[2015) 9 S.C.R. 483 K.P. SINGH A v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI (Criminal Appeal No. 1264 OF 2015) B SEPTEMBER 28, 2015 [T.S. THAKUR AND V. GOPALA GOWDA, JJ.] Sentence/Sentencing - Quantum of sentence -Determination of- On facts, the appellant accepted bribe of C Rs. 7001- - Court below concurrently convicted the appellant for the offence punishable uls. 8 of the 1988Act-As regards sentence, award of rigorous imprisonment for a period of two years and a fine of Rs. 5, 0001- by the trial court was reduced to one year besides a fine of Rs. 5, 0001- and default sentence 0 of imprisonment for a period of two months by the High Court

- On appeal, held: Per Gowda J: Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, that the main accused-public servant against whom the charges were leveled under the 1988 Act, was acquitted for want of evidence on record, and E the said order has attained finality; and that pursuant to order by this Court, the appellant surrendered to the Jail and has served the sentence for more than 7. 5 months and has paid the fine amount awarded by the courts below, to meet the ends ofjustice the period of sentence awarded to the appellant F reduced to the period already undergone by him- Thus, the order of High Court is modified accordingly- Per Thakur J: Determining the adequacy of sentence to be awarded in a given case is not an easy task, just as evolving a uniform sentencing policy is a tough call because the quantum of G sentence depends upon a variety of factors including mitigating circumstances peculiar to a given case - Since the trial and appeal proceedings are pending for nearly 17 483 H 484 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A years causing immense trauma, mental incarnation and anguish to the appellant; that the bribe amount was just about Rs. 7001-; and that the appellant has already undergone 7~ months against the statutory minimum of 6 months imprisonment, the reduction of the sentence is correct -B Prevention of Corruption Act. 1988 - s. 8.

B.G Goswami v. Delhi Administration (1974) 3 SCC 85: 1974 (1) SCR 222; Dologovinda Mohanty v. State ofOrissa (1979) 4 SCC 557;M. W Mohiuddin v. State of Maharashtra C (1995) 3 SCC 567: 1995 ( 2) SCR 864; Ghulam Din Buch etc. etc. v. State of Jammu and Kashmir (1996) 9 SCC 239: 1996 ( 3 ) SCR 1121; State of Maharashtra v. Rashid Babubhai Mulani (2006) 1 SCC 407: 2006 (1 ) SCR 189 ;Bechaarbhai S. Prajapati v. State of Gujarat (2008) 11 SCC D 163: 2008 (3) SCR 634; V.K. Verma v. CBI (2014) 3 SCC 485:2014 (1) SCR 1063 ;Gulmahmad Abdulla Dall v. State ofGujarat2014 (4) Crimes 455 (SC)- referred to. Case Law Reference .E 1974 (1) SCR 222 referred to. Para 4 (1979) 4 sec 557 referred to. Para 5 1995 ( 2) SCR 864 referred to. Para 6 F 1996 ( 3) SCR 1121 referred to. Para 7 2006 (1 ) SCR 189 referred to. Para 8 · 2008 (3) SCR 634 referred to. Para 9 G 2014 (1) SCR 1063 referred to. · Para 10 2014 (4) Crimes 455 (SC) referred to. Para 11 H CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: CriminalAppeal No. 1264 of2015. K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 485 From the Judgment and Order dated 31.10.2014 of the A High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Criminal A. No. 758 of 2008. Radha Shyam Jena, J. Samal for the Appellant. B K. L. Janjani, Shailender Saini, D.S. Mahra for the Respondent. The Orders of the Court were delivered by V.GOPALA GOWDA, J. 1. Leave granted. c

2. The present criminal appeal is directed against the impugned judgment and order dated 31.10.2014 passed by the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Crl. A. No. 758 of 2008, wherein it has affirmed the conviction against the D appellant for the offence punishable under Section 8 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (hereinafter "the P. C. Act") and reduced sentence awarded from 2 years to 1 year retaining Rs.5000/- fine imposed with default sentence of 2 months after re-appreciation of evidence of the prosecution E witnesses no.6, 9 and 13 and accepted their evidence as cogent to prove the charge levelled against him in exercise of its appellate jurisdiction. Various legal contentions have been urged by the learned counsel on behalf of the appellant before this Court questioning the correctness of the judgment F and order reducing the sentence of imprisonment imposed - upon him from 2 years to 1 year with fine amount of Rs.5,000/ - and in default sentence as mentioned above. This Court vide its order dated 02.02.2015 has issued notice to the respondent to re-consider the quantum of sentence subject G to the condition that the appellant surrender to the Central Jail, Tihar to undergo sentence and file proof thereof within a week. Accordingly, he surrendered to the Central Jail, Tihar on 04.02.2015 in case FIR No. 29of1997. H 486 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A 3. Mr. Radha Shyam Jena, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant contends that both the Special Court and the High Court have erred in convicting the appellant despite the fact that the main accused Ms. Manju Mathur has been acquitted for the offence under Sections B 7,8, 13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the P.C. Act, on appreciation of evidence on record and that the prosecution failed to prove the guilt against her. She was acquitted from the charges, which order has attained finality. The learned counsel has further contended that the courts below have C erred in recording a finding of guilt on the charge as against the appellant despite the fact that there is no evidence on record to prove the same. The learned counsel has further contended that the High Court has erred in upholding the judgment and order of the Special Judge and did not consider the essential 0 ingredients of Section 8 of the PC. Act, which are that the accused should accept or agree to accept or even attempt to obtain gratification from someone, the gratification is for himself or for someone else and its motive or reward is to E induce a public servant by corrupt or illegal means to do or forebear to do any official act or to show favour or disfavour to someone etc.

