[2014) 8 S.C.R. 785 JAFAR IMAM NAQVI A V. ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (Writ Petition (C) No.429 of 2014) MAY 15, 2014 B [DIPAK MISRA AND N.V~ RAMANA, JJ.] Constitution of India, 1950: Article 32 - Power under -Exercise of -Election speeches rendered during the election campaign - PIL seeking direction to Election Commission to C take action against all politicians and political parties indulging in making hate speeches during election campaign - Held: It is not appropriate to entertain petition as PIL and give directions - Matter of handling hate speeches could be a matter of adjudication in an appropriate legal forum and D may also have some impact in an election disputes raised under 1951 Act - PIL pertaining to speeches delivered during election campaign, cannot be/f)ut on the pedestal of real PIL - There are laws to take care of it-Representation of People Act, 1951. E Public Interest Litigation - Evolution of Discussed. The instant writ petition has been filed seeking direction to the Election Commission to take action against all the politicians and political panies indulging F in making hate speeches in election campaign. The question which arose for consideration is whether the Court in exercise of power under Article 32 of the Constitution should enter into the arena of effect G and impact of election speeches rendered during the election campaign in public interest litigation. Dismissing the writ petition, the Court 785- H

786 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A HELD: 1. The matter of handling hate speeches could be a matter of adjudication in an appropriate legal forum and may also have some impact in an election disputes raised under the Representation of People Act, 1951. Therefore, to entertain a petition as a public interest B litigation and to give directions would be inappropriate. [Para10] [793-D] Manohar Joshi vs. Nitin Bhaurao Patil and another (1996) .1 SCC 1699 and Prof.Ramchandra G.Kapse vs. C Haribansh Ramakbal Singh (1996) 1 SCC 2068 - referred to. 2. A public interest litigation pertaining to speeches delivered during election campaign, cannot be put on the pedestal of a real public interest litigation. There are laws D to take care of it. In the name of a constitutional safeguard entering into this kind of arena, would not be within the constitutional parameters. [Para 11] [793-F; 794-A] E Smt. Nilabati Behera alias Lalita Behera vs. State of Orissa and others AIR 1993 SC 1960: 1993 (2) SCR 581 - distinguished.

State of Bihar vs. Sir Kameshwar Singh AIR 1952 SC 252: 1952 SCR 1056; Vishaka and others vs. State of F Rajasthan and others AIR 1997 SC 3011: 1997 (3) Suppl. SCR 404; Daryo and others vs. State of U.P. and others AIR 1961 SC 1457: 1962 SCR 574; Union of India and another vs. Raghubir Singh (Dead) by Lrs. etc. AIR 1989 SC .1933: 1989 (3) SCR 316; Kanusanyal vs. District Magistrate, G Darjeeling and others AIR ~973 SC 2684: 1974 (1) SCR 621; MC.Mehta and another vs. Union of India & Ors. AIR 1 ~87 SC 1086: 1987 (1) SCR 819; Pravasi Bhalai Sangathan vs. Union of India and others (2014) 3 Scale 552 - referred to. H JAFAR IMAM NAQVI v. ELECTION COMMISSION OF 787 INDIA Case Law Reference· : A AIR 1952 SC 252 Referred to Para 4 AIR 1993 SC 1960 Distinguished Para 5 AIR 1997 SC 3011 Referred to Para 7 B AIR 1961 SC 1457 Referred to Para 7 AIR 1989 SC 1933 Referred to Para 7 AIR 1973 SC 2684 Referred to Para 7 c AIR 1987 SC 1086 Referred to Para 7 (201'4) 3 Scale 552 Referred to Para 8 (1996) 1 sec 1699 Referred to Para 10 D (1996) 1 sec 2068 Referred to Para 10 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Pefition (C) No.429 of 2014. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. E Petitioner-In-Person. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. The petitioner, a practising advocate F of this Court, as" pro bone publico has preferred this writ petition with Article 32 of the Constitution with the following prayers:"

