[2014] 9 S.C.R. 401 SMT. USHA KAPOOR & ORS. A v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 1844 of 2008) AUGUST 14, 2014 B [RANJAN GOGOi AND M.Y. EQBAL, JJ.] Cantonment Laws - Notice for resumption of land - In exercise of powers vested by Order No. 179 of the Governor General in-Council dated 12. 9. 1836 - Claiming the land to be C Old Grant land - Propriety of - Held: In view of the nature of holding i.e. 'Old Grant' and in view of the nature of rights of holder i.e. 'occupancy rights' in respect of the structures thereon, the UOI having vested title in it, has the power to resume - Cantonment Act, 1924. D Respondent-Government of India, issued Notice, dated 14th December, 2001 for resumption of the land having a bungalow in the cantonment area, in exercise of powers vested by Order No. 179 of the Governor General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1836. The E second Notice dated 5th February, 2002 was consequential and required the appellant to hand-over the land to Defence Estates Officer. Appellant filed writ petition challenging the two F notices. The stand of the appellant was that the property in question was purchased by her predecessor-in-interest in 1943. The High Court took into account the prior sanction G of the Governor General-in-Council acting through the Commander-in-Chief for the sale and transfer contemplated by the deed dated 1st September, 1943 which, according to it, was in conformity with Clause 6(4) 401 H

402 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R. A of the Order No.179 of the Governor General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1836 embodying the terms of the Old Grant and held that the property was Old Grant. Therefore, High Court dismissed the writ petition. Hence the present appeal. B Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. General Land Register (GLR) is required to be maintainea by the MUitary Estates Officer of the Cantonment under the provisions of the Cantonment C Land Administrative Rules framed in exercise of power under Section 280 ·of the Cantonment Act, 1924. The General Land Register maintained by the Cantonment Board under the Cantonment Act and the Rules framed thereunder is a public document and the entries therein D are conclusive evidence of title. The reference to the nature of the holding i.e. old grant and the nature of rights of the holder i.e. occupancy rights, in the G.L.R. in the present case is conclusive of the fact that the land is covered by an old grant and the rights enjoyed by the E appellants were mere possessory or occupancy rights in respect of the structures thereon. The terms of such grants being statutory and the same having vested title of the land in the UOI with the power of resumption, the impugned notices dated 14th December, 2001 and 5th F February, 2002 must be acknowledged to be legal and valid. [Para 13) [412-C-F]

Chief Executive Officer vs. Surendra Kumar Vakil & Ors. 1999 (3) SCC 555: 1999 (2) SCR 118; Union of India vs. Ibrahim Uddin & Anr. 2012 (8) SCC 148: 2012 (8) SCR 35; G Union of India & Ors. vs. Kam/a Verma 2010 (13) SCC 511; Union of India & Ors. vs. Robert Zomawia Street 2014 (6) sec 707 - relied on. Raj Singh vs. The Union of India AIR 1973 Delhi 169; H Union of India vs. Tekchand 1999 (3) SCC 565; Mohan USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 403 Agarwal vs. Union of India & Ors. AIR 1979 Allahabad 170 - A referred to. 2. The class of land in question has been described as B-3 in the GLR. The aforesaid description of the land is relatable to Rule 6 of the Cantonment Land 8Administrative Rules. The meaning and expression "held by any private person" in Rule 6 (iii) of the' Rules cannot mean that the private person would not be a tenant but would hold the land on the basis of a legal title thereto. [Paras 14 and 15) [412-H; 413-A, D, E] c Case Law Reference: AIR 1973 Delhi 169 referred to Para 11 1999 (3) sec 565 referred to Para 11 D AIR 1979 Allahabad 170 referred to Para 11 1999 (2) sqR 118 relied on Para 12 2012 (8) SCR 35 relied on Para 13 2010 (13) sec 511 relied on Para 13 E 2014 (6) sec 101 relied on Para 15 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1844 of 2008. F From the Judgment and Order dated 08.03.2006 of the High Court Allahabad in Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 9024 of 2002.

K.K. Mohan For the Appellants. G R.S. Suri, Ashok K. Srivastava, S. Wasim A. Qadri, Sunita Sharma, B.V. Bairam Das (For Anil Katiyar) for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H 404 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R.

