[2014) 8 S.C.R. 858 A BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. (Criminal Appeal No.1331 of 2014) JULY 15, 2014B [DIPAK MISRA AND V. GOPALA GOWDA, JJ.] FAMILY COURT ACT, 1984: C s. 7of1984 Act rlw s. 125, CrPC- Duty of Family Court - Explained Application of wife and child remained pending in Family Court for nine years - Family Court granting maintenance to wife and child from the date of order - Held: Both the approaches, i.e., allowing adjournments in extremely o liberal manner remaining oblivious of objects and reasons of the Act and restricting the grant of maintenance to the date of order on some kind of individual notion, not only defeat the command of the legislature but also frustrate the hope of wife and the child who are deprived of adequate livelihood *"'.7'" The E delay in adjudication by Family Court is not only against human rights but also against the basic embodiment of dignity of an individual - Family Court Judges are to decide. the matters as expeditiously as possible keeping in view the objects and reasons of the Act and the scheme of various F statutory provisions - Human rights. CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973:

s. 125 - Maintenance of w~fe and child - Relevant date of grant of maintenance - Maintenance awarded by Family G Court from date of order - High .-Court directing main"tenance to be paid from date of application - Held: Wife is entitled to get maintenance from the husband unless there is an order from the court that she is not entit1ed to get maintenance on any legally permissible grounds - As regards tire relevant H 858

BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS~ 859 date of grant of maintenance, in the instant case, there was A enormous d~lay in disposal of the proceeding u/s 125 and most of the time husband had taken adjournments and some times the court dealt with the matter showing total laxity- The ; circumstances required grant of maintenance from the date .of application - However, While paying the monthly B maintenance, as fixed by Family Court, by 5th of each succeeding month, the arrears shall be paid in a proportionate manner within a period of three years, s. 125, Cr. P. C. rlw s. 7 of Family Court Act - Object of -Explained -Application of wife and child for maintenance - C Adjournments - Held: In the instant case, proceedings before Family Court were conducted without being alive to the· objects and reasons of the Act and the spirit of the provisions u/s 125 - The case continued for nine years before Family Court - Family Court Judge, while granting adjournments, D is expected to be sensitive to the issues, for he is dealing with , extremely delicate and sensitive issues pertaining· to the marriage and issues ancillary thereto - Dilatory tactics by any of the parties has to be sternly dealt with - Family Court Act, 1984 - s. 7. E

The marriage between the appellant- husband and the res·pondent-wife, was solemnized on 27.11.1997, as per Hindu rites. The couple was blessed with a son on 16.12.1998. The respondent was compelled to leave the F marital home and she filed an application u/s 125 Cr.P.C. on 28.8.2002. The Family Court decided the matter on 24.8.2011 awarding monthly maintenance of Rs. 2,500/-to the respondent wife and Rs. 1,500/- to the second . respondent-son. The maintenance was directed to be G paid from the date of the order. However, the High Court directed the maintenance to be paid from the date of the application. Dismissing the appeal, the Court H 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A HELD: 1.1. In the instant case, the application of the wife remained pending in the Family Court for nine years. Further, the Family Court granted maintenance from the date of the order. Thus, both the approaches, i.e., allowing , adjournments in extremely liberal manner remaining B oblivious of objects and reasons of the Family Court Act, 1984 and restricting the grant of maintenance to the date of order on some kind of individual notion, not only defeat the command of the legislature but also frustrate the hope of wife and the child who are deprived of c adequate livelihood. The delay in adjudication by the Family Court is not only against human rights but also against the basic embodiment of dignity of an individual. [para 2] [863-E-G]

1.2. Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, D 1973 was conceived to ameliorate the. financial suffering of a woman who left her matrimonial home for the reasons provided in the provision so that some suitable arrangements can be made by the court and she can sustain herself and also her children if they are with her. E The concept of sustenance has to be interpreted that the wife is entitled in law to lead a life in the similar manner as she would have lived in the house of her husband. That is where the status and strata come into play, and that is where the obligations of the husband, in case of F a wife, become a prominent one. In a proceeding of this nature, the husband cannot take subterfuges to deprive her of the benefit of living with dignity, and the wife is entitled to get maintenance from the husband unless there is an order from the court that she is not entitled to G get maintenance from the husband on any legally permissible grounds. [para 3] [863-H; 864-A-C, E] Smt. Dukhtar Jahan v. Mohammed Farooq 1987 (1) SCR 1086 =1987 (1) SCC 624; Vim/a (K.) v. Veeraswamy H BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 861 (K.) 1991 (1) SCR 904 =1991 (2) sec 375, Kirtikant D. A Vadodaria v. State of Gujarat and Anr.1996 (2) Suppl. SCR 45 = 1996 (4) SCC 479 Chaturbhuj v. Sita Bai 2007(12) SCR 577 = 2008 (2) SCC 316; Nagendrappa Natikar v. Neelamma 2Ci13 (3) SCALE 561; K.A. Abdul Ja/eel v. T.A. Shahida 2003 (3) SCR 498 = 2003 (4) SCC 166 - referred B to.

