[2015] 8 S.C.R. 855 • ·1 MOHAN SINGH & ORS. A v. 'f ••• THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD S;q_Rs. (Civil Appeal Nos.5874-5875 of 2015) · AUGUST 03, 2015 B [VIKRAMAJIT SEN AND PRAFULLA C. PANT, JJ.] Factories Act, 1948 - ss. 46, 2(k), 2(m) - Canteens -Regularisation of services of canteen staff- Existing canteen at Moradabad Division of the Northern Railway - Held: C Subject Canteen is situated within the precincts of the office of the Divisional Railway Manager-ORM, Moradabad and more than 1000 workers are working in those precincts -Ma.nufacturing activity is carried out within the ORM Office where the subject Canteen "is located - Thus, all the D . requirements of the term "factory" as defined u/s. 2(m) satisfied- Premises of ORM, Moradabad to be also treated · as a factory under the Act in which case Moradabad Canteen shall ipso facto corresponded to a 'Statutory Canteen' within the meaning of s.46 -. Thus, the subject Canteen is a E 'Statutory Canteen' under the Act - Canteen staff were not appointed as per the regular recruitment procedure -. Direction issued to respondents to consider regularization of services of the staff employed in the subject Canteen in F consonance with the principles laid down in * Uma Devi's case, and fill posts that become vacant by a regular process of selection. Allowing the appeals, the Court G.

HELD: 1.1 The Factories Act, 1948 is a social legislation enacted for the welfare of the workers. It deals with matters connected with the health, safety, welfare, · working hours of the workers, employment of young persons and leave to be granted to workers. The idea H 855 856 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A behind providing Statutory Canteen in a Factory is to create efficient, healthy, loyal and satisfied labor force for the organization. If such a responsibility has been cast on an occupier of a Factory under the law, it remains obligatory upon ORM, Moradabad to maintain a statutory B canteen so long as the staff strength exceeds two-hundred and fifty. [Para 12) [867-A-C)

1.2 So far as the second requirement mandatory to constitute a premises including its precincts as factory, C it cannot be disputed that the subject Canteen is situated within the precincts of the office of the ORM, Moradabad and more than 1000 workers are working in those precincts. As regards "manufacturing process" is being carriect on within the premises, it cannot be said that no D manufacturing activity is carried out within the ORM Office of Moradabad, where the subject Canteen is located. It cannot be disputed that railway wagons are repaired and maintained at the Moradabad Division. It is also not disputed that the Moradabad Division carries E on other activities such as repairing of faulty signals, sanitation systems, loading and unloading of goods, supply of power continuously for railway tracks, railway station etc. Thus, it has perforce to be inferred that F manufacturing process is being carried out at the· Moradabad Division. [Paras 14, 15] [868-D-E; 869-C-E] 1.3 The ORM Office of Morada bad Division along with all the appurtenant lands, yards, etc. are 'premises' within the contemplation of the Factories Act. A comprehensive G reading of the Factories Act, 1948 clearly shows that the word "premises" can refer to an entire area, which may have several separate buildings, within it, or which may correspond to an open yard. Further, an important point I,___ to consider is that the definition of "manufacturing H

MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 857 process" does not mandate that the manufacturing A activities should be carried on in one building alone. Whatthis ~efinition really deals with is the nature of the work done and not with where that work is to be done. It must, therefore, be held that all the requirements of the term "factory" as defined under Section 2(m) of the Act B are satisfied on the facts of the instant case. Thus, the premises of ORM, Moradabad must be also treated as a factory under the Factories Act, 1948 in which case Moradabad Canteen shall ipso facto corresponded to a 'Statutory Canteen' within the meaning of Section 46 of C the Act. [Para 16] [869-H; 870-A, C-F] 1.4 The employees in the statutory canteens of the Railways will have to be treated as Railway servants. Thus, the relationship of employer and employee stands D created between the Railway Administration and the canteen employees from the very inception. [Para 17] [871-C-D]

1.5 The subject Canteen is a 'Statutory Canteen' E under the Factories Act, 1948 and that the Single Judge· had arrived atthe correct conclusion. The Division Bench of the High Court was not correct in taking a contrary view. The impugned Judgment passed by the High Court is set aside and the Respondents are directed to treat F the subject Canteen at Moradabad as a Statutory Canteen either under Section 46 of the Act or the relevant clauses of the Indian Railway Establishment Management. However, it is difficult to condone or ignore the fact that the appellants were not appointed as per G the regular recruitment procedure. To pass an order regularizing the services of all workers employed therein would necessarily imply ratification of appointments given outside the Constitutional scheme. Therefore, the H respondents are directed to consider regularizing the 858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A services of the appellants presently serving as canteen workers in consonance with the principles laid down in *Secretary, State of Karnataka v. Uma Devi c~se and as and when the subject posts fall vacant the Respondents would be bound to fill the posts by a regular process of B selection. [Para 18] [871-E-H; 872-A-B]

1.6 There cannot be any cavil that the necessity for canteen amenities to be available where more than 250 workmen are engaged, is an essential facet of human or C labour rights. Managements and employers are duty bound to provide these basic facilities. [Para 19] [872-D] *Secretary, State of karnataka v. Uma Devi AIR ·2006 SC 1806- relied on. D M.M.R. Khan v. Union of India 1990 SCR 687: (1990) Supp SCC 191; Kam/a Devi V. Laxf!li Devi 2000 (1) Suppl. SCR 330: (2000) 5 SCC 646; Ardeshir H. Bhiwandiwala v. State of Bombay AIR 1962 SC 29: 1962 SCR 592 - referred E to. Black's Law Dictionary 51n Edn. - referred to. Case Law Reference F 1990 SCR 687 referred to. Para 4 2000 (1) Suppl. SCR 330 referred to. Para 16 1962 SCR 592 referred to. Para 16 G AIR 2006 SC 1806 relied on. Para 18 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 5874-5875 of2015. From the Judgment and Order dated 16.03.2012 and H 21.11.2013 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi 1n L.P.A. MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 859 No. 19 of 2012 and in Review Petition No. 275 of2012. A Dinesh Kumar Garg, Abhishek Garg, Dhananjay Garg, Deepak Mishra for the Appellants. AK. Panda, Ashok Kumar Panigrahi, S.K. Bajwa, ST B Ahmad, Shreekant N. Terdal for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J. 1. Leave granted. c