A RANJAN GOGOi, J. 1. The challenge laid by the appellants to notices dated 14th December, 2001 and 5th February, 2002 having proved futile, this appeal has been filed upon grant of special leave under Article 136 of the Constitution. B 2. The first notice dated 14th December, 2001 is one of resumption ofland comprising the site of Bungalow No.1, Elgin Road, bearing General Land Register (GLR) Survey No.214, New Cantonment, Allahabad measuring 3.20 acres. The said notice has been issued on behalf of the President of India in exercise of powers vested by Order No.179 of the Governor C General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1836. The second notice dated 5th February, 2002 is consequential and required the appellant to hand over the aforesaid land to the Defence Estates Officer, Allahabad Circle on 11th March, 2002. D 3. According to the ·appellants, by a sale deed dated 1st September, 1943 executed by and between Kirk Session of the Church of Scotland at Allahabad and Smt. Mohini Devi Kapoor, the predecessor-in-interest of the appellants, the vendor (Kirk Session) conveyed and sold/transferred to their E predecessor (Smt. Mohini Devi Kapoor), a lower roomed tenement or dwelling standing on the said site free from all encumbrances. Another recital in the sale deed described that on or about 2nd day of March, 1873, the land, covered by the notice dated 14th December, 2001 was granted to the F Reverend J. Williamson Chaplain of the Church of Scotland for the purpose of erecting thereon a Manse and accordingly the Members of the Church erected and built on the said ~piece of land, a lower roomed tenement/dwelling house for use as a Manse together with outhouses. By a deed of transfer dated G 7th November, 1901, Mr. Henry Charles King and Wilkie Adolphus McReddie, Elders of St. Andrews Church of the Scotland at Allahabad transferred to the Kirk Session (Vendor herein), the aforesaid lower roomed tenement or dwelling house which was subsequently the subject matter of the sale H deed dated 1st Septemqer, 1943. The said sale deed was U'SHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 405 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

executed after permission to effect the same was granted by A the Governor General-in-Council acting through the · Commander-in-Chief, as conveyed by letter dated 3oth June, 1943 from the Military Estate Officer, Allahabad Circle, Allahabad. B 4. Before the High Court, the appellants, as the writ petitioners, had contended that they are the. owners of the property including the land by virtue of the sale deed dated 1st September, 1943. The claims of the respondents that the land was covered by an Old Grant had not been substantiated C ~nasmuch as no document showing the actual grant had been laid at any stage before any authority. It was contended that the onus to prove that the land was covered by Old Grant lies upon the respondents which had not been satisfactorily discharged by production of the relevant records. D 5. The High Court took into account the prior sanction of the Governor General-in-Council acting through the Commander-in-Chief for the sale and transfer contemplated by the deed dated 1st September, 1943 which, according to it, was inconformity with Clause 6(4) of the Order No.179 of the E Governor General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1836 embodying the terms of the Old Grant which were extracted in the impugned judgment of the High Court. The High Court also took note of an entry made in the General Land Register (GLR) on 23rd September, 1943 the extract of which reads as follows:- F "Name of cantonment : Allahabad (New}, Survey No.214

1. Details and date of Sold to Mrs. Mohini Devi mutation and initials of DEO Kapoor wife of Mr. N.C.Kapoor of the Indian G State Railway Service, at present on the E.I. Rly as Superintendent Cawnpore area for Rs.22,000/-vide sale deed executed on 7.9.1943 H 406 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R. A and regd. As No.1420 in Bk 1 Vol.782 on pages 315 to 319 on 9th September, 1943 Authority:- D.D.Letter B No.90704/Q.3 (B) 3199 - U C&+) dated 7.5.43. Sd/-xxxx Capt. M.E.0.23.9.4~ . . 2. Subsidiary Survey No. c . 3. Volume and page of Register 4. Area in Acres 3.20 Acres D 5. Description Bungalow 6. Class B(3) ' 7. By whom managed' M.E.O. E 8. Landlord Govt. of India 9. Holder of occupancy Mrs. Mohini Devi Kapoor rights 10. Nature of holders right Old Grant (Granted to Rev. J F Williamson, Chaplain of the Church of Scotland vide lette No.7510 of8.3.1872 from the Q.M.G. of the Army. G 11. Rent payable per annum: :-o Central Govt; ....... To Gantt. Board ....... 12. Date of expiry of lease H .. USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 407 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] 13. REMARKS The holder of site subscribes A to condition 6(1) to (4) of G.G.O. No.179 of 1836 vide her transfer application datec 26.11.42. B Sd/- xx xx xx 23 Sept. 43 M.E.O;" c

