[2015) 9 S.C.R. 1020 A COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. & ORS. v. STATE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH & ORS. (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 510 OF 2007) B SEPTEMBER 17, 2015 [ANIL R. DAVE AND ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, JJ.] Citizenship Act, 1955 - s. 5(1)(a) - Citizenship rights c on Chakmas and Hajongs - Conferment of - Writ petition filed seeking grant of citizenship rights to Chaknias and Hajongs - Chakmas and Hajongs had migrated to India in 1964-69 and settled in the State of Arunachal Pradesh -Held: It is acknowledged on the basis of stand of the D Government of India that the Chakmas have a right to be granted citizenship subject to the procedure being followed - There is recognition by judicial decisions that they cannot be required to obtain any Inner Line permit as they are $ettled in the State of Arunachal Pradesh - Thus, the Government E of India and the State of Arunachal Pradesh directed to finalise the conferment of citizenship rights on eligible Chakmas and Hajongs and also to ensure compliance of directions in judicial decisions for protection of their life and liberty and against their discrimination in any manner -F Constitution of India, 1950 -Art. 32. National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Arunachal Pradesh 1996 (1) SCR 278: (1996) 1 SCC 7 42; All Arunachal Pradesh Students Union G (AAPSU) vs. The Election Commission of India PIL No. 52 of 2010 dated 191h March 2013 by Gauhati High Court; Peoples Union for Civil Liberties vs. Election Commission of India & Ors.

W.P. No. 886 of 2000 dated 28th September H 2000 by Delhi High Court; State of Arunachal 1020 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1021 ARUNACHAL PRADESH Pradesh vs. Khudiram Chakma 1993 (3) SCR A 401: (1994) Supp. 1SCC615- referred to. Case Law Reference 1996 (1) SCR 278 referred to. Para 2 B1993 (3) SCR 401 referred to. Para 17 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Civil) No. 510 of2007 Under Article 32 of the Consitution of India c Colin Gonsalves, Sanjay Kumar Visen, Nitesh Kumar Singh, Neha, fortheAppellants. P.S. Patwalia, ASG, Sadhana Sandhu, Tushar Bakshi, (for Sushma Suri), Ariil Shrivastav, Rituraj Biswas, Anitha D Shenoy for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J. 1. This petition under E Article 32 of the Constitution of India mainly seeks direction against Union of India through Ministry of Home Affairs to grant citizenship to the Chakma and Hajong Tribals who migrated to India in 1964-1969 and were settled in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. F

2. Petitioner No.1 has described itself as "Committee for Citizenship Rights of the Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh" ("CCRC"). According to the averments in the petition, representations were filed with the National Human Rights G Commission ("NHRC") alleging persecution ofChakmas and Hajongs in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. The NHRC approached this Court by way of a Writ Petition (C) No. 720 of 1995 titled "National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Arunacha/ Pradesh" seeking direction from this Court to H 1022 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A ensure that the Chakmas and Hajongs are not forcibly ousted from the State of Arunachal Pradesh, which was disposed of on gih January, 19961• In the said case, the Union of India appeared before this Court and stated that decision to settle the Cha.kmas in the State of Arunachal Pradesh was taken B after discussion between the Government of India and the .North-East Frontier Agency ("NEFA") Administration (Predecessor of the State of Arunachal Pradesh). The Chakmas were residing in the State of Arunachal Pradesh for more than three decades and had close social, religious and C economic ties. As per joint statement issued by the Prime Ministers of India and Bangladesh in February, 1972, the Union Government took a decision to confer citizenship on the Chakmas under Section 5(1)(a) of the Citizenship Act, 1955 but the State of Arunachal Pradesh had reservations on this 0 count. The Central Government was in favour of a dialogue between the State Government, the Chakmas and all concerned to resolve the issue of granting citizenship while also redressing the genuine grievances of citizens of Arunachal E Pradesh. The stand of the State of Arunachal Pradesh was that it had provided basic amenities to the Chakmas but the State had a right to ask the Chakmas to quit the State. The State could not permit outsiders to settle within its territory as it had limited resources and the Union of India had refused to F share its responsibility. The Deputy Commissioner of the area was to forward the applications for citizenship after due inquiry but no such application was pending. Further stand of the state was that settlement of Chakmas will disturb its ethnic balance and destroy its culture and identity. The tribals of the State G consider Chakmas as potential threat to their tradition and culture.

3. This Court considered rival submissions and held that the Chakmas apprehend threat on theAllArunachal Pradesh H 1 (1996) 1 sec 742 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1023 ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.]

Students' Union ("AAPSU") who were reported to be enforcing A economic blockades on the refugee camps, adversely affecting supply of ration, medical and essential facilities to the Chakmas. Some Chakmas had died on account of blockade. This Court further noticed that Chakmas could invoke Section 5(1)(a) of the Citizenship Act by filing application in form B prescribed by Part II of the Citizenship Rules, 1956. The observations in NHRC case (supra), interalia, are as follows:-"18. From what we have said hereinbefore, there is no doubt that the Chakmas who migrated from C East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1964, first settled down in the State ofAssam and then shifted to areas which now fall within the State ofArunachal Pradesh. They have settled there since the last about two and a half decades and have raised their D families in the said State. Their children have married and they too have had children. Thus, a large number of them were born in the State itself. Now it is proposed to uproot them by force. The E AAPSU has been giving out threats to forcibly drive them out to the neighbouring State which in turn is unwilling to accept them. The residents of the neighbouring State have also threatened to kill them if they try to enter their State. They are F thus sandwiched between two forces, each pushing in opposite direction which can only hurt them.

