[2015] 11 S.C.R. 1 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. A v. STATE OF KERALA (Civil Appeal Nos. 7034-7037 of2015) B SEPTEMBER 14, 2015 [V. GOPALA GOWDA AND ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, JJ.] Land Acquisition Act, 1894- ss. 23(1A), 28, 34- Land acquisition - Claim of solatium for the enhanced amount of c compensation and interest thereof- Interest on solatium -Date of payment of solatium -Acquisition of rubber estate -Award passed for solatium and interest on compensation including solatium - As regards enhanced compensation, High Court upheld that solatium is payable by State D Government for the enhanced compensation awarded for the market value of the entire land, thus, it provided solatium for that porlion of land value based on the capitalization method of yielding rubber trees and directed the respondents to compute balance amount payable under the decree - E However, the High Courl awarded the interest on solatium w.e.f. 19.09.2001, the date of judgment delivered by Constitution Bench in Sunde r's case instead offrom the date of their entitlement under the provisions of ss. 23(1 A) and 28 - On appeal, held: In view of difference of opinion between F two judges, matter referred to larger Bench. Referring the matter to larger Bench, the Court PER V. GOPALA GOWDA.J: G

HELD: 1.1 From the interpretation of provisions of Sections 11, 15, 23, 24 and 31 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, it is clear that the amount of compensation in the Collector's Award includes not only the amount H 1 2 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R.

A determined under Section 23(1) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 but also the additional amount of solatium as stipulated under Section 23(2) and amount payable under Section 23(1A) of the Act. [Para 21] [15-G-H; 16-A] B 1.2 The judgment rendered by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Sunder's case is the binding precedent on the question of payment of legislative statutory interest payable on solatium under Sections 23(1A), 28 and 34 of the Act which cannot be deprived to C the claimant/decree holde·r by the court. As the said judgment is binding upon the State Government it cannot contend that it is not liable from the date as provided under the provisions of the Act. [Para 25] [19-G-H; 20-A] D 1.3 The Constitution Bench judgment in Sunder's case is aptly applicable to the fact situation of the instant case for the reason that the enhanced compensation includes the solatium @30% as provided under Section 23(2) of the Act. Therefore, the claimant/decree holder is E entitled for the interest on the solatium component which is part of the compensation payable by the State government to the claimant. The Execution Court held that the claimant/decree holder company is entitled to claim solatium only in respect of the enhanced F compensation provided for the land alone which has been separately fixed, but, not in respect of that portion of market value of the land based on capitalization method of the yielding rubber trees for the planted area which was separately fixed by the Reference C::ourt in G its Award. The High Court was right in holding that the claimant is entitled for the interest not only in respect of the land but also with respect to the trees standing on the land of which the market value is determined by the H Reference Court. However, it awarded the interest on M/S PERIYAR & PJ\REEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 3 er KERALA

solatium from 19.09.2001 and not for the prior period by A placing reliance on Gurpreet Singh case. [Para 26] [20-B-F] 1.4 From the facts of the instant case and in the light of law laid down on the question of payment of B interest on solatium by the Constitution Bench in Sunder's case, it is amply clear that the said case is the binding precedent. As far as Gurpreet Singh's case is concerned, the question which arose for its consideration was only with regard to the rule of C appropriation in execution of the Award passed under the provisions of the Act. While answering the said question of law after referring to the relevant provisions of the Act, it incidentally made some observation with regard to the payment of interest on solatium which is D only an obiter but not the binding precedent as that question did not fall for consideration before the Constitution Bench. For the reason that the binding precedent laid down by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Sunder's case on the question of payment of E interest on the solatium to the claimant/decree holder from the date of entitlement as provided under the provisions of the Act. [Para 30] [25-H; 26-A-E]

1.5 In view of the reasons assigned with reference F to Sunder and Gurpreet Singh cases, the impugned common judgment and order with regard to awarding interest payable on solatium w.e.f. 19.09.2001 is vitiated in law. Accordingly, that portion of the impugned judgment and order is set aside. The responde'nt-State G Government is directed to pay interest as provided under Sections 23(1A) and 28 of the Act on the compensation determined including solatium under Section 23(2) of the Act. The respondent-State Government is further H 4 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A directed to compute the same with reference to the compensation awarded by the Reference Court from the date when the claimant decree holder is entitled strictly in accordance with the said provisions of the Act including the solatium. [Para 30] [26-E-H; 27-A] B Sunderv. Union of/ndia (2001) 7 SCC 211: 2001 (3) Suppl. SCR 176 - followed. Gurpreet Singh v. Union of India (2006) 8 SCC 457: 2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 422 - held c inapplicable. Prem Nath Kapur v. National Fertilizers Corporation. Of India Ltd. (1996) 2 SCC 71: 1995

(5) Suppl. SCR 790; Union of India v. Ram Mehar 120; MirD (1973) 1 sec 109: 1973 (2) SCR Fazeelath Hussain v. Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition (1995) 3 SCC 208: 1995 (2) SCR 985; Yadavrao P. Pathade v. State of Maharashtra (1996) 2 SCC 570: 1996 (1) SCR E 965; Periyar & Pareekanni Rubbers Ltd. v. State of Kera/a (1991) 4 SCC 195; Sunder v. Union of India (2000) 10 SCC 470; Kapur Chand Jain & Ors. v. State Government of H.P. & Ors (1999) 2 SCC 89; State of Gujarat v. Vakhatsinghji F Vajesinghji Vaghela AIR 1968 SC 1481: 1968 SCR 692; Satinder Singh v. Umrao Singh AIR 1961 SC 908: 1961 SCR 676; H.H. Maharajadhiraja Madhav Rao Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur & Ors. v. Union of India AIR 1971 SC G 530: 1971 (3) SCR 9; Director of Settlement v. M.R. Apparao (2002) 4 SCC 638: 2002 (2) SCR 661; Deena v. Union of India (1983) 4 SCC 645: 1984 (1) SCR 1; CCE v. Ratan Melting & Wire Industries (2008) 13 SCC: 20!18 (14) SCR 653 H - referred to. MIS PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 5 OF KERALA PER ADARSH KUMAR GOEL. J: !DISSENTING) A

Appellants relied upon*Land Acquisition Officer and Asstt. Commnr. Vs. Shivappa Maf/appa Jigalurwhich laid down that the question of payment of interest subsequent to 19-9-2001 did not arise, whereas the B counsel for the State submitted that the judgment in Shivappa's case did not apply to the instant case as the award dated 19th November, 1992 had attained finality. The counsel for the State relied upon **Chimanlal Kuberdas Modi vs. Gujarat Industrial Development Corpn. C which laid down that the execution court cannot examine· the reasons so as to go behind the decree but if in the award passed, the Reference Court makes a specific reference to payment of interest but without any such reference to the payment of interest on solatium and D merely payment of interest on compensation is granted, then it would be open to the executing court to apply the ratio of Sunder and declare that the compensation awarded includes solatium, and consequently, interest on the amount could be directed to be deposited in E execution. That being the legal position as prevailing today, the observations made in the said judgment in Gurpreet Singh cannot be ignored and it is ordered accordingly that compensation awarded includes solatium and therefore interest ori the said amount shall F . be paid by the respondent in the pending execution. So long as judgments relied upon by counsel for the State stand, the appellant cannot succeed. Any contrary view can be taken only by a larger Bench. Thus, the matter is G placed before a Bench of 3-Judges. [Paras 2- 4] [28-F; 29-E-H; 30-A-E]

**Chimanlal Kuberdas Modi vs. Gujarat Industrial Development Corpn. (2010) 10 SCC 635: 2010 H (13) SCR 722; Nadirsha Shapurji Patel vs. 6 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2015) 11 S.C.R. A Collector & LAO (2010) 13 SCC 234: 2010 (15) SCR 516; Chhanga Singh vs. Union of India (2012) 5 sec 763: 2012 (4) SCR 27~ - relied on. Gurpre9t Singh VS. Union of India (2006) 8 secB 457: 2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 422; *Land Acquisition Officer and Asstt. Commnr. vs. Shivappa Mallappa Jigalur (2010) 12 SCC 387: 2010 (7) SCR 833- referred to. c Case Law Reference In the Judgment of Adarsh Kumar Goel, J 1995 (5) Suppl. SCR 790 referred to. Para 11 D 1973 (2) SCR 720 referred to. Para 16 1995 (2) SCR 985 referred to. Para 16 1996 (1) SCR 965 referred to. Para "16 E (1991) 4 sec 195 referred to. Para 17 12000) 10 sec 470 referred to. Para 19 (1999) 2 sec 89 referred to. Para 19 1968 SCR 692 referred to. Para 21 F 1961 SCR 676 referred to. Para 22 2001 (3) Suppl. SCR 176 followed. Para 26, 30 2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 422 held inapplicable. Para 27 G 1971 (3) SCR 9 referred to. Para 28 2002 (2) SCR 661 referred to. Para 29 1984 (1) SCR 1 referred to. Para 29 H 2008 (14) SCR 653 referred to. Para 29 'MIS PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 7 OF KERALA

In the Judgment of Adarsh Kumar Goel, J A 2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 422 referred to. Para 2 2010 (7) SCR 833 referred to. Para 3, 4 2010 (13 ) . SCR 722 relied on. Para 4 2010 (15) SCR 516 relied on. Para 4 B 2012 (4) SCR 275 relied on. Para 4 CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 7034-7037 of 2015 From the Judgment and Order dated 07 .04.2010 of the C High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in CRP Nos. 196, 199, 205 of2009. V. Giri, M. P. VinodfortheAppellant. D Bina Madhavan for the Respondent. The Judgments and Order of the Court were delivered by E V; GOPALA GOWDA, J. 1. Leave granted. 2'. These appeals by special leave are directed against the impugned common judgment and order dated 07 .04.2010 passed by the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in Civil Revision Petition Nos. 196, 199, 205 and 208 of 2009 (filed F against the order dated 15.10.2008 of the learned Sub-Judge, Erna~ulam-the Execution Court), wherein the dispute between the parties related to the claim of solatium for the enhanced amount of compensation and interest thereon in respect of G the a,cquired land. The High Court has confirmed that solatium is pa~able on that portion of land value based on capitalization method of yielping rubber trees and directed to compute balance amount payable under the decree, but awarded the interest on solatium from 19.09.2001, the date when judgment H 8 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2015) 11 S.C.R.

A by the Constitution Bench in the case of Sunder v. Union of lndia1 was delivered by this Court and not for the prior period. The legality and validity of the impugned judgment and order is seriously challenged urging various legal contentions as the appellant is aggrieved by the denial of the interest payable on B the component of solatium under Sections 23(1A), 23(2) read with Sections 28 and 34 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (for short "the Act"). The solatium being the component of compensation payable to the claimanUdecree holder, the restriction upon its payment by the High Court placing reliance C upon another subsequent Constitution Bench judgment of this Court in the case of Gurpreet Singh v. Union of lndia2 is hereby challenged. 3. The brieffacts of the case are stated hereunder:-D Various portions of rubber estate of the appellant situated in village Kuttamangalam was acquired by the State Government in exercise of its eminent domain power pursuant to the notification dated 10.10.1978 issued under Section 4(1) E of the Act for the purpose of Periyar Valley Irrigation Project.