2 The legal nodus that arise in the present Appeals be-fore us are whether the existing canteen at Morada bad Divi-sion of the Northern Railway i.e., the subject Canteen, is lo-cated in a 'Factory' within the meaning of Section 46 of the Factories Act, 1948; and consequently, whether the services o of the staff employed in the subject Canteen ought to be regu-larized. These Appeals have been preferred against the Judg" ment passed by the Division Bench of the High Court of New Delhi in LPA No. 19 of 2012, whereby the Orders passed in Writ Petition No. 6582 of 2003 and Review Petition No. 670 E of 2011 have been set aside and it has been held that the subject Canteen is a 'Non Recognized and Non Statutory' can-teen. 3 We shall briefly narrate the facts leading up to the F present /is. The Appellants are employed in the subject Canteen, which has been running within the precincts of the Divisional Railway Manager (hereinafter referred to as "the ORM"), Moradabad since 1940 and has been catering to more than 100 employees, (in fact, well over 500) since its G establishment. In 1963, the Respondent No. 1, namely the Chairman, Railway Board, issued a Circular No. E(W) 63/GN 1-2 dated 09.07.1963 for setting up of canteens as a welfare measure, whenever and wherever the staff strength exceeds 100. The existing Staff Canteen, i.e. the subject Canteen H 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2015] 8 S.C.R.

A continued to operate smoothly, even thereafter. It is the uncontroverted case of the Appellants that when the subject Canteen underwent severe financial losses in 1971, it was the Respondent No. 3, i.e. the ORM of Northern Railways, Moradabad Division, who decided to constitute a committee B of three senior Railway Divisional Officers to examine whether the affairs of the subject Canteen could be taken over by the Railways. It was decided by the said committee that the affairs of the subject Canteen be revived; and an ad hoc committee comprising five Railway Officers, which was to be replaced C later on by a regular management committee, be appointed to manage the affairs of the said Canteen. It was in these circumstances that the subject Canteen was formally taken over by the Respondent Railways with effect from 18.01.1972. Subsequently, Respondent No.1 issued Circular No. E (W) 83 0 CN1-8 dated 13.04.1987 laying down that prior approval of the Railway Board would be mandatory for setting up of a new canteen as well as for increasing the staff strength of existing canteens. The Appellants assert that the mandate laid down E in the Circular of 1987 was not applicable to the subject Canteen as it was validly operational since 1940, and was also in consonance with the Circular of 1963. Ergo, no prior approval was required to be taken from the Railway Board since the subject Canteen was not a new canteen. It appears F thatt)lereafter on 19.09.1996, Respondent No. 2, the General Manager of Northern Railways wrote a letter to the Railway Board requesting it to accord recognition to the subject Canteen in the interest of the welfare of the employees. However, vide· Order dated 9.09.2002, the Ministry of Railways G rejected this request on the premise that if recognition were to be granted to the subject Canteen, the existing staff would nevertheless not be absorbed automatically, and they would have to compete with other eligible candidates. The Ministry then ordered status quo to be maintained in respect of the H subject Canteen. The said proposal was thereafter disc4ssed MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 861

[VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J] in the Permanent Negotiating Machinery (PNM) meeting held A on 22.12.2003, wherein it was decided that since the Railway Board had already rejected the proposal for recognition due to the changed priorities of Railways and cutting down of non-planned expenditure, the proposal for recognition of any canteen under the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948, or B the Railway Manual could not be considered.

4 Aggrieved thereby, the Appellants filed a writ petition before the Delhi High Court, seeking directions to the Railways fo recognize the subject Canteen and regularize the services C of the PS, who were the then Canteen staff, as employees of Railways. The learned Single Judge, relying heavily upon the view of this Court in M.M.R. Khan v. Union of India (1990) Supp SCC 191, allowed the Writ Petition on 13.01.2011 and held that since the subject Canteen at Morada bad has been D operational for over seventy years, by then catering to more than 900 employees, and in the absence of any other canteen in the Moradabad Division, the Railways could not be permitted to take advantage of their failure to comply with the requirements of Section 46 of the Factories Act and treat this E Canteen at Moradabad as a 'Non-Statutory Canteen'. Against the Order of the learned Single Judge, a Review Petition was preferred by the Respondents which was dismissed on 2.12.2011. The Respondents then filed an appeal contending, F inter alia, that the subject Canteen was a 'Non-Statutory and Non-Recognized' Canteen and that it could not be treated as a 'Statutory Canteen' under the Factories Act, 1948 as no manufacturing process was being carried on in the ORM Office at Moradabad. _In the appeal, the Division Bench, vide the G impugned Judgment dated 16.03.2012, reversed the decision of the learned Single Judge. It held that the provisions of Section 46 of the Act would not get attracted in the.instant case• only because the number of the persons employed in the ORM Office, Moradabad, exceeds two-hundred fifty, unless the H

862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A concerned establishment squarely fell within the definition of 'Factory' as defined under Section 2 (m) of the Act. The Division Bench acknowledged that the dictum laid down by this Court in M.M.R. Khan has become locus ctassicus on the subject of regularisation of employees of several canteens B being run in the different Railway establishments. All the same, it added that in order to avail the benefit emanating from M.M.R. Khan the Appellants would have to prove the sine qua non of a 'Statutory Canteen', i.e. that the subject Canteen is being c run in a premises which is a factory within the four corners of Section 46 of the Act. The Division Bench then took note of Section 46 of the Act, which enjoins that 'manufacturing process' must, inter alia, be carried on in the premises of a 'factory'. D 5 We shall, first, consider the concomitants of a 'Non-Statutory and Non-Recognised Canteen', which aspect has been duly cogitated upon by this Court in M.M.R. Khan where this Court has adumbrated the basic characteristics of a 'Non-Recognized and Non-Statutory Canteen' thus -E

"38. (iii) Non-statutory Non-recognised Canteens: The difference between the non-statutory recognised and non-statutory non-recognised canteen is that these canteens are not started with the approval of the Railway Board as F required ·under paragraph 2831 of the Railway Establishment Manual. Though, they are started in the I' premises belonging to the railways they are so started ... with the permission of the local officers. They are not required to be managed either as pe·r the provisions of G the Railway Establishment Manual or the Administrative Instructions (supra). There is no obligation on the railway administration to provide them with any facilities including the furniture, utensils, electricity and water. These canteens are further not entitled to nor are they given any subsidies H MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 863 [VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J.]