"(a) Issue a writ of mandamus in public interestor any other appropriate writ, order, direction, commanding respondent G to take stern action against everyone and anyone found guilty as per law in view of the ongoing activities of the accused politicians and political parties and to ensure protection of the security of Election Staff posted at Varanasi and of public at large of the entire country; H 788 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A (b) Issue a writ of mandamus in public interestor any other appropriate writ, order, direction commanding Respondent to withdraw the recognition given to such political parties resorting to illegal activities and to cancel the candidature of politicians fouod guilty before declaration the Election B Results. (c) Pass such other order or orders as this" Hon'ble Court may deem fit and proper in the facts" and circumstances of the case.""

C 2. The basic assertions in Li1e petition relate to speeches" which have been delivered during the recently finished election campaign by various leaders of certain political parties and how they have the effect potentiality to affect the social harmony. It is urged in the petition that these kind of hate speeches are D totally unwarranted and can endanger the safety and security of public at large and undermine the structuralism of democratic body polity. Various examples have been giv~n and certain newspaper clippings have been annexed. In view of what we are going to finally say, we are not inclined to advert to the E same. 3. The petitioner appearing in person has submitted that in view of such hate speeches by political leaders when the equilibrium of the society is disturbed and there is a possibility of creating a crack in the multi-faceted fabric of the society, it F is the constitutional duty of this Court to issue a writ or mandamus to the Election Commission of India to take appropriate steps. That apart, the petitioner-in-person has also made submissions for issue of a mandamus to cancel the recognition of such political parties and also to protect the G liberty and safety of the citizens.

4. The seminal question that emanates for consideration is whether the Court in exercise of power under Article 32 of the Constitution should enter into the arena of effect and impact H of election speeches rendered during the election campaiQfl JAFAR IMAM NAQVI v. ELECTION COMMISSION OF 789 INDIA [DIPAK MISRA, J.] in a public interest litigation. The petitioner commenced his A arguments.by stating that since the infancy of the Constitution, this Court has not declined to declare a law wherever it has found that it is unconstitutional. In that regard, he has commended us to the decision in The State of Bihar vs. Sir Kameshwar Singh1• On a careful reading of the said decision, 8 we find that the issue "decided therein has nothing to do with the case of the present "nature. 5. Learned counsel has ambitiously submitted relying on the judgment of this Court in Smt. Nilabati Behera alias Lalita Behera vs. State of Orissa and others2 wherein the Court C expanded the "concept of public remedy where there had been violation of fundamental rights and further opined that the concept of sovereign immunity would be not applicable. He has drawn our attention to paragraph 19 of the said judgment which reads as under:" D

"We respectfully concur with the view that the court is not helpless and the wide powers given to this Court by Article 32, which itself is a fundamental right, imposes a constitutional obligation on this Court to forge such new E tools, which may be necessary for doing complete justice and enforcing.the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution, which enable the award of monetary compensation in appropriate cases, where that is the only mode of redress available. The power available to this F Court under Article 142 is also an enabling provision in this behalf The contrary view would not merely render the court powerless and the constitutional guarantee a mirage but may, in certain situations, be an incentive to extinguish life, if for the extreme contravention the court is powerless to grant any relief against the State, except by punishment G of th~ wrongdoer for the resulting offence, and recovery of damages under private law, by the ordinary process. It the 1. AIR 1952 SC 252. 2. AIR 1993 SC 1960. H SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 8 S.C.R. 790

A guarantee that deprivation of life and personal liberty cannot be made except in accordance with law, is to be real, the enforcement of the right in case of every contravention must also be possible in the constitutional scheme, the mode of redress being that which is appropriate in the facts of each case. This remedy in publicB law has to be more readily available when invoked by the have not, who are not possessed of the wherewithal for enforcement of their rights in private iaw, even though its exercise is to be tempered by judicial restraint to avoid c circumven"tion of private law remedies, where more appropriate." 6. The facts of the said case are absolutely different since it was stated in the s.aid case that it is within the power of the Court to formulate new tools which may be necessary for doing D complete justice and for enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution, whe.n there is violation of fundamental rights enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution. Thus, the said decision has no applicability to the case in hand. That apart, the issue related to grant of E compensation.