6. The High Court also took note of the fact that the predecessors-in-interest of the appellants had again sought sanction for transfer of the land in favour of one Ms. Shakuntala Nair on 16th June, 1959. In the application seeking permission, it was mentioned that the land was covered by Old Grant. D 7. The High Court also noticed that on the demise of Smt. Mohini Devi Kapoor, amendments were made iri the G.L.R. on the basis of the Will dated 22nd July, 1982 and extracted the relevant part of the said amendment which is reproduced herein below: E "8. Land Government of India 9. Holders of Occupancy Shri Giriraj Kapoor, son of rights Late Nanak Chand Kapoor F · and S~ri Krishna Kapoor sor of Shri Giriraj Kapoor 10. Nature of holders ·Old Grant rights Grant to Rev. J. Williamson Chaplain of the Church of G Scotland vide letter No.75/C dated 8.3.1873 from the QMG of the Army Site of • bungalow is an Old Grant terms as per GGO 179 of H 408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 9 S.C.R. A 1836. Defence Department and Quarter Master General letter Nos. 90704/Q-3(b) (3199-LC&L) dated 7.5.1943 and 96633/LC B dated9.4.1943 respectively refers. Also DEO letter No.A2/2/45 dated 23.7.(sick)."

c 8. On the aforesaid materials, the High Court thought it proper to conclude that the land in question was covered by old grant, the terms of which did not entail any transfer of land to the grantee and further authorized the resumption of the land on payment of compensation to the occupier for the structure/ D building standing thereon. 9. In a book on Cantonment Laws by J.P.Mittal, a precise history of the tenures which came to be known as Old Grant is , available. A few paragraphs from the aforesaid book may be very usefully extracted below : E "Besides municipal administration, another subject that has always loomed large on the cantonment horizon, is the question of provision of necessary accommodation for military officers near the place of their duty. This led to the issue, from time to time, of certain rules, regulations, andF orders by the Governments of Bengal, Madras and Bombay Presidencies between the years of 1789 and 1899. The regulations were mostly of an identical nature. They had a twofold object in view, that of ensuring sufficient accommodation for military officers; and that of regulationG of the grant of land sites. Some of these regulations are published in this book. These rules, regulations and orders continue to be the law in force in India even after the ·enforcement of the British statutes (Application to India) Repeal Act, 1960, (Raj Singh v. Union of India, Mohan H Agarwal v. Union of India).

USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 409 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

Under these regulations and orders, officers not provided A with government quarters were allowed to erect houses in the cantonment. For this purpose ground was allotted to them with the condition that no right of property whatever in the ground was conferred on them and the ground continued to be the property of the State, was resumable B at the pleasure of the Government by giving one month's .notice and paying the value of the structures as may have been authorised to be erected. The houses or other property built o·n such grounds were allowed to be transferred by one military officer to another without c restrictions. To civilians these could be transferred only with the prior permission of the officer commanding the station. With the lapse of time civilians were also encouraged to build bungalows on the government land in the cantonment on the same condition of fesumption of the ground as D given above and with a further condition that they may be required to rent or sell the same to any military officer. In case of disagreement about the rent or the sale price, the same was to be fixed by a committee of arbitration. These tenures under which permission was given to occupy' E government land in the cantonments for construction of bungalows came to be known as 'old grant'. Such permission was given mostly on payment of no rent. This is how a large number of bungalows in the cantonments all over India came in the hands of civilians." F

10. The terms of the tenures which came to be known as Old Grants are contained in Order No.179 issued by the Governor General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1936. The preamble and Clauses 6 and 7 of the said order, being relevant, G would require reproduction at this stage : ''The Governor General of India in Council is pleased to rescind the various orders now in force in this Presidency in regard of the occupation of ground and the disposal of premises or buildings situated within the limits of military H . 410 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R. A cantonments, and to substitute for them the following regulations, which are to have effect from the date of its promulgation at the different stations of the Bengal Army .- ** ** ** B 6. No ground will be granted except on the following conditions which are to be subscribed by every grantee, as well as by those to whom his grant may subsequently be transferred :- c 1st:- the Government to retain the power of resumption at any time on giving one month's notice and payment of the value of such buildingi:; as may have been authorised to be erected . . o 2nd:- The ground, being in every case the property of the Government, cannot be sold by the grantee but houses or other property thereon situated may be transferred by one military or medical officer to another without restriction except in the case of reliefs when, if required, the terms E of sale or transfer are to be adjusted by a Committee of Arbitration.

3rd:- If the ground has been built upon the buildings are not to be disposed of to any person of whatever description F who does not belong to the army, until the consent of the officer commanding the station shall have been previously obtained under his hand. 4th :- When it is proposed, with the consent of the General Officer to transfer possession to a native; should the value G of the house, buildings or property to be so transferred exceed Rupees 5,000 the sale must not be effected until the sanction of Government shall have been obtained through his Excellency the Commander-in-Chief. H 7. All houses in a military cantonment, being the property I USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 411 • [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] of persons not belonging to the army which may be A deemed by the Commanding Officer of the station su~able from their locality for the accommodation of officers, shall be claimable for purchase or for hire at the option of the owner: in the former case at a valuation and in the latter at a rent to be fixed in case of the parties disagreeing by B a Committee of Arbitration constituted as follows".