Faced with the prospect of annihilation the NHRC was moved, which, finding it impossible to extend protection to them, moved this Court for certain G reliefs. 19. By virtue of their long and prolonged stay in the State, the Chakmas who migrated to, and those born in the State, seek citizenship under the H Constitution read with Section 5 of the Act. We 1024 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A have already indicated earlier that if a person satisfies the requirements of Section 5 of the Act, he/she can be registered as a citizen of India. The procedure to be followed in processing such requests has been outlined in Part II of the Rules. B We have adverted to the relevant rules hereinbefore. According to these Rules, the application for registration has to be made in the prescribed form, duly affirmed, to the Collector within whose jurisdiction he resides. After the c application is so received, the authority to register a person as a citizen of India, is vested in the officer named under Rule 8 of the Rules. Under Rule 9, the Collector is expected to transmit every application under Section 5(1 )(a) of the Act to the D Central Government. On a conjoint reading of Rules 8 and 9 it becomes clear that the Collector has merely to receive the application and forward it to the Central Government. It is only the authority constituted under Rule 8 which is empowered to E register a person as a citizen of India. It follows that only that authority can refuse to entertain an application made under Section 5 of the Act. Yet it is an admitted faci that after receipt of the F application, the Deputy Collector (DC) makes an enquiry and if the report is adverse, the DC refuses to forward the application; in other words, he rejects the application at the threshold and does not forward it to the Central Government. The G grievance of the Central Government is that since the DC does not forward the applications, it is not in a position to take a decision whether or not to register the person as a citizen of India. That is why it is said that the DC or Collector, who receives H the application should be directed to forward the 1025 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF

ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.] same to the Central Government to enable it to A decide the request on merits. It is obvious that by refusing to forward the applications of the Chakmas to the Central Government, the DC is failing in his duty and is also preventing the Central Government from performing its duty under the B Act and the Rules. 20. We are a country governed by the Rule of Law.

Our Constitution confers certain rights on every human being and certain other rights on citizens. c Every person is entitled to equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. So also,· no person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Thus the State is bound to protect the life D and liberty of every human being, be he a citizen or otherwise, and it cannot permit any body or group of persons, e.g., theAAPSU, tothreaten the Chakmas to leave the State, failing which they E would be forced to do so. No State Government worth the name can tolerate such threats by one group of persons to another group of persons; it is duty-bound to protect the threatened group from such assaults and if it fails to do so, it will fail to F perform its constitutional as well as statutory obligations. Those giving such threats would be liable to be dealt with in accordance with law. The State Government must act impartially and carry out its legal obligations to safeguard the life, health G and well-being of Chakmas residing in the State without being inhibited by local politics. Besides, by refusing to forward their applications, the Chakmas are denied rights,· constitutional and statutory, to be considered for being registered as H citizens of India." 1026 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A 4. Accordingly, direction was issued to the State of Arunachal Pradesh to ensure that life and liberty of Chakrnas residing in the State was protected against any attempt to evict them by organized groups such as AAPSU and their applications could be forwarded to the Central Government. B 5. Case of the petitioners, further is that the application of the State of Arunachal Pradesh for modification and Writ Petition (C) No.593of1997 filed by an organization of tribals of Arunachal Pradesh against the judgment of this Court was C also dismissed. Another writ petition being Writ Petition No.13 of 1998 against the judgment of this Court was dismissed on 9th December, 2002. Thereafter applications were filed for citizenship but the same were not acted upon. The Election Commission of India in the light qf judgment of this Court D passed orders dated 3rd March, 2004 declaring the resolution· dated 14th May, 2003 passed by the State of Arunachal Pradesh against facilities to the petitioners to be unconstitutional but the authorities of the State of Arunachal Pradesh had not forwarded the applications as required under E Rule 9 of the Citizenship Rules to the Central Government.

6. Counter affidavit has been filed by the Union of India stating that the applications directly received by the Ministry of Horne Affairs were forwarded to the Government of Arunachal F Pradesh which had not been returned except few applications with negative recommendations. The said applications were returned back to the Government of Arunachal Pradesh. Ministry of Horne Affairs had advised the Government of Arunachal Pradesh to act in compliance with the judgment of G this Court. 7. The stand of the State of Arunachal Pradesh is that there was no threat to the life and liberty of the Chakrnas and Hajong refugees. After receiving the judgment of this Court, H the judgment was circulated to Inspector General of Police, COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1027 ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.]

Deputy Commissioners of the concerned Districts and A Principal Chief Conservator of Forests. The State Government was fully bound by the direction of this Court and had taken all necessary steps to comply with the same. The State of Arunachal Pradesh had received 4382 applications. Though the popular sentiment of the indigenous tribals was different, B the State of Arunachal Pradesh was honouring the order of this Court. It is further stated that Chakmas and Hajong tribes were settled in NEFA from 1964 to 1969 when there were no elected bodies in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. The laws applicable in the State of Arunachal _Pradesh like the C Government of India Act, 1870, the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873, the Scheduled DistrictAct, 1874, the Assam Frontier Tract Regulation, 1880, the Assam Frontier Forest Regulation, 1891, the Chin Hills Regulations, 1896 and the D Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945 (1 of 1945) were not taken into account. One thousand four hundred ninety seven Chakmas have bee.n include_d in the electoral rolls.

