[2015] 10 S.C.R. 553 ' MEHBOOBALI &ANR. A v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN (Criminal Appeal No.808 of 2010) B OCTOBER27, 2015 [H.L. DATTU, CJI AND ARUN MISHRA, J.] Evidence Act, 1872: s. 27 - Statement of accused leading to identification and arrest of other accused persons and C recovery of fake currency notes which information not known to police - Admissibility of his statement - Held: The statement of accused led to the discovery of fact proving complicity of other accused persons and the entire chain of circumstances clearly made out that co-accused acted in 0conspiracy - These facts were not in the knowledge of the Police hence the statement of the accused leading to discovery of fact was clearly admissible as per the provisions contained in s. 27 of the Act which carves out an exception to the general provisions about inadmissibility of confession E made under police custody contained in ss. 25 and 26 of the Act - Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 4898, 489C. Dismissing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1. Section 25 of the Evidence Act provides F that no confession made to a Police Officer shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence. Section 26 provides that no confession made by any person while he is in the custody of a police officer, unless it be made in the immediate presence of a G Magistrate, shall be proved as against such person. Section 27 is in the form of a proviso, it lays down how much of an information received from accused may be 553 H

554 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 10 S.C.R.

A proved. For application of section 27 of Evidence Act, admissible portion of confessional statement h~s to be found as to a fact which were the immediate cause of the discovery, only that would be part of legal evidence and not the rest. In a statement if something new is B discovered or recovered from the accused which was not in the knowledge of the Police before disclosure statement of the accused is recorded, is admissible in the evidence. [Paras 12 and 13] [561-C-F] C 2. It is apparent that on the basis of the information furnished by accused 'M' and 'F', the other accused, 'A' was arrested. The fact that 'A' was dealing with forged currency notes was not to the knowledge ofthe Police. Accused 'M' and 'F' identified 'A' and ultimately D statements led to unearthing the racket of use of fake currency notes. Thus, the information furnished by accused 'M' and 'F' was clearly admissible which led to the identification and arrest of accused 'A' and from possession of 'A' fake currency notes had been E recovered. As per information furnished by accused 'M' and 'F' vide memos P41 and P42, the fact has been discovered by Police as to the involvement of accused 'A' which was not to the knowledge of the Police. Thus F the statement of accused 'M' and 'F' is clearly saved by section 27 of the Evidence Act. The embargo put by section 27 of the Evidence Act was clearly lifted !n the instant case. The statement of the accused persons has led to the discovery of fact proving complicity of other G accused persons and the entire chain of circumstances clearly makes out that accused acted in conspiracy as found by the trial court as well as the High Court. It is apparent that there was discovery of a fact as per the statement of 'M' and 'F'. Co-accu~ed was nabbed on the H basis of identification made by them. He was dealing with MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 555 fake currency notes came to the knowledge of police A through them. Recovery of forged currency notes was also made from 'A'. Thus the said accused had the knowledge about co-accused 'A' who was nabbed at their instance and on the basis of their identification. These facts were not to the knowledge ofthe Police hence the B statements of the accused persons leading to discovery of fact are clearly admissible as per the provisions contained in section 27 of the Evidence Act which carves out an exception to the general provisions about inadmissibility of confession made under police custody C contained in sections 25 and 26 of the Evidence Act. [Paras 15, 20] [562-E-H; 563-A-C; 567-G-H; 568-A-C] State (NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu alias Afsan Guru (2005) 11 SCC 600: 2005 (2) Suppl.-SCR D 79; Pulukuri Kottaya & Ors. v. Emperor AIR 1947 PC 67; State of Maharashtra v. Damu Gopinath Shinde & Ors. AIR 2000 SC 1691: 2000 (3) SCR · 880; Ismail v. Emperor AIR 1946 Sind 43;

E Subedar& Ors. v. King-Emperor AIR 1924All. 207 - relied on. Case Law Reference 2005 (2) Suppl. SCR 79 relied on. Para 16 F AIR 1947 PC 67 relied on. Para 16 2000 (3) SCR 880 relied on. Para 17 AIR 1946 Sind 43 relied on. Para 18 G AIR 1924 All. 207 relied on. Para 19 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 808 of 2010. H 556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 1OS.C.R. A From the Judgment and Order dated 28.05.2009 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, at Jaipur in S. B. Crl. Appeal No. 39 of 2006. WITH B Crl.A. No. 1088 of2010. Shekhar Naphade, Sanjay R. Hegde,Arunabh Chowdhury, Gainilung Panmei, Anupam Lal Das, R. K. Kapoor, Rekha Giri, (for Anis Ahmed Khan) for the .t\ppellants. c Jayant Bhatt, P. L., B. Shravant Shanker, Ajay Choudhary, Puneet Parihar, {for Ruchi Kohli), Milind Kumar for the Respondents.

o The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ARUN MISHRA, J. 1. The appeals have been preferred against the common judgment and order dated 28.5.2009 passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur E Bench in Criminal Appeal Nos.39/2006 and 40/2006 and other connected matters, thereby upholding conviction and sentence of the appellants for commission of offence under section 489C for 3 years' RI, for section 489B read with section 120B IPC of IPC five years' RI and fine of Rs.1000/- each; in default F to further undergo one month simple imprisonment. Appellants Mehboob Ali and Firoz were convicted and sentenced under section 489B read with section 120B IPC for 5 years' RI and fine of Rs.1,000/-; in default to suffer one month simple imprisonment. Other accused persons LiyakatAli and Puran G Mal were also convicted. 2. As per the prosecution case, on 6.1.2004 FIR No.459 of 2003 was registered at Police Station Ramganj, Jaipur in State of Rajasthan. From possession of accused Puran Mal, H 5 currency notes of Rs.100 denomination were found. Three MEHBOOBALI &ANR v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 557 [ARUN MISHRA. J.]