4. In 1980 and 1981 Awards were passed by the Land Acquisition Officer awarding compensation, on the market value of land which were partly based on capitalization method F of the yielding rubber trees for the planted area and partly based on the value of bare land on which there were no yielding rubber plantation. Awards included solatium and interest on compensation including solatium. G 5. Being dissatisfied with the compensation, the appellant filed Land Acquisition Reference (LAR) Nos. 425, 42",7, 428, 429, 432, 434, 435, 456, 458 and 463 of 1988 before the Court of 111 Additional Sub-Judge, Ernakulam (the R1~feirence Court) under Section 18 of the Act. H 1 (2001) 1 sec 211 2 c2006) a sec 457 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 9 OF KERALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.]

6. The Reference Court after perusal of the record, by A its common judgment, passed an Award on 19.11.1992 by enhancing the compensation partly based on capitalization method ofthe yielding rubber trees for the planted area and partly based on the value of bare land on which there were no rubber trees. The Reference Court held that the claimant is B entitled to get 30% solatium, 12% additional market value from the date of the notification i.e., 10.10.1978 till the date of Award passed against it and they are also entitled to get 9% interest for the first one year from the date of dispossession and thereafter at 15% till realization of the compensation awarded C in favour of the claimant/decree holder. 7. In some of the abovesaid LARs, payments were made by respondent-State in full and final settlement of the enhanced compensation, solatium and. interest on compensation D including solatium. With respect to the remaining cases, the appellantfiled Execution Petition Nos. 152, 147, 146, 149 and 145 of 1996 before the Execution Court for execution of the Award/decree passed by the Reference Court. E 8. The Execution Court on 15.10.2008 passed an order fixing balance amount payable by the State government after excluding solatium on that portion of the market value of the acquired land based on capitalization method of the yielding rubber trees for the planted area. F

9. Being aggrieved by the said order of the Execution Court, the. appellant filed Civil Revision Petition (CRP) Nos. 196, 199, 201, 205 and 208 of 2009 before the High Court of Kera la. G 10. The High Court on 07.04.2010 passed the common impugned judgment and order in the said CRPs confirming that the solatium is payable by the state government for the enhanced compensation awarded for the market value of the H 10 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R.

A entire land. Thus, it provided solatium for that portion of land the value of which was based on the capitalization method of yielding rubber trees and directed the respondents to compute balance amount payable under the decree. However, the High Court awarded the interest on solatium w.e.f. 19.09.2001, the B date of judgment delivered by Constitution Bench in Sunder's case (supra) instead offrom the date of their entitlement under the provisions of Sections 23(1A) and 28 of the Act. Hence, these appeals are filed by the appellant urging various grounds. C 11. Mr. V. Giri, learned senior counsel on behalf of the appellant contended that the Awards in the instant case were passed in 1980 and 1981 and the Reference Court judgment and Award was passed in 1992, the time when there was no dispute regarding the payment of interest on solatium. It is only D in 1995 when this Court passed a judgment in the case of Prem Nath Kapur v. National Fertilizers Corporation. Of India Ltd. 3 which barred the payment of interest on solatium. But the decision in Prem Nath Kapur's case was subsequently reversed in Sunder's (supra) case. Therefore, E there was no justification and reason for the High Court to restrict the payment of interest on solatium prior to 19.09.2001 by applying the observations made at paragraph 54 in the case of Gurpreet Singh (supra).

F 12. The learned senior counsel has further contended that the respondent-State has already settled few cases covered by the Reference Court judgment by paying the full compensation, solatium and interest on compensation including solatium without any dispute. It shows that there was G no dispute between the parties as to the payment of interest on solatium by the respondents. Before the Execution Court, the dispute raised by the respondent-State was as to the amount of land value on which solatium was to be computed. H '(1996) 2 sec 71 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 11 OF KERALA [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.] 13. On the other hand, Ms. Bina Madhavan, learned A counsel on behalf of the respondent-State government sought to justify the impugned common judgment and order by placing strong reliance upon paragraph 54 of Gurpreet Sing h's case (supra), which is extracted in the reasoning portion of this judgment. B 14. She further contended that the interest on solatium can be claimed only in pending execution cases and not in the closed cases and the execution courts are entitled to permit its recovery by the claimant/decree holder from 19.09.2001 C i.e., from the date of judgment in Sunder's case and not for any prior period.

15. With reference to the aforesaid rival legal submissions urged by the learned counsel on behalf of the D parties, this Court is required to examine the correctness of the impugned common judgment order passed in the aforesaid CRPs by the High Court in restricting the payment of statutory interest payable on the solatium component by placing reliance upon the cases of Sunder and Gurpreet Singh (supra). In E this connection, this Court is required to find out as to whether the payment of interest on solatium is the legislative statutory right conferred upon the land loser/claimant recognised by the Constitution Bench in Sunder's case. The High Court in the light of observations made in Gurpreet Singh's case (supra) F at paragraph 54 has fixed the date of payment of interest payable on the solatium to the claimant/decree holder with effect from 19.09.2001. The correctness of the same is also required to be examined by this Court. G 16. For the aforesaid purpose, it would be necessary to refer to the question of law as referred to in Sunder's case (supra) wherein this Court deals with the conflicting decisions rendered on one hand in Union of India v. Ram Mehar (three H'(1973) 1 sec 109 ' 12 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 11 S.C.R.

A Judge Bench) and on the other, in later decisions of co-equal Benches of this Court viz., Mir Fazeelath Hussain v. Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition5, Prem Nath Kapur (supra) and Yadavrao P. Pathade v. State of Maharai;htra6• B 17. lnthecaseofUnionoflndiav. RamMehar(supra) this Court after examining the scope of the expression "market value" in Section 4(3) of the Land Acquisition (Amendment and Validation) Act, 1967, held that solatium cannot form part of the market value of the land, ratherthe "market value" is only C one of the components to be reckoned with in the determination of the amount of compensation. The relevant para 7 of the decision reads thus :

"7 ..... If market value and compensation were intended by the legislature to have the same meaning it is difficult0 to comprehend why the word "compensation" in Section 28 and 34 and not "market value" was used. The key to the meaning of the word "compensation" is to be found in Section 23(1) and that consists (a) of the market value E of the land and (b) the sum of 15% on such market value which is stated to be the consideration for the compulsory nature of the acquisition. Market value is therefore only one of the components in the determination of the amount of compensation. If the Legislature has used the word F "market value" in Section 4(3) of the Amending Act of 1967 it must be held that it was done deliberately and what was intended was that interest should be payable on the market value of the land and not on the amount of compensation otherwise there was no reason why the G Parliament should not have employed the word "compensation" in the aforesaid provision of the Amending Act." (emphasis supplied) H 5 (1995) 3 sec 20s • (1996) 2 sec 570 14 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R.

A Prem Nath Kapurv. National Fertilizers Corpn. of India Ltd. and Yadavrao P. Pathade v. State of Maharashtra on the other. The later three-Judge Bench judgments have taken the view that solatium is not a part of compensation. However, in none of the later three-Judge Bench B judgments the earlier view of the three-Judge Bench judgment in the case of Union of India v. Ram Mehar that solatium is a part of compensation, has been noticed or considered. Consequently, in our view, this matter requires to be decided by a Constitution/larger Bench of c this Court. We, therefore, direct that the papers may be placed before Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India for placing the appeals arising out of these proceedings for final disposal before an appropriate Constitution/larger Bench of this Court.D Prior to Sunder's Case (two Judge Bench), similar reference was made in Kapur Chand Jain & Ors. v. State Government of H.P. & Ors9 , the relevant paras of which read thus:- E

"3. Learned counsel for the petitioners invited our attention to a three-Judge Bench judgment of this Court in Union of India v. Ram Mehar and also later two decisions of two-Judge Benches of this Court in Periyar F and Pareekanni Rubbers Ltd. v. State of Kera/a and Narain Das Jain v. Agra Nagar Mahapalika. REilying on these judgments, he submitted that for applicability of Section 28 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 solatium has to be considered as a component of compensation .G and interest could be paid thereon; and that the High Court has wrongly not granted interest on solatium. However, there is another three-Judge Bench judgment of this Court in Prem N.ath Kapur v. National Fertilizers Corpn. of India Ltd. wherein a contrary view is taken and it has H • (1999) 2 sec 89 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 15 OF KERALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.] been held, that no interest is payable on solatium under A Section 23(2) or on additional amount payable under . Section 23(1-A). For coming to that conclusion, the Bench of three learned Judges relied upon another decision of this Court in P. Ram Reddy v. Land ,, Acquisition Officer. B

4. In view of this conflict of decisions and also in view of the further fact that the three-Judge Bench of this Court in Prem Nath Kapur had no opportunity to refer to the earlier decision of a three-Judge Bench in Ram Mehar c we direct that these special leave petitions be placed for decision before ath_ree-Judge Bench of this Court. The office may obtain suitable orders from the Hori'ble Chief Justice." ~ D 20. The question of reference to Constitution Bench in Sunder's case (supra) reads thus:-•c "Is the State liable to pay interest on the amount envisaged under Section 23(2) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894?" E In other words, the question was whether for the purpose of Section 28 read with Section 34 of the Act, solatium is a part of compensation. The answer was in affirmation to the reference question by the Constitution Bench. By answering the said question it laid down the .law with regard to the question F of payment of interest. 21. From the interpretation of provisions of Sections 11, 15, 23, 24 and 31 of the Act and after placing reliance upon the decision of this Court in State of Gujarat v. Vakhatsinghji G Vajesinghji Vaghela 10, it is clear that the amount of compensation in the Collector's Award includes not only the . amount determined under Section 23(1) of the Act but also the additional amount of solatium as stipulated under Section 10 AIR 1968 SC 1481 H 16 0 SUPREM E COURT REPORTS · [2015] 11 S.C.R: . I . ' ~' ,-< ' • . ' ·. I', -

A 23(2) of the Act. The relevant paragraph 9 of the said case reads thus: 1 " • · · ! . ' ~9: ....... The collector has to make an; award ofI I compensation under. Section 11 and having regard to I 8 Sec. 15 in determining the amount of compensation, he is guided by the provisions of Section 23 and 24. Section 23 (1) requires an aware! of the markefvalue of the land. Section 23 (2) requires an additional award of a sum of fifteenI, - percentl.lmI on such market, value, in consideration c of the compulsory nature of acquisition., .. ." · · . . ,. - .. .