8. The petitioners have filed a rejoinder affidavit alleging E that children of Chakmas and Hajongs are denied educational facilities. They were not being covered by the public distribution system. They presented a petition to the 10th Lok Sabha and also to Rajya Sabha Committee on Petitions. The F said Committee in its 105th Report published on 141h August, 1997 made recommendation to grant Indian Citizenship to the Chakmas but the said recommendation has not been acted upon. The recommendation is as follows : "42. The Committee, therefore, recommends that G the Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh who came there prior to 25.3.1971 be granted Indian citizenship. The Committee also recommends that those Chakmas who have been born in India H should also be considered for Indian citizenship. 1028 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A The Committee further recommends that the fate of those Chakmas who came to the State after 25.3.1971 be discussed and decided by the Central Government and State Government Jointly. The Committees also recommends that B all the old applications of Cha/.(mas for citizenship which have either been rejected or withheld by Deputy Commissioners or the State Deputy Commissioner or the State Government continue c Centralto block Government,the forwardingtheof Centralsuch applicationsGovernmentto may consider to incorporate necessary provision in the Rules (or the Act it so required) whereby it could directly receive, consider and decide the application for citizenship in the 23 case of D Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh. The Committee also recommends that Chakmas be also considered. for granting them the status of Scheduled Tribes at the time of granting the citizenship. The Committee would like to earnestly E urge upon the Central Government and State Government to ensure that until amicable solution is arrived at, the Chakmas are allowed to stay in Arunachal Pradesh with full protection and safety, F honour and dignity". 9. When the matter came up for hearing before this Court on 1•1 August, 2012, the following order was passed :-"Mr. 8. Bhattacharyya, learned Additional Solicitor G General for respondent No. 5, and Mr. Anil Shrivastav, learned counsel for respondent Nos.

1 to 4, pray for some time to seek instructions and also to ensure that the controversy raised in the Writ Petition is resolved at the hands of the H Central Government and the State Government at the earliest." 1029 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.] 10. Again on 281h August, 2012, following order was A passed: "Mr. B. Bhattacharyya, teamed Additional Solicitor General appearing for the respondent No. 5 - Union of India, submits that all 4637 B applications for grant of citizenship in respect of Chakmas received in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India have· been returned to the State Government as the applications were not made to the appropriate c authority in prescribed form and were also not accompanied with the recommendations o~ the State Government as per statutory requirement. D Having regard to the decision of this Court in National Human Rights Commission Vs. State of Arunachal Pradesh and Another, (1996) 1 sec 742, and the directions contained therein, we direct the State ofArunachal Pradesh to submit E a comprehensive report/affidavit to this Court in respect of 4637 applications returned by the Central Government to the State Government on tl}e following aspects in respect of each application :- F (i) Whether the conditions laid down in the . relevant clauses of Section 5 of the Citizenship Act, 1955 (for short, 'AcfJ are satisfied;

(ii) Whether the applicant has an intention to G make India his permanent home; (iii) Whether the applicant has signed oath of allegiance as specified in the Second Schedule to the Act; and H 1030 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A (iv) Whether the applicant is of good character and is otherwise a fit and proper person to be registered as a citizen of India. The above report/affidavit shall be submitted by the State of Arunachal Pradesh to this Court B through the Secretary (Political), Government of Arunachal Pradesh within two months from today. A copy of the report/affidavit shall be given to the c Advocate-on-Record for the petitioners well in advance." 11. On 201h January, 2014, this Court passed the following Order: D "List the matter on 5th May, 2014, so as to enable the Joint High Powered Committee constituted vide Government of India's OrderNo.131212010-NE-/I datecj 1010812010. to place on record the progress made in the matter. E We are sure that the Committee would make all efforts so that the work entrusted to it is concluded preferably before the next date of hearing."

F 12. Additional Affidavit dated 2nd January, 2013 was filed by the State of Arunachal Pradesh stating that the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (N.E. Division) has constituted a committee under the Chairmanship of Joint Secretary (N.E.), Ministry of Home Affairs on 101h August, 2010 to examine G various issues relating to settlement of Chakmas/Hajongs in Arunachal Pradesh including the possibility of granting Indian citizenship to eligible Chakmas/ Hajongs. The Committee has held its sitting on 91h January, 2012 and taken certain decisions. H Thus, the issue was not being ignored though there was no delay in the matter. COMMITIEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1031 ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.] 13. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and A perused the record.

14. Learned counsel for the petitioners submitted that their rights have been duly acknowledged by this Court in NHRC case (supra). Still, their legitimate right of citizenship B has not so far materialized. They have been settled after a conscious decision at the highest level of the Government of India. They could not be treated as foreigners. He has placed reliance on a judgment of the Gauhati High Court dated 19th March, 2013 in PIL No.52 of 2010 titled "All Arunachal C Pradesh Students Union (AAPSU) vs. The Election Commission of India" dismissing a petition filed by AAPSU against the guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for revision of electoral rolls in respect of areas where there is substantial presence of Chakmas and Hajongs. In the D said judgment, the Memorandum dated 23rd March, 2005 issued by the Election Commission of India and further guidelines dated 3rd October, 2007 for revision of electoral rolls with reference to 1st January, 2007 as qualifying date are also referred to. The objection against the Cha km as being treated E as ordinary residents of Arunachal Pradesh in absence of possession of valid lnnerline Passes was also considered. The Election Commission of India supported its guidelines with guidelines with reference to a judgment of the Delhi High Court F dated 28th September, 2000 in W.P. No.886 of 2000 (Peoples Union for Civil Liberties vs. Election Commission of India & Ors.)