7. Learned counsel has also drawn our attention to Vishaka and others vs. State of Rajasthan and others3wherein the Court taking note of the sexual harassment at work place F and keeping in view the enforcement of the basic human rights or gender equality guaranteed against sexual harassment and more particularly against sexual harassment at work places issued guidelines and directed that the said guidelines and norms should be strictly followed and further observed that the same would be binding and enforceable in law. The other G decisions which have been cited by the learned counsel are Daryo and others vs. State of U.P. and others4, Union of India 3. AIR 1997 SC 3011. H 4. AIR 1961 SC 1457 .. JAFAR IMAM NAQVI v, ELECTION COMMISSION OF 791 INDIA [DIPAK MISRA, J.} and another vs. Raghubir Singh (Dead) by Lrs. etc., 5 A Kanusanyal vs. District Magistrate, parjeeling and others6 and M.C.Mehta and another Union of India & Ors. vs. AIR 1987 SC 1086. 7 On a perusal of the aforesaid decisions, we find that they pertain different field altogether. Hence, the principle stated in Vishaka's case and the principles laid down in other B decisions are really not attracted to the present case.

8. Lastly, the learned counsel has.brought to our notice a recent three-Judge Bench decision of this Court in Pravasi Bhalai Sang a than vs. Union of India and others8 which C pertains to the legal remedy because of hate speeches pertaining to inter state migrants. The Court adverted to various submissions advanced at the Bar and took note of certain decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, dictionary meaning of 'hate speeches' and the offences for the hate speeches in Indian Penal ·Code, the Representation of People Act, 1951, D Co_de of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1980 and thereafter Sections 124A, 153A, 153B, 295-A, 298, 505(1 ), 505(2) of Indian Penal Code, 1860 and eventually held as E follows: "21. While explaining the scope of Article 141 of the Constitution, in Nand Kishore v. State of Punjab, (1995) 6 SCC 614, this Court held as under: F "Their Lordships decisions declare the existing law but do not enact any fresh law, is not in keeping with the plenary function of the Supreme Court uncjer Article 141 of the Constitution, for the Court is not merely the interpreter of the law as existing, but · G 5. AIR 1989 SC 1993. 6. AIR 1973 SC 2684. 7. AIR 1987 SC 1086. 8. (2014) 3 Scale 552. H 792 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R.

A much beyond that. The Court as a wing of the State is by itself a source of law. The law is what the Court says it is." 22. Be that as it may, this Court has consistently clarified that the directions have been issued by the Court only when B there has been a total vacuum in law, i.e. complete absence of active law to provide for the effective enforcement of a basic human right. In case there is inaction on the part of the executive for whatsoever reason, the court has stepped in, in exercise of its constitutional c obligations to enforce the law. In case of vacuum of legal regime to deal with a particular situation the court may issue guidelines to provide absolution till such time as the legislature acts to perform its role by enacting proper legislation to cover the field. Thus, direction can be issued D only in a situation where the will of the elected legislature has not y~t been expressed.

25. It is desirable to put reasonable prohibition on unwarranted actions but there may arise difficulty in confining the prohibition to some manageable standard E and in doing so, it may encompass all sorts of speeches which needs to be avoided . For a long time the US courts were content in upholding legislations curtailing "hate speech" and related issues. l:!_owever, of lately, the courts have shifted gears thereby paving the way for myriad of F rulings which side with individual freedom of speech and expression as opposed to the order of a manageable society. [See: Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250(1952); Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444(1969); and R.A. V. v. City of St. Paul, 112 S. Ct.2538 (1992). G 9. Thereafter, the Court suggested as follows:" "However, in view of the fact that the Law Commission has undertaken the study as to whether the Election Commission should be conferred the power to de-H recognise a political party disqualifying it or its members, JAFAR IMAM NAQVI v. ELECTION COMMISSION OF 793 INDIA [DIPAK MISRA, J.] if a party or its members commit the offences referred to A hereinabove, we request the Law Commission to also examine the issues raised herein thoroughly and also to consider, if it deems proper, defining the expression "hate speech" and make recommendations to the Parliament to strengthen the Election Commission to curb the menace B of "hate speeches "irrespective of whenever made."