22. Further, from the reading of Sections 28 a_nd 34 of the Act, it is clear that the 'purpose of interest' is to compensate an unpaid landowner who, on the one hand has been deprived D of the possession of his land in pursuance of compulsory acquisition by the State Government in exercise of its eminent domain power and on the other hand, has also been kept out of the use of the money due to him for.the acquisition by not being paid the money, :in full or in part, in lieii of: taking E · possession. Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court . in the ease of Satinder Singh v. Umrao Singh11 at paragraph ~ 19, whiCti reads thus: " ·r ·" .· <' ,,,,. t t. ·: _ -., ••· ., I " ... '"'I ' ' i.,,. · , . "19 •.. : ... When claim for payment of interest is made. a by a person.whose· irrirnovabJi;, property has been• F acquired compulsorily he is riot making claill). for damages properly or technically so called; he is basing his claim on the general rule that if he is deprived of his land he should be put in possession of compensation G "immediately; if not, in lieu of possession taken.by compulsory acquisition interest should be p~d to h!m on the said amount of compensation .... " .· · · · ;, . \ ·-" ~- , _. '· ._.,:, . ,·,·.~'--·- •, . ··--r . 23.'. Section 34 of the Act provides for the payment of H interest on "amount of such compensation".. The word "such". " AIR 1961SC908 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 17 OF KERALA [V. GO PALA GOWDA, J.]

makes the reading of Section 34 read along with Section 31 A necessary. Section 31 of the Act provides for the payment of compensation or deposit of the same in Court. Section 31 ( 1) says "On making an Award under Section 11; the Collector shall tender payment of the compensation awarded by him to the persons interested. entitled thereto according to the B Award ..... ~ Further, Section 28 of the Act provides for the direction which may be made to the Collector to pay the interest on , excess< "I compensation.' - --1 · It says "If the- sum which,• · in the opinion. o(ihe' 'court, the Collector ought to I have awarded as compensation is in excess of the sum which the Collector did C award as compensation ..... " Thus, it is clear from Section 34 read with Section 31 and the term "sum" under Section 28 of · the Act that the Award includes not onl{the sum as is detemiined under Section 23(1) of theAct b_ut also the amounts Dpayable' under Section 23(1A) and Section 23(2). The same has· been held· by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Sunder'$ case, the relevant paragraph 23 of which reads thus: •,:; ii (i; ; ; .' • •' ! ·, '' ' ' t ', • • • ' I "23 .. , '.We make it clear that the compensation awarded .. , would include not only the total sum arrived at as per sub- E section (1) of Section 23 but the remaining sub-sections . . , , thereof a~ well. It is thus. clear from Section 34 that the expression "awarded amount" would mean the amount cornpensation worked out in accordance with the .•. .of F :•• ' .• provisions.. contained. . . in. Section 23; including allI the sub-, sectionst~ereof." ,:,,,,u .. ,, ·.. , , --· 1

24. After adverting tci'Sections 34, 28, 23(1); 23(1A), 23(2), 24, 26 and 31 of the Act; the Constitution Bench in Sunder's.case (supra) answered the question regarding G payment of interest oh solatium in affirmation holding that Section 26 of the Act does not say that the Award would contain only the amounts granted under Section 23 (1) of the Act. It was further held that there can be no doubt that all the three heads specifie"d ln the three sub-sections of Section 23 of the H .. . .. 18 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 11 S.C.R. A Act are the sums to be awarded by the court. The words "every award under this Part" in Section 26(1) of the Act cannot be treated as the Award after delinking the amounts awarded under sub-Section (1A) or sub-Section (2) of Section 23 of the Act. Further in paragraphs 20, 21 and 23 in Sunder's case B (supra), the Constitution Bench has held as under-"20 ... whether exclusion of the factor" any disinclination of the person interested to part with the land acquired" from being considered as part of the compensation indicated in Section 24 of the Act would be of any aid forc excluding solatium from the purview of interest accrual process .... "

"21. It is apposite in this context to point out that during the enquiry contemplated under Section 11 of the Act D the Collector has to consider the objections which any person interested has stated pursuant to the notice given to him. It may be possible that a person so interested would advance objections for highlighting his disinclination to part with the land acquired on account E of a variety of grounds, such as sentimental or religious or psychological or traditional etc. Secti1Jn 24 emphasises that no amount on account of any disinclination of the person interested to part with the land shall be granted as compensation. That aspect is F qualitatively different from the solatium which the legislature wanted to provide "in consideration of the compulsory nature of the acquisition." xxx xxx xxx G 23. In deciding the question as to what amount would bear interest under Section 34 of the Act, a peep into Section 31(1) of the Act would be advantageous. That sub-section says:- 31. (1) On making an award under Section 11, the H Collector shall tender payment of the compensation MIS PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 19 OF KEP.ALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.]

awarded by him to the persons interested entitled A thereto according to the award, and shall pay itto them unless prevented by some one or more of the contingencies mentioned in the next sub-section ...... " Further, in the said case, after adverting to Section 34 of B the Act, this Court held thus:-"24. The proviso to Section 34 of the Act makes the position further clear. The proviso says that "if such compensation" is not paid within one year from the date of taking possession of the land, interest shall stand C escalated to 15% per annum from the date of expiry of the said period of one year "on the amount of compensation or part thereof which has not been paid or deposited before the date of such expiry". It is D inconceivable that the solatium amount would attract only the escalated rate of interest from the expiry of one year and that there would be no interest on solatium during the preceding period. What the legislature intended was to make the aggregate amount under Section 23 of the E Act to reach the hands of the perspn as and when the award is passed, at any rate as soon as he is deprived of the possession of his land. Any delay in making payment of the said sum should enable the party to have interest on the said sum until he receives the payment. F Splitting up the compensation into different components for the purpose of payme.rit of interest under Section 34 was not in the contemplation of the legislature when that section was framed or enacted."

G 25. The judgment rendered by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Sunder's case (supra) is the binding precedent on the question of payment.of legislative statutory interest payable on solatium under Sections 23(1A), 28 and 34 of the Act which cannot be deprived to the claimanUdecree holder H 20 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A by the court. As the said judgment is binding upon the State Government it cannot contend that it is not liable from the date as provided under the provisions of the Act.

2fi. The Constitution Bench judgment in Sunder''s case B (supra) is aptly applicable to the fact situation of the present case for the reason that the enhanced compensation includes the solatium @ 30% as provided under Section 23(2) of the Act. Therefore, the claimanVdecree holder is entitled for the interest on the solatium component which is part of the C compensation payable by the State government to the claimant. The Execution Court held that the claimanVdecree holder company is entitled to claim solatium only in respect of the enhanced compensation provided for the land alone which has been separately fixed, but, not in respect of that portion of D market value of the land based on capitalization method of the yielding rubber trees for the planted area which was separately fixed by the Reference Court in itsAward. The High Court was right in holding that the claimant is entitled for the interest not only in respect of the land but also with respect to thE~ trees E standing on the land of which the market value is determined by the Reference Court. However, it awarded the interest on solatiuni from 19.09.2001 and not for the prior period by placing reliance on Gurpreet Singh case (supra), the relevant F paragraph 54 of which is extracted hereunder:-"54. One other question also was sought to be raised and answered by this Bench though not referred to it. Considering that the question arises in various cases pending in courts all over the country, we permitted the G counsel to address us on that question. That question is whether in the light of the decision in Sunder, the awardee/decreecholder would be entitled to claim interest on solatium in execution though it is not specifically granted by the decree. It is well settled that an execution H

M/S PERIYAR & PP.~EEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 21 OF KERALA [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.]

court cannot go behind the decree. If, therefore, the claim A for interest on solatium had been made and the same has been negatived either expressly or by necessary implication by the judgment or decree of the Reference Court or of the appellate court, the execution court will have necessarily to reject the claim for interest on B solatium based on Sunder on the ground that the execution court cannot go behind the decree. But ifthe award of the Reference Court or that of the appellate court does not specifically refer to the question of interest on solatium or in cases where claim had not been made C and rejected either expressly or impliedly by the Reference Court or the appellate court, and merely interest on compensation is awarded, then it would be open to the execution court to apply the ratio of Sunder 0 and say that the compensation awarded includes solatium and in such an event interest on the amount oould be directed to be deposited in execution. Otherwise, not. We also clarify that such interest on solatium can be claimed only in pending executions and not in closed E executions and the execution court will be entitled to permit its recovery from the date of the judgment in Sunder(19-9-2001) and not for any prior period. We also clarify that this will not entail any reappropriation or fresh appropriation by the decree-holder. This we have F indicated by way of clarification also in exercise of our power under Articles 141 and 142 of the Constitution of India with a view to avoid multiplicity of litigation on this question." '

G 27. The decision of this Court in Gurpreet Singh's Case (supra), upon which the strong reliance is placed by learned counsel on behalf of respondent, is totally inapplicable to the fact situation of the instant case forthe reason thatthe question that arose in the said case was distinct, which reads thus:- H 22 SUPREME COURT R~PORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A "What is the rule of appropriation in execution of money decrees? Is the rule the same in the case of an award-decree under the Land Acquisition Act or, is there anything in the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 as amended by the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act (68 of 1984) B making that rule inapplicable or not wholly applicable?" The issue in the said question was examined and answered by the Constitution Bench with reference to Prem Nath Kapur's case (supra) regarding the rule of appropriation c in execution of money decrees. The examination of Sections 23(1 ), 23(1A), 23(2), 28, 31, 34 and 11 of the Act was made in this regard.

28. At paragraph 54 of Gurpreet Singh's case, certain observations are made regarding the payment of int19rest on0 solatium. The interest on solatium can be awarded at execution stage if the Reference Court or the Appellate Court cloes not specifically refer to the question of interest on solatium ior cases wherein claim had not been made and rejected either expressly E or impliedly by the Reference Court or the Appellate Court and merely interest on compensation is awarded. But where the Reference Court or appellate court has negatived the same · eith'er expressly or by implication then such interest on solatium cannot be awarded as it is a well settled rule of law that the F execution court cannot go behind the decree. Another point which is clearly made in the said judgment is that the interest on solatium can be claimed only in pending execution cases and not in closed execution cases, recoverable from the date of the judgmentin Sunder's case i.e., 19.09.2001 and notfor G any prior period. It is also held in this case that this will not entail any appropriation or reappropriation by the claimant/ decree holder. But, it is noteworthy that this was not the question which was referred to the Court for consideration in the said case. Therefore, it is merely an observation of the court which H M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 23 OF KERALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.]

cannot be applied as binding precedent in the instant case A with regard to the entitlement of statutory interest payable under Sections 23(1A), 28 and 34 of the Act on the solatium. If applied, it would be contrary to the doctrine of stare decisis. In this regard, it is necessary to advert to the Constitution Bench (11 Judge Bench) judgment of this Court in H.H. B Maharajadhiraja Madhav Rao Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur & Ors. v. Union of lndia12, wherein at paragraph 138, it is held that it is not proper to regard a word, a clause or a sentence occurring in a judgment of the Supreme Court, divorced from its context, as containing a full exposition of the law on a C question when the question did not even fall to be answered in that judgment. The relevant portion of the paragraph reads as under:-