currency notes were of the same number. Remainlng two A currency notes also bore the same number which were apparently forged. He was arrested vide Me.mo ?-6 and recovery memo P-7 was drawn. Case under section 489C read with section 1208 IPC was registered. On interrogation Puran Mal informed that he had received the currency notes B from Mehboob, Firoz and Ram Gopal. Mehboob and Firoz were arrested on information furnished by accused Puran Mal. · From Ram Gopal's house currency notes worth Rs.41,900/-were recovered from the possession of Puran Mal. Mehboob and Firoz informed the Police that they have obtained the C currency notes from An ju Ali, and they would identify Anju Ali. They were taken to Delhi. On identification made by them An ju Ali was arrested and fake currency notes of the value of Rs.1,75,000/-were recovered from his possession. AnjuAli in 0 turn informed that he used to receive the currency notes from accused Majhar. On the information and identification of Anju Ali, Majharwas arrested and on his search, fake currency notes of the value of Rs.48,220/- were recovered. Majhar in turn informed that he used to receive fake currency notes from E LiyakatAli. LiyakatAli was arrested and from his possession currency notes of the value of Rs.2,39,500/-were recovered. Some semi-made currency notes of Rs.500 denomination and equipments for fabricating notes were also recovered from his possession and on the basis of the information furnished F by him, additional forged currency notes of the value of Rs.2 lakhs were recovered from his lndica car.

3. The fake currency notes have been recovered from the possession of Pu ran Mal, An ju Ali, Majhar and LiyakatAli. The G recovered currency notes were sent to Indian Security Press, Nasik. Shyam Singh, PW-16, Manager of RBI stated thatthe seized currency notes were counterfeit. Report P-34 was submitted. The evidence with respect to how material was deposited in the store house had also been adduced by the H ' 558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 10S.C.R. A prosecution. Reports sent by Security Press are exhibits P-46, P-47, P-48 and P-51. Raghuveer Singh, SHO, identified the articles recovered from Pu ran Mal, Anju Ali, Majhar etc. 4. Accused Mehboob was arrested vide memo P4. He B submitted information vide Memo Ex. P41. Accused Firoz submitted information vide Memo Ex. P42 under section 27 of the Evidence Act. Both of them informed that forged currency notes were supplied to them by Usman Bhai and Anju Ali residents of Delhi, and they would identify them. The information C was recorded by Raghuveer Singh, 10. He had taken the accused Mehboob and Firoz to Delhi. There both of them identified one Maruti car DL-3C-V-2927 in Street No.13, Seelampur, Delhi. They also identified the person who was sitting in the car as Anju Ali for which memo Ex. P16 was D prepared and signatures of two witnesses Mukesh Yadav-PW13 and Vi nod Sharma-PW11 were also obtained.

Mahaveer PW24 accompanied RaghuveerSingh, 10. Vined Sharma, PW11 though turned hostile, admitted his signatures on memo Ex. P16 and also supported the factum of visiting E Delhi along with Police. He drove Vehicle No. RJ-14 7C 4668 and took the policemen from Jaipur to Delhi. Mukesh Yadav PW13 also supported that he had taken the Police to Delhi by his Qualis No.RJ14T-5649. Identification of AnjuAli by Mehboob F Ali and Firoz was also supported. On arrest of Anju Ali vide memo P13 and on search from his right side pocket of Pant, 350 forged currency notes in the denomination of Rs.500 totalling Rs.1, 75,000/-were recovered which were also found to be forged. G 5. Accused An ju Ali had furnished information memo P43 dated 7 .1.2004 that he had obtained the currency notes in the denomination of Rs.500 from Majhar and he would identify Majhar. On the basis of his information on being identified by H Anju Ali, Majhar was arrested on 9.1.2004 at 8.15 p.m. when he was standing near ISBT, where Metro Railway was under MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 559 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] construction. Both PW11 and PW13 have confirmed their A signatures on the memos. Majharwas arrested vide Memo P-

31. On search of Majhar currency notes of the denominations of Rs.500, Rs.100 and Rs.20 were recovered vide memo P19 from the small bag kept by him in the socks of his left foot. Besides, Vined Sharma PW11, Mukesh Yadav PW13 and B Mahaveer Singh PW24 have also supported the factum of recovery and furnishing of information. Currency notes worth Rs.48,220 were recovered from Majhar. 6. The prosecution examined in all 28 witnesses and 53 C documents were exhibited. In defence 3 witnesses were examined. The trial court as well as the High Court have convicted and sentenced the appellants as aforesaid, hence the appeals. · D 7. It was submitted on beha°lf of the appellants Mehboob Ali and Mohd. Firoz that the confessional statement of accused persons recorded under section 27 of Evidence Act is not admissible as the accused persons were under the custody of Police. No recovery has been made from accused Mehboob E Ali and Mohd. Firoz. As such their conviction is illegal and is liable to be set aside. On behalf of the accused Anju Ali and Majhar it has been submitted that recovery from them has not been proved and their conviction is bad in law. F

8 With respect to the appeal of An ju Ali and Majhar, it is apparent thatAnju Ali was arrested on the basis of information furnished by Mehboob and Firoz vide memos Ex. P41 and P42 and he was identified by the aforesaid accused persons while he was in Maruti car in Street No.13, Seelampur, Delhi. G Vi nod PW-11 and Mukesh Yadav PW13 have signed the memo P16. The fact is also supported by Mahaveer Singh PW24. Though Vinod turned hostile but he has admitted his signatures on memo P 16 and has supported the factum of visiting Delhi along with Police. Mukesh Yadav, PW-13, has also supported H 560 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 10S.C.R. A that he had taken the Police to Delhi and Mehboob and Firoz have pointed out that Anju Ali was in the car on the basis of that he was arrested vide memo P3Q. On search of Anju Ali, 350 forged currency notes in the denomination of Rs.500 worth Rs.1, 75,000/-were seized vide recovery memo P-26. B