4. It is further contended by Mr. Radha S'hyam Jena, F learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant that the prosecution has failed to prove the involvement of someone other than the appellant. Further, it is alternatively contended by him that the appellant had undergone agony and trauma since the litigation has been going on for the last 17 years. G In this backdrop, the High Court ought to have imposed the minimum sentence of 6 months as provided under Section 8 of the P.C. Act in exercise of its discretionary power. Hence the present appeal urging various grounds. H 5. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties and have carefully examined the concurrent findings and K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 487 [V.GOPALAGOWDA, J.] . reasons recorded by the appellate court in its judgment after A re-appreciation of evidence in exercise of its appellate jurisdiction. The High Court after adverting to the evidence of the prosecution witnesses has concurred with the findings of fact on the charge framed against the appellant under Section 8 of the P.C. Act. While concurring with the findings of fact on B conviction of the charge framed against the appellant, the High Court has modified the sentence imposed upon him from 2 years to 1 year with no change in the fine amount and the default sentence as awarded by the learned Special Judge. c

6. We have carefully examined the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court with a view to ascertain whether the sentence imposed on the appellant by the High Court can be modified to the minimum sentence of 6 months as provided under the provisions of Section 8 of the P.C.Act. D It is an undisputed fact that the main accused No. 2 has been acquitted from the charges framed against her by the Special Court. The learned Special Judge, on appreciation of evidence on record has held that the prosecution had failed to prove the charge against the accused No. 2, who is the public E servant. Further, pursuant to our order dated 02.02.2015 the appellant surrendered to the Central Jail, Tihar on 04.02.2015 in FIR case No. 29 of 1997. He has served the sentence for more than 7.5 months as per the certificate F dated 6.9.2015 issued by the Deputy Superintendent, Central Jail, Tihar and has paid the fine amount awarded by the Special Court which fine amount as sentence is affirmed by the High Court. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, particularly in the light of the fact G thatthe main accused No. 2, against whom the charges we're levelled under Sections 7, 8, 13 (1) (d) read with Section 13 (2) of the P.C. Act, was acquitted for want of evidence on record, we are of the view that justice would be met if the period of sentence already undergone by the appellant be H 488 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A treated as the sentence to be imposed for the conviction on. the charge framed against him. To that extent the impugned order of sentence imposed by the High Court is modified and we pass the following order:-B This criminal appeal is partly allowed and we modify the order impugned with regard to the period of sentence already undergone by the appellant is treated as sentence imposed upon him for the charge proved against him. To this extent the impugned order of sentence of 1 year C imposed by the High Court is modified. In view of the above modified order of sentence, we direct the Superintendent of Central Jail, lihar to release the appellant forthwith from the custody, if he is not required in any other criminal case. D T.S. THAKUR, J. 1. I have had the advantage of going through the order proposed by my Esteemed Brother Gowda, J. and find myself in complete agreement with the view taken by His Lordship that the sentence awarded to the appellant E deserves to be reduced to the period already undergone by him. Not because the reasoning given in support of that view is in any manner deficient, but only to buttress the conclusion arrived at by his Lordship, I propose to add a few lines of my own. F

2. The facts to the extent relevant have been elucidated in the order proposed by Gowda, J. It would, therefore, serve no purpose to recapitulate the same over again. What is important is that the principal accused has been acquitted of G the charges framed against her while the courts below have c6ncurrently convicted the appellant for the offences punishable under Section 8 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. In the present appeal we had issued notice limited to the question of quantum of sentence that could be awarded to the H appellant in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case. K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 489 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] The Trial Court had, as noticed by Gowda, J., awarded rigorous A imprisonment for a period of two years and a fine of Rs. 5,000/ - to the appellant herein which has been in appeal reduced by the High Court to one year besides a fine of Rs.5,000/-and a default sentence of imprisonment for a period of two months. B

3. Determining the adequacy of sentence to be awarded in a given case is not an easy task, just as evolving a uniform · sentencing policy is a tough call. That is because the quantum of sentence that may be awarded depends upon a variety of C factors including mitigating circumstances peculiar to a given case. The Courts generally enjoy considerable amount of discretion in the matter of determining the quantum of sentence. In doing so, the courts are influenced in varying degrees by the reformative, deterrent and punitive aspects D of punishment, delay in the conclusion of the ~rial and legal proceedings, the age of the accused, his physical/health condition, the nature of the offence, the weapon used and in the cases of illegal gratification the amount of bribe, loss of job and family obligations of accused are also some of the E considerations that weigh heavily with the Courts while determining the sentence to be awarded. The Courts have not attempted to exhaustively enumerate the considerations that go into determination of the quantum of sentence nor F have the Courts attempted to lay down the weight that each one of these considerations carry. That is because any such exercise is neither easy nor advisable given the myriad situations in which the question may fall for determination. Broadly speaking, the courts have recognised the factors G mentioned earlier as being relevant to the question of determining the sentence. Decisions of this Court on the subject are a legion. Reference to some only should, however, suffice.

H 4. In B.G. Goswami v. Delhi Administration (1974) 3 SCC 490 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 9 S.C.R.