11. In Raj Singh vs. The Union of lndia 1 which decision was approved' by this Court in Union of India vs. Tekchand2 (C.A.No 3525 of 1983 decided on 5.1.1999), the aforesaid C Order No.179 of 1836 was held to be a statutory exercise made under Section 43 of the Government of India Act, 1833. In Mohan Agarwal vs. Union of India & Ors. 2, fhe legislative history following the promulgation of Order No.179 under the Government of India Act, 1833 has been traced upto the date of the commencement of the Constitution to establish that the D said order was an existing law on the date of the coming into force of the Constitution of India and, therefore, would continue to remain in force till repealed, which event has not yet occurred. The painstaking efforts of the learned Judges of the Delhi High Court in Raj Singh (supra) and Allahabad High Court in Mohan E Agarwal (supra) has to be acknowledged as significant contributions in this realm of law. 12. In Chief Executive Officer vs. Surendra Kumar Vakil & Ors. 3, the effect of the terms of the tenures granted under F Order No.179 dated 12th September, 1836 was considered and it was held that under the-said terms ownership of the land remains with the Government and the land cannot be sold by a grantee. The original grantee is vested with the right to build up a house/structure on the land and he may only transfer the G same. Such transfer would require the consent of the 1. [AIR 1973 Delhi 169]. 2. [AIR 1979 Allahabad 170].

3. 11999 (3) sec 555. H 412 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R. A commanding officer when the transfer is to a person not belonging to the armed forces. The right to resume the land, at any time, after following the procedure prescribed (extracted above) was expressly recognized by this Court to be vested in the Union. B

13. The decision of this Court in Chief Executive Officer vs. Surendra Kumar ·Vakil (supra) also considered the legal effect of the entries in the G.L.R. which Register is required to be maintained by the Military Estates Officer of the Cantonment C under the provisions of the Cantonment Land Administrative. Rules framed in exercise of power under Section 280 of the Cantonment Act, 1924. The General Land Register maintained by the Cantonment Board under the Cantonment Act and the Rules framed thereunder is a public document and the entries therein are conclusive evidence of title. This is the view D expressed by this Court in two other decisions, namely, Union of India vs. Ibrahim Uddin & Anr. 4 and Union of India & Ors. vs. Kam/a Verma 5, apart from the decision in Chief Executive Officer vs. Surendra Kumar Vakil (supra). The reference to the natur~ of the holding i.e. old grant and the nature of rights of E the holder i.e. occupancy rights, in the G.L.R. extracted above, in our considered view, is conclusive of the fact that the land is covered by an old grant and the rights enjoyed by the appellants were mere possessory or occupancy rights in respect of the structures thereon. The terms of such grants being statutory and F the same having vested title of the land in the UOI with the power of resumption, the impugned notices dated 14th December, 2001 and 5th February, 2002 must be acknowledged to be legal and valid.

G 14. There is another small aspect of the matter which would require a mention. Against Sl.No.6 of the extract of the G.L.R. extracted above, the class of land has been described as B-3. The aforesaid description of the land is relatable to Rule 6 of 4. [2012 (8) sec 148 .. · H 5. [2010 (13) sec 511. · USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 413 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] the Cantonment Land Administrative. Rules which is in the A following terms : "6. Class 'B' Land - Class "B" land shall be div_ided by the Central Government, or such other authority as they may empower in this behalf, into the following sub-classes, 8 namely- (iii) Class 'B3' land, which is held by any private person under the provisions of these Rules, or which is held or may be presumed to be held under the provisions <;>f the Cantonment Code of 1899 or 1912, or under any executive G orders previously in force, subject to conditions under which the Central Government reserve, or have reserved, to themselves the proprietary rights in the soil;" 15. In Union of India & Ors. vs. Robert Zomawia Street 6 o this Court considered the effect of the meaning and expression "held by any private person" in Rule 6:(iii) above and after an elaborate consideration rejected the pl'ea that the said expression could mean that the private person would not be a tenant but would hold the land on the basis of a legal title thereto. E

16. In view of the foregoing discussions, we arrive at the conclusion that this appeal is wholly without any merit or substance. The challenge to the impugned notice must fail. The appeal is, accordingly, dismissed. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, we make no order as to costs. F Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal dismissed. G 6. [20141 (6) sec 101. H