9. With respect to accused Majhar, information P43 was furnished by accused An ju Ali. Anju Ali identified Majhar while he was standing near ISBT. Mukesh PW-13 has proved memo P43. Vinod PW11, has also admitted his signatures on P-31. C Vide recovery memo P19, currency notes in the denominations of Rs.500, Rs.100 and Rs.20 aggregating to Rs.48,220/-were recovered from Majhar. They have been proved to be fake on the basis of the aforesaid reports submitted by the Indian Security Press, Nasik Road. All the currency notes were found D to be forged. Shyam Singh, Manager, PW16, has proved the sending of the currency notes to Indian Security Press. The currency notes have been proved to be forged and correctness of reports in this regard has not been questioned in the appeals. E 10. In the appeal preferred by Mehboob Ali and Firoz, it was submitted by learned senior counsel appearing on their behalf that the confessional statement of the accused recorded under section 27 of Evidence Act was not admissible as there is no recovery of the currency notes from their possession. F The confession made under the Police custody was inadmissible thus, there was no evidence to convict the appellants Mehboob and Mohd. Firoz.

11. It is apparent from the facts of the case that initially G accused Puran Mal was arrested and from his possession forged currency notes were recovered. On the basis of information furnished by him that the currency notes were handed over to him by accused Mehboob and Firoz, they, in turn, have unfolded the entire sequence leading to arrest of H accused AnjuAli. AnjuAli was arrested on being identified by MEHBOOBALI &A1'IR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 561 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] Mehboob Ali and Firoz when they were taken from Jaipur to A Delhi and the recovery of forged currency notes was made · from An ju Ali. An ju Ali identified yet another co-accused Majhar from whose possession also fake currency notes were recovered and information supplied by Majhar ultimately led to arrest of Liyakat Ali from whose possession also forged • B currency notes and semi-printed currency notes were recovered along with instrument of printing fake currency notes. 12. Section 25 of the Evidence Act provides that no confession made to a Police Officer shall be proved as against C a person accused of any offence. Section 26 provides that no confession made by any person while he is in the custody of a police officer, unless it be made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate, shall be proved as against such person. Section 27 is in the form of a proviso, it lays down how much of an D information received from accused may be proved.

13. For application of section 27 of Evidence Act, admissible portion of confessional statement has to be found as to a fact which were the immediate cause of the discovery, E only that would be part of legal evidence and not the rest. In a statement if something new is discovered or recovered from the accused which was not in the knowledge of the Police before disclosure statement of the accused is recorded, is admissible in the evidence. F 14. Section 27 of Evidence Act refers when any "fact" is deposed. Fact has been defined in section 3 of the Act. Same is quoted below: G "Fact" means and includes- ( 1) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being by the senses; (2) any mental condition of which any person is conscious. H 562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 1OS.C.R. A Illustrations: (a) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in,a certain place, is a fact. (b) That a man heard or saw something, is a fact. 8 (c) That a man said certain words, is a fact. (d) That a man holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in good faith, or fraudulently, or uses a C . particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a specified time conscious of a particular sensation, is a fact.

(e) That a man has a certain reputation, is a fact. o "Relevant". -One fact is said to be relevant to another when the one is connected with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Act relating to the relevancy offacts." E 15. It is apparent that on the basis of the information furnished by accused MehboobAli and Firoz other accused, Anju Ali was arrested. The fact thatAnju Ali was dealing with· forged currency notes. was not to the knowledge of the Police. The statement of both accused has led to discovery of fact F and arrest of co-accused not known to police. They identified him and ultimately statements have led to unearthing the racket of use of fake currency notes. Thus the information furnished by the aforesaid accused persons vide information memos is clearly admissible which has led to the identification and arrest G of accused An ju Ali and as already stated from possession of Anju Ali fake currency notes had been recovered. As per information furnished by accused Mehboob and Firoz vide memos P41 and P42, the fact has been discovered by Police as to the involvement of accused Anju Ali which was not to the H knowledge of the Police. Police was not aware of accused MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 563 [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

Anju Ali as well as the fact that he was dealing with fake currency A notes which were recovered from him. Thus the statement of the aforesaid accused Mehboob and Firoz is clearly saved by section 27 of the Evidence Act. The embargo put by section 27 of the Evidence Act was clearly lifted in the instant case. The statement of the accused persons has led to the discovery B of fact proving complicity of other accused persons and the entire chain of circ_umstances clearly makes out that accused acted in conspiracy as found by the trial court as well as the High Court. c 16. This Court in State (NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu alias Afsan Guru [(2005) 11SCC600] has considered the question of discovery of a fact referred to in section 27. This Court has considered plethora.of decisions and·explained the decision in Pu/ukuri Kottaya & Ors. \I. Emperor[AIR 1947 D PC 67] and held thus : "125. We are of the view that Kottaya case [AIR 1947 PC 67] is an authority for the proposition that "discovery of fact" cannot be equated to the object produced or E found .. lt is more than that. The discovery of fact arises by reason of the fact that the information given by the accused exhibited the knowledge or the mental awareness of the informant as to its existence at a particular place. F

126. We now turn our attention to the precedents of this Court which followed the track of Kottaya case. The ratio of the decision in Kottaya case reflected in the underlined passage extracted supra was highlighted in several G decisions of this Court. 127. The crux of the ratio in Kottaya case was explained by this Court in State of Maharashtra v. Damu. Thomas J. observed that: (SCC p. 283, para 35) H 564 SURREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 1OS.C.R. A "The decision of the Privy Council in Pu/ukuri Kottaya v. Emperor (supra) is the most quoted authority for supporting the interpretation that the 'fact discovered' envisaged in the section embraces the place from which the object was produced, the knowledge of the accused B as to it, but the information given must relate distinctly to that effect." In Mohd. lnayatullah v. State of Maharashtra [1976 1 SCC 828], Sarkaria, J. while clarifying that the expression C "fact discovered" in Section 27 is not restricted to a physical or material fact which can be perceived by the senses, and that it does include a mental fact, explained the meaning by giving the gist of what was laid down in Pu/ukuri Kottaya case (supra). The learned Judge, D speaking for the Bench observed thus: (SCC p. 832, para 13)