A 85, the accused was convicted under Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and under Section 161 of l.P.C and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of 1 year and 4 months. On appeal, this Court while reducing the punishment B to the period already undergone, laid down the general principles that are to be borne in mind by the Courts while determining the quantum of punishment. This Court observed: "10. As already observ~d. the appellant's conviction c under Section 161, l.P.C. was rightly upheld by the High Court and there is no cogent ground made out for our interference with that conviction. The sentence of imprisonment imposed by the High Court for both these offences is 1 year and this sentence is to run concurrently. D The only question which arises is that under Section 5(1 )(d) read with Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act the minimum sentence prescribed is rigorous imprisonment for one year and there must also be imposition of fine. The sentence of imprisonment can E be for a lesser period but in that event the Court has to assign special reasons which must be recorded in writing. In considering the special reasons the judicial discretion of the Court is as wide as the demand of the cause of substantial justice. Now the question of sentence is always F a difficult question, requiring as it does, proper · adjustment and balancing of various considerations which weigh with a judicial mind in determining its appropri'ate quantum in a given case. The main purpose ofJhe sentence broadly stated is that the accused must realise G that he has committed an act which is not only harmful to the society of which he forms an integral part but is also harmful to his own future, both as an individual and as a member of the society. Punishment is designed to H protect society by deterring potential offenders as also by K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 491

[T.S. THAKUR, J.] preventing the guilty party from repeating the offence; it is . A also designed to reform the offender and re-claim him as a law abiding citizen for the good of the society as a whole. Reformatory, deterrent and punitive aspects of punishment thus play their due part in judicial thinking while determining this question. In modern civilized B societies, however, reformatory aspect is being given somewhat greater importance. Too lenient as well as too harsh sentences both lose their efficaciousness. One does not deter and the other may frustrate thereby making the offender a hardened criminal. In the present case, C after weighing the considerations already noticed by us and the fact that to send the appellant back to jail now after 7 years of the agony and harassment of these proceedings when he is also going to lose his job and to 0 earn a living for himself and for his family members and for those dependent on him, we feel that it would meetthe ends of justice if we reduce the sentence of imprisonment to that already undergone but increase the sentence of fine from Rs. 200/- to Rs. 400/-. Period E of imprisonment in case of default will remain the same."

5. In Dologovinda Mohantyv. State of Orissa (1979) 4 sec 557, this Court upon considering the negligible amount of Rs. 138/- alleged to have been received by the accused F . as illegal gratification, took a lenient view by reducing the sentence of the accused from four months rigorous imprisonment to the period already undergone. The following passage is apposite: " .... It, however, appears that the entire money which was G said to have been embezzled by the appellant was recovered by the government by deducting the entire amount from the salary of the appellant. It also appears from the statement of the accused under Section 342 H that in view of his domestic circumstances he was 492 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A mentally disturbed. Having regard to these special circumstances and further having regard to the facts that the sum embezzled is only Rs. 138/- we feel that it would not be proper to send the appellant back to jail. The appellant has already undergone about a week's B imprisonment. For these reasons, therefore, we reduce the sentence to the period already served and reduce the fine from Rs. 1,000/-to Rs. 500/- in default one month's rigorous imprisonment. Out of the fine, if deposited c already, Rs. 500/- may be refunded to the appellant. With this modification the appeal is dismissed."

6. In light of the long delay in the conclusion of the legal proceedings and the consequential agony and incarceration undergone by the appellant, this Court in M.W. Mohiuddin v. D State of Maharashtra (1995) 3 SCC 567 reduced the sentence of six months imposed on the accused by the trial court to the period already undergone: "10. Now coming to the question of sentence, the offence E took place in theyear1981.All these years the appellant has undergone the agony of criminal proceedings until now and he has also lost his job and has a large family to support. It is also stated that he has become sick and infirm. He has been in jail for some time. For all these F special reasons, while confirming the conviction of the appellant, we reduce the sentence of imprisonment to the period already undergone. However, we confirm the sentence of fine with default clause. Accordingly, subject to the modification of sentence of imprisonment, G the appeal is dismissed." 7. To the same effect is the decision of this Court in Ghulam Din Buch etc. etc. v. State of Jammu and Kashmir ( 1996) 9 sec 239 wherein after considering the long delay H in the legal proceedings, this Court reduced the punishment K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 493 (T.S. THAKUR, J.] of the accused to two months rigorous imprisonment for A offences punishable under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and the Ranbir Penal Code. This Court said:

"28. According to us, it would be too harsh to award even the minimum punishment at this length of time B keeping in view the hardship already undergone and the amount which the State had ultimately to lose because of the conspiracy - the same being a sum of Rs. 1,62, 117.89. As about two decades have passed since the commission of the offence and as during the C interregnum the appellants had undoubtedly suffered in body and mind, according to us, it is a fit case where the proviso to Sub-section (2) of Section 5 oftheAct should be invoked which states that for special reasons recorded in writing, the court may refrain from imposing a D sentence of imprisonment or impose a sentence of imprisonment of less than ·one year. Though the proviso permits not to impose a sentence of imprisonment at all and confine the sentence to fine only, we do not think if present is a case where the punishment to be awarded E should be only fine, as any softness in this regard could produce an undesirable result, namely, encouragement to adoption of corrupt means by public servants which has indeed to be checked, and not allow to be F encouraged. Keeping in view all the attending circumstances, we are of the view that a sentence of RI for two months would be adequate sentence, apart from the fine of Rs. 15,000. On failure to pay the fine, each of the appellants would suffer imprisonment for two months." G