"138 ... The question as to the jurisdiction of the Courts D to entertain a claim for payment of Privy Purse did not fall to be determined in·Nawab Usman Ali Khan case. The only question raised was whether the Privy Purse was riot capable of attachment in execution of the decree of a Civil Court, because of the specific exemption of E political pensions under Section 60(1 )(g) of the Code of Civil Procedure. In Kunvar Shri Vir Rajendra Singh's case, the Court did not express any opinion that Article 366(22) was a provision relating to a covenant within the meaning of Article 363. In tliat case the petitioner who F was not recognised as a Ruler by the President abandoned at the hearing of his petition his claim to the Privy Purse payable to the Ruler of Dholpur, and pressed · his claim by succession under the Hindu Law to the G Private property of the former Ruler. The Court was not called upon to decide and did not decide that Article 366(22) was a provision relating to a covenant within the meaning of Article 363. It is difficult to regard a word, a 12AIR 1971SC530 H 24 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A clause or a sentence occurring in a judgment of this Court. divorced from its context. as containing a full exposition of the law on a question when the question did not fall to be answered in that judgment." [Emphasis supplied] B

The said view has been followed and reiterated subsequently by this Court in a catena of cases regarding the distinction between ratio of a case and obiter dicta. c 29. In the case of Director of Settlement v. M.R. Apparao13, this Court extensively elaborated upon the principle of binding precedent. The relevant para 7 is reproduced hereunder: "? ... Article 141 of the Constitution unequivocally D indicates that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all co1;1rts within the territory of India. The aforesaid Article empowers the Supreme Court to declare the law. It is. therefore. an essential function of the Court to interpret a legislation. The statements of theE Court on matters other than law like facts may have no binding force as the facts of two cases may not be similar. But what is binding is the ratio of the decision and not any finding of facts. It is the principle found out upon a F reading of a judgment as a whole. in the light of the questions before the Court that forms the ratio and not any particular word or sentence. To determine whether a decision has "declared law" it cannot be said to be a law when a point is disposed of on concession and what is G binding is the principle underlying a decision. A judgment of the Court has to be read in the context of questions which arose for consideration in the case in which the judgment was delivered. An "obiter dictum" as distinguished from a ratio decidendi is an observation H 13 (2002) 4 sec 638

M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 25 OF KERALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.] by the Court on a legal question suggested •in a case A before it but not arising in such manner as to require a decision. Such a? obiter may not have a binding precedent as the observation was unnecessary for the decision pronounced, but even though an obiter may not have a binding effect as a precedent, but it cannot be B denied that it is of considerable weight. ... " .. , . . ' [Emphasis supplied] The decision of this Courfin the case of Deena v. Union of lndia14 is also p~rtaining to the· extension of ratio of a C decision to cases involving identical situations, be it factual or legal, but the same should not be mechanically applied to the facts of a case, the relevant para 1.!5 reads thus: ' "15 .... It is permissible to extend the ratio of a decision 0 to cases involving identical situations. factual and legal. but care must be taken to see that this is not done mechanically, that is. without a cl~e examination of the rationale of the decision which is cited as a precedent. Human mind, trained even in the strict discipline of law, E is not averse to taking th~ easy course of relying on decisions which have become famous and applying their ratio to supposedly identical situations .... " I (emphasis supplied) F

The binding effect of judgment of this Court vis-a-vis State· and Central Government circulais is considered in the case of CCE v. Ratan Melting & Wire lridustries15, wherein it is held thatthe law laid down by this Court is the law of the land. The law so laid down is binding on all 'Courts/Tribunals and bodies G and that the circulars issued @y the State or the Central Government cannot prevail over the la":' laid down by this Court. 30. From the facts of the present case and in the light of law laid down on the question of payment of interest on solatium H 14 (1983) 4 sec 645 15 (2008) 13 $cc 1 26 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 11 S.C.R.

A by the Constitution Bench in Sunder's case, it is amply clear that the said case is the binding precedent. As far as Gurpreet Singh's case is concerned, the question which arose for its consideration was only with regard to the rule of appropriation in execution of the Award passed under the provisions of the B Act. While answering the said question of law after refmring to the relevant provisions of the Act, at paragraph 54, it has incidental!y made some observation with regard to the payment of interest on solatium which is only an obiter but not the binding precedent as that question did not fall for C consideration before the Constitution Bench. Therefore, in yiew of the foregoing reasons, I hold that there is no need to advert to the other judgments upon which reliance was placed by the learned counsel for both the parties. For the reason that the binding precedent laid down by the Constitution Bench ofthis0 Court in Sunder's case on the question of payment of interest on the solatium to the claimimt/decree holder from the date of entitlement as provided under the provisions of the Act. ·Accordingly, I pass the following order:-E a) In view of the aforesaid reasons assigned by me with reference to Sundera1nd Gurpreet Singh cases (supra), I am of the view that the impugned common judgment and order with regard to awarding interest payable on solatium w.e.f. 19.09.2001 is vitiated in law. Accordingly,F that portion of the impugned judgment and order is hereby set aside.

b) The civil appeals a•re aHowed. The respondent-State Government is directed to pay interest as provided under G Sections 23(1A) and ~~8 of the Act on the compensation determined includi,ng 11olatium underSection 23(2) of the Act. The respondemt-state Government is further directed to compute the same with reference to the compensation awarded by the Hefereince Court from the date when theH claimant decree holder is entitled strictly in accordance ,'j M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 27 OFKERALA with the abovesaid provisions of the Act including the A . solatium and pay to the appellant within 8 weeks from the date of receipt of copy of this judgment. No order as . to costs. ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J. 1. I have perused the B proposed judgment prepared by my learned brother V. Gopala Gowda, J. I am in respectful disagreement with the same. Th~ facts have been broadly mentioned in the judgment of Gopa[a Gowda, J. and need not be repeated. c

2. The award of the Reference Court is dated 191h November, 1992 which did not expressly award interest on solatium. In the impugned order, the High Court restricted the interest on solatium to the period post 19th September, 2001, following the Constitution Bench judgment of this Court in o Gurpreet Singh vs. Union of lndia1 directing as follows : "54. One other question also was sought to be raised and answered by this Bench though not referred to it. Considering that the question arises in various cases E pending in courts all over the country, we permitted the counsel to address us on that question. That question is whether in the light of the decision in Sunder [(2001) 7 sec 211], the awardeeldecree-holder would be entitled to claim interest on solatium in execution though F it is not specifically granted by the decree. It is well settled that an execution court cannot go behind the decree. If, therefore, the claim for interest on solatium had been made and the same has been negatived either expressly or by necessary implication by the G judgment or decree of the Reference Court or of the appellate court, the execution court will have necessarily to reject the claim for interest on solatium based on Sunder on the ground that the execution court cannot H1 (2oos) a sec 457 28 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2015] 11 S.C.R.

A go behind the decree. But if the award of the Reference Court or that of the appellate court does not specifically refer to the question of interest on solatium or in cases where claim had not been made and rejected either expressly or impliedly by the Reference Court or the B appellate court, and merely interest on compensation is awarded, then it would be open to the execution court to apply the ratio of Sunder and say that the compensation awarded includes solatium and in such c bean eventdepositedinterestin execution.on the amountOtherwise,could benot.directedWe alsoto clarify that such interest on solatium can be claimed only in pending executions and not in closed executions and the execution court will be entitled to permit its recovery from the date of the judgment inD Sunder (19-9-2001) and not for any prior period. We also clarify that this will not entail any reappropriation or fresh appropriation by the decree-holder. This we have indicated by way of clarification also in exercise of our power under Articles 141 and 142 of the E Constitution of India with a view to avoid multiplicity of litigation on this question." 2. Learned counsel for the appellants relied upon Land Acquisition Officer and Asstt. Commnr. Vs. Shivappa F Ma/Jappa Jigalur laying down as follows :

"13. Coming now to the stipulatio_n that any interest on solatium can only be granted for the period subsequent to 19-9-2001, the date of the decision in Sunder, it is G evident that this again, is a limitation on the power of the execution court. The direction is actually referable to those cases in which the award of the Reference Court or the appellate court being silent, it is left open to the execution court to give direction for the deposit of H 2 c2010) 12 sec 387 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 29 OF KERALA [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.] interest on solatium. In such cases, the Reference Court A can ask for interest only for the period subsequent to 19-9-2001. The direction in no way circumscribes the power of the court dealing with the main proceeding relating to enhancement of the compensation. B

14. The matter can be looked at from another angle. The appeal being the continuation of the original proceeding, in the facts of the cases in this sub-group, there can be no question of accrual of interest only after the date of the decision in Sunder. At this stage, it may c be recalled that the civil court had awarded solatium @ 30% and interest @ 9% for the first year and @ 15% from second year onwards till the date of realisation. The States appeal against the judgment of the civil court was dismissed. Thus, the direction for payment of D ' solatium with interest at the rates indicated had become final. The High Court enhanced the rate of compensation. This would inevitably lead to an increase in the amount of solatium and consequently in the amount of interest on the unpaid amount of solatium. E Thus, looked at from any point of view, the question of payment of interest subsequent to 19-9-2001 does not arise." · 3. On the other hand, learned counsel for the State F submitted that the judgment iri Shivappa (supra) does not apply to the present case as the award dated 191h November, 1992 has attained finality. She also relied upon Chimanlal Kuberdas Modi vs. Gujarat Industrial Development Corpn. 3 laying down as follows : G "15. It is no doubt true that the execution court cannot examine the reasons so as to go behind the decree but if in the award passed, the Reference Court makes a specific reference to payment of interest but without H 3 c201 oi 10 sec eas

30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A any such reference to the payment of interest on solatium and merely payment of interest on compensation is granted, then it would be open to the executing court to apply the ratio of Sunder and declare that the compensation awarded includes solatium, and B consequently, interest on the amount could be,. directed to be deposited irJ execution. That being the legal position as prevailing today, we cannot ignore the observations made in para 54 of the aforesaid judgment in Gurpreet Singh and we order accordingly that c compensation awarded includes solatium and therefore interest on the said amount shall be paid by the respondent in the pending execution." To the same effect, she also relied upon Nadirsha D Shapurji Patel vs. Collector & LAO' and Chhanga Singh vs. Union oflndia5• 4. · So long as judgments relied upon by learned counsel for the State stand, the appellant cannot succeed. Any E contrary view can be taken only by a larger Bench. It will thus be appropriate that the matter is placed before a Bench of 3-Judges. COMMON ORDER F In view of divergence of opinion in terms of separate judgments pronounced by us in these appeals today, the Registry is directed to place the papers before Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India for appeals being assigned to an G appropriate Bench. Nidhi Jain Matter referred to larger bench. • (2010) 13 sec 234 s (2012) 5 sec 763

[2015] 11 S.C.R. 1 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. A v. STATE OF KERALA (Civil Appeal Nos. 7034-7037 of2015) B SEPTEMBER 14, 2015 [V. GOPALA GOWDA AND ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, JJ.] Land Acquisition Act, 1894- ss. 23(1A), 28, 34- Land acquisition - Claim of solatium for the enhanced amount of c compensation and interest thereof- Interest on solatium -Date of payment of solatium -Acquisition of rubber estate -Award passed for solatium and interest on compensation including solatium - As regards enhanced compensation, High Court upheld that solatium is payable by State D Government for the enhanced compensation awarded for the market value of the entire land, thus, it provided solatium for that porlion of land value based on the capitalization method of yielding rubber trees and directed the respondents to compute balance amount payable under the decree - E However, the High Courl awarded the interest on solatium w.e.f. 19.09.2001, the date of judgment delivered by Constitution Bench in Sunde r's case instead offrom the date of their entitlement under the provisions of ss. 23(1 A) and 28 - On appeal, held: In view of difference of opinion between F two judges, matter referred to larger Bench. Referring the matter to larger Bench, the Court PER V. GOPALA GOWDA.J: G

HELD: 1.1 From the interpretation of provisions of Sections 11, 15, 23, 24 and 31 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, it is clear that the amount of compensation in the Collector's Award includes not only the amount H 1 2 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R.