"Now it is fairly settled that the expression 'fact discovered' includes not only the physical object E produced, but also the place from which it is produced and the knowledge of the accused as to this (see Pu/ukuri Kottaya v. Emperor (supra); Udai Bhan v. State of U.P. [1962 Supp (2) SCR 830])." F 17. In State of Maharashtra v. Damu Gopinath Shinde & Ors. [AIR 2000 SC 1691] the statement made by the accused that the dead body of the child was carried up to a particular spot and a broken glass piece recovered from the spotwas found to be part of the tail lamp of the motorcycle of co-accused G alleged to be used for the said purpose. The statement leading to the discovery of a fact that accused had carried dead body by a particular motorcycle up to the said spot would be admissible in evidence. This Court has laid down thus: H "36. The basic idea embedded in Section 27 of the MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 565 [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

Evidence Act is the doctrine of confirmation by A subsequent events. The doctrine is founded on the principle that if any fact is discovered in a search made on the strength of any information obtained from a prisoner, such a discovery is a guarantee that the information supplied by the prisoner is true. The B information might be confessional or non-inculpatory in nature, but if it results in discovery of a fact it becomes a reliable information. Hence the legislature permitted such information to be used as evidence by restricting the admissible portion to the minimum. It is now well settled C that recovery of an object is not discovery of a fact as envisaged in the section. The decision of the Privy Council in Pulukuri Kottaya v. Emperor AIR 1947 PC 67 is the most quoted authority for supporting the 0 interpretation that the "fact discovered" envisaged in the section embraces the place from which the object was produced, the knowledge of the accused as to it, but the information given must relate distinctly to that effect.

37. No doubt, the information permitted to be admitted E in evidence is confined to that portion of the information which "distinctly relates to the fact thereby discovered". But the information to get admissibility need not be so truncated as to make it insensible or incomprehensible. F The extent of information admitted should be consistent with understandability. In this case, the fact discovered by PW 44 is that A-3 Mukinda Thorat had carried the dead body of Dipak to the spot on the motorcycle. 38. How did the particular information led to the discovery G of the fact? No doubt, recovery of dead body of Dipak from the same canal was antecedent to the information which PW 44 obtained. If nothing more was recovered pursuant to and subsequent to obtaining the information H from the accused, there would not have been any 566 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 10 S.C.R. A discovery of any fact at all. But when the broken glass piece was recovered from that spot and that piece was found to be part of the tail lamp of the motorcycle ofA-2 Guruji, it can safely be held that the Investigating Officer discovered the fact thatA-2 Guruji had carried the dead B body on that particular motorcycle up to the spot.

39. In view of the said discovery of the fact, we are inclined to hold that the information supplied by A-2 Guruji that the dead body of Dipak was carried on the motorcycle C up to the particular spot is admissible in evidence. That information, therefore, proves the prosecution case to the abovementioned extent." 18. In Ismail v. Emperor [AIR 1946 Sind 43] it was held D that where as a result of information given by the accused another co-accused was found by the police the statement by the accused made to the Police as to the whereabouts of the co-accused was held to be admissible under section 27 as evidence against the accused. E 19. In Subedar& Ors. v. King-Emperor[AIR 1924All. 207] it was held that a statement made by the accused implicating himself and others cannot be called 'first information report'. However it was held that though it could not be treated as first F information report but could be used as information furnished under section 27 of Evidence Act. It was held thus: "The approver and one of the appellants were arrested practically red-handed. They made statements to the G officer who arrested them involving admissions of guilt. They went further and gave a list of the other members of the gang. Thereupon the officer made a report in writing to his superior, containing the information which he had received, including the names of those other persons H received from the two men arrested. Somehow or other, MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 567

[ARUN MISHRA, J.] the learned Judge has described this police report, which A is merely the report of a confession, as "the first information report." Now the first information report is a well known technical description of a report under section 154, Criminal Procedure Code, giving first information of a cognizable crime. This is usually made by the B complainant, or by some one on his behalf. The language is inapplicable to a statement made by the accused. The novelty of a statement by an accused person being called the first information report was to me so strange, that when counsel for the appellants addressed the argument C to me attacking the Judge's use of the first information report, I took no notice of the argument. The learned Judge realized that he was dealing with a confession, but he momentarily failed to appreciate that the document 0 itself was inadmissible, and that the only way in which the information relied upon could be used wa.:; by section

27. That is to say, with regard to the other accused, the officer giving evidence might say : "I arrested them in consequence of information received from Narain and E Thakuri. When I arrested them they made a statement to me which caused me to arrest these people". The use which can legitimately be made of such information is merely this, that when direct evidence is given against the accused at_the trial and there was evidence against F the accused, it is open to the defence to check such evidence by asking whether the name of a particular accused was mentioned or not at the time .... " 20. Considering the aforesaid dictums, it is apparent that G there was discovery of a fact as per the statement of Mehmood Ali and Mohd. Firoz. Co-accused was nabbed on the basis of identification made by the accused Mehboob and Firoz. He was dealing with fake currency notes came to the knowledge of police through them. Recovery of forged currency notes was H 568 SUPREME COURT REPORTS\. [2015) 10 S.C.R.

A also madefromAnjuAli. Thus the aforesaid accused had the knowledge about co-accused An ju Ali who was nabbed at their instance and on the basis of their identification. These facts were not to the knowledge of the Police hence the statements of the accused persons leading to discovery of fact are clearly B admissible as per the provisions contained in section 27 of the Evidence Act which carves out an exception to the general provisions about inadmissibility of confession made under police custody contained in sections 25 and 26 of the Evidence Act. c 21. As a result, we find no merit in the appeals. The judgment and order of sentence passed by the trial court and confirmed by the High Court are found to be appropriate. Thus the appeals being devoid of merit, are hereby dismissed. Devika Gujral Appeals dismissed.