8. So also, in the case of State of Maharashtra v. Rashid Babubhai Mulani (2006) 1 SCC 407, the accused had allegedly obtained illegal gratification to the tune of Rs. 300/ - for which the trial Court had convicted the accused under H Section 161 of the l.P.C. and for an offence punishable under 494 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 194 7 and sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment for a period of one year. This Court reduced the sentence to four months after considering the b.ribe amount and the long delay. The following observations are, in B this regard, relevant: "6. In regard to sentence, we find that the incident occurred about 19 years ago. The matter was pending for about 3 years before the Special Judge, and about c 8 years before the High Court and, thereafter, for 8 years before this Court. The accused was hardly 32 years old when the incident occurred and now more than 50 years old. The accused was a Talathi coming from a poor background with a family to support. In the D circumstances, while restoring the conviction, we reduce the sentence from one year to four months both under Section 161 IPC and Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Act. Both the sentences to run concurrently. The accused, who is on bail, shall surrender forthwith to E serve out the sentence."

9. So also, in the case of Bechaarbhai S. Prajapati v. State of Gujarat (2008) 11 SCC 163, this Court reduced the sentence of one year imprisonment imposed on the accused for the F offences under Section 161 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and Section 7(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The Court, in the following words, held that the delay and the sentence undergone by the accused were mitigating factors in determining the quantum of sentence: G "8. The alternative submission relates to the harshness of sentence. The occurrence took place nearly seven years back. It is stated that the appellant has suffered custody for more than six months. Taking into account H all these aspects, we feel interest of justice would be best K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 495 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] served if the sentence is reduced to the period undergone, A while maintaining the-conviction. It is to be noted that the minimum sentence prescribed under Section 7(2) of the Act is six months."

10. In the recent decision of this Court in V.K. Verma v. B CBI (2014) 3 sec 485, the accused was charged under Section 161 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and Section 5( 1)( d) read with 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 for demand and acceptance of a bribe of Rs.265/- and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period C of one and a half years for each of the offences. This Court, while hearing his appeal limited the quantum of punishment to the period already undergone. The following words are seminal to the issue at hand: D "10. In imposing a punishment, the concern of the court is with the nature of the act viewed as a crime or breach of the law. The maximum sentence or fine provided in law is an indicator on the gravity of the act. Having regard to the nature and mode of commission of an offence by a E person and the mitigating factors, if any, the court has to take a decision as to whether the charge established falls short of the maximum gravity indicated in the statute, and if so, to what extent. F 11. The long delay before the courts in taking a final decision with regard to the guilt or otherwise o~ the accused is one of the mitigating factors for the superior courts to take into consideration while taking a decision on the quantum of sentence.... G xxx xxx xxx 15. The Appellant is now aged 76. We are informed that he is otherwise not keeping in good health, having had H also cardio vascular .problems. The offence is of the

496 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 9 S.C.R. A year 1984. It is almostthree decades now. The accused has already undergone physical incarceration for three months and mental incarceration for about thirty years. Whether at this age and stage, it would not be economically wasteful, and a liability to the State to keep B theAppellant in prison, is the question we have to address. Having given thoughtful consideration to all the aspects of the matter, we are of the view that the facts mentioned above would certainly be special reasons for reducing the substantive sentence but enhancing the fine, while c maintaining the conviction." 11. Similarly, in Gulmahmad Abdulla Dall v. State of Gujarat 2014 (4) Crimes 455 (SC), the appellant was sentenced by the trial court to undergo rigorous imprisonment D for a period of one year and a fine of Rs. 2500/- for the offence punishable under Sections 161 and 165(A) of Indian Penal Code and under Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. While hearing an appeal on the quantum of sentence, this Court reduced the sentence of the accused to E the period already undergone on the ground of protracted legal proceedings. The following passage is, in this regard, apposite:

"7. The incident, in question, took place as back as on F 29/6/1987. Almost 27 years have passed by. All these years, the Appellants must have suffered tremendous mental trauma and anguish. The Appellants have lost their jobs and all retiral benefits. The Appellant - Jujarsinh is, as of today, about 76 years old. We are informed by G learned Counsel for the Appellant - GulmahmadAbdulla Dall that Gulmahmad is suffering from gangrene and has undergone surgery. Both the Appellants are in jail. We ,are informed by learned Counsel for the Appellants that the Appellants have undergcne about more than two H months imprisonment. K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 497 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] 8. In the peculiar circumstances of the case, therefore, A we are of the opinion that the sentence undergone by them should be treated as substantive sentence for the offences for which they are convicted and fine imposed on them needs to be enhanced". B

12. Given the fact that the trial and appeal proceedings have in the case at hand continued for nearly 17 years by now causing immense trauma, mental incarnation and anguish to the appellant and also given the fact that the bribe amount was just about Rs. 700/- and that the appellant has already C undergone 711:! months against the statutory minimum of 6 months imprisonment, the reduction of the sentence as proposed by my esteemed Brother appears to be perfectly in order. I, therefore, concur with the view taken by His Lordship. NidhiJain Appeal partly allowed.