1.3. In the case at hand, the proceedings before the Family Court were conducted without being alive to the objects and reasons of the Act and the spirit of the provisions u/s 125 of the Code. It is unfortunate that the C case continued for nine years before the Family Court. It has come to the notice of the Court that on certain occasions the Family Courts have been granting adjournment$ in a routine manner as a consequence of which both the parties suffer and the wife becomes the D worst victim. The Family Court Judge is expected to be sensitive to the issues, for he is dealing with extremely delicate and sensitive issues pertaining to the marriage and issues ancillary thereto. Dilatory tactics by any of the parties has to be sternly dealt with. The Family Court E Judges are to decide the matters as expeditiously as possible keeping in view the objects and reasons of the Act and the scheme of various provisions pertaining to grant of maintenance, divorce, custody of child, property disputes, etc. [para 14] [868-B-H] F 1.4. As regards the relevant date of grant of maintenance, in the instant case, the circumstances, in the considered opinion of this Court, required grant of maintenance from the date of·a·pplication and by so G granting the High Court has not committed any legal infirmity. Therefore, this Court concurs with the order of the High Court. However, as prayed for the respondent, while paying the monthly mainte~ance, as fixed by the H

862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A Family Court Judge, by 5th of each succeeding month, the arrears shall be paid in a proportionate manner within a period of three years. [para 15-16] [870-F-G] Shai/ Kumari Devi and another v. Krishan Bhagwal Pathak alias Ki shun B. Pathak 2008 (11) SCR 386 =2008.8 (9) sec 632 - relied on Krishna Jain v. Dharam Raj Jain 1992 Cri LJ 1028 (MP) - stood approved K. Sivaram v. K. Mangalamba 1990 Cri LJ 1880 (AP) -c ,stood disapproved. Case Law Reference: ' f987 (1) SCR 1086 referred to para 8 D 1991 (1) SCR 904 referred to para 9 1996 (2) Suppl. SCR 45 referred to para 10 2007 (12) SCR 577 referred to para 11 E 2013 (3) SCALE 561 referred to para 12 2003 (3) SCR 498 referred to para 13 2008 (11) SCR 386 relied on para 15 1992 Cri LJ 1028 (MP) stood approved para 15F 1990 Cri LJ 1880 (AP) stood disapproved para 15 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1331 of 2014. G From the Judgment an.d Order dated 28.05.2012 in SBCRR 1526/2011 of the High Court of Rajasthan at Jaipur. Jay Kishor Singh for the Appellant. H BHUWAN.MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 863 [DIPAK MISRA, J.] Ruchi Kohli, Brijesh Sharma, Mohit Paul for the A Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. Leave granted. B

2. The two issues that pronouncedly emanate in this appeal by special leave are whether the Family Court while deciding an application under Section 7 of the Family Court Act, 1984 (for brevity, "the Act") which includes determination of grant of maintenance to the persons as entitled under that provision, c should allow adjournments in an extremely liberal manner remaining oblivious of objects and reasons of the Act and also keeping the windows of wisdom closed and the sense of judicial responsiveness suspended to the manifest perceptibility of vagrancy, destitution, impecuniosity, struggle-for survival and 0 the emotional fracture, a wife likely to face under these circumstances and further exhibiting absolute insensitivity to her condition, who, after loosing support of the husband who has failed to husband the marital status denies the wife to have maintenance for almost nine years as that much time is consumed to decide the lis and, in addition, to restrict the grant E of maintenance to the date of order on some kind of individual notion. Both the approaches, as we perceive, not only defeat the command of the legislature but also frustrate the hope of wife and children who are deprived of adequate livelihood and whose aspirations perish like mushroom and possibly the brief F candle of sustenance joins the marathon race of extinction. This delay in adjudication by the Family Court is not only against human rights but also against the basic embodiment of dignity of an individual.

G 3. Be it ingeminated that Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short "the Code") was conceived to ameliorate the agony, anguish, financial suffering of a woman who left her matrimonial home for the reasons provided in the provision so that some suitable arrangements can be made by H 864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 8 S.C.R.

A the Court and she can sustain herself and also her children if they are with her. The concept of sustenance does not necessarily mean to lead the life of an animal, feel like an unperson to be thrown away from grace and roam for her basic maintenance somewhere else. She is entitled in law to lead a B life in the similar manner as she would have lived in the house of her husband. That is where the status and strata come into play, and that is where the obligations of the husband, in case of a wife, become a prominent one. In a proceeding of this nature, the husband cannot take subterfuges to deprive her of C the benefit of living with dignity. Regard being had to the solemn pledge at the time of marriage and also in consonance with the statutory law that governs the field, it is the obligation of the husband to see that the wife does not become a destitute, a beggar. A situation is not to be maladroitly created whereunder she is compelled to resign to her fate and think of life "dust unto D dust". It is totally impermissible. In fact, it is the sacrosanct duty to render the financial support even if the husband is required to earn money with physical labour, if he is able bodied. There is no escape route unless there is an order from the Court that the wife is not entitled to get maintenance from the husband E on any legally permissible grounds.