[2015] 10 S.C.R. 553 ' MEHBOOBALI &ANR. A v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN (Criminal Appeal No.808 of 2010) B OCTOBER27, 2015 [H.L. DATTU, CJI AND ARUN MISHRA, J.] Evidence Act, 1872: s. 27 - Statement of accused leading to identification and arrest of other accused persons and C recovery of fake currency notes which information not known to police - Admissibility of his statement - Held: The statement of accused led to the discovery of fact proving complicity of other accused persons and the entire chain of circumstances clearly made out that co-accused acted in 0conspiracy - These facts were not in the knowledge of the Police hence the statement of the accused leading to discovery of fact was clearly admissible as per the provisions contained in s. 27 of the Act which carves out an exception to the general provisions about inadmissibility of confession E made under police custody contained in ss. 25 and 26 of the Act - Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 4898, 489C. Dismissing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1. Section 25 of the Evidence Act provides F that no confession made to a Police Officer shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence. Section 26 provides that no confession made by any person while he is in the custody of a police officer, unless it be made in the immediate presence of a G Magistrate, shall be proved as against such person. Section 27 is in the form of a proviso, it lays down how much of an information received from accused may be 553 H

554 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 10 S.C.R.

A proved. For application of section 27 of Evidence Act, admissible portion of confessional statement h~s to be found as to a fact which were the immediate cause of the discovery, only that would be part of legal evidence and not the rest. In a statement if something new is B discovered or recovered from the accused which was not in the knowledge of the Police before disclosure statement of the accused is recorded, is admissible in the evidence. [Paras 12 and 13] [561-C-F] C 2. It is apparent that on the basis of the information furnished by accused 'M' and 'F', the other accused, 'A' was arrested. The fact that 'A' was dealing with forged currency notes was not to the knowledge ofthe Police. Accused 'M' and 'F' identified 'A' and ultimately D statements led to unearthing the racket of use of fake currency notes. Thus, the information furnished by accused 'M' and 'F' was clearly admissible which led to the identification and arrest of accused 'A' and from possession of 'A' fake currency notes had been E recovered. As per information furnished by accused 'M' and 'F' vide memos P41 and P42, the fact has been discovered by Police as to the involvement of accused 'A' which was not to the knowledge of the Police. Thus F the statement of accused 'M' and 'F' is clearly saved by section 27 of the Evidence Act. The embargo put by section 27 of the Evidence Act was clearly lifted !n the instant case. The statement of the accused persons has led to the discovery of fact proving complicity of other G accused persons and the entire chain of circumstances clearly makes out that accused acted in conspiracy as found by the trial court as well as the High Court. It is apparent that there was discovery of a fact as per the statement of 'M' and 'F'. Co-accu~ed was nabbed on the H basis of identification made by them. He was dealing with MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 555 fake currency notes came to the knowledge of police A through them. Recovery of forged currency notes was also made from 'A'. Thus the said accused had the knowledge about co-accused 'A' who was nabbed at their instance and on the basis of their identification. These facts were not to the knowledge ofthe Police hence the B statements of the accused persons leading to discovery of fact are clearly admissible as per the provisions contained in section 27 of the Evidence Act which carves out an exception to the general provisions about inadmissibility of confession made under police custody C contained in sections 25 and 26 of the Evidence Act. [Paras 15, 20] [562-E-H; 563-A-C; 567-G-H; 568-A-C] State (NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu alias Afsan Guru (2005) 11 SCC 600: 2005 (2) Suppl.-SCR D 79; Pulukuri Kottaya & Ors. v. Emperor AIR 1947 PC 67; State of Maharashtra v. Damu Gopinath Shinde & Ors. AIR 2000 SC 1691: 2000 (3) SCR · 880; Ismail v. Emperor AIR 1946 Sind 43;

E Subedar& Ors. v. King-Emperor AIR 1924All. 207 - relied on. Case Law Reference 2005 (2) Suppl. SCR 79 relied on. Para 16 F AIR 1947 PC 67 relied on. Para 16 2000 (3) SCR 880 relied on. Para 17 AIR 1946 Sind 43 relied on. Para 18 G AIR 1924 All. 207 relied on. Para 19 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: CRIMINAL APPEAL No. 808 of 2010. H 556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 1OS.C.R. A From the Judgment and Order dated 28.05.2009 of the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, at Jaipur in S. B. Crl. Appeal No. 39 of 2006. WITH B Crl.A. No. 1088 of2010. Shekhar Naphade, Sanjay R. Hegde,Arunabh Chowdhury, Gainilung Panmei, Anupam Lal Das, R. K. Kapoor, Rekha Giri, (for Anis Ahmed Khan) for the .t\ppellants. c Jayant Bhatt, P. L., B. Shravant Shanker, Ajay Choudhary, Puneet Parihar, {for Ruchi Kohli), Milind Kumar for the Respondents.

o The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ARUN MISHRA, J. 1. The appeals have been preferred against the common judgment and order dated 28.5.2009 passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan, Jaipur E Bench in Criminal Appeal Nos.39/2006 and 40/2006 and other connected matters, thereby upholding conviction and sentence of the appellants for commission of offence under section 489C for 3 years' RI, for section 489B read with section 120B IPC of IPC five years' RI and fine of Rs.1000/- each; in default F to further undergo one month simple imprisonment. Appellants Mehboob Ali and Firoz were convicted and sentenced under section 489B read with section 120B IPC for 5 years' RI and fine of Rs.1,000/-; in default to suffer one month simple imprisonment. Other accused persons LiyakatAli and Puran G Mal were also convicted. 2. As per the prosecution case, on 6.1.2004 FIR No.459 of 2003 was registered at Police Station Ramganj, Jaipur in State of Rajasthan. From possession of accused Puran Mal, H 5 currency notes of Rs.100 denomination were found. Three MEHBOOBALI &ANR v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 557 [ARUN MISHRA. J.]