15. In the judgment of the ~auhati High Court, it was noted that in contradiction to those unwanted illegal migrants G who sneak ihto the country, the Chakmas migrated to India on account of their displacement and the Government of India agreed to grant them citizenship. In these circumstances, the guidelines of the Government of India were held to be justified H 1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A and did not warrant any requirement of Inner Line permit. The relevant observations are : "[18] .. .. .. .. . . Having regard to the facts and circumstances which have been also highlighted B by the Hon'ble Supreme Co.urt as referred to above in NRHC case, we are of the view that these additional guidelines, having been issued in the peculiar circumstances obtaining, cannot be held to be discriminatory.

c Further, in view of the policy decision taken by the Government of India to settle the Chakma refugees in different States and also in Arunachal Pradesh in consultation with the authorities of the o Arunachal Pradesh, and also to confer Indian citizenship, the contention of the petitioners that the aforesaid guidelines have the effect of violating the provisions of law in terms of lack of Inner Line Permit or violation of provisions of section 13 of E the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 does not hold water. We are of the view that once a decision had been taken to settle these Chakma refugees in Arunachal Pradesh in consultation with the authorities of Arunachal Pradesh, they would F become residents of Arunachal Pradesh and would not require the Inner Line Permit/Pass. Otherwise also, once they have been allowed to settle in Arunachal Pradesh, it would be deemed · that such permits had been granted to them and G in our considered opinion, any other view would negate and defeat the policy decision taken by . the Government of India in consultation with the Arunachal Pradesh authorities to settle these Chakmas in Arunachal Pradesh. H 1033 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF . ARU'NACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.)

Similarly, as regards, the other contention of the A petitioners that the guidelines would contravene the provisions of section 13 of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 also cannot be accepted. It may be noted that the Chakmas had taken refuge in this country under distress and B trying circumstances after having been uprooted from their hearth and homes and made to flee to avoid persecution. Further, later on, after having allowed to settle in Arunachal Pradesh, they had c faced difficulties and harassments from the neighbouring local populace which had been taken note of by the Supreme Court in NHRC case as mentioned above. Therefore, issuing of the additional guidelines for the purpose of verification D of the birth of the claimants on the basis of other credible materials for the purpose of enrolment in the electoral rolls where these Chakmas had been officially settled cannot be interfered with merely ·on the technical ground that certain provisions of E Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 have not been strictly complied with, if the evidences are otherwise credible and trustworthy.

We are of the view that the additional guidelines F which had been issued by the Election Commission of India are merely to enable thpse Chakmas to enjoy such benefits as a citizen of this Country including the right to vote by having their names enrolled in the electoral rolls of the G concerned constituency where they have been settled. Once, these Chakma refugees have been granted citizenship, they are entitled to enjoy all the rights and privileges that flow on becoming a citizen of this country and further, they are entitled H 1034 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 f?.C.R. A to have their rights as citizens of this country protected and safeguarded." 16. We find merit in the contention of the petitioners. It stands acknowledged by this Court on the basis of stand of B the Government of India that the Chakmas have a right to be granted citizenship subject to the procedure being followed. It also stands recognized by judicial decisions that they cannot be required to obtain any Inner Line permit as they are settled in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. c 17. In State of Arunachal Pradesh vs. Khudiram Chakma2, this Court noted the ancient history of Arunachal Pradesh as follows : "41. The history of the mountainous and multitribal D north-east frontier region which is now known as Arunachal Pradesh ascends for hundreds of years into the mists of tradition and mythology.

According to Pauranic legend, Rukmini, the daughter of King Bhishmak, was carried away on E the eve of her marriage by Lord Krishna himself. The ruins of the fort at Bhalukpung are claimed by the Akas as the original home of their ancestor Bhaluka, the grandson of Bana Raja, who was defeated by Lord Krishna at Tezpur (Assam). A F Kalita King, Ramachandra, driven from his kingdom in the plains of Assam, fled to the Oaf/a (now Nishang) foothills and established there his · capital of Mayapore, which is identified with the ruins on the /ta hill. A place of great sanctity in the G beautiful lower reaches of the Lohit River, the Brahmakund, where Parasuram opened a passage through the hills with a single blow of his mighty axe, still attracts the Hindu pilgrims from H all over the country." 2 (1994) Supp. 1 sec 615 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1035 ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.]

18. The above history shows the integral link of the State A of Arunachal Pradesh with the rest of the country since ancient times. It is well known that the Chakmas and Hajorigs were displaced from the area which became part of East Pakistan (now in Bangladesh) on construction of Kaptai Dam and were allowed to be rehabilitated under the decision of the Govern- B ment of India. As earlier. held by this Court, the Delhi High Court and Gauhati High Court, they need to be protected and their claims of citizenship need to be considered as per appli-cable procedure. They could not be discriminated against in any manner pending formal conferment of rights of citizenship. C Their status also stands duly acknowledged in the guidelines · of the Election Commission of India. 19. Learned Additional Solicitor General fairly stated that the Government of India will earnestly take appropriate D measures in the matter, granted some more time. 20. Accordingly, we allow this petition and direct the Government of India and the State of Arunachal Pradesh to finalise the conferment of citizenship rights on eligible Chakmas E and Hajongs and also to ensure compliance of directions in judicial decisions referred to in earlier part of this order for protection of their life and liberty and against their discrimination in any manner. The exercise may be completed at the earliest preferably within three months from today. F Nidhi Jain Writ Petition allowed.