or loans. They are run by private contractors and there is A no continuity either of the contractors or the workers engaged by them. JVlore often than not the workets go out with the contractors. There is further no obligation cast even on the local offices to supervise the working of these canteens. No rule's whatsoever are applicable to the B recruitment of the workers and their service conditions. The canteens are run more or less on ad-hoc basis, the railyvay administration having no control on their working neither is there a record of these canteens nor of the contractors who run them who keep on changing, much C less of the workers engaged in these canteens. In the circumstances we are of the view that the workers engaged in these canteens are not entitled to claim the · status of the railway servants". D 6 It cannot be controverted that the subject Canteen has been running since 1940 within the precincts of the office of the ORM, Moradabad and has been under the direct control and supervision of the ORM. The.Management Committee appointed for administration of the subject Canteen comprises E office bearers of the Canteen Management Committee, duly elected in union elections held from time to time. Further, no private contractor or co-operative society has ever been engaged for running or operating the subject Canteen. The F Appellants contend that the joining and leaving the canteen staff has always been sanctioned and regulated by the Controller, i.e. the Assistant Personnel Officer of the Northern Railways. The prices of the food items supplied in the subject Canteen as well as the salaries of the staff are also fixed by G the said Assistant Controller Personnel Officer. Even the renovation of the Canteen, in 2005, was carried out at the directions of the Northern Railways, which bore all the expenses incurred in this exercise. It further appears that the Appellants have been provided with uniforms, medical aid, tree H

864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A travelling passes, residential accommodations, privileged ticket orders etc. by the Railways. Thus, it seems amply clear from this factual matrix that the Respordents have remained in control of the management and operation of the subject Canteen. B 7 For a canteen to qualify as a 'Recognized Canteen' it is imperative to obtain the approval of the Railway Board. Since the proposal for approval, admittedly, had been rejected by the Railway Board vide Order dated 9.9.2002, it follows that C the subject Canteen does not qualify as a 'Recognized Canteen'. It thus, becomes crucial for us to examine whether the subject Canteen is a 'Statutory Canteen' as postulated in the Factories Act, 1948. o 8 Section 46 of the Factories Act, 1948 which provides for setting up of a 'Statutory Canteen' reads as follows: 46. Canteens.- ill The State Government may make rules requiring that E in any specified factory wherein more than two hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed, a canteen or canteens shall be provided and maintained by the occu-pier for the use of the workers. F ill Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may provide for-.@} the date by which such canteen shall be pr9vided; ill the standards in respect of construction,G accommodation, furniture and other equipment of the canteen; {9. the foodstuffs to be served therein and the charges which may be made thereof; H

MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 865 [VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J.] @ the constitution of a managing committee for the A canteen and representation of the workers in the management of the canteen; (dd) the items of expenditure in the running of the canteen which are not to be taken into account in fixing the cost of B foodstuffs and which shall be borne by the employer; .{fil the delegation to the Chief Inspector, subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, of the power to make rules under clause (c) c

9 The statute does not exempt factories belonging to the Central Government from its reach; Parliament obviously expected them to conform to what it perceived as essential to welfare of the workforce. It is evident from a perusal of the 0definition of canteens and factories that Government factories have not been conceived of as beyond the concept of a 'factory', nor do we find any justification for it to be otherwise. Thus, what emerges from the above provision is that when an establishment is a 'factory' within the meaning of Section 2(m) .E of the Act, and there are more than two-hundred fifty workers employed therein, the Occupier is obliged to set up a canteen and conform to the statutory rules made in that behalf Section 2(n) of the Factories Act, 1948 defines 'Occupier' of a factory 'as a person who has ultimate control over the affairs of the F factory'. Sub Seetion (iii) of Section 2(n) states that 'in the case of a factory owned or controlled by the Central Government or any State Government, or any local author.ity, the person or persons appointed to manage the affairs of the factory by the Central Government, the State Government or the local G authority, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be the occupier'. It cannot be controverted that each of the five units of the Northern Railways, including the Moradabad Division, is managed by a respective Divisional Railway Manager. Thus, for the purposes of Section 2{n) of the Act, it can be fairly H

866 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A inferred that the ORM, by virtue of being in control of the affairs of Moradabad Division, should be deemed to be the 'Occupier' of that unit of the Northern Railways. 10. Learned Counsel for the Respondents has duly B admitted that Moradabad Division is a part of the Northern Railways, but cont~nds that the whole of Northern Railways cannot be declared as 'Factory'. We are presently concerned only with the Moradabad ORM, which may well be dissimilar to the other Divisional Offices of the Northern Railways, where C manufacturing activity is absent. Therefore, we do not find merit in the said argument. Section 4 of the Factories Act, 1948 gives power to the State Government to, either suo motu or upon receiving an application in this behalf by an occupier, declare different departments to be treated as separate D factories. However, no such application can be said to have been made by the Respondents or by the Northern Railways. In the absence of any clear declaration in this respect, we cannot but assume that Moradabad Division is a unit of Northern Railway and ORM is its occupier within Section 2(n) E of the Factories Act, 1948.

11 Further, it also appears that providing for a staff canteen was felt necessary by the Respondents themselves and several representations were made to the Railway Board from time to F time for recognition of the subject Canteen. Such conduct or approach is to be expected of every model employer, as the Government must be. It is forth is very reason that the Divisional Personnel Officer made the first request to the Divisional Superintendent for recognition of the subject Canteen on G 12.06.1972.Thereafter, the Respondent No. 2 addressed another letter to the Respondent No. 1 on 19 .09.1996, whereby it again stressed that running of a recognized canteen in Moradabad is an imperative and important staff amenity. It is H evident that the Respondents were aware of the need for setting up and continuing a recognised canteen. MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 867 [VIKRAM~JIT SEN,J.]

12 The Factories Act, 1948 isa social legislation enacted A for the welfare of the workers. It deals with matters connected with the health, safety, welfare, working hours of the workers, employment of young persons and leave to be granted to workers. The idea behind providing Statutory Canteen in a Factory is to create efficient, healthy, loyal and satisfied labor B force for the organization. We are of the view that if such a · responsibility has been cast on an occupier of a Factory under the law, it remains obligatory upon ORM, Moradabad to maintain a statutory canteen so long as the staff strength exceeds two-hundred and fifty. C 13 Having discussed and noted the above statutory provisions, we also find it necessary to examine the question whetherthe Moradabad Division of the Northern Railways can be considered a factory in itself under Section 2(m) of the D Factories Act, 1948. To answer the said question, we must examine the definition of 'factory' under the Factories Act, 1948. Section 2(m) - "factory" means any premises including E the precincts thereof- ill whereon ten or more workers are working, or were working on any day of the preceding twelve months, -and in any part of which a manufacturing process is being F carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried ' on, or

@whereon twenty or more workers are working, or were working on any day of the preceding twelve months, and G in any part of which a manufacturing process is being carried on without the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on,- but does not include a mine subject to the operation of H the Mines Act, 1952 (35 of 1952), or a mobile unit 868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A belonging to the armed forces of the Union, railway running · shed or a hotel, restaurant or eating plac~. 14 It can be inferred from above that the following ingredients are mandatory to constitute a premises including B its precincts as "factory" - 1. Work i.e. manufacturing process should be carried on within the premises; ii. If the manufacturing process is being carried on with c or without the aid of power, the number of workers required to constitute a factory differs as follows: a. With the aid of power- 10 or more workers o b. Without the aid of power- 20 or more workers; So far as the second requirement is concerned, it cannot be disputed that the subject Canteen is situated within the precincts of the office of the ORM, Moradabad and more than E 1000 workers are working in those precincts. The crucial question that arises in the present case then is whether any "manufacturing process" is being carried on within the premises of the ORM Office, Moradabad.