A determined under Section 23(1) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 but also the additional amount of solatium as stipulated under Section 23(2) and amount payable under Section 23(1A) of the Act. [Para 21] [15-G-H; 16-A] B 1.2 The judgment rendered by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Sunder's case is the binding precedent on the question of payment of legislative statutory interest payable on solatium under Sections 23(1A), 28 and 34 of the Act which cannot be deprived to C the claimant/decree holde·r by the court. As the said judgment is binding upon the State Government it cannot contend that it is not liable from the date as provided under the provisions of the Act. [Para 25] [19-G-H; 20-A] D 1.3 The Constitution Bench judgment in Sunder's case is aptly applicable to the fact situation of the instant case for the reason that the enhanced compensation includes the solatium @30% as provided under Section 23(2) of the Act. Therefore, the claimant/decree holder is E entitled for the interest on the solatium component which is part of the compensation payable by the State government to the claimant. The Execution Court held that the claimant/decree holder company is entitled to claim solatium only in respect of the enhanced F compensation provided for the land alone which has been separately fixed, but, not in respect of that portion of market value of the land based on capitalization method of the yielding rubber trees for the planted area which was separately fixed by the Reference C::ourt in G its Award. The High Court was right in holding that the claimant is entitled for the interest not only in respect of the land but also with respect to the trees standing on the land of which the market value is determined by the H Reference Court. However, it awarded the interest on M/S PERIYAR & PJ\REEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 3 er KERALA

solatium from 19.09.2001 and not for the prior period by A placing reliance on Gurpreet Singh case. [Para 26] [20-B-F] 1.4 From the facts of the instant case and in the light of law laid down on the question of payment of B interest on solatium by the Constitution Bench in Sunder's case, it is amply clear that the said case is the binding precedent. As far as Gurpreet Singh's case is concerned, the question which arose for its consideration was only with regard to the rule of C appropriation in execution of the Award passed under the provisions of the Act. While answering the said question of law after referring to the relevant provisions of the Act, it incidentally made some observation with regard to the payment of interest on solatium which is D only an obiter but not the binding precedent as that question did not fall for consideration before the Constitution Bench. For the reason that the binding precedent laid down by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Sunder's case on the question of payment of E interest on the solatium to the claimant/decree holder from the date of entitlement as provided under the provisions of the Act. [Para 30] [25-H; 26-A-E]

1.5 In view of the reasons assigned with reference F to Sunder and Gurpreet Singh cases, the impugned common judgment and order with regard to awarding interest payable on solatium w.e.f. 19.09.2001 is vitiated in law. Accordingly, that portion of the impugned judgment and order is set aside. The responde'nt-State G Government is directed to pay interest as provided under Sections 23(1A) and 28 of the Act on the compensation determined including solatium under Section 23(2) of the Act. The respondent-State Government is further H 4 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A directed to compute the same with reference to the compensation awarded by the Reference Court from the date when the claimant decree holder is entitled strictly in accordance with the said provisions of the Act including the solatium. [Para 30] [26-E-H; 27-A] B Sunderv. Union of/ndia (2001) 7 SCC 211: 2001 (3) Suppl. SCR 176 - followed. Gurpreet Singh v. Union of India (2006) 8 SCC 457: 2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 422 - held c inapplicable. Prem Nath Kapur v. National Fertilizers Corporation. Of India Ltd. (1996) 2 SCC 71: 1995

(5) Suppl. SCR 790; Union of India v. Ram Mehar 120; MirD (1973) 1 sec 109: 1973 (2) SCR Fazeelath Hussain v. Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition (1995) 3 SCC 208: 1995 (2) SCR 985; Yadavrao P. Pathade v. State of Maharashtra (1996) 2 SCC 570: 1996 (1) SCR E 965; Periyar & Pareekanni Rubbers Ltd. v. State of Kera/a (1991) 4 SCC 195; Sunder v. Union of India (2000) 10 SCC 470; Kapur Chand Jain & Ors. v. State Government of H.P. & Ors (1999) 2 SCC 89; State of Gujarat v. Vakhatsinghji F Vajesinghji Vaghela AIR 1968 SC 1481: 1968 SCR 692; Satinder Singh v. Umrao Singh AIR 1961 SC 908: 1961 SCR 676; H.H. Maharajadhiraja Madhav Rao Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur & Ors. v. Union of India AIR 1971 SC G 530: 1971 (3) SCR 9; Director of Settlement v. M.R. Apparao (2002) 4 SCC 638: 2002 (2) SCR 661; Deena v. Union of India (1983) 4 SCC 645: 1984 (1) SCR 1; CCE v. Ratan Melting & Wire Industries (2008) 13 SCC: 20!18 (14) SCR 653 H - referred to. MIS PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 5 OF KERALA PER ADARSH KUMAR GOEL. J: !DISSENTING) A

Appellants relied upon*Land Acquisition Officer and Asstt. Commnr. Vs. Shivappa Maf/appa Jigalurwhich laid down that the question of payment of interest subsequent to 19-9-2001 did not arise, whereas the B counsel for the State submitted that the judgment in Shivappa's case did not apply to the instant case as the award dated 19th November, 1992 had attained finality. The counsel for the State relied upon **Chimanlal Kuberdas Modi vs. Gujarat Industrial Development Corpn. C which laid down that the execution court cannot examine· the reasons so as to go behind the decree but if in the award passed, the Reference Court makes a specific reference to payment of interest but without any such reference to the payment of interest on solatium and D merely payment of interest on compensation is granted, then it would be open to the executing court to apply the ratio of Sunder and declare that the compensation awarded includes solatium, and consequently, interest on the amount could be directed to be deposited in E execution. That being the legal position as prevailing today, the observations made in the said judgment in Gurpreet Singh cannot be ignored and it is ordered accordingly that compensation awarded includes solatium and therefore interest ori the said amount shall F . be paid by the respondent in the pending execution. So long as judgments relied upon by counsel for the State stand, the appellant cannot succeed. Any contrary view can be taken only by a larger Bench. Thus, the matter is G placed before a Bench of 3-Judges. [Paras 2- 4] [28-F; 29-E-H; 30-A-E]

**Chimanlal Kuberdas Modi vs. Gujarat Industrial Development Corpn. (2010) 10 SCC 635: 2010 H (13) SCR 722; Nadirsha Shapurji Patel vs. 6 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2015) 11 S.C.R. A Collector & LAO (2010) 13 SCC 234: 2010 (15) SCR 516; Chhanga Singh vs. Union of India (2012) 5 sec 763: 2012 (4) SCR 27~ - relied on. Gurpre9t Singh VS. Union of India (2006) 8 secB 457: 2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 422; *Land Acquisition Officer and Asstt. Commnr. vs. Shivappa Mallappa Jigalur (2010) 12 SCC 387: 2010 (7) SCR 833- referred to. c Case Law Reference In the Judgment of Adarsh Kumar Goel, J 1995 (5) Suppl. SCR 790 referred to. Para 11 D 1973 (2) SCR 720 referred to. Para 16 1995 (2) SCR 985 referred to. Para 16 1996 (1) SCR 965 referred to. Para "16 E (1991) 4 sec 195 referred to. Para 17 12000) 10 sec 470 referred to. Para 19 (1999) 2 sec 89 referred to. Para 19 1968 SCR 692 referred to. Para 21 F 1961 SCR 676 referred to. Para 22 2001 (3) Suppl. SCR 176 followed. Para 26, 30 2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 422 held inapplicable. Para 27 G 1971 (3) SCR 9 referred to. Para 28 2002 (2) SCR 661 referred to. Para 29 1984 (1) SCR 1 referred to. Para 29 H 2008 (14) SCR 653 referred to. Para 29 'MIS PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 7 OF KERALA

In the Judgment of Adarsh Kumar Goel, J A 2006 (7) Suppl. SCR 422 referred to. Para 2 2010 (7) SCR 833 referred to. Para 3, 4 2010 (13 ) . SCR 722 relied on. Para 4 2010 (15) SCR 516 relied on. Para 4 B 2012 (4) SCR 275 relied on. Para 4 CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 7034-7037 of 2015 From the Judgment and Order dated 07 .04.2010 of the C High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in CRP Nos. 196, 199, 205 of2009. V. Giri, M. P. VinodfortheAppellant. D Bina Madhavan for the Respondent. The Judgments and Order of the Court were delivered by E V; GOPALA GOWDA, J. 1. Leave granted. 2'. These appeals by special leave are directed against the impugned common judgment and order dated 07 .04.2010 passed by the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in Civil Revision Petition Nos. 196, 199, 205 and 208 of 2009 (filed F against the order dated 15.10.2008 of the learned Sub-Judge, Erna~ulam-the Execution Court), wherein the dispute between the parties related to the claim of solatium for the enhanced amount of compensation and interest thereon in respect of G the a,cquired land. The High Court has confirmed that solatium is pa~able on that portion of land value based on capitalization method of yielping rubber trees and directed to compute balance amount payable under the decree, but awarded the interest on solatium from 19.09.2001, the date when judgment H 8 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2015) 11 S.C.R.

A by the Constitution Bench in the case of Sunder v. Union of lndia1 was delivered by this Court and not for the prior period. The legality and validity of the impugned judgment and order is seriously challenged urging various legal contentions as the appellant is aggrieved by the denial of the interest payable on B the component of solatium under Sections 23(1A), 23(2) read with Sections 28 and 34 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (for short "the Act"). The solatium being the component of compensation payable to the claimanUdecree holder, the restriction upon its payment by the High Court placing reliance C upon another subsequent Constitution Bench judgment of this Court in the case of Gurpreet Singh v. Union of lndia2 is hereby challenged. 3. The brieffacts of the case are stated hereunder:-D Various portions of rubber estate of the appellant situated in village Kuttamangalam was acquired by the State Government in exercise of its eminent domain power pursuant to the notification dated 10.10.1978 issued under Section 4(1) E of the Act for the purpose of Periyar Valley Irrigation Project.