4. Presently to the facts which lie in an extremely small compass. The marriage between the appellant and the husband was solemnized on 27.11.1997 as per Hindu rites and ritual, F and in the wedlock a son was born on 16.12.1998. The respondent, under certain circumstances, had to leave the marital home and thereafter filed an application on 28.8.2002 under Section 125 of the Code in the Family Court, Jaipur, Rajasthan, claiming Rs.6000/- per month towards maintenance. G The Family Court finally decided the matter on 24.8.2011 awarding monthly maintenance of Rs.2500/- to the respondent-wife and Rs.1500/- to the second respondent-son. Be it stated, during the continuance of the Family Court proceedings, number of adjournments were granted, some taken by the H husband and some by the wife. The learned Family Judge being/ 13HUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 865 [DIPAK MISRA, J.] dissatisfied with the material brought on record came to hold A that the respondent-wife was entitled to maintenance and, accordingly, fixed the quantum and directed that the maintenance to be·paid from the date of the order.

5. Being dissatisfied with the aforesaid order the 8respondent-wife preferred S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 1~6 of 2011 before the High Court of Judicature atR;:ijasthan and the learned single Judge, vide order dated 28.5.2012, noted the contention of the wife that the maintenance should have been granted from the date of application, and that she had rece!ved nothing during the proceedings and suffered C immensely and, eventually, directed that the maintenance should be granted from the date of filing of the application. 6. Criticizing the aforesaid order, it is submitted Mr. Jay Kishor Singh learned counsel for the appellant that when D number of adjournments were sought by •the wife, grant of maintenance from the date of filing of the application by the High Court is absolutely illegal and unjustified. It is his submission that the wife cannot take advantage of her own wrong. E

7. Mr. Mohit Paul, learned counsel for the respondents would submit that the Family Court adjourned the matter sometimes on its own and the enormous delay took place because of non-cooperation of the husband in the proceedings and, therefore, the wife who was compelled to sustain herself F and her son with immense difficulty should not be allowed to suffer. It is proponed by him that the High Court by modifying the order .f3nd directing that the maintenance should be granted from the date of filing of the application has not committed any legal infirmity and hence, the order is inexceptionable. G 8. At the outset, we are obliged to reiterate the principle of law how a proceeding under Section 125 of the Code has to be dealt with by the court, and what is the duty of a Family Court after establishment of such courts by the Family Courts H 866 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A Act, 1984. In Smt. Dukhtar Jahan v. Mo{lammed Farooq', the Court opined that proceedings under Section 125 of the Code, it must be remembered, are of a summary nature and are intended to enable destitute wives and children, the latter whether they are legitimate or illegitimate, to get maintenance B in a speedy manner.

9. A three-Judge Bench in Vim/a (K.) v. Veeraswamy (K.)2, while discussing about the basic purpose under Section 125 of the Code, opined that Section 125 of the Code is meant to achieve a social purpose. The object is to prevent vagrancy and C destitution. It provides a speedy remedy for the supply of food, clothing and shelter to the deserted wife. 10. A two-Judge Bench in Kirtikant D. Vadodaria v. State of Gujarat and another3, while adverting to the dominant D purpose behind Section 125 of the Code, ruled that: "While dealing with the ambit and scope of the provision contained in Section 125 of the Code, it has to be borne in mind that the dominant and primary object is to give social justice to the woman, child and infirm parents etc.E and to prevent destitution and vagrancy by compelling those who can support those who are unable to support themselves but have a moral claim for support. The provisions in Section. 125 provide a speedy remedy to those women, children and destitute parents who are in F distress. The provisions in Sectio"n 125 are intended to achieve this special purpose. The dominant purpose behind the benevolent provisions contained in Section 125 clearly is that the wife, child and· parents should not be left in a helpless state of distress, destitution and st.arvation." G 1. (1987) 1 sec 624. 2. (1991) 2 sec 375. H 3. (1996) 4 sec 479. BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 867 [DIPAK MISRA, J.]

11. In Chaturbhuj v. Sita Bai", reiterating the legal position A tile Court held: - "Section 125 CrPC is a measure of social justice and is specially enacted to protect women and children and as noted by this Court in Captain Ramesh Chander Kaushal 8 v. Veena Kaushal5 falls within constitutional sweep of Article 15(3) reinforced by Article 39 of the Constitution of India. It is meant to achieve a social purpose. The object is to prevent vagrancy and destitution. It provides a speedy remedy for the supply of food, clothing and shelter to the C deserted wife. It gives effect to fundamental rights and natural duties of a man to maintain his wife, children and parents when they are unable to' maintain themselves. The aforesaid position was highlighted in Savitaben Somabhai Bhatiya v. State of Gujarat... D 12. Recently in Nagendrappa Natikar v. Neelamma7, it has been stated that it is a piece of social legislation which provides for a summary and speedy relief by way of maintenance ·lo a wife who is unable to maintain herself and her childHm. E 13. The Family Courts have been established for adopting and facilitating the conciliation procedure and to deal with family disputes in a speedy and expeditious manner. A three-Judge Bench in KA. Abdul Jaleel v. T.A. Shahida8, while highlighting Fon the purpose of bringing in the Family Courts Act by the legislature, opined thus: -