10. The petitioner has submitted that this Court being the guardian of the Constitution is obligated to issue notice, call for the response and issue appropriate directions. Be it stated, the Election Commission might have taken note of it and C initiated certain action. The matter of handling hate speeches could be a matter of adjudication in an appropriate legal forum and may also have some impact in an election disputes raised under the Representation of People Act, 1951. Therefore, to entertain a petition as a public interest litigation and to give D directions would be inappropriate. We have said so in view of the judgments in Manohar Joshi vs. Nitin Bhaurao Patil and another9 and Prof. Ramchandra G.Kapse vs. Haribansh Ramakbal Singh 10 E

11. Before parting with the case, it may be stated that public interest litigation was initially used by this Court as a tool to take care of certain situations which related to the poor and under-privileged who were not in a position to have access to the Court. Thereafter, from time to time, the concept of public F interest litigation expanded with the change of time and fhe horizon included the environment and ecology, the atrocities faced by individuals in the hands of,the authorities, financial scams and various other categories including eligibility of the people holding high offices without qualification. But a public interest litigation pertaining to speeches delivered during G election campaign, we are afraid, cannot be put on the pedestal 9. (1996) 1 sec 169. 10. (1996) 1 sec 206. H 794 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A of a real public interest litigation. There are laws to take care of it. In the name of a constitutional safeguard entering into this kind of arena, in our convinced opinion, would nof be within the constitutional parameters. 12. In the result, we are' not persuaded, despite the adroit8 labour and vehement arguments by the petitioner-in-person to issue notice and accordingly, the writ petition, stands dismissed in limine. Nidhi Jain Writ Petition dismissed.

[2014) 8 S.C.R. 785 JAFAR IMAM NAQVI A V. ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (Writ Petition (C) No.429 of 2014) MAY 15, 2014 B [DIPAK MISRA AND N.V~ RAMANA, JJ.] Constitution of India, 1950: Article 32 - Power under -Exercise of -Election speeches rendered during the election campaign - PIL seeking direction to Election Commission to C take action against all politicians and political parties indulging in making hate speeches during election campaign - Held: It is not appropriate to entertain petition as PIL and give directions - Matter of handling hate speeches could be a matter of adjudication in an appropriate legal forum and D may also have some impact in an election disputes raised under 1951 Act - PIL pertaining to speeches delivered during election campaign, cannot be/f)ut on the pedestal of real PIL - There are laws to take care of it-Representation of People Act, 1951. E Public Interest Litigation - Evolution of Discussed. The instant writ petition has been filed seeking direction to the Election Commission to take action against all the politicians and political panies indulging F in making hate speeches in election campaign. The question which arose for consideration is whether the Court in exercise of power under Article 32 of the Constitution should enter into the arena of effect G and impact of election speeches rendered during the election campaign in public interest litigation. Dismissing the writ petition, the Court 785- H

786 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A HELD: 1. The matter of handling hate speeches could be a matter of adjudication in an appropriate legal forum and may also have some impact in an election disputes raised under the Representation of People Act, 1951. Therefore, to entertain a petition as a public interest B litigation and to give directions would be inappropriate. [Para10] [793-D] Manohar Joshi vs. Nitin Bhaurao Patil and another (1996) .1 SCC 1699 and Prof.Ramchandra G.Kapse vs. C Haribansh Ramakbal Singh (1996) 1 SCC 2068 - referred to. 2. A public interest litigation pertaining to speeches delivered during election campaign, cannot be put on the pedestal of a real public interest litigation. There are laws D to take care of it. In the name of a constitutional safeguard entering into this kind of arena, would not be within the constitutional parameters. [Para 11] [793-F; 794-A] E Smt. Nilabati Behera alias Lalita Behera vs. State of Orissa and others AIR 1993 SC 1960: 1993 (2) SCR 581 - distinguished.