[2014] 9 S.C.R. 401 SMT. USHA KAPOOR & ORS. A v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA & ORS. (Civil Appeal No. 1844 of 2008) AUGUST 14, 2014 B [RANJAN GOGOi AND M.Y. EQBAL, JJ.] Cantonment Laws - Notice for resumption of land - In exercise of powers vested by Order No. 179 of the Governor General in-Council dated 12. 9. 1836 - Claiming the land to be C Old Grant land - Propriety of - Held: In view of the nature of holding i.e. 'Old Grant' and in view of the nature of rights of holder i.e. 'occupancy rights' in respect of the structures thereon, the UOI having vested title in it, has the power to resume - Cantonment Act, 1924. D Respondent-Government of India, issued Notice, dated 14th December, 2001 for resumption of the land having a bungalow in the cantonment area, in exercise of powers vested by Order No. 179 of the Governor General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1836. The E second Notice dated 5th February, 2002 was consequential and required the appellant to hand-over the land to Defence Estates Officer. Appellant filed writ petition challenging the two F notices. The stand of the appellant was that the property in question was purchased by her predecessor-in-interest in 1943. The High Court took into account the prior sanction G of the Governor General-in-Council acting through the Commander-in-Chief for the sale and transfer contemplated by the deed dated 1st September, 1943 which, according to it, was in conformity with Clause 6(4) 401 H

402 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R. A of the Order No.179 of the Governor General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1836 embodying the terms of the Old Grant and held that the property was Old Grant. Therefore, High Court dismissed the writ petition. Hence the present appeal. B Dismissing the appeal, the Court HELD: 1. General Land Register (GLR) is required to be maintainea by the MUitary Estates Officer of the Cantonment under the provisions of the Cantonment C Land Administrative Rules framed in exercise of power under Section 280 ·of the Cantonment Act, 1924. The General Land Register maintained by the Cantonment Board under the Cantonment Act and the Rules framed thereunder is a public document and the entries therein D are conclusive evidence of title. The reference to the nature of the holding i.e. old grant and the nature of rights of the holder i.e. occupancy rights, in the G.L.R. in the present case is conclusive of the fact that the land is covered by an old grant and the rights enjoyed by the E appellants were mere possessory or occupancy rights in respect of the structures thereon. The terms of such grants being statutory and the same having vested title of the land in the UOI with the power of resumption, the impugned notices dated 14th December, 2001 and 5th F February, 2002 must be acknowledged to be legal and valid. [Para 13) [412-C-F]

Chief Executive Officer vs. Surendra Kumar Vakil & Ors. 1999 (3) SCC 555: 1999 (2) SCR 118; Union of India vs. Ibrahim Uddin & Anr. 2012 (8) SCC 148: 2012 (8) SCR 35; G Union of India & Ors. vs. Kam/a Verma 2010 (13) SCC 511; Union of India & Ors. vs. Robert Zomawia Street 2014 (6) sec 707 - relied on. Raj Singh vs. The Union of India AIR 1973 Delhi 169; H Union of India vs. Tekchand 1999 (3) SCC 565; Mohan USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 403 Agarwal vs. Union of India & Ors. AIR 1979 Allahabad 170 - A referred to. 2. The class of land in question has been described as B-3 in the GLR. The aforesaid description of the land is relatable to Rule 6 of the Cantonment Land 8Administrative Rules. The meaning and expression "held by any private person" in Rule 6 (iii) of the' Rules cannot mean that the private person would not be a tenant but would hold the land on the basis of a legal title thereto. [Paras 14 and 15) [412-H; 413-A, D, E] c Case Law Reference: AIR 1973 Delhi 169 referred to Para 11 1999 (3) sec 565 referred to Para 11 D AIR 1979 Allahabad 170 referred to Para 11 1999 (2) sqR 118 relied on Para 12 2012 (8) SCR 35 relied on Para 13 2010 (13) sec 511 relied on Para 13 E 2014 (6) sec 101 relied on Para 15 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 1844 of 2008. F From the Judgment and Order dated 08.03.2006 of the High Court Allahabad in Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 9024 of 2002.

K.K. Mohan For the Appellants. G R.S. Suri, Ashok K. Srivastava, S. Wasim A. Qadri, Sunita Sharma, B.V. Bairam Das (For Anil Katiyar) for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by H 404 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R.