F Manufacturing process has been defined under Section 2(k) of the Act as: Any process for-. ill making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, packing, oiling, washing, cleaning-, breaking up, demolishing, or otherwise treating or adapting any article G or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery or disposal; @pumping oil, water, sewage or any other substance; or H .@}generating, transforming or !1 ansrriitting power; or MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 869 [VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J.] . illLJ. composing types for printing, printing by letter press, A lithography, photogravure or other similar process or book binding; or

M constructing, reconstructing, repairing, refitting, finishing or breaking up ships or vessels; or B (vi} preserving or storing any article in cold storage. 15 The learned Counsel for the Respondent contends that no manufacturing activity is carried out within the ORM Office of Moradabad, where the subject Canteen is located. We, C however, do not accept this contention. It cannot be disputed that railway wagons are repaired and maintained at the Morada bad Division. It is also not disputed that the Morada bad Division carries on other activities such as repairing of faulty 0signals, sanitation systems, loading and unloading of goods, supply of power continuously for railway tracks, railway station etc. Thus, it has perforce to be inferred that manufacturing process is being carried out at the Moradabad Division. 16 The more important question that arises is whether E the said manufacturing activities are carried on within the premises of ORM Office, Moradabad. Black's Law Dictionary, 5'" Edition defines 'Premises', so far as estates and property are concerned, as lands and tenements. With regard to the F ·Worker's Compensation Act, 'premises of employer' is not restricted to permanent site of the employer's business nor to property owned or leased by him but conter:nplates any place under the exclusive control of the statl:!tory employer where his normal business is conducted or carried out." In Kamla Devi G V. LaxmiDevi (2000) 5 SCC 646, in the context of the Delhi Rent Control Act, this Court has held that even an open plot of land so long as it has some structures on it, will fall within the meaning of 'premises'. Extrapolating from these decisions, we are in no manner of doubt that the ORM Office of H

870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A Moradabad Division along with all the appurtenant lands, yards, etc. are 'premises' within the contemplation of the Factories Act. In Ardeshir H. Bhiwandiwala v. State of Bombay AIR 1962 SC 29, the Constitution Bench explained that "premises including precincts" does not necessarily mean that the B premises must always have precincts. Even buildings need not have any precincts. The word "including" is not a term restricting the meaning of the word "premises" but is a term which enlarges the scope of the word "premises". 'A comprehensive reading of the Factories Act, 1948 clearly C shows that the word "premises" can refer to an entire area, which may have several separate buildings, within it, or which may correspond to an open yard. Further, an important point to consider is that the definition of "manufacturing process" does not mandate that the manufacturing activities should be 0 carried on in one building alone. What this definition really deals with is the nature of the work done and not with where that work is to be done. It must, therefore, be held that all the requirements of the term "factory" as defined under Section E 2(m) of the Act are satisfied on the facts of the present case. Thus, the premises of ORM, Moradabad must be also treated as a factory under the Factories Act, 1948 in which case Moradabad Canteen shall ipso facto corresponded to a 'Statutory Canteen' within the meaning of Section 46 of the F Act.

17 Once that conclusion is reached, the result with respect to status of workers employed therein becomes obvious. In M.M.R. Khan, this Court has held - "Since in terms of the Rules G made by the State Governments under Section 46 of the Act, it is obligatory on the Railway Administration to provide a canteen, and the canteens in question have been established pursuant to the said provision there i; no difficulty in holding that the canteens are incidental to or connected with the H manufacturing process or the subject of the manufacturing MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 871 [VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J.]

process. The provision of the canteen is deemed by the statute A as a necessary concomitant of the manufacturing activity. Paragraph 2829 of the Railway Establishment Manual recognises the obligation on the Railway Administration created by the Act and as pointed out earlier paragraph 2834 makes provision for meeting the cost of the canteens. B Paragraph 2832 acknowledges that although the Railway Administration may employ anyone such as a Staff Committee or a Co-operative Society for the management of the canteens, the legal responsibility for the proper management rests not with such agency but solely with the Railway C Administration ..... We are, therefore, of the view that the employees in the statutory canteens of th.e Railways will have to be treated as Railway servants. Thus the relationship of employer and employee stands created between the Railway · D Administration and the canteen employees from the very inception."

18 Therefore, in the light of the settled principle enunci-ated hereinabove, we hold that the subject Canteen is a 'Statu-tory Canteen' under the Factories Act, 1948 and that the learned E Single Judge had arrived at the correct c~nclusion. In our opin- . ion, the Division Bench of the High Court was not correct in taking a contrary view. We, therefore, allow these Appeals. We set aside the impugned Judgment passed by the High F Court, and direct the Respondents to treat the subject Can-teen at Moradabad as a Statutory Canteen either under Sec-tion 46 of the Act or the relevant clauses of the Indian Railway Establishment Management. However, so far as the Appel-lants are concerned, we find it difficult to condone or ignore G the fact that they were not appointed as per the regular recruit-ment procedure. To pass an order regularizing the services of all workers employed therein would necessarily imply ratifica-tion of appointments given outside the Constitutional scheme. We, therefore, direct the Respondents to consider regulariz- H 872 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R.