[2015) 9 S.C.R. 483 K.P. SINGH A v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI (Criminal Appeal No. 1264 OF 2015) B SEPTEMBER 28, 2015 [T.S. THAKUR AND V. GOPALA GOWDA, JJ.] Sentence/Sentencing - Quantum of sentence -Determination of- On facts, the appellant accepted bribe of C Rs. 7001- - Court below concurrently convicted the appellant for the offence punishable uls. 8 of the 1988Act-As regards sentence, award of rigorous imprisonment for a period of two years and a fine of Rs. 5, 0001- by the trial court was reduced to one year besides a fine of Rs. 5, 0001- and default sentence 0 of imprisonment for a period of two months by the High Court

- On appeal, held: Per Gowda J: Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, that the main accused-public servant against whom the charges were leveled under the 1988 Act, was acquitted for want of evidence on record, and E the said order has attained finality; and that pursuant to order by this Court, the appellant surrendered to the Jail and has served the sentence for more than 7. 5 months and has paid the fine amount awarded by the courts below, to meet the ends ofjustice the period of sentence awarded to the appellant F reduced to the period already undergone by him- Thus, the order of High Court is modified accordingly- Per Thakur J: Determining the adequacy of sentence to be awarded in a given case is not an easy task, just as evolving a uniform sentencing policy is a tough call because the quantum of G sentence depends upon a variety of factors including mitigating circumstances peculiar to a given case - Since the trial and appeal proceedings are pending for nearly 17 483 H 484 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A years causing immense trauma, mental incarnation and anguish to the appellant; that the bribe amount was just about Rs. 7001-; and that the appellant has already undergone 7~ months against the statutory minimum of 6 months imprisonment, the reduction of the sentence is correct -B Prevention of Corruption Act. 1988 - s. 8.

B.G Goswami v. Delhi Administration (1974) 3 SCC 85: 1974 (1) SCR 222; Dologovinda Mohanty v. State ofOrissa (1979) 4 SCC 557;M. W Mohiuddin v. State of Maharashtra C (1995) 3 SCC 567: 1995 ( 2) SCR 864; Ghulam Din Buch etc. etc. v. State of Jammu and Kashmir (1996) 9 SCC 239: 1996 ( 3 ) SCR 1121; State of Maharashtra v. Rashid Babubhai Mulani (2006) 1 SCC 407: 2006 (1 ) SCR 189 ;Bechaarbhai S. Prajapati v. State of Gujarat (2008) 11 SCC D 163: 2008 (3) SCR 634; V.K. Verma v. CBI (2014) 3 SCC 485:2014 (1) SCR 1063 ;Gulmahmad Abdulla Dall v. State ofGujarat2014 (4) Crimes 455 (SC)- referred to. Case Law Reference .E 1974 (1) SCR 222 referred to. Para 4 (1979) 4 sec 557 referred to. Para 5 1995 ( 2) SCR 864 referred to. Para 6 F 1996 ( 3) SCR 1121 referred to. Para 7 2006 (1 ) SCR 189 referred to. Para 8 · 2008 (3) SCR 634 referred to. Para 9 G 2014 (1) SCR 1063 referred to. · Para 10 2014 (4) Crimes 455 (SC) referred to. Para 11 H CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: CriminalAppeal No. 1264 of2015. K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 485 From the Judgment and Order dated 31.10.2014 of the A High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Criminal A. No. 758 of 2008. Radha Shyam Jena, J. Samal for the Appellant. B K. L. Janjani, Shailender Saini, D.S. Mahra for the Respondent. The Orders of the Court were delivered by V.GOPALA GOWDA, J. 1. Leave granted. c

2. The present criminal appeal is directed against the impugned judgment and order dated 31.10.2014 passed by the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Crl. A. No. 758 of 2008, wherein it has affirmed the conviction against the D appellant for the offence punishable under Section 8 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (hereinafter "the P. C. Act") and reduced sentence awarded from 2 years to 1 year retaining Rs.5000/- fine imposed with default sentence of 2 months after re-appreciation of evidence of the prosecution E witnesses no.6, 9 and 13 and accepted their evidence as cogent to prove the charge levelled against him in exercise of its appellate jurisdiction. Various legal contentions have been urged by the learned counsel on behalf of the appellant before this Court questioning the correctness of the judgment F and order reducing the sentence of imprisonment imposed - upon him from 2 years to 1 year with fine amount of Rs.5,000/ - and in default sentence as mentioned above. This Court vide its order dated 02.02.2015 has issued notice to the respondent to re-consider the quantum of sentence subject G to the condition that the appellant surrender to the Central Jail, Tihar to undergo sentence and file proof thereof within a week. Accordingly, he surrendered to the Central Jail, Tihar on 04.02.2015 in case FIR No. 29of1997. H 486 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A 3. Mr. Radha Shyam Jena, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant contends that both the Special Court and the High Court have erred in convicting the appellant despite the fact that the main accused Ms. Manju Mathur has been acquitted for the offence under Sections B 7,8, 13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the P.C. Act, on appreciation of evidence on record and that the prosecution failed to prove the guilt against her. She was acquitted from the charges, which order has attained finality. The learned counsel has further contended that the courts below have C erred in recording a finding of guilt on the charge as against the appellant despite the fact that there is no evidence on record to prove the same. The learned counsel has further contended that the High Court has erred in upholding the judgment and order of the Special Judge and did not consider the essential 0 ingredients of Section 8 of the PC. Act, which are that the accused should accept or agree to accept or even attempt to obtain gratification from someone, the gratification is for himself or for someone else and its motive or reward is to E induce a public servant by corrupt or illegal means to do or forebear to do any official act or to show favour or disfavour to someone etc.

