The BBMP stated that the 1-1 allegation that a five storeyed building had been constructed D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 127 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] was not correct nor was it correct that the building was being A used for commercial purposes. In fact, it was submitted that the construction had not been completed and so it could not be assumed that the building was in violation of the sanctioned building plans or was to be used for commercial purposes. Attention was drawn to Section 310 of the Karnataka Municipal B Corporations Act, 19762 which provided that a building cannot be occupied or permitted to be occupied without permission from the Commissioner. 3 It was submitted that Sadananda Gowda would be permitted to occupy the building only after an inspection of the building and compliance with the C sanctioned plan. 17. The BBMP further stated (in the additional statement of objections filed on 9th October, 2012 just a few days before ,. judgment was delivered) that the permissible floor area ratio D of the plot in question is 2.25 and the permissible coverage is 2 Section 310-Completion certificate and permission to occupy or use

(1) Every person shall, within one month after the compl.etion of the erection of a building or the execution of any such work, deliver or send or cause to be delivered or sent to the Commissioner at his office notice in writing of such completion, accompanied by a certificate in the form prescribed in E the bye-laws signed and subscribed in the manner prescribed and shall give to the Commissioner all necessary facilities for the inspection of· such buildings or of such work and shall apply for permission to occupy the building. (1 A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1 ), where permission is granted to any person for erection of a building having more than one floor, such person shall, within one month after completion F of execution of any of the floors of such building, deliver or send or cause to be delivered or sent to the Commissioner at his office, a notice in writing of such completion accompanied by a certificate in the form . prescribed in the bye-laws, signed and subscribed in the manner prescribed and shall give to the Commissioner all necessary facilities for inspection. of such floor of the building and may apply for permission to occupy such floor of the building. G (2) No person shall occupy or permit to be occupied any such building, or part of the building or use or permit to be used the building or part thereof affected by any work, until,- (a) permission has been received from the Commissioner in this behalf, or

(b) The Commissioner has failed for thirty days after receipt of the notice of completion to intimate his refusal of the said permission. 3 This is usually known as a 'completion certificate' or an 'occupancy certificate' H 128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A 65%. However, since Sadananda Gowda had purchased transferable development rights, he is entitled to a floor area ratio of 3.60 and permissible coverage is 82.5%. The BBMP gave a chart of the permissible floor area ratio, the permissible coverage area and what has been achieved in the modified B sanctioned plan. This is as follows: S.No. Details As per the Achieved as against modified plan the modified plan 1. Permissible floor area 3.60 2.562 ratiq 2. Permissible coverable 82.50% 64.03% c area It was specifically stated by the BBMP that "The modified plan now sanctioned is purely for residential purpose." The BBMP further stated that an inspection of the building was D carried out by the Assistant Director, Town Planning and Assistant Executive Engineer of the BBMP IJl(ith reference to ., the sanctioned plan. During the inspection, certain deviations were noticed and appropriate action would be taken in that regard under the ·Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act and E that an occupancy certificate would be issued only after the BBMP is satisfied that the construction meets the requirements of law.

18. Sadananda Gowda also filed an affidavit in the High F Court in which he denied any violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the sanctioned building plan. He denied that a five storeyed building was constructed or that the two plots in question were amalgamated. He submitted that an area of. 20% could be earmarked for commercial activity and that he G had not violated the sanctioned building plan. Jeevaraj also filed a more or less similar affidavit emphasizing, however, that no relief was claimed against him in the writ petition. Decision of the High Court H 19. After going through the affidavits filed by the various D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 129 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

parties and after hearing learned counsel, the High Court A allowed the writ petition filed by Nagalaxmi Bai by its impugned judgment and order dated 191h October, 2012. The High Court held that the two plots of Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj were amalgamated despite the refusal to grant permission to do so by the BOA and also that a 'homogenous structure' had come B up on the amalgamated plots. There was, therefore, a violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. The High Court also held that the building plan sanctioned by the BBMP on 22nct July, 2010 was in violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement and that the subsequent C modifications were an exercise in 'belated damage control'. The High Court considered the decision of this Court in R &M · Trust v. Koramangala Residents Vigilance Group4 and held it inapplicable to the facts of the case. Accordingly, the High 0 Court quashed the orders sanctioning the building construction plans in favour of Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj by the BBMP and directed the BDA to take action against them in terms of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement as well as the affidavit in the form of an undertaking given by them E to the BDA for abiding by the terms and conditions thereof and the allotment rules. 20. The sum and substance of the decision of the High Court is to be found in paragraph 53 and paragraph 61 thereof and these read as follows: F