A ing the services of the Appellants presently serving as can-teen workers in consonance with the principles laid down in Secretary, State of Karnataka v. Uma Devi AIR 2006 SC 1806 and take requisite action within six months of the receipt of this Judgment. Further, as and when the subject posts fall B vacant the Respondents shall be bound to fill the posts by a regular process of selection. The Appellants in the present case shall be allowed to compete in the regular recruitment and the Respondents shall grant to them appropriate age re-laxation as well as grant proper weightage for their having C worked in the subject Canteen. 19 There cannot be any cavil that the necessity for can-teen amenities to be available where more than 250 work-. men are engaged, is an essential facet of human or labour D rights. Managements and employers are duty bound to pro-vide these basic facilities. 20 Stay granted by this Court on 28.03.2014 stands va-cated. There shall be no order as to costs. E Nidhi Jain Appeals allowed. •

[2015] 8 S.C.R. 855 • ·1 MOHAN SINGH & ORS. A v. 'f ••• THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD S;q_Rs. (Civil Appeal Nos.5874-5875 of 2015) · AUGUST 03, 2015 B [VIKRAMAJIT SEN AND PRAFULLA C. PANT, JJ.] Factories Act, 1948 - ss. 46, 2(k), 2(m) - Canteens -Regularisation of services of canteen staff- Existing canteen at Moradabad Division of the Northern Railway - Held: C Subject Canteen is situated within the precincts of the office of the Divisional Railway Manager-ORM, Moradabad and more than 1000 workers are working in those precincts -Ma.nufacturing activity is carried out within the ORM Office where the subject Canteen "is located - Thus, all the D . requirements of the term "factory" as defined u/s. 2(m) satisfied- Premises of ORM, Moradabad to be also treated · as a factory under the Act in which case Moradabad Canteen shall ipso facto corresponded to a 'Statutory Canteen' within the meaning of s.46 -. Thus, the subject Canteen is a E 'Statutory Canteen' under the Act - Canteen staff were not appointed as per the regular recruitment procedure -. Direction issued to respondents to consider regularization of services of the staff employed in the subject Canteen in F consonance with the principles laid down in * Uma Devi's case, and fill posts that become vacant by a regular process of selection. Allowing the appeals, the Court G.

HELD: 1.1 The Factories Act, 1948 is a social legislation enacted for the welfare of the workers. It deals with matters connected with the health, safety, welfare, · working hours of the workers, employment of young persons and leave to be granted to workers. The idea H 855 856 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A behind providing Statutory Canteen in a Factory is to create efficient, healthy, loyal and satisfied labor force for the organization. If such a responsibility has been cast on an occupier of a Factory under the law, it remains obligatory upon ORM, Moradabad to maintain a statutory B canteen so long as the staff strength exceeds two-hundred and fifty. [Para 12) [867-A-C)

1.2 So far as the second requirement mandatory to constitute a premises including its precincts as factory, C it cannot be disputed that the subject Canteen is situated within the precincts of the office of the ORM, Moradabad and more than 1000 workers are working in those precincts. As regards "manufacturing process" is being carriect on within the premises, it cannot be said that no D manufacturing activity is carried out within the ORM Office of Moradabad, where the subject Canteen is located. It cannot be disputed that railway wagons are repaired and maintained at the Moradabad Division. It is also not disputed that the Moradabad Division carries E on other activities such as repairing of faulty signals, sanitation systems, loading and unloading of goods, supply of power continuously for railway tracks, railway station etc. Thus, it has perforce to be inferred that F manufacturing process is being carried out at the· Moradabad Division. [Paras 14, 15] [868-D-E; 869-C-E] 1.3 The ORM Office of Morada bad Division along with all the appurtenant lands, yards, etc. are 'premises' within the contemplation of the Factories Act. A comprehensive G reading of the Factories Act, 1948 clearly shows that the word "premises" can refer to an entire area, which may have several separate buildings, within it, or which may correspond to an open yard. Further, an important point I,___ to consider is that the definition of "manufacturing H

MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 857 process" does not mandate that the manufacturing A activities should be carried on in one building alone. Whatthis ~efinition really deals with is the nature of the work done and not with where that work is to be done. It must, therefore, be held that all the requirements of the term "factory" as defined under Section 2(m) of the Act B are satisfied on the facts of the instant case. Thus, the premises of ORM, Moradabad must be also treated as a factory under the Factories Act, 1948 in which case Moradabad Canteen shall ipso facto corresponded to a 'Statutory Canteen' within the meaning of Section 46 of C the Act. [Para 16] [869-H; 870-A, C-F] 1.4 The employees in the statutory canteens of the Railways will have to be treated as Railway servants. Thus, the relationship of employer and employee stands D created between the Railway Administration and the canteen employees from the very inception. [Para 17] [871-C-D]

1.5 The subject Canteen is a 'Statutory Canteen' E under the Factories Act, 1948 and that the Single Judge· had arrived atthe correct conclusion. The Division Bench of the High Court was not correct in taking a contrary view. The impugned Judgment passed by the High Court is set aside and the Respondents are directed to treat F the subject Canteen at Moradabad as a Statutory Canteen either under Section 46 of the Act or the relevant clauses of the Indian Railway Establishment Management. However, it is difficult to condone or ignore the fact that the appellants were not appointed as per G the regular recruitment procedure. To pass an order regularizing the services of all workers employed therein would necessarily imply ratification of appointments given outside the Constitutional scheme. Therefore, the H respondents are directed to consider regularizing the 858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A services of the appellants presently serving as canteen workers in consonance with the principles laid down in *Secretary, State of Karnataka v. Uma Devi c~se and as and when the subject posts fall vacant the Respondents would be bound to fill the posts by a regular process of B selection. [Para 18] [871-E-H; 872-A-B]

1.6 There cannot be any cavil that the necessity for canteen amenities to be available where more than 250 workmen are engaged, is an essential facet of human or C labour rights. Managements and employers are duty bound to provide these basic facilities. [Para 19] [872-D] *Secretary, State of karnataka v. Uma Devi AIR ·2006 SC 1806- relied on. D M.M.R. Khan v. Union of India 1990 SCR 687: (1990) Supp SCC 191; Kam/a Devi V. Laxf!li Devi 2000 (1) Suppl. SCR 330: (2000) 5 SCC 646; Ardeshir H. Bhiwandiwala v. State of Bombay AIR 1962 SC 29: 1962 SCR 592 - referred E to. Black's Law Dictionary 51n Edn. - referred to. Case Law Reference F 1990 SCR 687 referred to. Para 4 2000 (1) Suppl. SCR 330 referred to. Para 16 1962 SCR 592 referred to. Para 16 G AIR 2006 SC 1806 relied on. Para 18 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 5874-5875 of2015. From the Judgment and Order dated 16.03.2012 and H 21.11.2013 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi 1n L.P.A. MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 859 No. 19 of 2012 and in Review Petition No. 275 of2012. A Dinesh Kumar Garg, Abhishek Garg, Dhananjay Garg, Deepak Mishra for the Appellants. AK. Panda, Ashok Kumar Panigrahi, S.K. Bajwa, ST B Ahmad, Shreekant N. Terdal for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J. 1. Leave granted. c

2 The legal nodus that arise in the present Appeals be-fore us are whether the existing canteen at Morada bad Divi-sion of the Northern Railway i.e., the subject Canteen, is lo-cated in a 'Factory' within the meaning of Section 46 of the Factories Act, 1948; and consequently, whether the services o of the staff employed in the subject Canteen ought to be regu-larized. These Appeals have been preferred against the Judg" ment passed by the Division Bench of the High Court of New Delhi in LPA No. 19 of 2012, whereby the Orders passed in Writ Petition No. 6582 of 2003 and Review Petition No. 670 E of 2011 have been set aside and it has been held that the subject Canteen is a 'Non Recognized and Non Statutory' can-teen. 3 We shall briefly narrate the facts leading up to the F present /is. The Appellants are employed in the subject Canteen, which has been running within the precincts of the Divisional Railway Manager (hereinafter referred to as "the ORM"), Moradabad since 1940 and has been catering to more than 100 employees, (in fact, well over 500) since its G establishment. In 1963, the Respondent No. 1, namely the Chairman, Railway Board, issued a Circular No. E(W) 63/GN 1-2 dated 09.07.1963 for setting up of canteens as a welfare measure, whenever and wherever the staff strength exceeds 100. The existing Staff Canteen, i.e. the subject Canteen H 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2015] 8 S.C.R.