4. It is further contended by Mr. Radha S'hyam Jena, F learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant that the prosecution has failed to prove the involvement of someone other than the appellant. Further, it is alternatively contended by him that the appellant had undergone agony and trauma since the litigation has been going on for the last 17 years. G In this backdrop, the High Court ought to have imposed the minimum sentence of 6 months as provided under Section 8 of the P.C. Act in exercise of its discretionary power. Hence the present appeal urging various grounds. H 5. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties and have carefully examined the concurrent findings and K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 487 [V.GOPALAGOWDA, J.] . reasons recorded by the appellate court in its judgment after A re-appreciation of evidence in exercise of its appellate jurisdiction. The High Court after adverting to the evidence of the prosecution witnesses has concurred with the findings of fact on the charge framed against the appellant under Section 8 of the P.C. Act. While concurring with the findings of fact on B conviction of the charge framed against the appellant, the High Court has modified the sentence imposed upon him from 2 years to 1 year with no change in the fine amount and the default sentence as awarded by the learned Special Judge. c

6. We have carefully examined the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court with a view to ascertain whether the sentence imposed on the appellant by the High Court can be modified to the minimum sentence of 6 months as provided under the provisions of Section 8 of the P.C.Act. D It is an undisputed fact that the main accused No. 2 has been acquitted from the charges framed against her by the Special Court. The learned Special Judge, on appreciation of evidence on record has held that the prosecution had failed to prove the charge against the accused No. 2, who is the public E servant. Further, pursuant to our order dated 02.02.2015 the appellant surrendered to the Central Jail, Tihar on 04.02.2015 in FIR case No. 29 of 1997. He has served the sentence for more than 7.5 months as per the certificate F dated 6.9.2015 issued by the Deputy Superintendent, Central Jail, Tihar and has paid the fine amount awarded by the Special Court which fine amount as sentence is affirmed by the High Court. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case, particularly in the light of the fact G thatthe main accused No. 2, against whom the charges we're levelled under Sections 7, 8, 13 (1) (d) read with Section 13 (2) of the P.C. Act, was acquitted for want of evidence on record, we are of the view that justice would be met if the period of sentence already undergone by the appellant be H 488 SUPREMECOURTREPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A treated as the sentence to be imposed for the conviction on. the charge framed against him. To that extent the impugned order of sentence imposed by the High Court is modified and we pass the following order:-B This criminal appeal is partly allowed and we modify the order impugned with regard to the period of sentence already undergone by the appellant is treated as sentence imposed upon him for the charge proved against him. To this extent the impugned order of sentence of 1 year C imposed by the High Court is modified. In view of the above modified order of sentence, we direct the Superintendent of Central Jail, lihar to release the appellant forthwith from the custody, if he is not required in any other criminal case. D T.S. THAKUR, J. 1. I have had the advantage of going through the order proposed by my Esteemed Brother Gowda, J. and find myself in complete agreement with the view taken by His Lordship that the sentence awarded to the appellant E deserves to be reduced to the period already undergone by him. Not because the reasoning given in support of that view is in any manner deficient, but only to buttress the conclusion arrived at by his Lordship, I propose to add a few lines of my own. F

2. The facts to the extent relevant have been elucidated in the order proposed by Gowda, J. It would, therefore, serve no purpose to recapitulate the same over again. What is important is that the principal accused has been acquitted of G the charges framed against her while the courts below have c6ncurrently convicted the appellant for the offences punishable under Section 8 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. In the present appeal we had issued notice limited to the question of quantum of sentence that could be awarded to the H appellant in the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case. K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 489 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] The Trial Court had, as noticed by Gowda, J., awarded rigorous A imprisonment for a period of two years and a fine of Rs. 5,000/ - to the appellant herein which has been in appeal reduced by the High Court to one year besides a fine of Rs.5,000/-and a default sentence of imprisonment for a period of two months. B

3. Determining the adequacy of sentence to be awarded in a given case is not an easy task, just as evolving a uniform · sentencing policy is a tough call. That is because the quantum of sentence that may be awarded depends upon a variety of C factors including mitigating circumstances peculiar to a given case. The Courts generally enjoy considerable amount of discretion in the matter of determining the quantum of sentence. In doing so, the courts are influenced in varying degrees by the reformative, deterrent and punitive aspects D of punishment, delay in the conclusion of the ~rial and legal proceedings, the age of the accused, his physical/health condition, the nature of the offence, the weapon used and in the cases of illegal gratification the amount of bribe, loss of job and family obligations of accused are also some of the E considerations that weigh heavily with the Courts while determining the sentence to be awarded. The Courts have not attempted to exhaustively enumerate the considerations that go into determination of the quantum of sentence nor F have the Courts attempted to lay down the weight that each one of these considerations carry. That is because any such exercise is neither easy nor advisable given the myriad situations in which the question may fall for determination. Broadly speaking, the courts have recognised the factors G mentioned earlier as being relevant to the question of determining the sentence. Decisions of this Court on the subject are a legion. Reference to some only should, however, suffice.

H 4. In B.G. Goswami v. Delhi Administration (1974) 3 SCC 490 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 9 S.C.R.