"The Family Courts Act was enacted to provide for the establishment of Family Courts with a view to promote G 4. (2008) 2 SCR 316. 5. (1978) 4 sec 10. • 6. c2oosi 3 sec 636. 7. 2013 (3) SCALE 561. 8. c2003) 4 sec 166. H 868 SUPREME 'COURT REPORTS [2014) 8 s.C.R. A conciliation in·, and secure speedy ~ettlement of, disputes relating to marriage and family affairs and for matters connected therewith." ·

14. The purpose of highlighting this aspect is that in the case at hand the proceeding before the Family Court was8 conducted without being alive to the objects and reasons of the Act and the spirit of the provisions under Section 125 of the Code. It is unfortunate that the case continued for nine years before the Family Court. It has come to the notice of the Court C that on certain occasions the Family Courts have been granting adjournments in a routine manner as a consequence of which both the parties suffer or, on certain .occasions, the wife becomes the worst victim. When such a situation occurs, the purpose of the law gets totally atrophied. The Family Judge.is expected to be sensitive to the issues, for he is dealing with D extremely delicate and sensitive ..issues pert.aining to the marriage and issues ancillary thereto. When we say this, we do not mean that the Family Courts should show undue haste or impatience, but there is a. distinction between impatience and to be wisely anxious and conscious about dealing with a E situation. A Family Court J.udge should remember that -the procrastination is the greatest assassin of the lis before it. It not only gives rise to more family problems but also gradually builds unthinkable and Everestine bitterness. It leads to the cold refrigeration of the hidden feelings, if still left. The delineation F of the lis by the Family Judge must reveal the awareness and balance. Dilatory tactics by any of the parties has to be sternly dealt with, for the Family Court Judge has to be alive to the fact that the lis before him pertains to emotional fragmentation and delay can feed it to grow. We hope and trust that the' Family G Court Judges shall remain alert to this and decide the matters as expeditiously as possible keeping in view the objects and• reasons of the Act and the scheme of various provisions. pertaining to grant of maintenance, divorce, custody Qf child, property disputes, etc.

H BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 869 [DIPAK MISRA, J.]

15. While dealing with the relevant date of grant of A maintenance, in Shail Kumari Devi and another v. Krishan Bhagwa/ Pathak alias Kishun B. Pathak9, the Court referred to the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2001 (Act 50 of 2001) and came to hold that even after the amendment of 2001, an order for payment of maintenance can be paid by s a court either from the date of order or when express order is made to pay maintenance from the date of application, then the amount of maintenance may be paid from that date, i.e., from the date of application. The Court referred to the decision in Krishna Jain v. Dharam Raj Jain 10wherein it has been stated c that to hold that, normally maintenance should be made payable from the date of the order and not from the date of the application unless such order is backed by reasons would amount to inserting something more in the sub-section which the legislature never intended. The High Court had observed 0 that it was unable to read in sub-section (2). laying down any rule to award maintenance from the date of the order or that the grant from the date of the application is an exception. The High Court had also opined that whether maintenance is granted from the date of the order or from the date of application, the Court is required to record reasons as required E under sub-section (6) of Section 354 of the Code. After referring to the decision in Krishna Jain (supra), the Court adverted to the decision of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh in K. Sivaram v. K. Manga/amba 11 wherein it has been ruled that the maintenance would be awarded from the date of the F order and such maintenance could be granted from the date of the application only by recording special reasons. The view of the learned single Judge of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh stating that it is a normal rule that the Magistrate should . grant maintenance only from the date of the order and not'from G ·the date of the application for maintenance was not accepted · 9. c2008) 9 sec 632.

10. 1922 Cri W 1028 (MP). 11. 1990 Cri LJ 1880 (AP). H 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A by this Court. Eventually, the Court ruled thus: -"43. We, therefore, hold that while deciding an application under Section 125 of the Code,' a Magistrate is required to record reasons for granting or refusing to grant maintenance to wives, children or parents. Such B maintenance can be awarded from the date of the order, or, if so ordered, from the d~te of the application for maintenance, as the case may be. For awarding maintenance from the date of the application, express order is necessary. No special reasons, however, are c required to be recorded by the court. In our judgment, no such requirement can be read in sub-section (1) of Section 125 of the Code in absence of express provision to that effect."

16. In the present case, as we find, there was enormous D delay in disposal of the proceeding under Section 125 of the· Code and most ·of the time the husband had taken adjournments and some times the court dealt with the matter showing total laxity. The wife sustained herself as far as she could in that state for a period of nine years. The circumstances, E in our considered opinion, required grant of maintenance from the date of application and by so granting the High Court has not committed any legal infirmity. Hence, we concur with the order of the High Court. However, we direct, as prayed by the learned counsel for the respondent, that he may be allowed to F pay the arrears along with the maintenance awarded at present in a phased manner. Learned counsel for the appellant did not object to such an arrangement being made. In view of the aforesaid, we direct that while paying the maintenance as fixed by the learned Family Court Judge per month by 5th of each G succeeding month, the arrears shall be paid in a proportionate manner within a period of three years from today. 17. Consequently, the anpeal, being devoid -0f merits; stands dismissed. H Rajendra Prasad Appeal dismissed.