currency notes were of the same number. Remainlng two A currency notes also bore the same number which were apparently forged. He was arrested vide Me.mo ?-6 and recovery memo P-7 was drawn. Case under section 489C read with section 1208 IPC was registered. On interrogation Puran Mal informed that he had received the currency notes B from Mehboob, Firoz and Ram Gopal. Mehboob and Firoz were arrested on information furnished by accused Puran Mal. · From Ram Gopal's house currency notes worth Rs.41,900/-were recovered from the possession of Puran Mal. Mehboob and Firoz informed the Police that they have obtained the C currency notes from An ju Ali, and they would identify Anju Ali. They were taken to Delhi. On identification made by them An ju Ali was arrested and fake currency notes of the value of Rs.1,75,000/-were recovered from his possession. AnjuAli in 0 turn informed that he used to receive the currency notes from accused Majhar. On the information and identification of Anju Ali, Majharwas arrested and on his search, fake currency notes of the value of Rs.48,220/- were recovered. Majhar in turn informed that he used to receive fake currency notes from E LiyakatAli. LiyakatAli was arrested and from his possession currency notes of the value of Rs.2,39,500/-were recovered. Some semi-made currency notes of Rs.500 denomination and equipments for fabricating notes were also recovered from his possession and on the basis of the information furnished F by him, additional forged currency notes of the value of Rs.2 lakhs were recovered from his lndica car.

3. The fake currency notes have been recovered from the possession of Pu ran Mal, An ju Ali, Majhar and LiyakatAli. The G recovered currency notes were sent to Indian Security Press, Nasik. Shyam Singh, PW-16, Manager of RBI stated thatthe seized currency notes were counterfeit. Report P-34 was submitted. The evidence with respect to how material was deposited in the store house had also been adduced by the H ' 558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 10S.C.R. A prosecution. Reports sent by Security Press are exhibits P-46, P-47, P-48 and P-51. Raghuveer Singh, SHO, identified the articles recovered from Pu ran Mal, Anju Ali, Majhar etc. 4. Accused Mehboob was arrested vide memo P4. He B submitted information vide Memo Ex. P41. Accused Firoz submitted information vide Memo Ex. P42 under section 27 of the Evidence Act. Both of them informed that forged currency notes were supplied to them by Usman Bhai and Anju Ali residents of Delhi, and they would identify them. The information C was recorded by Raghuveer Singh, 10. He had taken the accused Mehboob and Firoz to Delhi. There both of them identified one Maruti car DL-3C-V-2927 in Street No.13, Seelampur, Delhi. They also identified the person who was sitting in the car as Anju Ali for which memo Ex. P16 was D prepared and signatures of two witnesses Mukesh Yadav-PW13 and Vi nod Sharma-PW11 were also obtained.

Mahaveer PW24 accompanied RaghuveerSingh, 10. Vined Sharma, PW11 though turned hostile, admitted his signatures on memo Ex. P16 and also supported the factum of visiting E Delhi along with Police. He drove Vehicle No. RJ-14 7C 4668 and took the policemen from Jaipur to Delhi. Mukesh Yadav PW13 also supported that he had taken the Police to Delhi by his Qualis No.RJ14T-5649. Identification of AnjuAli by Mehboob F Ali and Firoz was also supported. On arrest of Anju Ali vide memo P13 and on search from his right side pocket of Pant, 350 forged currency notes in the denomination of Rs.500 totalling Rs.1, 75,000/-were recovered which were also found to be forged. G 5. Accused An ju Ali had furnished information memo P43 dated 7 .1.2004 that he had obtained the currency notes in the denomination of Rs.500 from Majhar and he would identify Majhar. On the basis of his information on being identified by H Anju Ali, Majhar was arrested on 9.1.2004 at 8.15 p.m. when he was standing near ISBT, where Metro Railway was under MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 559 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] construction. Both PW11 and PW13 have confirmed their A signatures on the memos. Majharwas arrested vide Memo P-

31. On search of Majhar currency notes of the denominations of Rs.500, Rs.100 and Rs.20 were recovered vide memo P19 from the small bag kept by him in the socks of his left foot. Besides, Vined Sharma PW11, Mukesh Yadav PW13 and B Mahaveer Singh PW24 have also supported the factum of recovery and furnishing of information. Currency notes worth Rs.48,220 were recovered from Majhar. 6. The prosecution examined in all 28 witnesses and 53 C documents were exhibited. In defence 3 witnesses were examined. The trial court as well as the High Court have convicted and sentenced the appellants as aforesaid, hence the appeals. · D 7. It was submitted on beha°lf of the appellants Mehboob Ali and Mohd. Firoz that the confessional statement of accused persons recorded under section 27 of Evidence Act is not admissible as the accused persons were under the custody of Police. No recovery has been made from accused Mehboob E Ali and Mohd. Firoz. As such their conviction is illegal and is liable to be set aside. On behalf of the accused Anju Ali and Majhar it has been submitted that recovery from them has not been proved and their conviction is bad in law. F

8 With respect to the appeal of An ju Ali and Majhar, it is apparent thatAnju Ali was arrested on the basis of information furnished by Mehboob and Firoz vide memos Ex. P41 and P42 and he was identified by the aforesaid accused persons while he was in Maruti car in Street No.13, Seelampur, Delhi. G Vi nod PW-11 and Mukesh Yadav PW13 have signed the memo P16. The fact is also supported by Mahaveer Singh PW24. Though Vinod turned hostile but he has admitted his signatures on memo P 16 and has supported the factum of visiting Delhi along with Police. Mukesh Yadav, PW-13, has also supported H 560 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 10S.C.R. A that he had taken the Police to Delhi and Mehboob and Firoz have pointed out that Anju Ali was in the car on the basis of that he was arrested vide memo P3Q. On search of Anju Ali, 350 forged currency notes in the denomination of Rs.500 worth Rs.1, 75,000/-were seized vide recovery memo P-26. B