"53. From the facts pleaded and materials on record and even the averments as contained in the statements of objections filed on behalf of respondents and annexures such as photographs produced by the petitioner and the G respondents, it cannot be disputed nor in any manner doubted that a homogenous structure which has been characterized as one plus four floors or otherwise, had been put up and this construction has come up after • (2005) 3 sec 91 H 130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A rejection of a joint request of the fifth and seventh respondents for amalgamating the two sites and putting up a commercial complex or combined structure, is a structure which is flawed from the very beginning and is clei:irly in contravention of the order passed by BOA B rejecting the request of the fifth and seventh respondents for amalgamating the two sites. Apart from enabling provi$ions of the building byelaws and zonal regulations, which are brought to our attention, which may, perhaps, c enablemay be apermitted,modificationif all ofis withinthe plansthe limitsand aofrevisedlaw andplannot prohibited by a basic law. In the instant case, as is pointed out by the learned counsel forthe petitioner, the construction initially was in violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement and also therefore 0 violating affidavit of undertaking." Paragraph 61 of the decision of the High Court reads as follows:

E "61. The municipal authority, if at all, is only concerned with the building plan being in conformity with the zonal regulations and the building bye-laws. At the same time, conditions that are incorporated in the lease-cum-sale agr~ement are also to be looked into. The manner in F which the initial plan is sanctioned by the municipal authorities approving construction of ground plus two floors in itself indicates that they are overlooking condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. Whether this initial plan can be characterized as a valid one or G otherwise, it is obviously one overlooking one of the conditions of allotment and therefore the allottees, who are very much aware of the conditions imposed on them by BOA, cannot take advantage of this plan sanctioned by BBMP to s~stain their action which is initially flawed H and contrary to the terms of allotment to contend that it is D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 131 KARNATAKA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] based on a valid initial plan and revised plans as A permitted in law as per the bye-laws etc." 21. Feeling aggrieved, Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj have preferred these appeals. BDiscussion

22. It appears to us, on a plain reading of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreementthat it is breached or violated under three circumstances: (i) If the plot is sub-divided or (ii) If more than one building is constructed thereon for the purposes C of human habitation or (iii) If an apartment whether attached to the building or not is used as a shop or a warehouse etc.

23. As far as the first circumstance is concerned, there is no allegation that either Sadananda Gowda or Jeevaraj have D sub-divided their respective plot. The allegation (though denied) is to the contrary, which is that they have amalgamated their plots. Assuming the allegation is substantiated, it can be said at best, that they have acted contrary to the letter dated 24th September, 2009 but there is no breach or violation of E condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. The effect, if any, of acting contrary to the letter dated 24th September, 2009 has not been canvassed or agitated. In any event, the case set up by Nagalaxmi Bai is not of a violation of the letter F Idated 24th September, 2009 but of a violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. Under these circumstances, frankly, we fail to understand how it has been found by the High Court that amalgamation of the two plots (assuming it to be so) is a breach or violation of the lease- G cum-sale agreement. Be that as it may, factually there is no sub-division of the plots and to that extent there is no violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. 24. As regards the second and third circumstance, it is nobody's case that more than one building has been H 132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R.

A constructed on either of the plots or that the building or any part thereof is used as a shop or warehouse etc. Therefore, this need not detain us any further, more particularly since the buildings are not yet completely constructed. B 25. The grievance of Nagalaxmi Bai is that the photographs of the building indicate that the construction on the two plots is actually a composite or a combined or a homogenous structure and that construction is per se in violation of condition No.4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. C It is her further grievance that after the writ petition was filed both Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj made some changes and demolished a part of the structure by way of damage control so that it appears that there is a separate building on each plot. It is submitted that once the condition of the lease-cum-D sale agreement is breached, the demolition of a part of the combined or composite or homogenous structure cannot undo or remedy the violation that has already occurred.