[2014) 8 S.C.R. 858 A BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. (Criminal Appeal No.1331 of 2014) JULY 15, 2014B [DIPAK MISRA AND V. GOPALA GOWDA, JJ.] FAMILY COURT ACT, 1984: C s. 7of1984 Act rlw s. 125, CrPC- Duty of Family Court - Explained Application of wife and child remained pending in Family Court for nine years - Family Court granting maintenance to wife and child from the date of order - Held: Both the approaches, i.e., allowing adjournments in extremely o liberal manner remaining oblivious of objects and reasons of the Act and restricting the grant of maintenance to the date of order on some kind of individual notion, not only defeat the command of the legislature but also frustrate the hope of wife and the child who are deprived of adequate livelihood *"'.7'" The E delay in adjudication by Family Court is not only against human rights but also against the basic embodiment of dignity of an individual - Family Court Judges are to decide. the matters as expeditiously as possible keeping in view the objects and reasons of the Act and the scheme of various F statutory provisions - Human rights. CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973:

s. 125 - Maintenance of w~fe and child - Relevant date of grant of maintenance - Maintenance awarded by Family G Court from date of order - High .-Court directing main"tenance to be paid from date of application - Held: Wife is entitled to get maintenance from the husband unless there is an order from the court that she is not entit1ed to get maintenance on any legally permissible grounds - As regards tire relevant H 858

BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS~ 859 date of grant of maintenance, in the instant case, there was A enormous d~lay in disposal of the proceeding u/s 125 and most of the time husband had taken adjournments and some times the court dealt with the matter showing total laxity- The ; circumstances required grant of maintenance from the date .of application - However, While paying the monthly B maintenance, as fixed by Family Court, by 5th of each succeeding month, the arrears shall be paid in a proportionate manner within a period of three years, s. 125, Cr. P. C. rlw s. 7 of Family Court Act - Object of -Explained -Application of wife and child for maintenance - C Adjournments - Held: In the instant case, proceedings before Family Court were conducted without being alive to the· objects and reasons of the Act and the spirit of the provisions u/s 125 - The case continued for nine years before Family Court - Family Court Judge, while granting adjournments, D is expected to be sensitive to the issues, for he is dealing with , extremely delicate and sensitive issues pertaining· to the marriage and issues ancillary thereto - Dilatory tactics by any of the parties has to be sternly dealt with - Family Court Act, 1984 - s. 7. E

The marriage between the appellant- husband and the res·pondent-wife, was solemnized on 27.11.1997, as per Hindu rites. The couple was blessed with a son on 16.12.1998. The respondent was compelled to leave the F marital home and she filed an application u/s 125 Cr.P.C. on 28.8.2002. The Family Court decided the matter on 24.8.2011 awarding monthly maintenance of Rs. 2,500/-to the respondent wife and Rs. 1,500/- to the second . respondent-son. The maintenance was directed to be G paid from the date of the order. However, the High Court directed the maintenance to be paid from the date of the application. Dismissing the appeal, the Court H 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A HELD: 1.1. In the instant case, the application of the wife remained pending in the Family Court for nine years. Further, the Family Court granted maintenance from the date of the order. Thus, both the approaches, i.e., allowing , adjournments in extremely liberal manner remaining B oblivious of objects and reasons of the Family Court Act, 1984 and restricting the grant of maintenance to the date of order on some kind of individual notion, not only defeat the command of the legislature but also frustrate the hope of wife and the child who are deprived of c adequate livelihood. The delay in adjudication by the Family Court is not only against human rights but also against the basic embodiment of dignity of an individual. [para 2] [863-E-G]

1.2. Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, D 1973 was conceived to ameliorate the. financial suffering of a woman who left her matrimonial home for the reasons provided in the provision so that some suitable arrangements can be made by the court and she can sustain herself and also her children if they are with her. E The concept of sustenance has to be interpreted that the wife is entitled in law to lead a life in the similar manner as she would have lived in the house of her husband. That is where the status and strata come into play, and that is where the obligations of the husband, in case of F a wife, become a prominent one. In a proceeding of this nature, the husband cannot take subterfuges to deprive her of the benefit of living with dignity, and the wife is entitled to get maintenance from the husband unless there is an order from the court that she is not entitled to G get maintenance from the husband on any legally permissible grounds. [para 3] [863-H; 864-A-C, E] Smt. Dukhtar Jahan v. Mohammed Farooq 1987 (1) SCR 1086 =1987 (1) SCC 624; Vim/a (K.) v. Veeraswamy H BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 861 (K.) 1991 (1) SCR 904 =1991 (2) sec 375, Kirtikant D. A Vadodaria v. State of Gujarat and Anr.1996 (2) Suppl. SCR 45 = 1996 (4) SCC 479 Chaturbhuj v. Sita Bai 2007(12) SCR 577 = 2008 (2) SCC 316; Nagendrappa Natikar v. Neelamma 2Ci13 (3) SCALE 561; K.A. Abdul Ja/eel v. T.A. Shahida 2003 (3) SCR 498 = 2003 (4) SCC 166 - referred B to.