A continued to operate smoothly, even thereafter. It is the uncontroverted case of the Appellants that when the subject Canteen underwent severe financial losses in 1971, it was the Respondent No. 3, i.e. the ORM of Northern Railways, Moradabad Division, who decided to constitute a committee B of three senior Railway Divisional Officers to examine whether the affairs of the subject Canteen could be taken over by the Railways. It was decided by the said committee that the affairs of the subject Canteen be revived; and an ad hoc committee comprising five Railway Officers, which was to be replaced C later on by a regular management committee, be appointed to manage the affairs of the said Canteen. It was in these circumstances that the subject Canteen was formally taken over by the Respondent Railways with effect from 18.01.1972. Subsequently, Respondent No.1 issued Circular No. E (W) 83 0 CN1-8 dated 13.04.1987 laying down that prior approval of the Railway Board would be mandatory for setting up of a new canteen as well as for increasing the staff strength of existing canteens. The Appellants assert that the mandate laid down E in the Circular of 1987 was not applicable to the subject Canteen as it was validly operational since 1940, and was also in consonance with the Circular of 1963. Ergo, no prior approval was required to be taken from the Railway Board since the subject Canteen was not a new canteen. It appears F thatt)lereafter on 19.09.1996, Respondent No. 2, the General Manager of Northern Railways wrote a letter to the Railway Board requesting it to accord recognition to the subject Canteen in the interest of the welfare of the employees. However, vide· Order dated 9.09.2002, the Ministry of Railways G rejected this request on the premise that if recognition were to be granted to the subject Canteen, the existing staff would nevertheless not be absorbed automatically, and they would have to compete with other eligible candidates. The Ministry then ordered status quo to be maintained in respect of the H subject Canteen. The said proposal was thereafter disc4ssed MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 861

[VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J] in the Permanent Negotiating Machinery (PNM) meeting held A on 22.12.2003, wherein it was decided that since the Railway Board had already rejected the proposal for recognition due to the changed priorities of Railways and cutting down of non-planned expenditure, the proposal for recognition of any canteen under the provisions of the Factories Act, 1948, or B the Railway Manual could not be considered.

4 Aggrieved thereby, the Appellants filed a writ petition before the Delhi High Court, seeking directions to the Railways fo recognize the subject Canteen and regularize the services C of the PS, who were the then Canteen staff, as employees of Railways. The learned Single Judge, relying heavily upon the view of this Court in M.M.R. Khan v. Union of India (1990) Supp SCC 191, allowed the Writ Petition on 13.01.2011 and held that since the subject Canteen at Morada bad has been D operational for over seventy years, by then catering to more than 900 employees, and in the absence of any other canteen in the Moradabad Division, the Railways could not be permitted to take advantage of their failure to comply with the requirements of Section 46 of the Factories Act and treat this E Canteen at Moradabad as a 'Non-Statutory Canteen'. Against the Order of the learned Single Judge, a Review Petition was preferred by the Respondents which was dismissed on 2.12.2011. The Respondents then filed an appeal contending, F inter alia, that the subject Canteen was a 'Non-Statutory and Non-Recognized' Canteen and that it could not be treated as a 'Statutory Canteen' under the Factories Act, 1948 as no manufacturing process was being carried on in the ORM Office at Moradabad. _In the appeal, the Division Bench, vide the G impugned Judgment dated 16.03.2012, reversed the decision of the learned Single Judge. It held that the provisions of Section 46 of the Act would not get attracted in the.instant case• only because the number of the persons employed in the ORM Office, Moradabad, exceeds two-hundred fifty, unless the H

862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A concerned establishment squarely fell within the definition of 'Factory' as defined under Section 2 (m) of the Act. The Division Bench acknowledged that the dictum laid down by this Court in M.M.R. Khan has become locus ctassicus on the subject of regularisation of employees of several canteens B being run in the different Railway establishments. All the same, it added that in order to avail the benefit emanating from M.M.R. Khan the Appellants would have to prove the sine qua non of a 'Statutory Canteen', i.e. that the subject Canteen is being c run in a premises which is a factory within the four corners of Section 46 of the Act. The Division Bench then took note of Section 46 of the Act, which enjoins that 'manufacturing process' must, inter alia, be carried on in the premises of a 'factory'. D 5 We shall, first, consider the concomitants of a 'Non-Statutory and Non-Recognised Canteen', which aspect has been duly cogitated upon by this Court in M.M.R. Khan where this Court has adumbrated the basic characteristics of a 'Non-Recognized and Non-Statutory Canteen' thus -E

"38. (iii) Non-statutory Non-recognised Canteens: The difference between the non-statutory recognised and non-statutory non-recognised canteen is that these canteens are not started with the approval of the Railway Board as F required ·under paragraph 2831 of the Railway Establishment Manual. Though, they are started in the I' premises belonging to the railways they are so started ... with the permission of the local officers. They are not required to be managed either as pe·r the provisions of G the Railway Establishment Manual or the Administrative Instructions (supra). There is no obligation on the railway administration to provide them with any facilities including the furniture, utensils, electricity and water. These canteens are further not entitled to nor are they given any subsidies H MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 863 [VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J.]