State of Bihar vs. Sir Kameshwar Singh AIR 1952 SC 252: 1952 SCR 1056; Vishaka and others vs. State of F Rajasthan and others AIR 1997 SC 3011: 1997 (3) Suppl. SCR 404; Daryo and others vs. State of U.P. and others AIR 1961 SC 1457: 1962 SCR 574; Union of India and another vs. Raghubir Singh (Dead) by Lrs. etc. AIR 1989 SC .1933: 1989 (3) SCR 316; Kanusanyal vs. District Magistrate, G Darjeeling and others AIR ~973 SC 2684: 1974 (1) SCR 621; MC.Mehta and another vs. Union of India & Ors. AIR 1 ~87 SC 1086: 1987 (1) SCR 819; Pravasi Bhalai Sangathan vs. Union of India and others (2014) 3 Scale 552 - referred to. H JAFAR IMAM NAQVI v. ELECTION COMMISSION OF 787 INDIA Case Law Reference· : A AIR 1952 SC 252 Referred to Para 4 AIR 1993 SC 1960 Distinguished Para 5 AIR 1997 SC 3011 Referred to Para 7 B AIR 1961 SC 1457 Referred to Para 7 AIR 1989 SC 1933 Referred to Para 7 AIR 1973 SC 2684 Referred to Para 7 c AIR 1987 SC 1086 Referred to Para 7 (201'4) 3 Scale 552 Referred to Para 8 (1996) 1 sec 1699 Referred to Para 10 D (1996) 1 sec 2068 Referred to Para 10 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Pefition (C) No.429 of 2014. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. E Petitioner-In-Person. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DIPAK MISRA, J. 1. The petitioner, a practising advocate F of this Court, as" pro bone publico has preferred this writ petition with Article 32 of the Constitution with the following prayers:"

"(a) Issue a writ of mandamus in public interestor any other appropriate writ, order, direction, commanding respondent G to take stern action against everyone and anyone found guilty as per law in view of the ongoing activities of the accused politicians and political parties and to ensure protection of the security of Election Staff posted at Varanasi and of public at large of the entire country; H 788 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A (b) Issue a writ of mandamus in public interestor any other appropriate writ, order, direction commanding Respondent to withdraw the recognition given to such political parties resorting to illegal activities and to cancel the candidature of politicians fouod guilty before declaration the Election B Results. (c) Pass such other order or orders as this" Hon'ble Court may deem fit and proper in the facts" and circumstances of the case.""

C 2. The basic assertions in Li1e petition relate to speeches" which have been delivered during the recently finished election campaign by various leaders of certain political parties and how they have the effect potentiality to affect the social harmony. It is urged in the petition that these kind of hate speeches are D totally unwarranted and can endanger the safety and security of public at large and undermine the structuralism of democratic body polity. Various examples have been giv~n and certain newspaper clippings have been annexed. In view of what we are going to finally say, we are not inclined to advert to the E same. 3. The petitioner appearing in person has submitted that in view of such hate speeches by political leaders when the equilibrium of the society is disturbed and there is a possibility of creating a crack in the multi-faceted fabric of the society, it F is the constitutional duty of this Court to issue a writ or mandamus to the Election Commission of India to take appropriate steps. That apart, the petitioner-in-person has also made submissions for issue of a mandamus to cancel the recognition of such political parties and also to protect the G liberty and safety of the citizens.