[2015) 9 S.C.R. 1020 A COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. & ORS. v. STATE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH & ORS. (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 510 OF 2007) B SEPTEMBER 17, 2015 [ANIL R. DAVE AND ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, JJ.] Citizenship Act, 1955 - s. 5(1)(a) - Citizenship rights c on Chakmas and Hajongs - Conferment of - Writ petition filed seeking grant of citizenship rights to Chaknias and Hajongs - Chakmas and Hajongs had migrated to India in 1964-69 and settled in the State of Arunachal Pradesh -Held: It is acknowledged on the basis of stand of the D Government of India that the Chakmas have a right to be granted citizenship subject to the procedure being followed - There is recognition by judicial decisions that they cannot be required to obtain any Inner Line permit as they are $ettled in the State of Arunachal Pradesh - Thus, the Government E of India and the State of Arunachal Pradesh directed to finalise the conferment of citizenship rights on eligible Chakmas and Hajongs and also to ensure compliance of directions in judicial decisions for protection of their life and liberty and against their discrimination in any manner -F Constitution of India, 1950 -Art. 32. National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Arunachal Pradesh 1996 (1) SCR 278: (1996) 1 SCC 7 42; All Arunachal Pradesh Students Union G (AAPSU) vs. The Election Commission of India PIL No. 52 of 2010 dated 191h March 2013 by Gauhati High Court; Peoples Union for Civil Liberties vs. Election Commission of India & Ors.

W.P. No. 886 of 2000 dated 28th September H 2000 by Delhi High Court; State of Arunachal 1020 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1021 ARUNACHAL PRADESH Pradesh vs. Khudiram Chakma 1993 (3) SCR A 401: (1994) Supp. 1SCC615- referred to. Case Law Reference 1996 (1) SCR 278 referred to. Para 2 B1993 (3) SCR 401 referred to. Para 17 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Civil) No. 510 of2007 Under Article 32 of the Consitution of India c Colin Gonsalves, Sanjay Kumar Visen, Nitesh Kumar Singh, Neha, fortheAppellants. P.S. Patwalia, ASG, Sadhana Sandhu, Tushar Bakshi, (for Sushma Suri), Ariil Shrivastav, Rituraj Biswas, Anitha D Shenoy for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J. 1. This petition under E Article 32 of the Constitution of India mainly seeks direction against Union of India through Ministry of Home Affairs to grant citizenship to the Chakma and Hajong Tribals who migrated to India in 1964-1969 and were settled in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. F

2. Petitioner No.1 has described itself as "Committee for Citizenship Rights of the Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh" ("CCRC"). According to the averments in the petition, representations were filed with the National Human Rights G Commission ("NHRC") alleging persecution ofChakmas and Hajongs in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. The NHRC approached this Court by way of a Writ Petition (C) No. 720 of 1995 titled "National Human Rights Commission vs. State of Arunacha/ Pradesh" seeking direction from this Court to H 1022 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A ensure that the Chakmas and Hajongs are not forcibly ousted from the State of Arunachal Pradesh, which was disposed of on gih January, 19961• In the said case, the Union of India appeared before this Court and stated that decision to settle the Cha.kmas in the State of Arunachal Pradesh was taken B after discussion between the Government of India and the .North-East Frontier Agency ("NEFA") Administration (Predecessor of the State of Arunachal Pradesh). The Chakmas were residing in the State of Arunachal Pradesh for more than three decades and had close social, religious and C economic ties. As per joint statement issued by the Prime Ministers of India and Bangladesh in February, 1972, the Union Government took a decision to confer citizenship on the Chakmas under Section 5(1)(a) of the Citizenship Act, 1955 but the State of Arunachal Pradesh had reservations on this 0 count. The Central Government was in favour of a dialogue between the State Government, the Chakmas and all concerned to resolve the issue of granting citizenship while also redressing the genuine grievances of citizens of Arunachal E Pradesh. The stand of the State of Arunachal Pradesh was that it had provided basic amenities to the Chakmas but the State had a right to ask the Chakmas to quit the State. The State could not permit outsiders to settle within its territory as it had limited resources and the Union of India had refused to F share its responsibility. The Deputy Commissioner of the area was to forward the applications for citizenship after due inquiry but no such application was pending. Further stand of the state was that settlement of Chakmas will disturb its ethnic balance and destroy its culture and identity. The tribals of the State G consider Chakmas as potential threat to their tradition and culture.

3. This Court considered rival submissions and held that the Chakmas apprehend threat on theAllArunachal Pradesh H 1 (1996) 1 sec 742 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1023 ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.]

Students' Union ("AAPSU") who were reported to be enforcing A economic blockades on the refugee camps, adversely affecting supply of ration, medical and essential facilities to the Chakmas. Some Chakmas had died on account of blockade. This Court further noticed that Chakmas could invoke Section 5(1)(a) of the Citizenship Act by filing application in form B prescribed by Part II of the Citizenship Rules, 1956. The observations in NHRC case (supra), interalia, are as follows:-"18. From what we have said hereinbefore, there is no doubt that the Chakmas who migrated from C East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1964, first settled down in the State ofAssam and then shifted to areas which now fall within the State ofArunachal Pradesh. They have settled there since the last about two and a half decades and have raised their D families in the said State. Their children have married and they too have had children. Thus, a large number of them were born in the State itself. Now it is proposed to uproot them by force. The E AAPSU has been giving out threats to forcibly drive them out to the neighbouring State which in turn is unwilling to accept them. The residents of the neighbouring State have also threatened to kill them if they try to enter their State. They are F thus sandwiched between two forces, each pushing in opposite direction which can only hurt them.