26. We are not in agreement with the contention E advanced on behalf of Nagalaxmi Bai in this regard. The writ petition was filed by her at a time when the construction was in progress- in fact, it is still not complete. It is true that substantial progress was made in the construction but nevertheless Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj could make changes therein F until the grant of an occupancy certificate by the BBMP. It would be a bit far-fetched to assume, in a case such as the present, that an incomplete structure that can be modified is per se contrary to the building bye-laws or the lease-cum-sale agreement especially when changes or modifications could G be made therein. Corrective measures can always be made by the owner of a building until an occupancy certificate or a completion certificate is granted. It is perhaps pursuant to this 'entitlement' to make changes that both Sadananda Gowda H and Jeevaraj appreciated that were the structure to remain as D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 133 KARNATAKA [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] it is, an occupancy certificate might not be granted by the A BBMP and that is perhaps why there was a partial demolition of the structure. They cannot be faulted for taking corrective steps, however belated, whether they were voluntary or prompted by the writ petition, or otherwise. B

27. An analogy may be drawn in this connection with regard to deviations that sometimes come up in constructed buildings. Some deviations are compoundable and some are not and those that are not compoundable are required to be rectified before an occupancy certificate or a completion C certificate is granted. Merely because a building has some deviations from the sanctioned plan, either at the initial stage or later on in the construction, does not necessarily mean that the construction is per se illegal unless the deviations are irremediable, in which event an occupancy certificate or D completion certificate will not be granted. Changes and modifications may be made as required by the building bye-laws or by the municipal authority and this is precisely what has happened so far as the present case is concerned, which is that to bring the construction in conformity with the building E regulations, a part of the building was demolished by Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj. The stage at which the modifications are made is not of any consequence, as long as they are made before the occupancy certificate or a F completion certificate is granted.

28. Nagalaxmi Bai is also aggrieved that multi-storeyed constructions have come up on the two plots. Like it or not, condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement does not prohibit the construction of a multi-storeyed building on the plot G as long as the construction is of a dwelling house which is used wholly for human habitation and not as a shop or a warehouse or for other commercial purposes. As long as the building conforms to the terms of the lease-cum-sale H 134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R. A agreement and the building regulations and bye-laws, no objection can be taken to the construction, however large or ungainly it might be. In this regard, the BOA is on record to specifically say that there is no violation of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the BBMP is on record to say that there is no B violation of the sanctioned plan, except for some deviations. The BBMP is also on record to say that unless the buildings are in conformity with the sanctioned plan and the building regulations, no occupancy certificate will be granted to Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj. The matter should rest at C that.

29. In our opinion, the High Court was in error in coming to the conclusion that the buildings· constructed on the two plots were not in accordance with the sanctioned plan. The buildings D were and are still under construction and it is too early to say thatthere has been a violation of the sanctioned plan. No doubt there are some deviations as pointed out by the BBMP but that is a matter that can certainly be attended to by Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj on the one hand and the BBMP on the E other. The mere existence of some deviations in the buildings does not lead to any definite conclusion that there is either a breach or a violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the building plan sanctioned by the BBMP. F 30. Another grievance of Nagalaxmi Bai is that the construction is such that the building is capable of being used as a commercial complex. For instance, some photographs show that shutters have been put up and the contention is that actually some shops have been constructed with shutters. As G mentioned above, the building is not yet complete and we cannot guess why shutters have been put up by Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj. There might or might not be a good reason for it. Nothing can be assumed either way. We also H cannot ignore the contention put forward that 20% of the building can be permissibly used for a commercial purpose. If D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 135 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

the putting up of shutters is suggestive of unlawful commercial A use of a part of the building, the BDAand the BBMPwill certainly consider the matter for whatever it is worth, including whether 20% of the building can be commercially exploited or not. 31. It is finally contended that what we are effectively B required to do is to lift the veil, so to speak, and appreciate that Sadananda Gowda is an influential politician and can muscle his way with the statutory authorities. The contention is that Sadananda Gowda was (and is) an influential politician in Karnataka and was also its Chief Minister at the relevant time C and that made it impossible for any of the statutory authorities to come to any conclusion adverse to his interest despite an ex facie and egregious violation of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement. It is difficult to accept such a blanket and free-wheeling submission, particularly in the absence of any D material on record. That apart, it may be recalled that even when Sadananda Gowda applied for amalgamation of his plot with that of Jeevaraj, he was an influential politiCian in Karnataka being the Deputy Leader of the Opposition.

Notwithstanding this, the BDA rejected the req1.,1est of E amalgamating his plot with that Jeevaraj's plot. Additionally, even while Nagalaxmi Bai's writ petition was pending in the High Court and Sadananda Gowda was the Chief Minister of Karnataka, an inspection of the premises was carried out by F the Assistant Director, Town Planning and the Assistant Executive Engineer of the BBMP. They pointed out certain deviations in the construction and the BBMP did state on affidavit that appropriate action would be taken in this regard and that an occupancy certificate would be issued only after G the BBMP is satisfied that the construction is in accordance with law. It is difficult to assume, under these circumstances, that Sadananda Gowda exercised his influence as the Chief Minister of Karnataka to arm-twist the BBMP since the inspection report was not entirely in his favour. H 136 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R.