1.3. In the case at hand, the proceedings before the Family Court were conducted without being alive to the objects and reasons of the Act and the spirit of the provisions u/s 125 of the Code. It is unfortunate that the C case continued for nine years before the Family Court. It has come to the notice of the Court that on certain occasions the Family Courts have been granting adjournment$ in a routine manner as a consequence of which both the parties suffer and the wife becomes the D worst victim. The Family Court Judge is expected to be sensitive to the issues, for he is dealing with extremely delicate and sensitive issues pertaining to the marriage and issues ancillary thereto. Dilatory tactics by any of the parties has to be sternly dealt with. The Family Court E Judges are to decide the matters as expeditiously as possible keeping in view the objects and reasons of the Act and the scheme of various provisions pertaining to grant of maintenance, divorce, custody of child, property disputes, etc. [para 14] [868-B-H] F 1.4. As regards the relevant date of grant of maintenance, in the instant case, the circumstances, in the considered opinion of this Court, required grant of maintenance from the date of·a·pplication and by so G granting the High Court has not committed any legal infirmity. Therefore, this Court concurs with the order of the High Court. However, as prayed for the respondent, while paying the monthly mainte~ance, as fixed by the H

862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A Family Court Judge, by 5th of each succeeding month, the arrears shall be paid in a proportionate manner within a period of three years. [para 15-16] [870-F-G] Shai/ Kumari Devi and another v. Krishan Bhagwal Pathak alias Ki shun B. Pathak 2008 (11) SCR 386 =2008.8 (9) sec 632 - relied on Krishna Jain v. Dharam Raj Jain 1992 Cri LJ 1028 (MP) - stood approved K. Sivaram v. K. Mangalamba 1990 Cri LJ 1880 (AP) -c ,stood disapproved. Case Law Reference: ' f987 (1) SCR 1086 referred to para 8 D 1991 (1) SCR 904 referred to para 9 1996 (2) Suppl. SCR 45 referred to para 10 2007 (12) SCR 577 referred to para 11 E 2013 (3) SCALE 561 referred to para 12 2003 (3) SCR 498 referred to para 13 2008 (11) SCR 386 relied on para 15 1992 Cri LJ 1028 (MP) stood approved para 15F 1990 Cri LJ 1880 (AP) stood disapproved para 15 CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1331 of 2014. G From the Judgment an.d Order dated 28.05.2012 in SBCRR 1526/2011 of the High Court of Rajasthan at Jaipur. Jay Kishor Singh for the Appellant. H BHUWAN.MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 863 [DIPAK MISRA, J.] Ruchi Kohli, Brijesh Sharma, Mohit Paul for the A Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. Leave granted. B

2. The two issues that pronouncedly emanate in this appeal by special leave are whether the Family Court while deciding an application under Section 7 of the Family Court Act, 1984 (for brevity, "the Act") which includes determination of grant of maintenance to the persons as entitled under that provision, c should allow adjournments in an extremely liberal manner remaining oblivious of objects and reasons of the Act and also keeping the windows of wisdom closed and the sense of judicial responsiveness suspended to the manifest perceptibility of vagrancy, destitution, impecuniosity, struggle-for survival and 0 the emotional fracture, a wife likely to face under these circumstances and further exhibiting absolute insensitivity to her condition, who, after loosing support of the husband who has failed to husband the marital status denies the wife to have maintenance for almost nine years as that much time is consumed to decide the lis and, in addition, to restrict the grant E of maintenance to the date of order on some kind of individual notion. Both the approaches, as we perceive, not only defeat the command of the legislature but also frustrate the hope of wife and children who are deprived of adequate livelihood and whose aspirations perish like mushroom and possibly the brief F candle of sustenance joins the marathon race of extinction. This delay in adjudication by the Family Court is not only against human rights but also against the basic embodiment of dignity of an individual.

G 3. Be it ingeminated that Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (for short "the Code") was conceived to ameliorate the agony, anguish, financial suffering of a woman who left her matrimonial home for the reasons provided in the provision so that some suitable arrangements can be made by H 864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 8 S.C.R.

A the Court and she can sustain herself and also her children if they are with her. The concept of sustenance does not necessarily mean to lead the life of an animal, feel like an unperson to be thrown away from grace and roam for her basic maintenance somewhere else. She is entitled in law to lead a B life in the similar manner as she would have lived in the house of her husband. That is where the status and strata come into play, and that is where the obligations of the husband, in case of a wife, become a prominent one. In a proceeding of this nature, the husband cannot take subterfuges to deprive her of C the benefit of living with dignity. Regard being had to the solemn pledge at the time of marriage and also in consonance with the statutory law that governs the field, it is the obligation of the husband to see that the wife does not become a destitute, a beggar. A situation is not to be maladroitly created whereunder she is compelled to resign to her fate and think of life "dust unto D dust". It is totally impermissible. In fact, it is the sacrosanct duty to render the financial support even if the husband is required to earn money with physical labour, if he is able bodied. There is no escape route unless there is an order from the Court that the wife is not entitled to get maintenance from the husband E on any legally permissible grounds.