A 85, the accused was convicted under Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and under Section 161 of l.P.C and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of 1 year and 4 months. On appeal, this Court while reducing the punishment B to the period already undergone, laid down the general principles that are to be borne in mind by the Courts while determining the quantum of punishment. This Court observed: "10. As already observ~d. the appellant's conviction c under Section 161, l.P.C. was rightly upheld by the High Court and there is no cogent ground made out for our interference with that conviction. The sentence of imprisonment imposed by the High Court for both these offences is 1 year and this sentence is to run concurrently. D The only question which arises is that under Section 5(1 )(d) read with Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act the minimum sentence prescribed is rigorous imprisonment for one year and there must also be imposition of fine. The sentence of imprisonment can E be for a lesser period but in that event the Court has to assign special reasons which must be recorded in writing. In considering the special reasons the judicial discretion of the Court is as wide as the demand of the cause of substantial justice. Now the question of sentence is always F a difficult question, requiring as it does, proper · adjustment and balancing of various considerations which weigh with a judicial mind in determining its appropri'ate quantum in a given case. The main purpose ofJhe sentence broadly stated is that the accused must realise G that he has committed an act which is not only harmful to the society of which he forms an integral part but is also harmful to his own future, both as an individual and as a member of the society. Punishment is designed to H protect society by deterring potential offenders as also by K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 491

[T.S. THAKUR, J.] preventing the guilty party from repeating the offence; it is . A also designed to reform the offender and re-claim him as a law abiding citizen for the good of the society as a whole. Reformatory, deterrent and punitive aspects of punishment thus play their due part in judicial thinking while determining this question. In modern civilized B societies, however, reformatory aspect is being given somewhat greater importance. Too lenient as well as too harsh sentences both lose their efficaciousness. One does not deter and the other may frustrate thereby making the offender a hardened criminal. In the present case, C after weighing the considerations already noticed by us and the fact that to send the appellant back to jail now after 7 years of the agony and harassment of these proceedings when he is also going to lose his job and to 0 earn a living for himself and for his family members and for those dependent on him, we feel that it would meetthe ends of justice if we reduce the sentence of imprisonment to that already undergone but increase the sentence of fine from Rs. 200/- to Rs. 400/-. Period E of imprisonment in case of default will remain the same."

5. In Dologovinda Mohantyv. State of Orissa (1979) 4 sec 557, this Court upon considering the negligible amount of Rs. 138/- alleged to have been received by the accused F . as illegal gratification, took a lenient view by reducing the sentence of the accused from four months rigorous imprisonment to the period already undergone. The following passage is apposite: " .... It, however, appears that the entire money which was G said to have been embezzled by the appellant was recovered by the government by deducting the entire amount from the salary of the appellant. It also appears from the statement of the accused under Section 342 H that in view of his domestic circumstances he was 492 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A mentally disturbed. Having regard to these special circumstances and further having regard to the facts that the sum embezzled is only Rs. 138/- we feel that it would not be proper to send the appellant back to jail. The appellant has already undergone about a week's B imprisonment. For these reasons, therefore, we reduce the sentence to the period already served and reduce the fine from Rs. 1,000/-to Rs. 500/- in default one month's rigorous imprisonment. Out of the fine, if deposited c already, Rs. 500/- may be refunded to the appellant. With this modification the appeal is dismissed."

6. In light of the long delay in the conclusion of the legal proceedings and the consequential agony and incarceration undergone by the appellant, this Court in M.W. Mohiuddin v. D State of Maharashtra (1995) 3 SCC 567 reduced the sentence of six months imposed on the accused by the trial court to the period already undergone: "10. Now coming to the question of sentence, the offence E took place in theyear1981.All these years the appellant has undergone the agony of criminal proceedings until now and he has also lost his job and has a large family to support. It is also stated that he has become sick and infirm. He has been in jail for some time. For all these F special reasons, while confirming the conviction of the appellant, we reduce the sentence of imprisonment to the period already undergone. However, we confirm the sentence of fine with default clause. Accordingly, subject to the modification of sentence of imprisonment, G the appeal is dismissed." 7. To the same effect is the decision of this Court in Ghulam Din Buch etc. etc. v. State of Jammu and Kashmir ( 1996) 9 sec 239 wherein after considering the long delay H in the legal proceedings, this Court reduced the punishment K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 493 (T.S. THAKUR, J.] of the accused to two months rigorous imprisonment for A offences punishable under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and the Ranbir Penal Code. This Court said:

"28. According to us, it would be too harsh to award even the minimum punishment at this length of time B keeping in view the hardship already undergone and the amount which the State had ultimately to lose because of the conspiracy - the same being a sum of Rs. 1,62, 117.89. As about two decades have passed since the commission of the offence and as during the C interregnum the appellants had undoubtedly suffered in body and mind, according to us, it is a fit case where the proviso to Sub-section (2) of Section 5 oftheAct should be invoked which states that for special reasons recorded in writing, the court may refrain from imposing a D sentence of imprisonment or impose a sentence of imprisonment of less than ·one year. Though the proviso permits not to impose a sentence of imprisonment at all and confine the sentence to fine only, we do not think if present is a case where the punishment to be awarded E should be only fine, as any softness in this regard could produce an undesirable result, namely, encouragement to adoption of corrupt means by public servants which has indeed to be checked, and not allow to be F encouraged. Keeping in view all the attending circumstances, we are of the view that a sentence of RI for two months would be adequate sentence, apart from the fine of Rs. 15,000. On failure to pay the fine, each of the appellants would suffer imprisonment for two months." G