A 32. This is not to say that in no circumstance can a statutory body not be influenced by a politician who has considerable clout. A lot depends on the facts of each case and the surrounding circumstances. Insofar as the present case is concerned, in spite of the clout that Sadananda Gowda B may have wielded in Karnataka, his actions relating to the construction of the building on his plot of land do not suggest any abuse, as mentioned above. Undoubtedly, there are some deviations in the construction which will surely be taken care of by the BBMP which has categorically stated on affidavit that C an occupancy certificate will be given only if the building constructed conforms to the sanctioned plan and the building bye-laws. 33. In view of the above, we find no good reason to D uphold the order passed by the High Court allowing the writ petition and it is accordingly set aside. Public interest litigation 34. Learned counsel forthe parties addressed us on the E question of the bona fides of Nagalaxmi Bai in filing a public interest litigation. We leave this question open and do not express any opinion on the correctness or otherwise of the decision of the High Court in this regard.

F 35. However, we note that generally speaking, procedural technicalities ought to take a back seat in public interest litigation. This Court held in Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P. 5 to th is effect as follows: G "The writ petitions before us are not inter-partes disputes and have been raised by way of public intere~t litigation and the controversy before the court is as to whether for social safety and for creating a hazard less environment for the people to live in, mining in the area should be H s 1989 Supp (1) sec 504 D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 137 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] permitted or stopped. We may not be taken to have said A that for public interest litigations, procedural laws do not apply. At the same time it has to be remembered that every technicality in the procedural law is not available as a defence when a matter of grave public importance is for consideration before the court." B

36. A considerable amount has been said about public interest litigation in R & M Trust and it is not necessary for us to dwell any further on this except to say that in issues pertaining to good governance, the courts ought to be somewhat more c liberal in entertaining public interest litigation. However, in matters that may not be of moment or a litigation essentially directed against one organization or individual (such as the present litigation which was di~ected only against Sadananda Gowda and later Jeevaraj was impleaded) ought not to be D entertained or should be rarely entertained. Other remedies are also available to public spirited litigants and they should be encouraged to avail of such remedies. ·37. In such cases, that might not strictly fall in the category E of public interest litigation and for which other remedies are available, insofar as the issuance of a writ of mandamus is concerned, this Court held in Union oflndia v. S.B. Vohra6 that F "Mandamus literally means a command. The essence of mandamus in England was that it was a royal command issued by the King's Bench (now Queen's Bench) directing performance of a public legal duty. A writ of mandamus is issued in favour of a person who G establishes a legal right in himself. A writ of mandamus is issued against a person who has a legal duty to perform but has failed and/or neglected to do so. Such a legal duty emanates from either in discharge of a public Ha (2004) 2 sec 1so

138 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 12 S.C.R. A duty or by operation of law. The writ of mandamus is of a most extensive remedial nature. The object of mandamus is to prevent disorder from a failure of justice and is required to be granted in all cases where law has established no specific remedy and whether justice . B despite demanded has not been granted." 38. A salutary principle or a well recognized rule that needs to be kept in mind before issuing a writ of mandamus was stated in Saraswati Industrial Syndicate Ltd. v. Union . c oflndia7 in the following words: "The powers of the High Court under Article 226 are not strictly confined to the limits to which proceedings for prerogative writs are subject in English practice. Nevertheless, the well recognised rule that no writ or order D in the nature of a mandamus would issue when there is no failure to perform a mandatory duty applies in this country as well. Even in cases of alleged breaches of mandatory duties, the salutary general rule, which is subject to certain exceptions, applied by us, as it 'is in E England, when a writ of mandamus is asked for, could be stated as we find it set out in Halsbury's Laws of Eng/and(3rd Edn.), Vol.13, p. 106):

"As a general rule the order will not be granted unless F the party complained of has known what it was he was required to do, so that he had the means of considering whether or not he should comply, and it must be shown by evidence that there was a distinct demand of that which the party seeking the mandamus desires to G enforce, and that that demand was met by a refusal." In the cases before us there was no such demand or refusal. Thus, no ground whatsoever is shown here for the issue of any writ, order, or direction under Article 226 of the Constitution." H 1 (1974) 2 sec 630 0. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 139 KARNATAKA[MAOAN B. LOKUR, J.] 39. It is not necessary for us to definitively pronounce on A the contention of learned counsel for Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj that the litigation initiated by Nagalaxmi Bai was not a public interest litigation or that no mandamus ought to have been issued by the High Court since no demand was made nor was there any refusal to meet that demand. But we do find B it necessary to reaffirm the law should a litigant be asked to avail of remedies that are not within the purview of public interest litigation. Exercise of discretion c

40. Learned counsel for Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj also addressed us on the issue that-the High Court had exceeded its jurisdiction in questioning the sanctioning of the building plans by the BBMP and further mandating the BOA to take action against Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj in. 0 terms of condition No. 4 of the lease-cum-sale agreement and the affidavit undertaking given by them, thereby effectively requiring the BOA to forfeit the lease.