4. In 1980 and 1981 Awards were passed by the Land Acquisition Officer awarding compensation, on the market value of land which were partly based on capitalization method F of the yielding rubber trees for the planted area and partly based on the value of bare land on which there were no yielding rubber plantation. Awards included solatium and interest on compensation including solatium. G 5. Being dissatisfied with the compensation, the appellant filed Land Acquisition Reference (LAR) Nos. 425, 42",7, 428, 429, 432, 434, 435, 456, 458 and 463 of 1988 before the Court of 111 Additional Sub-Judge, Ernakulam (the R1~feirence Court) under Section 18 of the Act. H 1 (2001) 1 sec 211 2 c2006) a sec 457 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 9 OF KERALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.]

6. The Reference Court after perusal of the record, by A its common judgment, passed an Award on 19.11.1992 by enhancing the compensation partly based on capitalization method ofthe yielding rubber trees for the planted area and partly based on the value of bare land on which there were no rubber trees. The Reference Court held that the claimant is B entitled to get 30% solatium, 12% additional market value from the date of the notification i.e., 10.10.1978 till the date of Award passed against it and they are also entitled to get 9% interest for the first one year from the date of dispossession and thereafter at 15% till realization of the compensation awarded C in favour of the claimant/decree holder. 7. In some of the abovesaid LARs, payments were made by respondent-State in full and final settlement of the enhanced compensation, solatium and. interest on compensation D including solatium. With respect to the remaining cases, the appellantfiled Execution Petition Nos. 152, 147, 146, 149 and 145 of 1996 before the Execution Court for execution of the Award/decree passed by the Reference Court. E 8. The Execution Court on 15.10.2008 passed an order fixing balance amount payable by the State government after excluding solatium on that portion of the market value of the acquired land based on capitalization method of the yielding rubber trees for the planted area. F

9. Being aggrieved by the said order of the Execution Court, the. appellant filed Civil Revision Petition (CRP) Nos. 196, 199, 201, 205 and 208 of 2009 before the High Court of Kera la. G 10. The High Court on 07.04.2010 passed the common impugned judgment and order in the said CRPs confirming that the solatium is payable by the state government for the enhanced compensation awarded for the market value of the H 10 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R.

A entire land. Thus, it provided solatium for that portion of land the value of which was based on the capitalization method of yielding rubber trees and directed the respondents to compute balance amount payable under the decree. However, the High Court awarded the interest on solatium w.e.f. 19.09.2001, the B date of judgment delivered by Constitution Bench in Sunder's case (supra) instead offrom the date of their entitlement under the provisions of Sections 23(1A) and 28 of the Act. Hence, these appeals are filed by the appellant urging various grounds. C 11. Mr. V. Giri, learned senior counsel on behalf of the appellant contended that the Awards in the instant case were passed in 1980 and 1981 and the Reference Court judgment and Award was passed in 1992, the time when there was no dispute regarding the payment of interest on solatium. It is only D in 1995 when this Court passed a judgment in the case of Prem Nath Kapur v. National Fertilizers Corporation. Of India Ltd. 3 which barred the payment of interest on solatium. But the decision in Prem Nath Kapur's case was subsequently reversed in Sunder's (supra) case. Therefore, E there was no justification and reason for the High Court to restrict the payment of interest on solatium prior to 19.09.2001 by applying the observations made at paragraph 54 in the case of Gurpreet Singh (supra).

F 12. The learned senior counsel has further contended that the respondent-State has already settled few cases covered by the Reference Court judgment by paying the full compensation, solatium and interest on compensation including solatium without any dispute. It shows that there was G no dispute between the parties as to the payment of interest on solatium by the respondents. Before the Execution Court, the dispute raised by the respondent-State was as to the amount of land value on which solatium was to be computed. H '(1996) 2 sec 71 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 11 OF KERALA [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.] 13. On the other hand, Ms. Bina Madhavan, learned A counsel on behalf of the respondent-State government sought to justify the impugned common judgment and order by placing strong reliance upon paragraph 54 of Gurpreet Sing h's case (supra), which is extracted in the reasoning portion of this judgment. B 14. She further contended that the interest on solatium can be claimed only in pending execution cases and not in the closed cases and the execution courts are entitled to permit its recovery by the claimant/decree holder from 19.09.2001 C i.e., from the date of judgment in Sunder's case and not for any prior period.

15. With reference to the aforesaid rival legal submissions urged by the learned counsel on behalf of the D parties, this Court is required to examine the correctness of the impugned common judgment order passed in the aforesaid CRPs by the High Court in restricting the payment of statutory interest payable on the solatium component by placing reliance upon the cases of Sunder and Gurpreet Singh (supra). In E this connection, this Court is required to find out as to whether the payment of interest on solatium is the legislative statutory right conferred upon the land loser/claimant recognised by the Constitution Bench in Sunder's case. The High Court in the light of observations made in Gurpreet Singh's case (supra) F at paragraph 54 has fixed the date of payment of interest payable on the solatium to the claimant/decree holder with effect from 19.09.2001. The correctness of the same is also required to be examined by this Court. G 16. For the aforesaid purpose, it would be necessary to refer to the question of law as referred to in Sunder's case (supra) wherein this Court deals with the conflicting decisions rendered on one hand in Union of India v. Ram Mehar (three H'(1973) 1 sec 109 ' 12 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 11 S.C.R.

A Judge Bench) and on the other, in later decisions of co-equal Benches of this Court viz., Mir Fazeelath Hussain v. Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition5, Prem Nath Kapur (supra) and Yadavrao P. Pathade v. State of Maharai;htra6• B 17. lnthecaseofUnionoflndiav. RamMehar(supra) this Court after examining the scope of the expression "market value" in Section 4(3) of the Land Acquisition (Amendment and Validation) Act, 1967, held that solatium cannot form part of the market value of the land, ratherthe "market value" is only C one of the components to be reckoned with in the determination of the amount of compensation. The relevant para 7 of the decision reads thus :

"7 ..... If market value and compensation were intended by the legislature to have the same meaning it is difficult0 to comprehend why the word "compensation" in Section 28 and 34 and not "market value" was used. The key to the meaning of the word "compensation" is to be found in Section 23(1) and that consists (a) of the market value E of the land and (b) the sum of 15% on such market value which is stated to be the consideration for the compulsory nature of the acquisition. Market value is therefore only one of the components in the determination of the amount of compensation. If the Legislature has used the word F "market value" in Section 4(3) of the Amending Act of 1967 it must be held that it was done deliberately and what was intended was that interest should be payable on the market value of the land and not on the amount of compensation otherwise there was no reason why the G Parliament should not have employed the word "compensation" in the aforesaid provision of the Amending Act." (emphasis supplied) H 5 (1995) 3 sec 20s • (1996) 2 sec 570 14 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R.

A Prem Nath Kapurv. National Fertilizers Corpn. of India Ltd. and Yadavrao P. Pathade v. State of Maharashtra on the other. The later three-Judge Bench judgments have taken the view that solatium is not a part of compensation. However, in none of the later three-Judge Bench B judgments the earlier view of the three-Judge Bench judgment in the case of Union of India v. Ram Mehar that solatium is a part of compensation, has been noticed or considered. Consequently, in our view, this matter requires to be decided by a Constitution/larger Bench of c this Court. We, therefore, direct that the papers may be placed before Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India for placing the appeals arising out of these proceedings for final disposal before an appropriate Constitution/larger Bench of this Court.D Prior to Sunder's Case (two Judge Bench), similar reference was made in Kapur Chand Jain & Ors. v. State Government of H.P. & Ors9 , the relevant paras of which read thus:- E

"3. Learned counsel for the petitioners invited our attention to a three-Judge Bench judgment of this Court in Union of India v. Ram Mehar and also later two decisions of two-Judge Benches of this Court in Periyar F and Pareekanni Rubbers Ltd. v. State of Kera/a and Narain Das Jain v. Agra Nagar Mahapalika. REilying on these judgments, he submitted that for applicability of Section 28 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 solatium has to be considered as a component of compensation .G and interest could be paid thereon; and that the High Court has wrongly not granted interest on solatium. However, there is another three-Judge Bench judgment of this Court in Prem N.ath Kapur v. National Fertilizers Corpn. of India Ltd. wherein a contrary view is taken and it has H • (1999) 2 sec 89 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 15 OF KERALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.] been held, that no interest is payable on solatium under A Section 23(2) or on additional amount payable under . Section 23(1-A). For coming to that conclusion, the Bench of three learned Judges relied upon another decision of this Court in P. Ram Reddy v. Land ,, Acquisition Officer. B

4. In view of this conflict of decisions and also in view of the further fact that the three-Judge Bench of this Court in Prem Nath Kapur had no opportunity to refer to the earlier decision of a three-Judge Bench in Ram Mehar c we direct that these special leave petitions be placed for decision before ath_ree-Judge Bench of this Court. The office may obtain suitable orders from the Hori'ble Chief Justice." ~ D 20. The question of reference to Constitution Bench in Sunder's case (supra) reads thus:-•c "Is the State liable to pay interest on the amount envisaged under Section 23(2) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894?" E In other words, the question was whether for the purpose of Section 28 read with Section 34 of the Act, solatium is a part of compensation. The answer was in affirmation to the reference question by the Constitution Bench. By answering the said question it laid down the .law with regard to the question F of payment of interest. 21. From the interpretation of provisions of Sections 11, 15, 23, 24 and 31 of the Act and after placing reliance upon the decision of this Court in State of Gujarat v. Vakhatsinghji G Vajesinghji Vaghela 10, it is clear that the amount of compensation in the Collector's Award includes not only the . amount determined under Section 23(1) of the Act but also the additional amount of solatium as stipulated under Section 10 AIR 1968 SC 1481 H 16 0 SUPREM E COURT REPORTS · [2015] 11 S.C.R: . I . ' ~' ,-< ' • . ' ·. I', -

A 23(2) of the Act. The relevant paragraph 9 of the said case reads thus: 1 " • · · ! . ' ~9: ....... The collector has to make an; award ofI I compensation under. Section 11 and having regard to I 8 Sec. 15 in determining the amount of compensation, he is guided by the provisions of Section 23 and 24. Section 23 (1) requires an aware! of the markefvalue of the land. Section 23 (2) requires an additional award of a sum of fifteenI, - percentl.lmI on such market, value, in consideration c of the compulsory nature of acquisition., .. ." · · . . ,. - .. .