A RANJAN GOGOi, J. 1. The challenge laid by the appellants to notices dated 14th December, 2001 and 5th February, 2002 having proved futile, this appeal has been filed upon grant of special leave under Article 136 of the Constitution. B 2. The first notice dated 14th December, 2001 is one of resumption ofland comprising the site of Bungalow No.1, Elgin Road, bearing General Land Register (GLR) Survey No.214, New Cantonment, Allahabad measuring 3.20 acres. The said notice has been issued on behalf of the President of India in exercise of powers vested by Order No.179 of the Governor C General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1836. The second notice dated 5th February, 2002 is consequential and required the appellant to hand over the aforesaid land to the Defence Estates Officer, Allahabad Circle on 11th March, 2002. D 3. According to the ·appellants, by a sale deed dated 1st September, 1943 executed by and between Kirk Session of the Church of Scotland at Allahabad and Smt. Mohini Devi Kapoor, the predecessor-in-interest of the appellants, the vendor (Kirk Session) conveyed and sold/transferred to their E predecessor (Smt. Mohini Devi Kapoor), a lower roomed tenement or dwelling standing on the said site free from all encumbrances. Another recital in the sale deed described that on or about 2nd day of March, 1873, the land, covered by the notice dated 14th December, 2001 was granted to the F Reverend J. Williamson Chaplain of the Church of Scotland for the purpose of erecting thereon a Manse and accordingly the Members of the Church erected and built on the said ~piece of land, a lower roomed tenement/dwelling house for use as a Manse together with outhouses. By a deed of transfer dated G 7th November, 1901, Mr. Henry Charles King and Wilkie Adolphus McReddie, Elders of St. Andrews Church of the Scotland at Allahabad transferred to the Kirk Session (Vendor herein), the aforesaid lower roomed tenement or dwelling house which was subsequently the subject matter of the sale H deed dated 1st Septemqer, 1943. The said sale deed was U'SHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 405 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

executed after permission to effect the same was granted by A the Governor General-in-Council acting through the · Commander-in-Chief, as conveyed by letter dated 3oth June, 1943 from the Military Estate Officer, Allahabad Circle, Allahabad. B 4. Before the High Court, the appellants, as the writ petitioners, had contended that they are the. owners of the property including the land by virtue of the sale deed dated 1st September, 1943. The claims of the respondents that the land was covered by an Old Grant had not been substantiated C ~nasmuch as no document showing the actual grant had been laid at any stage before any authority. It was contended that the onus to prove that the land was covered by Old Grant lies upon the respondents which had not been satisfactorily discharged by production of the relevant records. D 5. The High Court took into account the prior sanction of the Governor General-in-Council acting through the Commander-in-Chief for the sale and transfer contemplated by the deed dated 1st September, 1943 which, according to it, was inconformity with Clause 6(4) of the Order No.179 of the E Governor General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1836 embodying the terms of the Old Grant which were extracted in the impugned judgment of the High Court. The High Court also took note of an entry made in the General Land Register (GLR) on 23rd September, 1943 the extract of which reads as follows:- F "Name of cantonment : Allahabad (New}, Survey No.214

1. Details and date of Sold to Mrs. Mohini Devi mutation and initials of DEO Kapoor wife of Mr. N.C.Kapoor of the Indian G State Railway Service, at present on the E.I. Rly as Superintendent Cawnpore area for Rs.22,000/-vide sale deed executed on 7.9.1943 H 406 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R. A and regd. As No.1420 in Bk 1 Vol.782 on pages 315 to 319 on 9th September, 1943 Authority:- D.D.Letter B No.90704/Q.3 (B) 3199 - U C&+) dated 7.5.43. Sd/-xxxx Capt. M.E.0.23.9.4~ . . 2. Subsidiary Survey No. c . 3. Volume and page of Register 4. Area in Acres 3.20 Acres D 5. Description Bungalow 6. Class B(3) ' 7. By whom managed' M.E.O. E 8. Landlord Govt. of India 9. Holder of occupancy Mrs. Mohini Devi Kapoor rights 10. Nature of holders right Old Grant (Granted to Rev. J F Williamson, Chaplain of the Church of Scotland vide lette No.7510 of8.3.1872 from the Q.M.G. of the Army. G 11. Rent payable per annum: :-o Central Govt; ....... To Gantt. Board ....... 12. Date of expiry of lease H .. USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 407 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] 13. REMARKS The holder of site subscribes A to condition 6(1) to (4) of G.G.O. No.179 of 1836 vide her transfer application datec 26.11.42. B Sd/- xx xx xx 23 Sept. 43 M.E.O;" c