41. This Court has repeatedly held that where discretion E is required to be exercised by a statutory authority, it must be . permitted to do so. It is not for the courts to take over the discretion available to a statutory authority and render a decision. In the present case, the High Court has virtually taken over the function of the BOA by requiring it to take action F against Sadananda Gowda and Jeevaraj. Clause 10 of the lease-cum-sale agreement gives discretion to the BOA to take action against the lessee in the event of a default in payment of rent or committing breach of the conditions of the lease-cum-sale agreement or the provisions of law. 8 This will, of G 8 In the event of the Lessee/Purchaser committing default in the payment of rent or committing breach of any conditions of this agreement or the provisions of the Bangalore Development Authority, (Allotment of Sites) Rules, the Lessor/ Vendor may determine the tenancy at any time after giving the Lessee/ Purchaser fifteen days notice ending with the month of the tenancy, and take possession of the property. The LessorNendor may also forfeit twelve and a half per cent of the amounts treated as security deposit under clause of these H presents. 140 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 12 S.C.R.

A course, require a notice being given to the alleged defaulter followed by a hearing and then a decision in the matter. By taking over the functions of the BOA in this regard, the High Court has given a complete go-bye to the procedural requirements and has mandated a particular course of action B to be taken by the BDA. It is quite possible that if the BDA is allowed to exercise its discretion it may not necessarily direct forfeiture of the lease but that was sought to be pre-empted by the direction given by the High Court which, in our opinion, acted beyond its jurisdiction in this regard. c 42. In Mansukhlal Vithaldas Chauhan v. State of Gujarat9 this Court held that it is primarily the responsibility and duty of a statutory authority to take a decision and it should be enabled to exercise its discretion independently. If the D authority does not exercise its mind independently, the decision taken by the statutory authority can be quashed and a direction given to take an independent decision. It was said: "Mandamus which is a discretionary remedy under Article 226 of the Constitution is requested to be issued, inter E alia, to compel performance of public duties which may be administrative, ministerial or statutory in nature. Statutory duty may be either directory or mandatory.

Statutory duties, if they are intended to be mandatory in F character, are indicated by the use of the words "shall" or "must". But this is not conclusive as "shall" and "must" have, sometimes, been interpreted as "may". What is determinative of the nature of duty, whether it is obligatory, mandatory or directory, is the scheme of the statute in G which the "duty" has been set out. Even if the "duty" is not set out clearly and specifically in the statute, it may be implied as correlative to a "right". In the performance of this duty, ifthe authority in whom the discretion is vested under the statute, does not act H ' (1997) 7 sec 622 D. N. JEEVARAJ v. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVT. OF 141 KARNATAKA[MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] independently and passes an order under the instructions A and orders of another authority; the Court would intervene in the matter, quash the order and issue a mandamus to that authority to exercise its own discretion."

43. To this we may add that if a court is of the opinion B that a statutory authority cannot take an independent or impartial decision due to some external or internal pressure, it must give its reasons for coming to that conclusion. The reasons given by the court for disabling the statutory authority from taking a decision can always be tested and if the reasons are found to c be inadequate, the decision of the court to by-pass the statutory authority can always be set aside. If the reasons are cogent, then in an exceptional case, the court may take a decision without leaving it to the statutory authority to do so. However, we must caution that if the court were to take over the decision D taking power of the statutory authority it must only be in exceptional circumstances and not as a routine. Insofar as the present case is concerned, the High Court has not given any reason why it virtually took over the decision taking function of the authorities and for this reason alone the mandamus E issued by the High Court deserves to be set aside, apart from the merits of the case which we have already adverted to. Conclusion F 44. Therefore, whichever way the decision of the High Court is looked at, in our opinion, the conclusions arrived at and the directions given are not sustainable in law and are set aside. The appeals are accordingly allowed. GDevika Gujral Appeal allowed.