8. So also, in the case of State of Maharashtra v. Rashid Babubhai Mulani (2006) 1 SCC 407, the accused had allegedly obtained illegal gratification to the tune of Rs. 300/ - for which the trial Court had convicted the accused under H Section 161 of the l.P.C. and for an offence punishable under 494 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 194 7 and sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment for a period of one year. This Court reduced the sentence to four months after considering the b.ribe amount and the long delay. The following observations are, in B this regard, relevant: "6. In regard to sentence, we find that the incident occurred about 19 years ago. The matter was pending for about 3 years before the Special Judge, and about c 8 years before the High Court and, thereafter, for 8 years before this Court. The accused was hardly 32 years old when the incident occurred and now more than 50 years old. The accused was a Talathi coming from a poor background with a family to support. In the D circumstances, while restoring the conviction, we reduce the sentence from one year to four months both under Section 161 IPC and Section 5(2) read with Section 5(1)(d) of the Act. Both the sentences to run concurrently. The accused, who is on bail, shall surrender forthwith to E serve out the sentence."

9. So also, in the case of Bechaarbhai S. Prajapati v. State of Gujarat (2008) 11 SCC 163, this Court reduced the sentence of one year imprisonment imposed on the accused for the F offences under Section 161 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and Section 7(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The Court, in the following words, held that the delay and the sentence undergone by the accused were mitigating factors in determining the quantum of sentence: G "8. The alternative submission relates to the harshness of sentence. The occurrence took place nearly seven years back. It is stated that the appellant has suffered custody for more than six months. Taking into account H all these aspects, we feel interest of justice would be best K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 495 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] served if the sentence is reduced to the period undergone, A while maintaining the-conviction. It is to be noted that the minimum sentence prescribed under Section 7(2) of the Act is six months."

10. In the recent decision of this Court in V.K. Verma v. B CBI (2014) 3 sec 485, the accused was charged under Section 161 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and Section 5( 1)( d) read with 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 for demand and acceptance of a bribe of Rs.265/- and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period C of one and a half years for each of the offences. This Court, while hearing his appeal limited the quantum of punishment to the period already undergone. The following words are seminal to the issue at hand: D "10. In imposing a punishment, the concern of the court is with the nature of the act viewed as a crime or breach of the law. The maximum sentence or fine provided in law is an indicator on the gravity of the act. Having regard to the nature and mode of commission of an offence by a E person and the mitigating factors, if any, the court has to take a decision as to whether the charge established falls short of the maximum gravity indicated in the statute, and if so, to what extent. F 11. The long delay before the courts in taking a final decision with regard to the guilt or otherwise o~ the accused is one of the mitigating factors for the superior courts to take into consideration while taking a decision on the quantum of sentence.... G xxx xxx xxx 15. The Appellant is now aged 76. We are informed that he is otherwise not keeping in good health, having had H also cardio vascular .problems. The offence is of the

496 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 9 S.C.R. A year 1984. It is almostthree decades now. The accused has already undergone physical incarceration for three months and mental incarceration for about thirty years. Whether at this age and stage, it would not be economically wasteful, and a liability to the State to keep B theAppellant in prison, is the question we have to address. Having given thoughtful consideration to all the aspects of the matter, we are of the view that the facts mentioned above would certainly be special reasons for reducing the substantive sentence but enhancing the fine, while c maintaining the conviction." 11. Similarly, in Gulmahmad Abdulla Dall v. State of Gujarat 2014 (4) Crimes 455 (SC), the appellant was sentenced by the trial court to undergo rigorous imprisonment D for a period of one year and a fine of Rs. 2500/- for the offence punishable under Sections 161 and 165(A) of Indian Penal Code and under Section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. While hearing an appeal on the quantum of sentence, this Court reduced the sentence of the accused to E the period already undergone on the ground of protracted legal proceedings. The following passage is, in this regard, apposite:

"7. The incident, in question, took place as back as on F 29/6/1987. Almost 27 years have passed by. All these years, the Appellants must have suffered tremendous mental trauma and anguish. The Appellants have lost their jobs and all retiral benefits. The Appellant - Jujarsinh is, as of today, about 76 years old. We are informed by G learned Counsel for the Appellant - GulmahmadAbdulla Dall that Gulmahmad is suffering from gangrene and has undergone surgery. Both the Appellants are in jail. We ,are informed by learned Counsel for the Appellants that the Appellants have undergcne about more than two H months imprisonment. K.P. SINGH v. STATE OF NCT OF DELHI 497 [T.S. THAKUR, J.] 8. In the peculiar circumstances of the case, therefore, A we are of the opinion that the sentence undergone by them should be treated as substantive sentence for the offences for which they are convicted and fine imposed on them needs to be enhanced". B

12. Given the fact that the trial and appeal proceedings have in the case at hand continued for nearly 17 years by now causing immense trauma, mental incarnation and anguish to the appellant and also given the fact that the bribe amount was just about Rs. 700/- and that the appellant has already C undergone 711:! months against the statutory minimum of 6 months imprisonment, the reduction of the sentence as proposed by my esteemed Brother appears to be perfectly in order. I, therefore, concur with the view taken by His Lordship. NidhiJain Appeal partly allowed.