4. Presently to the facts which lie in an extremely small compass. The marriage between the appellant and the husband was solemnized on 27.11.1997 as per Hindu rites and ritual, F and in the wedlock a son was born on 16.12.1998. The respondent, under certain circumstances, had to leave the marital home and thereafter filed an application on 28.8.2002 under Section 125 of the Code in the Family Court, Jaipur, Rajasthan, claiming Rs.6000/- per month towards maintenance. G The Family Court finally decided the matter on 24.8.2011 awarding monthly maintenance of Rs.2500/- to the respondent-wife and Rs.1500/- to the second respondent-son. Be it stated, during the continuance of the Family Court proceedings, number of adjournments were granted, some taken by the H husband and some by the wife. The learned Family Judge being/ 13HUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 865 [DIPAK MISRA, J.] dissatisfied with the material brought on record came to hold A that the respondent-wife was entitled to maintenance and, accordingly, fixed the quantum and directed that the maintenance to be·paid from the date of the order.

5. Being dissatisfied with the aforesaid order the 8respondent-wife preferred S.B. Criminal Revision Petition No. 1~6 of 2011 before the High Court of Judicature atR;:ijasthan and the learned single Judge, vide order dated 28.5.2012, noted the contention of the wife that the maintenance should have been granted from the date of application, and that she had rece!ved nothing during the proceedings and suffered C immensely and, eventually, directed that the maintenance should be granted from the date of filing of the application. 6. Criticizing the aforesaid order, it is submitted Mr. Jay Kishor Singh learned counsel for the appellant that when D number of adjournments were sought by •the wife, grant of maintenance from the date of filing of the application by the High Court is absolutely illegal and unjustified. It is his submission that the wife cannot take advantage of her own wrong. E

7. Mr. Mohit Paul, learned counsel for the respondents would submit that the Family Court adjourned the matter sometimes on its own and the enormous delay took place because of non-cooperation of the husband in the proceedings and, therefore, the wife who was compelled to sustain herself F and her son with immense difficulty should not be allowed to suffer. It is proponed by him that the High Court by modifying the order .f3nd directing that the maintenance should be granted from the date of filing of the application has not committed any legal infirmity and hence, the order is inexceptionable. G 8. At the outset, we are obliged to reiterate the principle of law how a proceeding under Section 125 of the Code has to be dealt with by the court, and what is the duty of a Family Court after establishment of such courts by the Family Courts H 866 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A Act, 1984. In Smt. Dukhtar Jahan v. Mo{lammed Farooq', the Court opined that proceedings under Section 125 of the Code, it must be remembered, are of a summary nature and are intended to enable destitute wives and children, the latter whether they are legitimate or illegitimate, to get maintenance B in a speedy manner.

9. A three-Judge Bench in Vim/a (K.) v. Veeraswamy (K.)2, while discussing about the basic purpose under Section 125 of the Code, opined that Section 125 of the Code is meant to achieve a social purpose. The object is to prevent vagrancy and C destitution. It provides a speedy remedy for the supply of food, clothing and shelter to the deserted wife. 10. A two-Judge Bench in Kirtikant D. Vadodaria v. State of Gujarat and another3, while adverting to the dominant D purpose behind Section 125 of the Code, ruled that: "While dealing with the ambit and scope of the provision contained in Section 125 of the Code, it has to be borne in mind that the dominant and primary object is to give social justice to the woman, child and infirm parents etc.E and to prevent destitution and vagrancy by compelling those who can support those who are unable to support themselves but have a moral claim for support. The provisions in Section. 125 provide a speedy remedy to those women, children and destitute parents who are in F distress. The provisions in Sectio"n 125 are intended to achieve this special purpose. The dominant purpose behind the benevolent provisions contained in Section 125 clearly is that the wife, child and· parents should not be left in a helpless state of distress, destitution and st.arvation." G 1. (1987) 1 sec 624. 2. (1991) 2 sec 375. H 3. (1996) 4 sec 479. BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 867 [DIPAK MISRA, J.]

11. In Chaturbhuj v. Sita Bai", reiterating the legal position A tile Court held: - "Section 125 CrPC is a measure of social justice and is specially enacted to protect women and children and as noted by this Court in Captain Ramesh Chander Kaushal 8 v. Veena Kaushal5 falls within constitutional sweep of Article 15(3) reinforced by Article 39 of the Constitution of India. It is meant to achieve a social purpose. The object is to prevent vagrancy and destitution. It provides a speedy remedy for the supply of food, clothing and shelter to the C deserted wife. It gives effect to fundamental rights and natural duties of a man to maintain his wife, children and parents when they are unable to' maintain themselves. The aforesaid position was highlighted in Savitaben Somabhai Bhatiya v. State of Gujarat... D 12. Recently in Nagendrappa Natikar v. Neelamma7, it has been stated that it is a piece of social legislation which provides for a summary and speedy relief by way of maintenance ·lo a wife who is unable to maintain herself and her childHm. E 13. The Family Courts have been established for adopting and facilitating the conciliation procedure and to deal with family disputes in a speedy and expeditious manner. A three-Judge Bench in KA. Abdul Jaleel v. T.A. Shahida8, while highlighting Fon the purpose of bringing in the Family Courts Act by the legislature, opined thus: -