or loans. They are run by private contractors and there is A no continuity either of the contractors or the workers engaged by them. JVlore often than not the workets go out with the contractors. There is further no obligation cast even on the local offices to supervise the working of these canteens. No rule's whatsoever are applicable to the B recruitment of the workers and their service conditions. The canteens are run more or less on ad-hoc basis, the railyvay administration having no control on their working neither is there a record of these canteens nor of the contractors who run them who keep on changing, much C less of the workers engaged in these canteens. In the circumstances we are of the view that the workers engaged in these canteens are not entitled to claim the · status of the railway servants". D 6 It cannot be controverted that the subject Canteen has been running since 1940 within the precincts of the office of the ORM, Moradabad and has been under the direct control and supervision of the ORM. The.Management Committee appointed for administration of the subject Canteen comprises E office bearers of the Canteen Management Committee, duly elected in union elections held from time to time. Further, no private contractor or co-operative society has ever been engaged for running or operating the subject Canteen. The F Appellants contend that the joining and leaving the canteen staff has always been sanctioned and regulated by the Controller, i.e. the Assistant Personnel Officer of the Northern Railways. The prices of the food items supplied in the subject Canteen as well as the salaries of the staff are also fixed by G the said Assistant Controller Personnel Officer. Even the renovation of the Canteen, in 2005, was carried out at the directions of the Northern Railways, which bore all the expenses incurred in this exercise. It further appears that the Appellants have been provided with uniforms, medical aid, tree H

864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A travelling passes, residential accommodations, privileged ticket orders etc. by the Railways. Thus, it seems amply clear from this factual matrix that the Respordents have remained in control of the management and operation of the subject Canteen. B 7 For a canteen to qualify as a 'Recognized Canteen' it is imperative to obtain the approval of the Railway Board. Since the proposal for approval, admittedly, had been rejected by the Railway Board vide Order dated 9.9.2002, it follows that C the subject Canteen does not qualify as a 'Recognized Canteen'. It thus, becomes crucial for us to examine whether the subject Canteen is a 'Statutory Canteen' as postulated in the Factories Act, 1948. o 8 Section 46 of the Factories Act, 1948 which provides for setting up of a 'Statutory Canteen' reads as follows: 46. Canteens.- ill The State Government may make rules requiring that E in any specified factory wherein more than two hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed, a canteen or canteens shall be provided and maintained by the occu-pier for the use of the workers. F ill Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may provide for-.@} the date by which such canteen shall be pr9vided; ill the standards in respect of construction,G accommodation, furniture and other equipment of the canteen; {9. the foodstuffs to be served therein and the charges which may be made thereof; H

MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 865 [VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J.] @ the constitution of a managing committee for the A canteen and representation of the workers in the management of the canteen; (dd) the items of expenditure in the running of the canteen which are not to be taken into account in fixing the cost of B foodstuffs and which shall be borne by the employer; .{fil the delegation to the Chief Inspector, subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, of the power to make rules under clause (c) c

9 The statute does not exempt factories belonging to the Central Government from its reach; Parliament obviously expected them to conform to what it perceived as essential to welfare of the workforce. It is evident from a perusal of the 0definition of canteens and factories that Government factories have not been conceived of as beyond the concept of a 'factory', nor do we find any justification for it to be otherwise. Thus, what emerges from the above provision is that when an establishment is a 'factory' within the meaning of Section 2(m) .E of the Act, and there are more than two-hundred fifty workers employed therein, the Occupier is obliged to set up a canteen and conform to the statutory rules made in that behalf Section 2(n) of the Factories Act, 1948 defines 'Occupier' of a factory 'as a person who has ultimate control over the affairs of the F factory'. Sub Seetion (iii) of Section 2(n) states that 'in the case of a factory owned or controlled by the Central Government or any State Government, or any local author.ity, the person or persons appointed to manage the affairs of the factory by the Central Government, the State Government or the local G authority, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be the occupier'. It cannot be controverted that each of the five units of the Northern Railways, including the Moradabad Division, is managed by a respective Divisional Railway Manager. Thus, for the purposes of Section 2{n) of the Act, it can be fairly H

866 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A inferred that the ORM, by virtue of being in control of the affairs of Moradabad Division, should be deemed to be the 'Occupier' of that unit of the Northern Railways. 10. Learned Counsel for the Respondents has duly B admitted that Moradabad Division is a part of the Northern Railways, but cont~nds that the whole of Northern Railways cannot be declared as 'Factory'. We are presently concerned only with the Moradabad ORM, which may well be dissimilar to the other Divisional Offices of the Northern Railways, where C manufacturing activity is absent. Therefore, we do not find merit in the said argument. Section 4 of the Factories Act, 1948 gives power to the State Government to, either suo motu or upon receiving an application in this behalf by an occupier, declare different departments to be treated as separate D factories. However, no such application can be said to have been made by the Respondents or by the Northern Railways. In the absence of any clear declaration in this respect, we cannot but assume that Moradabad Division is a unit of Northern Railway and ORM is its occupier within Section 2(n) E of the Factories Act, 1948.

11 Further, it also appears that providing for a staff canteen was felt necessary by the Respondents themselves and several representations were made to the Railway Board from time to F time for recognition of the subject Canteen. Such conduct or approach is to be expected of every model employer, as the Government must be. It is forth is very reason that the Divisional Personnel Officer made the first request to the Divisional Superintendent for recognition of the subject Canteen on G 12.06.1972.Thereafter, the Respondent No. 2 addressed another letter to the Respondent No. 1 on 19 .09.1996, whereby it again stressed that running of a recognized canteen in Moradabad is an imperative and important staff amenity. It is H evident that the Respondents were aware of the need for setting up and continuing a recognised canteen. MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 867 [VIKRAM~JIT SEN,J.]

12 The Factories Act, 1948 isa social legislation enacted A for the welfare of the workers. It deals with matters connected with the health, safety, welfare, working hours of the workers, employment of young persons and leave to be granted to workers. The idea behind providing Statutory Canteen in a Factory is to create efficient, healthy, loyal and satisfied labor B force for the organization. We are of the view that if such a · responsibility has been cast on an occupier of a Factory under the law, it remains obligatory upon ORM, Moradabad to maintain a statutory canteen so long as the staff strength exceeds two-hundred and fifty. C 13 Having discussed and noted the above statutory provisions, we also find it necessary to examine the question whetherthe Moradabad Division of the Northern Railways can be considered a factory in itself under Section 2(m) of the D Factories Act, 1948. To answer the said question, we must examine the definition of 'factory' under the Factories Act, 1948. Section 2(m) - "factory" means any premises including E the precincts thereof- ill whereon ten or more workers are working, or were working on any day of the preceding twelve months, -and in any part of which a manufacturing process is being F carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried ' on, or

@whereon twenty or more workers are working, or were working on any day of the preceding twelve months, and G in any part of which a manufacturing process is being carried on without the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on,- but does not include a mine subject to the operation of H the Mines Act, 1952 (35 of 1952), or a mobile unit 868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A belonging to the armed forces of the Union, railway running · shed or a hotel, restaurant or eating plac~. 14 It can be inferred from above that the following ingredients are mandatory to constitute a premises including B its precincts as "factory" - 1. Work i.e. manufacturing process should be carried on within the premises; ii. If the manufacturing process is being carried on with c or without the aid of power, the number of workers required to constitute a factory differs as follows: a. With the aid of power- 10 or more workers o b. Without the aid of power- 20 or more workers; So far as the second requirement is concerned, it cannot be disputed that the subject Canteen is situated within the precincts of the office of the ORM, Moradabad and more than E 1000 workers are working in those precincts. The crucial question that arises in the present case then is whether any "manufacturing process" is being carried on within the premises of the ORM Office, Moradabad.