Faced with the prospect of annihilation the NHRC was moved, which, finding it impossible to extend protection to them, moved this Court for certain G reliefs. 19. By virtue of their long and prolonged stay in the State, the Chakmas who migrated to, and those born in the State, seek citizenship under the H Constitution read with Section 5 of the Act. We 1024 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A have already indicated earlier that if a person satisfies the requirements of Section 5 of the Act, he/she can be registered as a citizen of India. The procedure to be followed in processing such requests has been outlined in Part II of the Rules. B We have adverted to the relevant rules hereinbefore. According to these Rules, the application for registration has to be made in the prescribed form, duly affirmed, to the Collector within whose jurisdiction he resides. After the c application is so received, the authority to register a person as a citizen of India, is vested in the officer named under Rule 8 of the Rules. Under Rule 9, the Collector is expected to transmit every application under Section 5(1 )(a) of the Act to the D Central Government. On a conjoint reading of Rules 8 and 9 it becomes clear that the Collector has merely to receive the application and forward it to the Central Government. It is only the authority constituted under Rule 8 which is empowered to E register a person as a citizen of India. It follows that only that authority can refuse to entertain an application made under Section 5 of the Act. Yet it is an admitted faci that after receipt of the F application, the Deputy Collector (DC) makes an enquiry and if the report is adverse, the DC refuses to forward the application; in other words, he rejects the application at the threshold and does not forward it to the Central Government. The G grievance of the Central Government is that since the DC does not forward the applications, it is not in a position to take a decision whether or not to register the person as a citizen of India. That is why it is said that the DC or Collector, who receives H the application should be directed to forward the 1025 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF

ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.] same to the Central Government to enable it to A decide the request on merits. It is obvious that by refusing to forward the applications of the Chakmas to the Central Government, the DC is failing in his duty and is also preventing the Central Government from performing its duty under the B Act and the Rules. 20. We are a country governed by the Rule of Law.

Our Constitution confers certain rights on every human being and certain other rights on citizens. c Every person is entitled to equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. So also,· no person can be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Thus the State is bound to protect the life D and liberty of every human being, be he a citizen or otherwise, and it cannot permit any body or group of persons, e.g., theAAPSU, tothreaten the Chakmas to leave the State, failing which they E would be forced to do so. No State Government worth the name can tolerate such threats by one group of persons to another group of persons; it is duty-bound to protect the threatened group from such assaults and if it fails to do so, it will fail to F perform its constitutional as well as statutory obligations. Those giving such threats would be liable to be dealt with in accordance with law. The State Government must act impartially and carry out its legal obligations to safeguard the life, health G and well-being of Chakmas residing in the State without being inhibited by local politics. Besides, by refusing to forward their applications, the Chakmas are denied rights,· constitutional and statutory, to be considered for being registered as H citizens of India." 1026 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A 4. Accordingly, direction was issued to the State of Arunachal Pradesh to ensure that life and liberty of Chakrnas residing in the State was protected against any attempt to evict them by organized groups such as AAPSU and their applications could be forwarded to the Central Government. B 5. Case of the petitioners, further is that the application of the State of Arunachal Pradesh for modification and Writ Petition (C) No.593of1997 filed by an organization of tribals of Arunachal Pradesh against the judgment of this Court was C also dismissed. Another writ petition being Writ Petition No.13 of 1998 against the judgment of this Court was dismissed on 9th December, 2002. Thereafter applications were filed for citizenship but the same were not acted upon. The Election Commission of India in the light qf judgment of this Court D passed orders dated 3rd March, 2004 declaring the resolution· dated 14th May, 2003 passed by the State of Arunachal Pradesh against facilities to the petitioners to be unconstitutional but the authorities of the State of Arunachal Pradesh had not forwarded the applications as required under E Rule 9 of the Citizenship Rules to the Central Government.

6. Counter affidavit has been filed by the Union of India stating that the applications directly received by the Ministry of Horne Affairs were forwarded to the Government of Arunachal F Pradesh which had not been returned except few applications with negative recommendations. The said applications were returned back to the Government of Arunachal Pradesh. Ministry of Horne Affairs had advised the Government of Arunachal Pradesh to act in compliance with the judgment of G this Court. 7. The stand of the State of Arunachal Pradesh is that there was no threat to the life and liberty of the Chakrnas and Hajong refugees. After receiving the judgment of this Court, H the judgment was circulated to Inspector General of Police, COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1027 ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.]

Deputy Commissioners of the concerned Districts and A Principal Chief Conservator of Forests. The State Government was fully bound by the direction of this Court and had taken all necessary steps to comply with the same. The State of Arunachal Pradesh had received 4382 applications. Though the popular sentiment of the indigenous tribals was different, B the State of Arunachal Pradesh was honouring the order of this Court. It is further stated that Chakmas and Hajong tribes were settled in NEFA from 1964 to 1969 when there were no elected bodies in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. The laws applicable in the State of Arunachal _Pradesh like the C Government of India Act, 1870, the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873, the Scheduled DistrictAct, 1874, the Assam Frontier Tract Regulation, 1880, the Assam Frontier Forest Regulation, 1891, the Chin Hills Regulations, 1896 and the D Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945 (1 of 1945) were not taken into account. One thousand four hundred ninety seven Chakmas have bee.n include_d in the electoral rolls.