22. Further, from the reading of Sections 28 a_nd 34 of the Act, it is clear that the 'purpose of interest' is to compensate an unpaid landowner who, on the one hand has been deprived D of the possession of his land in pursuance of compulsory acquisition by the State Government in exercise of its eminent domain power and on the other hand, has also been kept out of the use of the money due to him for.the acquisition by not being paid the money, :in full or in part, in lieii of: taking E · possession. Reliance is placed on the decision of this Court . in the ease of Satinder Singh v. Umrao Singh11 at paragraph ~ 19, whiCti reads thus: " ·r ·" .· <' ,,,,. t t. ·: _ -., ••· ., I " ... '"'I ' ' i.,,. · , . "19 •.. : ... When claim for payment of interest is made. a by a person.whose· irrirnovabJi;, property has been• F acquired compulsorily he is riot making claill). for damages properly or technically so called; he is basing his claim on the general rule that if he is deprived of his land he should be put in possession of compensation G "immediately; if not, in lieu of possession taken.by compulsory acquisition interest should be p~d to h!m on the said amount of compensation .... " .· · · · ;, . \ ·-" ~- , _. '· ._.,:, . ,·,·.~'--·- •, . ··--r . 23.'. Section 34 of the Act provides for the payment of H interest on "amount of such compensation".. The word "such". " AIR 1961SC908 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 17 OF KERALA [V. GO PALA GOWDA, J.]

makes the reading of Section 34 read along with Section 31 A necessary. Section 31 of the Act provides for the payment of compensation or deposit of the same in Court. Section 31 ( 1) says "On making an Award under Section 11; the Collector shall tender payment of the compensation awarded by him to the persons interested. entitled thereto according to the B Award ..... ~ Further, Section 28 of the Act provides for the direction which may be made to the Collector to pay the interest on , excess< "I compensation.' - --1 · It says "If the- sum which,• · in the opinion. o(ihe' 'court, the Collector ought to I have awarded as compensation is in excess of the sum which the Collector did C award as compensation ..... " Thus, it is clear from Section 34 read with Section 31 and the term "sum" under Section 28 of · the Act that the Award includes not onl{the sum as is detemiined under Section 23(1) of theAct b_ut also the amounts Dpayable' under Section 23(1A) and Section 23(2). The same has· been held· by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Sunder'$ case, the relevant paragraph 23 of which reads thus: •,:; ii (i; ; ; .' • •' ! ·, '' ' ' t ', • • • ' I "23 .. , '.We make it clear that the compensation awarded .. , would include not only the total sum arrived at as per sub- E section (1) of Section 23 but the remaining sub-sections . . , , thereof a~ well. It is thus. clear from Section 34 that the expression "awarded amount" would mean the amount cornpensation worked out in accordance with the .•. .of F :•• ' .• provisions.. contained. . . in. Section 23; including allI the sub-, sectionst~ereof." ,:,,,,u .. ,, ·.. , , --· 1

24. After adverting tci'Sections 34, 28, 23(1); 23(1A), 23(2), 24, 26 and 31 of the Act; the Constitution Bench in Sunder's.case (supra) answered the question regarding G payment of interest oh solatium in affirmation holding that Section 26 of the Act does not say that the Award would contain only the amounts granted under Section 23 (1) of the Act. It was further held that there can be no doubt that all the three heads specifie"d ln the three sub-sections of Section 23 of the H .. . .. 18 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 11 S.C.R. A Act are the sums to be awarded by the court. The words "every award under this Part" in Section 26(1) of the Act cannot be treated as the Award after delinking the amounts awarded under sub-Section (1A) or sub-Section (2) of Section 23 of the Act. Further in paragraphs 20, 21 and 23 in Sunder's case B (supra), the Constitution Bench has held as under-"20 ... whether exclusion of the factor" any disinclination of the person interested to part with the land acquired" from being considered as part of the compensation indicated in Section 24 of the Act would be of any aid forc excluding solatium from the purview of interest accrual process .... "

"21. It is apposite in this context to point out that during the enquiry contemplated under Section 11 of the Act D the Collector has to consider the objections which any person interested has stated pursuant to the notice given to him. It may be possible that a person so interested would advance objections for highlighting his disinclination to part with the land acquired on account E of a variety of grounds, such as sentimental or religious or psychological or traditional etc. Secti1Jn 24 emphasises that no amount on account of any disinclination of the person interested to part with the land shall be granted as compensation. That aspect is F qualitatively different from the solatium which the legislature wanted to provide "in consideration of the compulsory nature of the acquisition." xxx xxx xxx G 23. In deciding the question as to what amount would bear interest under Section 34 of the Act, a peep into Section 31(1) of the Act would be advantageous. That sub-section says:- 31. (1) On making an award under Section 11, the H Collector shall tender payment of the compensation MIS PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 19 OF KEP.ALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.]

awarded by him to the persons interested entitled A thereto according to the award, and shall pay itto them unless prevented by some one or more of the contingencies mentioned in the next sub-section ...... " Further, in the said case, after adverting to Section 34 of B the Act, this Court held thus:-"24. The proviso to Section 34 of the Act makes the position further clear. The proviso says that "if such compensation" is not paid within one year from the date of taking possession of the land, interest shall stand C escalated to 15% per annum from the date of expiry of the said period of one year "on the amount of compensation or part thereof which has not been paid or deposited before the date of such expiry". It is D inconceivable that the solatium amount would attract only the escalated rate of interest from the expiry of one year and that there would be no interest on solatium during the preceding period. What the legislature intended was to make the aggregate amount under Section 23 of the E Act to reach the hands of the perspn as and when the award is passed, at any rate as soon as he is deprived of the possession of his land. Any delay in making payment of the said sum should enable the party to have interest on the said sum until he receives the payment. F Splitting up the compensation into different components for the purpose of payme.rit of interest under Section 34 was not in the contemplation of the legislature when that section was framed or enacted."

G 25. The judgment rendered by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Sunder's case (supra) is the binding precedent on the question of payment.of legislative statutory interest payable on solatium under Sections 23(1A), 28 and 34 of the Act which cannot be deprived to the claimanUdecree holder H 20 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A by the court. As the said judgment is binding upon the State Government it cannot contend that it is not liable from the date as provided under the provisions of the Act.

2fi. The Constitution Bench judgment in Sunder''s case B (supra) is aptly applicable to the fact situation of the present case for the reason that the enhanced compensation includes the solatium @ 30% as provided under Section 23(2) of the Act. Therefore, the claimanVdecree holder is entitled for the interest on the solatium component which is part of the C compensation payable by the State government to the claimant. The Execution Court held that the claimanVdecree holder company is entitled to claim solatium only in respect of the enhanced compensation provided for the land alone which has been separately fixed, but, not in respect of that portion of D market value of the land based on capitalization method of the yielding rubber trees for the planted area which was separately fixed by the Reference Court in itsAward. The High Court was right in holding that the claimant is entitled for the interest not only in respect of the land but also with respect to thE~ trees E standing on the land of which the market value is determined by the Reference Court. However, it awarded the interest on solatiuni from 19.09.2001 and not for the prior period by placing reliance on Gurpreet Singh case (supra), the relevant F paragraph 54 of which is extracted hereunder:-"54. One other question also was sought to be raised and answered by this Bench though not referred to it. Considering that the question arises in various cases pending in courts all over the country, we permitted the G counsel to address us on that question. That question is whether in the light of the decision in Sunder, the awardee/decreecholder would be entitled to claim interest on solatium in execution though it is not specifically granted by the decree. It is well settled that an execution H

M/S PERIYAR & PP.~EEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 21 OF KERALA [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.]

court cannot go behind the decree. If, therefore, the claim A for interest on solatium had been made and the same has been negatived either expressly or by necessary implication by the judgment or decree of the Reference Court or of the appellate court, the execution court will have necessarily to reject the claim for interest on B solatium based on Sunder on the ground that the execution court cannot go behind the decree. But ifthe award of the Reference Court or that of the appellate court does not specifically refer to the question of interest on solatium or in cases where claim had not been made C and rejected either expressly or impliedly by the Reference Court or the appellate court, and merely interest on compensation is awarded, then it would be open to the execution court to apply the ratio of Sunder 0 and say that the compensation awarded includes solatium and in such an event interest on the amount oould be directed to be deposited in execution. Otherwise, not. We also clarify that such interest on solatium can be claimed only in pending executions and not in closed E executions and the execution court will be entitled to permit its recovery from the date of the judgment in Sunder(19-9-2001) and not for any prior period. We also clarify that this will not entail any reappropriation or fresh appropriation by the decree-holder. This we have F indicated by way of clarification also in exercise of our power under Articles 141 and 142 of the Constitution of India with a view to avoid multiplicity of litigation on this question." '

G 27. The decision of this Court in Gurpreet Singh's Case (supra), upon which the strong reliance is placed by learned counsel on behalf of respondent, is totally inapplicable to the fact situation of the instant case forthe reason thatthe question that arose in the said case was distinct, which reads thus:- H 22 SUPREME COURT R~PORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A "What is the rule of appropriation in execution of money decrees? Is the rule the same in the case of an award-decree under the Land Acquisition Act or, is there anything in the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 as amended by the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act (68 of 1984) B making that rule inapplicable or not wholly applicable?" The issue in the said question was examined and answered by the Constitution Bench with reference to Prem Nath Kapur's case (supra) regarding the rule of appropriation c in execution of money decrees. The examination of Sections 23(1 ), 23(1A), 23(2), 28, 31, 34 and 11 of the Act was made in this regard.

28. At paragraph 54 of Gurpreet Singh's case, certain observations are made regarding the payment of int19rest on0 solatium. The interest on solatium can be awarded at execution stage if the Reference Court or the Appellate Court cloes not specifically refer to the question of interest on solatium ior cases wherein claim had not been made and rejected either expressly E or impliedly by the Reference Court or the Appellate Court and merely interest on compensation is awarded. But where the Reference Court or appellate court has negatived the same · eith'er expressly or by implication then such interest on solatium cannot be awarded as it is a well settled rule of law that the F execution court cannot go behind the decree. Another point which is clearly made in the said judgment is that the interest on solatium can be claimed only in pending execution cases and not in closed execution cases, recoverable from the date of the judgmentin Sunder's case i.e., 19.09.2001 and notfor G any prior period. It is also held in this case that this will not entail any appropriation or reappropriation by the claimant/ decree holder. But, it is noteworthy that this was not the question which was referred to the Court for consideration in the said case. Therefore, it is merely an observation of the court which H M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 23 OF KERALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.]

cannot be applied as binding precedent in the instant case A with regard to the entitlement of statutory interest payable under Sections 23(1A), 28 and 34 of the Act on the solatium. If applied, it would be contrary to the doctrine of stare decisis. In this regard, it is necessary to advert to the Constitution Bench (11 Judge Bench) judgment of this Court in H.H. B Maharajadhiraja Madhav Rao Jivaji Rao Scindia Bahadur & Ors. v. Union of lndia12, wherein at paragraph 138, it is held that it is not proper to regard a word, a clause or a sentence occurring in a judgment of the Supreme Court, divorced from its context, as containing a full exposition of the law on a C question when the question did not even fall to be answered in that judgment. The relevant portion of the paragraph reads as under:-