6. The High Court also took note of the fact that the predecessors-in-interest of the appellants had again sought sanction for transfer of the land in favour of one Ms. Shakuntala Nair on 16th June, 1959. In the application seeking permission, it was mentioned that the land was covered by Old Grant. D 7. The High Court also noticed that on the demise of Smt. Mohini Devi Kapoor, amendments were made iri the G.L.R. on the basis of the Will dated 22nd July, 1982 and extracted the relevant part of the said amendment which is reproduced herein below: E "8. Land Government of India 9. Holders of Occupancy Shri Giriraj Kapoor, son of rights Late Nanak Chand Kapoor F · and S~ri Krishna Kapoor sor of Shri Giriraj Kapoor 10. Nature of holders ·Old Grant rights Grant to Rev. J. Williamson Chaplain of the Church of G Scotland vide letter No.75/C dated 8.3.1873 from the QMG of the Army Site of • bungalow is an Old Grant terms as per GGO 179 of H 408 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 9 S.C.R. A 1836. Defence Department and Quarter Master General letter Nos. 90704/Q-3(b) (3199-LC&L) dated 7.5.1943 and 96633/LC B dated9.4.1943 respectively refers. Also DEO letter No.A2/2/45 dated 23.7.(sick)."

c 8. On the aforesaid materials, the High Court thought it proper to conclude that the land in question was covered by old grant, the terms of which did not entail any transfer of land to the grantee and further authorized the resumption of the land on payment of compensation to the occupier for the structure/ D building standing thereon. 9. In a book on Cantonment Laws by J.P.Mittal, a precise history of the tenures which came to be known as Old Grant is , available. A few paragraphs from the aforesaid book may be very usefully extracted below : E "Besides municipal administration, another subject that has always loomed large on the cantonment horizon, is the question of provision of necessary accommodation for military officers near the place of their duty. This led to the issue, from time to time, of certain rules, regulations, andF orders by the Governments of Bengal, Madras and Bombay Presidencies between the years of 1789 and 1899. The regulations were mostly of an identical nature. They had a twofold object in view, that of ensuring sufficient accommodation for military officers; and that of regulationG of the grant of land sites. Some of these regulations are published in this book. These rules, regulations and orders continue to be the law in force in India even after the ·enforcement of the British statutes (Application to India) Repeal Act, 1960, (Raj Singh v. Union of India, Mohan H Agarwal v. Union of India).

USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 409 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.]

Under these regulations and orders, officers not provided A with government quarters were allowed to erect houses in the cantonment. For this purpose ground was allotted to them with the condition that no right of property whatever in the ground was conferred on them and the ground continued to be the property of the State, was resumable B at the pleasure of the Government by giving one month's .notice and paying the value of the structures as may have been authorised to be erected. The houses or other property built o·n such grounds were allowed to be transferred by one military officer to another without c restrictions. To civilians these could be transferred only with the prior permission of the officer commanding the station. With the lapse of time civilians were also encouraged to build bungalows on the government land in the cantonment on the same condition of fesumption of the ground as D given above and with a further condition that they may be required to rent or sell the same to any military officer. In case of disagreement about the rent or the sale price, the same was to be fixed by a committee of arbitration. These tenures under which permission was given to occupy' E government land in the cantonments for construction of bungalows came to be known as 'old grant'. Such permission was given mostly on payment of no rent. This is how a large number of bungalows in the cantonments all over India came in the hands of civilians." F

10. The terms of the tenures which came to be known as Old Grants are contained in Order No.179 issued by the Governor General-in-Council dated 12th September, 1936. The preamble and Clauses 6 and 7 of the said order, being relevant, G would require reproduction at this stage : ''The Governor General of India in Council is pleased to rescind the various orders now in force in this Presidency in regard of the occupation of ground and the disposal of premises or buildings situated within the limits of military H . 410 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R. A cantonments, and to substitute for them the following regulations, which are to have effect from the date of its promulgation at the different stations of the Bengal Army .- ** ** ** B 6. No ground will be granted except on the following conditions which are to be subscribed by every grantee, as well as by those to whom his grant may subsequently be transferred :- c 1st:- the Government to retain the power of resumption at any time on giving one month's notice and payment of the value of such buildingi:; as may have been authorised to be erected . . o 2nd:- The ground, being in every case the property of the Government, cannot be sold by the grantee but houses or other property thereon situated may be transferred by one military or medical officer to another without restriction except in the case of reliefs when, if required, the terms E of sale or transfer are to be adjusted by a Committee of Arbitration.

3rd:- If the ground has been built upon the buildings are not to be disposed of to any person of whatever description F who does not belong to the army, until the consent of the officer commanding the station shall have been previously obtained under his hand. 4th :- When it is proposed, with the consent of the General Officer to transfer possession to a native; should the value G of the house, buildings or property to be so transferred exceed Rupees 5,000 the sale must not be effected until the sanction of Government shall have been obtained through his Excellency the Commander-in-Chief. H 7. All houses in a military cantonment, being the property I USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 411 • [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] of persons not belonging to the army which may be A deemed by the Commanding Officer of the station su~able from their locality for the accommodation of officers, shall be claimable for purchase or for hire at the option of the owner: in the former case at a valuation and in the latter at a rent to be fixed in case of the parties disagreeing by B a Committee of Arbitration constituted as follows".