8. The petitioners have filed a rejoinder affidavit alleging E that children of Chakmas and Hajongs are denied educational facilities. They were not being covered by the public distribution system. They presented a petition to the 10th Lok Sabha and also to Rajya Sabha Committee on Petitions. The F said Committee in its 105th Report published on 141h August, 1997 made recommendation to grant Indian Citizenship to the Chakmas but the said recommendation has not been acted upon. The recommendation is as follows : "42. The Committee, therefore, recommends that G the Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh who came there prior to 25.3.1971 be granted Indian citizenship. The Committee also recommends that those Chakmas who have been born in India H should also be considered for Indian citizenship. 1028 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R.

A The Committee further recommends that the fate of those Chakmas who came to the State after 25.3.1971 be discussed and decided by the Central Government and State Government Jointly. The Committees also recommends that B all the old applications of Cha/.(mas for citizenship which have either been rejected or withheld by Deputy Commissioners or the State Deputy Commissioner or the State Government continue c Centralto block Government,the forwardingtheof Centralsuch applicationsGovernmentto may consider to incorporate necessary provision in the Rules (or the Act it so required) whereby it could directly receive, consider and decide the application for citizenship in the 23 case of D Chakmas of Arunachal Pradesh. The Committee also recommends that Chakmas be also considered. for granting them the status of Scheduled Tribes at the time of granting the citizenship. The Committee would like to earnestly E urge upon the Central Government and State Government to ensure that until amicable solution is arrived at, the Chakmas are allowed to stay in Arunachal Pradesh with full protection and safety, F honour and dignity". 9. When the matter came up for hearing before this Court on 1•1 August, 2012, the following order was passed :-"Mr. 8. Bhattacharyya, learned Additional Solicitor G General for respondent No. 5, and Mr. Anil Shrivastav, learned counsel for respondent Nos.

1 to 4, pray for some time to seek instructions and also to ensure that the controversy raised in the Writ Petition is resolved at the hands of the H Central Government and the State Government at the earliest." 1029 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.] 10. Again on 281h August, 2012, following order was A passed: "Mr. B. Bhattacharyya, teamed Additional Solicitor General appearing for the respondent No. 5 - Union of India, submits that all 4637 B applications for grant of citizenship in respect of Chakmas received in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India have· been returned to the State Government as the applications were not made to the appropriate c authority in prescribed form and were also not accompanied with the recommendations o~ the State Government as per statutory requirement. D Having regard to the decision of this Court in National Human Rights Commission Vs. State of Arunachal Pradesh and Another, (1996) 1 sec 742, and the directions contained therein, we direct the State ofArunachal Pradesh to submit E a comprehensive report/affidavit to this Court in respect of 4637 applications returned by the Central Government to the State Government on tl}e following aspects in respect of each application :- F (i) Whether the conditions laid down in the . relevant clauses of Section 5 of the Citizenship Act, 1955 (for short, 'AcfJ are satisfied;

(ii) Whether the applicant has an intention to G make India his permanent home; (iii) Whether the applicant has signed oath of allegiance as specified in the Second Schedule to the Act; and H 1030 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A (iv) Whether the applicant is of good character and is otherwise a fit and proper person to be registered as a citizen of India. The above report/affidavit shall be submitted by the State of Arunachal Pradesh to this Court B through the Secretary (Political), Government of Arunachal Pradesh within two months from today. A copy of the report/affidavit shall be given to the c Advocate-on-Record for the petitioners well in advance." 11. On 201h January, 2014, this Court passed the following Order: D "List the matter on 5th May, 2014, so as to enable the Joint High Powered Committee constituted vide Government of India's OrderNo.131212010-NE-/I datecj 1010812010. to place on record the progress made in the matter. E We are sure that the Committee would make all efforts so that the work entrusted to it is concluded preferably before the next date of hearing."

F 12. Additional Affidavit dated 2nd January, 2013 was filed by the State of Arunachal Pradesh stating that the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (N.E. Division) has constituted a committee under the Chairmanship of Joint Secretary (N.E.), Ministry of Home Affairs on 101h August, 2010 to examine G various issues relating to settlement of Chakmas/Hajongs in Arunachal Pradesh including the possibility of granting Indian citizenship to eligible Chakmas/ Hajongs. The Committee has held its sitting on 91h January, 2012 and taken certain decisions. H Thus, the issue was not being ignored though there was no delay in the matter. COMMITIEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1031 ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.] 13. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and A perused the record.

14. Learned counsel for the petitioners submitted that their rights have been duly acknowledged by this Court in NHRC case (supra). Still, their legitimate right of citizenship B has not so far materialized. They have been settled after a conscious decision at the highest level of the Government of India. They could not be treated as foreigners. He has placed reliance on a judgment of the Gauhati High Court dated 19th March, 2013 in PIL No.52 of 2010 titled "All Arunachal C Pradesh Students Union (AAPSU) vs. The Election Commission of India" dismissing a petition filed by AAPSU against the guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for revision of electoral rolls in respect of areas where there is substantial presence of Chakmas and Hajongs. In the D said judgment, the Memorandum dated 23rd March, 2005 issued by the Election Commission of India and further guidelines dated 3rd October, 2007 for revision of electoral rolls with reference to 1st January, 2007 as qualifying date are also referred to. The objection against the Cha km as being treated E as ordinary residents of Arunachal Pradesh in absence of possession of valid lnnerline Passes was also considered. The Election Commission of India supported its guidelines with guidelines with reference to a judgment of the Delhi High Court F dated 28th September, 2000 in W.P. No.886 of 2000 (Peoples Union for Civil Liberties vs. Election Commission of India & Ors.)