F Manufacturing process has been defined under Section 2(k) of the Act as: Any process for-. ill making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, packing, oiling, washing, cleaning-, breaking up, demolishing, or otherwise treating or adapting any article G or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery or disposal; @pumping oil, water, sewage or any other substance; or H .@}generating, transforming or !1 ansrriitting power; or MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 869 [VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J.] . illLJ. composing types for printing, printing by letter press, A lithography, photogravure or other similar process or book binding; or

M constructing, reconstructing, repairing, refitting, finishing or breaking up ships or vessels; or B (vi} preserving or storing any article in cold storage. 15 The learned Counsel for the Respondent contends that no manufacturing activity is carried out within the ORM Office of Moradabad, where the subject Canteen is located. We, C however, do not accept this contention. It cannot be disputed that railway wagons are repaired and maintained at the Morada bad Division. It is also not disputed that the Morada bad Division carries on other activities such as repairing of faulty 0signals, sanitation systems, loading and unloading of goods, supply of power continuously for railway tracks, railway station etc. Thus, it has perforce to be inferred that manufacturing process is being carried out at the Moradabad Division. 16 The more important question that arises is whether E the said manufacturing activities are carried on within the premises of ORM Office, Moradabad. Black's Law Dictionary, 5'" Edition defines 'Premises', so far as estates and property are concerned, as lands and tenements. With regard to the F ·Worker's Compensation Act, 'premises of employer' is not restricted to permanent site of the employer's business nor to property owned or leased by him but conter:nplates any place under the exclusive control of the statl:!tory employer where his normal business is conducted or carried out." In Kamla Devi G V. LaxmiDevi (2000) 5 SCC 646, in the context of the Delhi Rent Control Act, this Court has held that even an open plot of land so long as it has some structures on it, will fall within the meaning of 'premises'. Extrapolating from these decisions, we are in no manner of doubt that the ORM Office of H

870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R. A Moradabad Division along with all the appurtenant lands, yards, etc. are 'premises' within the contemplation of the Factories Act. In Ardeshir H. Bhiwandiwala v. State of Bombay AIR 1962 SC 29, the Constitution Bench explained that "premises including precincts" does not necessarily mean that the B premises must always have precincts. Even buildings need not have any precincts. The word "including" is not a term restricting the meaning of the word "premises" but is a term which enlarges the scope of the word "premises". 'A comprehensive reading of the Factories Act, 1948 clearly C shows that the word "premises" can refer to an entire area, which may have several separate buildings, within it, or which may correspond to an open yard. Further, an important point to consider is that the definition of "manufacturing process" does not mandate that the manufacturing activities should be 0 carried on in one building alone. What this definition really deals with is the nature of the work done and not with where that work is to be done. It must, therefore, be held that all the requirements of the term "factory" as defined under Section E 2(m) of the Act are satisfied on the facts of the present case. Thus, the premises of ORM, Moradabad must be also treated as a factory under the Factories Act, 1948 in which case Moradabad Canteen shall ipso facto corresponded to a 'Statutory Canteen' within the meaning of Section 46 of the F Act.

17 Once that conclusion is reached, the result with respect to status of workers employed therein becomes obvious. In M.M.R. Khan, this Court has held - "Since in terms of the Rules G made by the State Governments under Section 46 of the Act, it is obligatory on the Railway Administration to provide a canteen, and the canteens in question have been established pursuant to the said provision there i; no difficulty in holding that the canteens are incidental to or connected with the H manufacturing process or the subject of the manufacturing MOHAN SINGH v. THE CHAIRMAN RAILWAY BOARD 871 [VIKRAMAJIT SEN,J.]

process. The provision of the canteen is deemed by the statute A as a necessary concomitant of the manufacturing activity. Paragraph 2829 of the Railway Establishment Manual recognises the obligation on the Railway Administration created by the Act and as pointed out earlier paragraph 2834 makes provision for meeting the cost of the canteens. B Paragraph 2832 acknowledges that although the Railway Administration may employ anyone such as a Staff Committee or a Co-operative Society for the management of the canteens, the legal responsibility for the proper management rests not with such agency but solely with the Railway C Administration ..... We are, therefore, of the view that the employees in the statutory canteens of th.e Railways will have to be treated as Railway servants. Thus the relationship of employer and employee stands created between the Railway · D Administration and the canteen employees from the very inception."

18 Therefore, in the light of the settled principle enunci-ated hereinabove, we hold that the subject Canteen is a 'Statu-tory Canteen' under the Factories Act, 1948 and that the learned E Single Judge had arrived at the correct c~nclusion. In our opin- . ion, the Division Bench of the High Court was not correct in taking a contrary view. We, therefore, allow these Appeals. We set aside the impugned Judgment passed by the High F Court, and direct the Respondents to treat the subject Can-teen at Moradabad as a Statutory Canteen either under Sec-tion 46 of the Act or the relevant clauses of the Indian Railway Establishment Management. However, so far as the Appel-lants are concerned, we find it difficult to condone or ignore G the fact that they were not appointed as per the regular recruit-ment procedure. To pass an order regularizing the services of all workers employed therein would necessarily imply ratifica-tion of appointments given outside the Constitutional scheme. We, therefore, direct the Respondents to consider regulariz- H 872 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2015] 8 S.C.R.

A ing the services of the Appellants presently serving as can-teen workers in consonance with the principles laid down in Secretary, State of Karnataka v. Uma Devi AIR 2006 SC 1806 and take requisite action within six months of the receipt of this Judgment. Further, as and when the subject posts fall B vacant the Respondents shall be bound to fill the posts by a regular process of selection. The Appellants in the present case shall be allowed to compete in the regular recruitment and the Respondents shall grant to them appropriate age re-laxation as well as grant proper weightage for their having C worked in the subject Canteen. 19 There cannot be any cavil that the necessity for can-teen amenities to be available where more than 250 work-. men are engaged, is an essential facet of human or labour D rights. Managements and employers are duty bound to pro-vide these basic facilities. 20 Stay granted by this Court on 28.03.2014 stands va-cated. There shall be no order as to costs. E Nidhi Jain Appeals allowed. •