11. In Raj Singh vs. The Union of lndia 1 which decision was approved' by this Court in Union of India vs. Tekchand2 (C.A.No 3525 of 1983 decided on 5.1.1999), the aforesaid C Order No.179 of 1836 was held to be a statutory exercise made under Section 43 of the Government of India Act, 1833. In Mohan Agarwal vs. Union of India & Ors. 2, fhe legislative history following the promulgation of Order No.179 under the Government of India Act, 1833 has been traced upto the date of the commencement of the Constitution to establish that the D said order was an existing law on the date of the coming into force of the Constitution of India and, therefore, would continue to remain in force till repealed, which event has not yet occurred. The painstaking efforts of the learned Judges of the Delhi High Court in Raj Singh (supra) and Allahabad High Court in Mohan E Agarwal (supra) has to be acknowledged as significant contributions in this realm of law. 12. In Chief Executive Officer vs. Surendra Kumar Vakil & Ors. 3, the effect of the terms of the tenures granted under F Order No.179 dated 12th September, 1836 was considered and it was held that under the-said terms ownership of the land remains with the Government and the land cannot be sold by a grantee. The original grantee is vested with the right to build up a house/structure on the land and he may only transfer the G same. Such transfer would require the consent of the 1. [AIR 1973 Delhi 169]. 2. [AIR 1979 Allahabad 170].

3. 11999 (3) sec 555. H 412 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 9 S.C.R. A commanding officer when the transfer is to a person not belonging to the armed forces. The right to resume the land, at any time, after following the procedure prescribed (extracted above) was expressly recognized by this Court to be vested in the Union. B

13. The decision of this Court in Chief Executive Officer vs. Surendra Kumar ·Vakil (supra) also considered the legal effect of the entries in the G.L.R. which Register is required to be maintained by the Military Estates Officer of the Cantonment C under the provisions of the Cantonment Land Administrative. Rules framed in exercise of power under Section 280 of the Cantonment Act, 1924. The General Land Register maintained by the Cantonment Board under the Cantonment Act and the Rules framed thereunder is a public document and the entries therein are conclusive evidence of title. This is the view D expressed by this Court in two other decisions, namely, Union of India vs. Ibrahim Uddin & Anr. 4 and Union of India & Ors. vs. Kam/a Verma 5, apart from the decision in Chief Executive Officer vs. Surendra Kumar Vakil (supra). The reference to the natur~ of the holding i.e. old grant and the nature of rights of E the holder i.e. occupancy rights, in the G.L.R. extracted above, in our considered view, is conclusive of the fact that the land is covered by an old grant and the rights enjoyed by the appellants were mere possessory or occupancy rights in respect of the structures thereon. The terms of such grants being statutory and F the same having vested title of the land in the UOI with the power of resumption, the impugned notices dated 14th December, 2001 and 5th February, 2002 must be acknowledged to be legal and valid.

G 14. There is another small aspect of the matter which would require a mention. Against Sl.No.6 of the extract of the G.L.R. extracted above, the class of land has been described as B-3. The aforesaid description of the land is relatable to Rule 6 of 4. [2012 (8) sec 148 .. · H 5. [2010 (13) sec 511. · USHA KAPOOR v. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA 413 [RANJAN GOGOi, J.] the Cantonment Land Administrative. Rules which is in the A following terms : "6. Class 'B' Land - Class "B" land shall be div_ided by the Central Government, or such other authority as they may empower in this behalf, into the following sub-classes, 8 namely- (iii) Class 'B3' land, which is held by any private person under the provisions of these Rules, or which is held or may be presumed to be held under the provisions <;>f the Cantonment Code of 1899 or 1912, or under any executive G orders previously in force, subject to conditions under which the Central Government reserve, or have reserved, to themselves the proprietary rights in the soil;" 15. In Union of India & Ors. vs. Robert Zomawia Street 6 o this Court considered the effect of the meaning and expression "held by any private person" in Rule 6:(iii) above and after an elaborate consideration rejected the pl'ea that the said expression could mean that the private person would not be a tenant but would hold the land on the basis of a legal title thereto. E

16. In view of the foregoing discussions, we arrive at the conclusion that this appeal is wholly without any merit or substance. The challenge to the impugned notice must fail. The appeal is, accordingly, dismissed. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, we make no order as to costs. F Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal dismissed. G 6. [20141 (6) sec 101. H