15. In the judgment of the ~auhati High Court, it was noted that in contradiction to those unwanted illegal migrants G who sneak ihto the country, the Chakmas migrated to India on account of their displacement and the Government of India agreed to grant them citizenship. In these circumstances, the guidelines of the Government of India were held to be justified H 1032 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 S.C.R. A and did not warrant any requirement of Inner Line permit. The relevant observations are : "[18] .. .. .. .. . . Having regard to the facts and circumstances which have been also highlighted B by the Hon'ble Supreme Co.urt as referred to above in NRHC case, we are of the view that these additional guidelines, having been issued in the peculiar circumstances obtaining, cannot be held to be discriminatory.

c Further, in view of the policy decision taken by the Government of India to settle the Chakma refugees in different States and also in Arunachal Pradesh in consultation with the authorities of the o Arunachal Pradesh, and also to confer Indian citizenship, the contention of the petitioners that the aforesaid guidelines have the effect of violating the provisions of law in terms of lack of Inner Line Permit or violation of provisions of section 13 of E the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 does not hold water. We are of the view that once a decision had been taken to settle these Chakma refugees in Arunachal Pradesh in consultation with the authorities of Arunachal Pradesh, they would F become residents of Arunachal Pradesh and would not require the Inner Line Permit/Pass. Otherwise also, once they have been allowed to settle in Arunachal Pradesh, it would be deemed · that such permits had been granted to them and G in our considered opinion, any other view would negate and defeat the policy decision taken by . the Government of India in consultation with the Arunachal Pradesh authorities to settle these Chakmas in Arunachal Pradesh. H 1033 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF . ARU'NACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.)

Similarly, as regards, the other contention of the A petitioners that the guidelines would contravene the provisions of section 13 of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 also cannot be accepted. It may be noted that the Chakmas had taken refuge in this country under distress and B trying circumstances after having been uprooted from their hearth and homes and made to flee to avoid persecution. Further, later on, after having allowed to settle in Arunachal Pradesh, they had c faced difficulties and harassments from the neighbouring local populace which had been taken note of by the Supreme Court in NHRC case as mentioned above. Therefore, issuing of the additional guidelines for the purpose of verification D of the birth of the claimants on the basis of other credible materials for the purpose of enrolment in the electoral rolls where these Chakmas had been officially settled cannot be interfered with merely ·on the technical ground that certain provisions of E Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 have not been strictly complied with, if the evidences are otherwise credible and trustworthy.

We are of the view that the additional guidelines F which had been issued by the Election Commission of India are merely to enable thpse Chakmas to enjoy such benefits as a citizen of this Country including the right to vote by having their names enrolled in the electoral rolls of the G concerned constituency where they have been settled. Once, these Chakma refugees have been granted citizenship, they are entitled to enjoy all the rights and privileges that flow on becoming a citizen of this country and further, they are entitled H 1034 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 9 f?.C.R. A to have their rights as citizens of this country protected and safeguarded." 16. We find merit in the contention of the petitioners. It stands acknowledged by this Court on the basis of stand of B the Government of India that the Chakmas have a right to be granted citizenship subject to the procedure being followed. It also stands recognized by judicial decisions that they cannot be required to obtain any Inner Line permit as they are settled in the State of Arunachal Pradesh. c 17. In State of Arunachal Pradesh vs. Khudiram Chakma2, this Court noted the ancient history of Arunachal Pradesh as follows : "41. The history of the mountainous and multitribal D north-east frontier region which is now known as Arunachal Pradesh ascends for hundreds of years into the mists of tradition and mythology.

According to Pauranic legend, Rukmini, the daughter of King Bhishmak, was carried away on E the eve of her marriage by Lord Krishna himself. The ruins of the fort at Bhalukpung are claimed by the Akas as the original home of their ancestor Bhaluka, the grandson of Bana Raja, who was defeated by Lord Krishna at Tezpur (Assam). A F Kalita King, Ramachandra, driven from his kingdom in the plains of Assam, fled to the Oaf/a (now Nishang) foothills and established there his · capital of Mayapore, which is identified with the ruins on the /ta hill. A place of great sanctity in the G beautiful lower reaches of the Lohit River, the Brahmakund, where Parasuram opened a passage through the hills with a single blow of his mighty axe, still attracts the Hindu pilgrims from H all over the country." 2 (1994) Supp. 1 sec 615 COMMITTEE FOR C.R. OF C.A.P. v. STATE OF 1035 ARUNACHAL PRADESH [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.]

18. The above history shows the integral link of the State A of Arunachal Pradesh with the rest of the country since ancient times. It is well known that the Chakmas and Hajorigs were displaced from the area which became part of East Pakistan (now in Bangladesh) on construction of Kaptai Dam and were allowed to be rehabilitated under the decision of the Govern- B ment of India. As earlier. held by this Court, the Delhi High Court and Gauhati High Court, they need to be protected and their claims of citizenship need to be considered as per appli-cable procedure. They could not be discriminated against in any manner pending formal conferment of rights of citizenship. C Their status also stands duly acknowledged in the guidelines · of the Election Commission of India. 19. Learned Additional Solicitor General fairly stated that the Government of India will earnestly take appropriate D measures in the matter, granted some more time. 20. Accordingly, we allow this petition and direct the Government of India and the State of Arunachal Pradesh to finalise the conferment of citizenship rights on eligible Chakmas E and Hajongs and also to ensure compliance of directions in judicial decisions referred to in earlier part of this order for protection of their life and liberty and against their discrimination in any manner. The exercise may be completed at the earliest preferably within three months from today. F Nidhi Jain Writ Petition allowed.