9. With respect to accused Majhar, information P43 was furnished by accused An ju Ali. Anju Ali identified Majhar while he was standing near ISBT. Mukesh PW-13 has proved memo P43. Vinod PW11, has also admitted his signatures on P-31. C Vide recovery memo P19, currency notes in the denominations of Rs.500, Rs.100 and Rs.20 aggregating to Rs.48,220/-were recovered from Majhar. They have been proved to be fake on the basis of the aforesaid reports submitted by the Indian Security Press, Nasik Road. All the currency notes were found D to be forged. Shyam Singh, Manager, PW16, has proved the sending of the currency notes to Indian Security Press. The currency notes have been proved to be forged and correctness of reports in this regard has not been questioned in the appeals. E 10. In the appeal preferred by Mehboob Ali and Firoz, it was submitted by learned senior counsel appearing on their behalf that the confessional statement of the accused recorded under section 27 of Evidence Act was not admissible as there is no recovery of the currency notes from their possession. F The confession made under the Police custody was inadmissible thus, there was no evidence to convict the appellants Mehboob and Mohd. Firoz.

11. It is apparent from the facts of the case that initially G accused Puran Mal was arrested and from his possession forged currency notes were recovered. On the basis of information furnished by him that the currency notes were handed over to him by accused Mehboob and Firoz, they, in turn, have unfolded the entire sequence leading to arrest of H accused AnjuAli. AnjuAli was arrested on being identified by MEHBOOBALI &A1'IR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 561 [ARUN MISHRA, J.] Mehboob Ali and Firoz when they were taken from Jaipur to A Delhi and the recovery of forged currency notes was made · from An ju Ali. An ju Ali identified yet another co-accused Majhar from whose possession also fake currency notes were recovered and information supplied by Majhar ultimately led to arrest of Liyakat Ali from whose possession also forged • B currency notes and semi-printed currency notes were recovered along with instrument of printing fake currency notes. 12. Section 25 of the Evidence Act provides that no confession made to a Police Officer shall be proved as against C a person accused of any offence. Section 26 provides that no confession made by any person while he is in the custody of a police officer, unless it be made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate, shall be proved as against such person. Section 27 is in the form of a proviso, it lays down how much of an D information received from accused may be proved.

13. For application of section 27 of Evidence Act, admissible portion of confessional statement has to be found as to a fact which were the immediate cause of the discovery, E only that would be part of legal evidence and not the rest. In a statement if something new is discovered or recovered from the accused which was not in the knowledge of the Police before disclosure statement of the accused is recorded, is admissible in the evidence. F 14. Section 27 of Evidence Act refers when any "fact" is deposed. Fact has been defined in section 3 of the Act. Same is quoted below: G "Fact" means and includes- ( 1) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being by the senses; (2) any mental condition of which any person is conscious. H 562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 1OS.C.R. A Illustrations: (a) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in,a certain place, is a fact. (b) That a man heard or saw something, is a fact. 8 (c) That a man said certain words, is a fact. (d) That a man holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in good faith, or fraudulently, or uses a C . particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a specified time conscious of a particular sensation, is a fact.

(e) That a man has a certain reputation, is a fact. o "Relevant". -One fact is said to be relevant to another when the one is connected with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Act relating to the relevancy offacts." E 15. It is apparent that on the basis of the information furnished by accused MehboobAli and Firoz other accused, Anju Ali was arrested. The fact thatAnju Ali was dealing with· forged currency notes. was not to the knowledge of the Police. The statement of both accused has led to discovery of fact F and arrest of co-accused not known to police. They identified him and ultimately statements have led to unearthing the racket of use of fake currency notes. Thus the information furnished by the aforesaid accused persons vide information memos is clearly admissible which has led to the identification and arrest G of accused An ju Ali and as already stated from possession of Anju Ali fake currency notes had been recovered. As per information furnished by accused Mehboob and Firoz vide memos P41 and P42, the fact has been discovered by Police as to the involvement of accused Anju Ali which was not to the H knowledge of the Police. Police was not aware of accused MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 563 [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

Anju Ali as well as the fact that he was dealing with fake currency A notes which were recovered from him. Thus the statement of the aforesaid accused Mehboob and Firoz is clearly saved by section 27 of the Evidence Act. The embargo put by section 27 of the Evidence Act was clearly lifted in the instant case. The statement of the accused persons has led to the discovery B of fact proving complicity of other accused persons and the entire chain of circ_umstances clearly makes out that accused acted in conspiracy as found by the trial court as well as the High Court. c 16. This Court in State (NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu alias Afsan Guru [(2005) 11SCC600] has considered the question of discovery of a fact referred to in section 27. This Court has considered plethora.of decisions and·explained the decision in Pu/ukuri Kottaya & Ors. \I. Emperor[AIR 1947 D PC 67] and held thus : "125. We are of the view that Kottaya case [AIR 1947 PC 67] is an authority for the proposition that "discovery of fact" cannot be equated to the object produced or E found .. lt is more than that. The discovery of fact arises by reason of the fact that the information given by the accused exhibited the knowledge or the mental awareness of the informant as to its existence at a particular place. F

126. We now turn our attention to the precedents of this Court which followed the track of Kottaya case. The ratio of the decision in Kottaya case reflected in the underlined passage extracted supra was highlighted in several G decisions of this Court. 127. The crux of the ratio in Kottaya case was explained by this Court in State of Maharashtra v. Damu. Thomas J. observed that: (SCC p. 283, para 35) H 564 SURREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 1OS.C.R. A "The decision of the Privy Council in Pu/ukuri Kottaya v. Emperor (supra) is the most quoted authority for supporting the interpretation that the 'fact discovered' envisaged in the section embraces the place from which the object was produced, the knowledge of the accused B as to it, but the information given must relate distinctly to that effect." In Mohd. lnayatullah v. State of Maharashtra [1976 1 SCC 828], Sarkaria, J. while clarifying that the expression C "fact discovered" in Section 27 is not restricted to a physical or material fact which can be perceived by the senses, and that it does include a mental fact, explained the meaning by giving the gist of what was laid down in Pu/ukuri Kottaya case (supra). The learned Judge, D speaking for the Bench observed thus: (SCC p. 832, para 13)