"138 ... The question as to the jurisdiction of the Courts D to entertain a claim for payment of Privy Purse did not fall to be determined in·Nawab Usman Ali Khan case. The only question raised was whether the Privy Purse was riot capable of attachment in execution of the decree of a Civil Court, because of the specific exemption of E political pensions under Section 60(1 )(g) of the Code of Civil Procedure. In Kunvar Shri Vir Rajendra Singh's case, the Court did not express any opinion that Article 366(22) was a provision relating to a covenant within the meaning of Article 363. In tliat case the petitioner who F was not recognised as a Ruler by the President abandoned at the hearing of his petition his claim to the Privy Purse payable to the Ruler of Dholpur, and pressed · his claim by succession under the Hindu Law to the G Private property of the former Ruler. The Court was not called upon to decide and did not decide that Article 366(22) was a provision relating to a covenant within the meaning of Article 363. It is difficult to regard a word, a 12AIR 1971SC530 H 24 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A clause or a sentence occurring in a judgment of this Court. divorced from its context. as containing a full exposition of the law on a question when the question did not fall to be answered in that judgment." [Emphasis supplied] B

The said view has been followed and reiterated subsequently by this Court in a catena of cases regarding the distinction between ratio of a case and obiter dicta. c 29. In the case of Director of Settlement v. M.R. Apparao13, this Court extensively elaborated upon the principle of binding precedent. The relevant para 7 is reproduced hereunder: "? ... Article 141 of the Constitution unequivocally D indicates that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all co1;1rts within the territory of India. The aforesaid Article empowers the Supreme Court to declare the law. It is. therefore. an essential function of the Court to interpret a legislation. The statements of theE Court on matters other than law like facts may have no binding force as the facts of two cases may not be similar. But what is binding is the ratio of the decision and not any finding of facts. It is the principle found out upon a F reading of a judgment as a whole. in the light of the questions before the Court that forms the ratio and not any particular word or sentence. To determine whether a decision has "declared law" it cannot be said to be a law when a point is disposed of on concession and what is G binding is the principle underlying a decision. A judgment of the Court has to be read in the context of questions which arose for consideration in the case in which the judgment was delivered. An "obiter dictum" as distinguished from a ratio decidendi is an observation H 13 (2002) 4 sec 638

M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 25 OF KERALA [V. GOPALAGOWDA, J.] by the Court on a legal question suggested •in a case A before it but not arising in such manner as to require a decision. Such a? obiter may not have a binding precedent as the observation was unnecessary for the decision pronounced, but even though an obiter may not have a binding effect as a precedent, but it cannot be B denied that it is of considerable weight. ... " .. , . . ' [Emphasis supplied] The decision of this Courfin the case of Deena v. Union of lndia14 is also p~rtaining to the· extension of ratio of a C decision to cases involving identical situations, be it factual or legal, but the same should not be mechanically applied to the facts of a case, the relevant para 1.!5 reads thus: ' "15 .... It is permissible to extend the ratio of a decision 0 to cases involving identical situations. factual and legal. but care must be taken to see that this is not done mechanically, that is. without a cl~e examination of the rationale of the decision which is cited as a precedent. Human mind, trained even in the strict discipline of law, E is not averse to taking th~ easy course of relying on decisions which have become famous and applying their ratio to supposedly identical situations .... " I (emphasis supplied) F

The binding effect of judgment of this Court vis-a-vis State· and Central Government circulais is considered in the case of CCE v. Ratan Melting & Wire lridustries15, wherein it is held thatthe law laid down by this Court is the law of the land. The law so laid down is binding on all 'Courts/Tribunals and bodies G and that the circulars issued @y the State or the Central Government cannot prevail over the la":' laid down by this Court. 30. From the facts of the present case and in the light of law laid down on the question of payment of interest on solatium H 14 (1983) 4 sec 645 15 (2008) 13 $cc 1 26 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015) 11 S.C.R.

A by the Constitution Bench in Sunder's case, it is amply clear that the said case is the binding precedent. As far as Gurpreet Singh's case is concerned, the question which arose for its consideration was only with regard to the rule of appropriation in execution of the Award passed under the provisions of the B Act. While answering the said question of law after refmring to the relevant provisions of the Act, at paragraph 54, it has incidental!y made some observation with regard to the payment of interest on solatium which is only an obiter but not the binding precedent as that question did not fall for C consideration before the Constitution Bench. Therefore, in yiew of the foregoing reasons, I hold that there is no need to advert to the other judgments upon which reliance was placed by the learned counsel for both the parties. For the reason that the binding precedent laid down by the Constitution Bench ofthis0 Court in Sunder's case on the question of payment of interest on the solatium to the claimimt/decree holder from the date of entitlement as provided under the provisions of the Act. ·Accordingly, I pass the following order:-E a) In view of the aforesaid reasons assigned by me with reference to Sundera1nd Gurpreet Singh cases (supra), I am of the view that the impugned common judgment and order with regard to awarding interest payable on solatium w.e.f. 19.09.2001 is vitiated in law. Accordingly,F that portion of the impugned judgment and order is hereby set aside.

b) The civil appeals a•re aHowed. The respondent-State Government is directed to pay interest as provided under G Sections 23(1A) and ~~8 of the Act on the compensation determined includi,ng 11olatium underSection 23(2) of the Act. The respondemt-state Government is further directed to compute the same with reference to the compensation awarded by the Hefereince Court from the date when theH claimant decree holder is entitled strictly in accordance ,'j M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 27 OFKERALA with the abovesaid provisions of the Act including the A . solatium and pay to the appellant within 8 weeks from the date of receipt of copy of this judgment. No order as . to costs. ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J. 1. I have perused the B proposed judgment prepared by my learned brother V. Gopala Gowda, J. I am in respectful disagreement with the same. Th~ facts have been broadly mentioned in the judgment of Gopa[a Gowda, J. and need not be repeated. c

2. The award of the Reference Court is dated 191h November, 1992 which did not expressly award interest on solatium. In the impugned order, the High Court restricted the interest on solatium to the period post 19th September, 2001, following the Constitution Bench judgment of this Court in o Gurpreet Singh vs. Union of lndia1 directing as follows : "54. One other question also was sought to be raised and answered by this Bench though not referred to it. Considering that the question arises in various cases E pending in courts all over the country, we permitted the counsel to address us on that question. That question is whether in the light of the decision in Sunder [(2001) 7 sec 211], the awardeeldecree-holder would be entitled to claim interest on solatium in execution though F it is not specifically granted by the decree. It is well settled that an execution court cannot go behind the decree. If, therefore, the claim for interest on solatium had been made and the same has been negatived either expressly or by necessary implication by the G judgment or decree of the Reference Court or of the appellate court, the execution court will have necessarily to reject the claim for interest on solatium based on Sunder on the ground that the execution court cannot H1 (2oos) a sec 457 28 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2015] 11 S.C.R.

A go behind the decree. But if the award of the Reference Court or that of the appellate court does not specifically refer to the question of interest on solatium or in cases where claim had not been made and rejected either expressly or impliedly by the Reference Court or the B appellate court, and merely interest on compensation is awarded, then it would be open to the execution court to apply the ratio of Sunder and say that the compensation awarded includes solatium and in such c bean eventdepositedinterestin execution.on the amountOtherwise,could benot.directedWe alsoto clarify that such interest on solatium can be claimed only in pending executions and not in closed executions and the execution court will be entitled to permit its recovery from the date of the judgment inD Sunder (19-9-2001) and not for any prior period. We also clarify that this will not entail any reappropriation or fresh appropriation by the decree-holder. This we have indicated by way of clarification also in exercise of our power under Articles 141 and 142 of the E Constitution of India with a view to avoid multiplicity of litigation on this question." 2. Learned counsel for the appellants relied upon Land Acquisition Officer and Asstt. Commnr. Vs. Shivappa F Ma/Jappa Jigalur laying down as follows :

"13. Coming now to the stipulatio_n that any interest on solatium can only be granted for the period subsequent to 19-9-2001, the date of the decision in Sunder, it is G evident that this again, is a limitation on the power of the execution court. The direction is actually referable to those cases in which the award of the Reference Court or the appellate court being silent, it is left open to the execution court to give direction for the deposit of H 2 c2010) 12 sec 387 M/S PERIYAR & PAREEKANNI RUBBERS LTD. v. STATE 29 OF KERALA [ADARSH KUMAR GOEL, J.] interest on solatium. In such cases, the Reference Court A can ask for interest only for the period subsequent to 19-9-2001. The direction in no way circumscribes the power of the court dealing with the main proceeding relating to enhancement of the compensation. B

14. The matter can be looked at from another angle. The appeal being the continuation of the original proceeding, in the facts of the cases in this sub-group, there can be no question of accrual of interest only after the date of the decision in Sunder. At this stage, it may c be recalled that the civil court had awarded solatium @ 30% and interest @ 9% for the first year and @ 15% from second year onwards till the date of realisation. The States appeal against the judgment of the civil court was dismissed. Thus, the direction for payment of D ' solatium with interest at the rates indicated had become final. The High Court enhanced the rate of compensation. This would inevitably lead to an increase in the amount of solatium and consequently in the amount of interest on the unpaid amount of solatium. E Thus, looked at from any point of view, the question of payment of interest subsequent to 19-9-2001 does not arise." · 3. On the other hand, learned counsel for the State F submitted that the judgment iri Shivappa (supra) does not apply to the present case as the award dated 191h November, 1992 has attained finality. She also relied upon Chimanlal Kuberdas Modi vs. Gujarat Industrial Development Corpn. 3 laying down as follows : G "15. It is no doubt true that the execution court cannot examine the reasons so as to go behind the decree but if in the award passed, the Reference Court makes a specific reference to payment of interest but without H 3 c201 oi 10 sec eas

30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 11 S.C.R. A any such reference to the payment of interest on solatium and merely payment of interest on compensation is granted, then it would be open to the executing court to apply the ratio of Sunder and declare that the compensation awarded includes solatium, and B consequently, interest on the amount could be,. directed to be deposited irJ execution. That being the legal position as prevailing today, we cannot ignore the observations made in para 54 of the aforesaid judgment in Gurpreet Singh and we order accordingly that c compensation awarded includes solatium and therefore interest on the said amount shall be paid by the respondent in the pending execution." To the same effect, she also relied upon Nadirsha D Shapurji Patel vs. Collector & LAO' and Chhanga Singh vs. Union oflndia5• 4. · So long as judgments relied upon by learned counsel for the State stand, the appellant cannot succeed. Any E contrary view can be taken only by a larger Bench. It will thus be appropriate that the matter is placed before a Bench of 3-Judges. COMMON ORDER F In view of divergence of opinion in terms of separate judgments pronounced by us in these appeals today, the Registry is directed to place the papers before Hon'ble the Chief Justice of India for appeals being assigned to an G appropriate Bench. Nidhi Jain Matter referred to larger bench. • (2010) 13 sec 234 s (2012) 5 sec 763