"The Family Courts Act was enacted to provide for the establishment of Family Courts with a view to promote G 4. (2008) 2 SCR 316. 5. (1978) 4 sec 10. • 6. c2oosi 3 sec 636. 7. 2013 (3) SCALE 561. 8. c2003) 4 sec 166. H 868 SUPREME 'COURT REPORTS [2014) 8 s.C.R. A conciliation in·, and secure speedy ~ettlement of, disputes relating to marriage and family affairs and for matters connected therewith." ·

14. The purpose of highlighting this aspect is that in the case at hand the proceeding before the Family Court was8 conducted without being alive to the objects and reasons of the Act and the spirit of the provisions under Section 125 of the Code. It is unfortunate that the case continued for nine years before the Family Court. It has come to the notice of the Court C that on certain occasions the Family Courts have been granting adjournments in a routine manner as a consequence of which both the parties suffer or, on certain .occasions, the wife becomes the worst victim. When such a situation occurs, the purpose of the law gets totally atrophied. The Family Judge.is expected to be sensitive to the issues, for he is dealing with D extremely delicate and sensitive ..issues pert.aining to the marriage and issues ancillary thereto. When we say this, we do not mean that the Family Courts should show undue haste or impatience, but there is a. distinction between impatience and to be wisely anxious and conscious about dealing with a E situation. A Family Court J.udge should remember that -the procrastination is the greatest assassin of the lis before it. It not only gives rise to more family problems but also gradually builds unthinkable and Everestine bitterness. It leads to the cold refrigeration of the hidden feelings, if still left. The delineation F of the lis by the Family Judge must reveal the awareness and balance. Dilatory tactics by any of the parties has to be sternly dealt with, for the Family Court Judge has to be alive to the fact that the lis before him pertains to emotional fragmentation and delay can feed it to grow. We hope and trust that the' Family G Court Judges shall remain alert to this and decide the matters as expeditiously as possible keeping in view the objects and• reasons of the Act and the scheme of various provisions. pertaining to grant of maintenance, divorce, custody Qf child, property disputes, etc.

H BHUWAN MOHAN SINGH v. MEENA & ORS. 869 [DIPAK MISRA, J.]

15. While dealing with the relevant date of grant of A maintenance, in Shail Kumari Devi and another v. Krishan Bhagwa/ Pathak alias Kishun B. Pathak9, the Court referred to the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2001 (Act 50 of 2001) and came to hold that even after the amendment of 2001, an order for payment of maintenance can be paid by s a court either from the date of order or when express order is made to pay maintenance from the date of application, then the amount of maintenance may be paid from that date, i.e., from the date of application. The Court referred to the decision in Krishna Jain v. Dharam Raj Jain 10wherein it has been stated c that to hold that, normally maintenance should be made payable from the date of the order and not from the date of the application unless such order is backed by reasons would amount to inserting something more in the sub-section which the legislature never intended. The High Court had observed 0 that it was unable to read in sub-section (2). laying down any rule to award maintenance from the date of the order or that the grant from the date of the application is an exception. The High Court had also opined that whether maintenance is granted from the date of the order or from the date of application, the Court is required to record reasons as required E under sub-section (6) of Section 354 of the Code. After referring to the decision in Krishna Jain (supra), the Court adverted to the decision of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh in K. Sivaram v. K. Manga/amba 11 wherein it has been ruled that the maintenance would be awarded from the date of the F order and such maintenance could be granted from the date of the application only by recording special reasons. The view of the learned single Judge of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh stating that it is a normal rule that the Magistrate should . grant maintenance only from the date of the order and not'from G ·the date of the application for maintenance was not accepted · 9. c2008) 9 sec 632.

10. 1922 Cri W 1028 (MP). 11. 1990 Cri LJ 1880 (AP). H 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A by this Court. Eventually, the Court ruled thus: -"43. We, therefore, hold that while deciding an application under Section 125 of the Code,' a Magistrate is required to record reasons for granting or refusing to grant maintenance to wives, children or parents. Such B maintenance can be awarded from the date of the order, or, if so ordered, from the d~te of the application for maintenance, as the case may be. For awarding maintenance from the date of the application, express order is necessary. No special reasons, however, are c required to be recorded by the court. In our judgment, no such requirement can be read in sub-section (1) of Section 125 of the Code in absence of express provision to that effect."

16. In the present case, as we find, there was enormous D delay in disposal of the proceeding under Section 125 of the· Code and most ·of the time the husband had taken adjournments and some times the court dealt with the matter showing total laxity. The wife sustained herself as far as she could in that state for a period of nine years. The circumstances, E in our considered opinion, required grant of maintenance from the date of application and by so granting the High Court has not committed any legal infirmity. Hence, we concur with the order of the High Court. However, we direct, as prayed by the learned counsel for the respondent, that he may be allowed to F pay the arrears along with the maintenance awarded at present in a phased manner. Learned counsel for the appellant did not object to such an arrangement being made. In view of the aforesaid, we direct that while paying the maintenance as fixed by the learned Family Court Judge per month by 5th of each G succeeding month, the arrears shall be paid in a proportionate manner within a period of three years from today. 17. Consequently, the anpeal, being devoid -0f merits; stands dismissed. H Rajendra Prasad Appeal dismissed.