"Now it is fairly settled that the expression 'fact discovered' includes not only the physical object E produced, but also the place from which it is produced and the knowledge of the accused as to this (see Pu/ukuri Kottaya v. Emperor (supra); Udai Bhan v. State of U.P. [1962 Supp (2) SCR 830])." F 17. In State of Maharashtra v. Damu Gopinath Shinde & Ors. [AIR 2000 SC 1691] the statement made by the accused that the dead body of the child was carried up to a particular spot and a broken glass piece recovered from the spotwas found to be part of the tail lamp of the motorcycle of co-accused G alleged to be used for the said purpose. The statement leading to the discovery of a fact that accused had carried dead body by a particular motorcycle up to the said spot would be admissible in evidence. This Court has laid down thus: H "36. The basic idea embedded in Section 27 of the MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 565 [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

Evidence Act is the doctrine of confirmation by A subsequent events. The doctrine is founded on the principle that if any fact is discovered in a search made on the strength of any information obtained from a prisoner, such a discovery is a guarantee that the information supplied by the prisoner is true. The B information might be confessional or non-inculpatory in nature, but if it results in discovery of a fact it becomes a reliable information. Hence the legislature permitted such information to be used as evidence by restricting the admissible portion to the minimum. It is now well settled C that recovery of an object is not discovery of a fact as envisaged in the section. The decision of the Privy Council in Pulukuri Kottaya v. Emperor AIR 1947 PC 67 is the most quoted authority for supporting the 0 interpretation that the "fact discovered" envisaged in the section embraces the place from which the object was produced, the knowledge of the accused as to it, but the information given must relate distinctly to that effect.

37. No doubt, the information permitted to be admitted E in evidence is confined to that portion of the information which "distinctly relates to the fact thereby discovered". But the information to get admissibility need not be so truncated as to make it insensible or incomprehensible. F The extent of information admitted should be consistent with understandability. In this case, the fact discovered by PW 44 is that A-3 Mukinda Thorat had carried the dead body of Dipak to the spot on the motorcycle. 38. How did the particular information led to the discovery G of the fact? No doubt, recovery of dead body of Dipak from the same canal was antecedent to the information which PW 44 obtained. If nothing more was recovered pursuant to and subsequent to obtaining the information H from the accused, there would not have been any 566 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 10 S.C.R. A discovery of any fact at all. But when the broken glass piece was recovered from that spot and that piece was found to be part of the tail lamp of the motorcycle ofA-2 Guruji, it can safely be held that the Investigating Officer discovered the fact thatA-2 Guruji had carried the dead B body on that particular motorcycle up to the spot.

39. In view of the said discovery of the fact, we are inclined to hold that the information supplied by A-2 Guruji that the dead body of Dipak was carried on the motorcycle C up to the particular spot is admissible in evidence. That information, therefore, proves the prosecution case to the abovementioned extent." 18. In Ismail v. Emperor [AIR 1946 Sind 43] it was held D that where as a result of information given by the accused another co-accused was found by the police the statement by the accused made to the Police as to the whereabouts of the co-accused was held to be admissible under section 27 as evidence against the accused. E 19. In Subedar& Ors. v. King-Emperor[AIR 1924All. 207] it was held that a statement made by the accused implicating himself and others cannot be called 'first information report'. However it was held that though it could not be treated as first F information report but could be used as information furnished under section 27 of Evidence Act. It was held thus: "The approver and one of the appellants were arrested practically red-handed. They made statements to the G officer who arrested them involving admissions of guilt. They went further and gave a list of the other members of the gang. Thereupon the officer made a report in writing to his superior, containing the information which he had received, including the names of those other persons H received from the two men arrested. Somehow or other, MEHBOOBALI &ANR. v. STATE OF RAJASTHAN 567

[ARUN MISHRA, J.] the learned Judge has described this police report, which A is merely the report of a confession, as "the first information report." Now the first information report is a well known technical description of a report under section 154, Criminal Procedure Code, giving first information of a cognizable crime. This is usually made by the B complainant, or by some one on his behalf. The language is inapplicable to a statement made by the accused. The novelty of a statement by an accused person being called the first information report was to me so strange, that when counsel for the appellants addressed the argument C to me attacking the Judge's use of the first information report, I took no notice of the argument. The learned Judge realized that he was dealing with a confession, but he momentarily failed to appreciate that the document 0 itself was inadmissible, and that the only way in which the information relied upon could be used wa.:; by section

27. That is to say, with regard to the other accused, the officer giving evidence might say : "I arrested them in consequence of information received from Narain and E Thakuri. When I arrested them they made a statement to me which caused me to arrest these people". The use which can legitimately be made of such information is merely this, that when direct evidence is given against the accused at_the trial and there was evidence against F the accused, it is open to the defence to check such evidence by asking whether the name of a particular accused was mentioned or not at the time .... " 20. Considering the aforesaid dictums, it is apparent that G there was discovery of a fact as per the statement of Mehmood Ali and Mohd. Firoz. Co-accused was nabbed on the basis of identification made by the accused Mehboob and Firoz. He was dealing with fake currency notes came to the knowledge of police through them. Recovery of forged currency notes was H 568 SUPREME COURT REPORTS\. [2015) 10 S.C.R.

A also madefromAnjuAli. Thus the aforesaid accused had the knowledge about co-accused An ju Ali who was nabbed at their instance and on the basis of their identification. These facts were not to the knowledge of the Police hence the statements of the accused persons leading to discovery of fact are clearly B admissible as per the provisions contained in section 27 of the Evidence Act which carves out an exception to the general provisions about inadmissibility of confession made under police custody contained in sections 25 and 26 of the Evidence Act. c 21. As a result, we find no merit in the appeals. The judgment and order of sentence passed by the trial court and confirmed by the High Court are found to be appropriate. Thus the appeals being devoid of merit, are hereby dismissed. Devika Gujral Appeals dismissed.