4. The seminal question that emanates for consideration is whether the Court in exercise of power under Article 32 of the Constitution should enter into the arena of effect and impact H of election speeches rendered during the election campaiQfl JAFAR IMAM NAQVI v. ELECTION COMMISSION OF 789 INDIA [DIPAK MISRA, J.] in a public interest litigation. The petitioner commenced his A arguments.by stating that since the infancy of the Constitution, this Court has not declined to declare a law wherever it has found that it is unconstitutional. In that regard, he has commended us to the decision in The State of Bihar vs. Sir Kameshwar Singh1• On a careful reading of the said decision, 8 we find that the issue "decided therein has nothing to do with the case of the present "nature. 5. Learned counsel has ambitiously submitted relying on the judgment of this Court in Smt. Nilabati Behera alias Lalita Behera vs. State of Orissa and others2 wherein the Court C expanded the "concept of public remedy where there had been violation of fundamental rights and further opined that the concept of sovereign immunity would be not applicable. He has drawn our attention to paragraph 19 of the said judgment which reads as under:" D

"We respectfully concur with the view that the court is not helpless and the wide powers given to this Court by Article 32, which itself is a fundamental right, imposes a constitutional obligation on this Court to forge such new E tools, which may be necessary for doing complete justice and enforcing.the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution, which enable the award of monetary compensation in appropriate cases, where that is the only mode of redress available. The power available to this F Court under Article 142 is also an enabling provision in this behalf The contrary view would not merely render the court powerless and the constitutional guarantee a mirage but may, in certain situations, be an incentive to extinguish life, if for the extreme contravention the court is powerless to grant any relief against the State, except by punishment G of th~ wrongdoer for the resulting offence, and recovery of damages under private law, by the ordinary process. It the 1. AIR 1952 SC 252. 2. AIR 1993 SC 1960. H SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 8 S.C.R. 790

A guarantee that deprivation of life and personal liberty cannot be made except in accordance with law, is to be real, the enforcement of the right in case of every contravention must also be possible in the constitutional scheme, the mode of redress being that which is appropriate in the facts of each case. This remedy in publicB law has to be more readily available when invoked by the have not, who are not possessed of the wherewithal for enforcement of their rights in private iaw, even though its exercise is to be tempered by judicial restraint to avoid c circumven"tion of private law remedies, where more appropriate." 6. The facts of the said case are absolutely different since it was stated in the s.aid case that it is within the power of the Court to formulate new tools which may be necessary for doing D complete justice and for enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution, whe.n there is violation of fundamental rights enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution. Thus, the said decision has no applicability to the case in hand. That apart, the issue related to grant of E compensation.

7. Learned counsel has also drawn our attention to Vishaka and others vs. State of Rajasthan and others3wherein the Court taking note of the sexual harassment at work place F and keeping in view the enforcement of the basic human rights or gender equality guaranteed against sexual harassment and more particularly against sexual harassment at work places issued guidelines and directed that the said guidelines and norms should be strictly followed and further observed that the same would be binding and enforceable in law. The other G decisions which have been cited by the learned counsel are Daryo and others vs. State of U.P. and others4, Union of India 3. AIR 1997 SC 3011. H 4. AIR 1961 SC 1457 .. JAFAR IMAM NAQVI v, ELECTION COMMISSION OF 791 INDIA [DIPAK MISRA, J.} and another vs. Raghubir Singh (Dead) by Lrs. etc., 5 A Kanusanyal vs. District Magistrate, parjeeling and others6 and M.C.Mehta and another Union of India & Ors. vs. AIR 1987 SC 1086. 7 On a perusal of the aforesaid decisions, we find that they pertain different field altogether. Hence, the principle stated in Vishaka's case and the principles laid down in other B decisions are really not attracted to the present case.

8. Lastly, the learned counsel has.brought to our notice a recent three-Judge Bench decision of this Court in Pravasi Bhalai Sang a than vs. Union of India and others8 which C pertains to the legal remedy because of hate speeches pertaining to inter state migrants. The Court adverted to various submissions advanced at the Bar and took note of certain decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, dictionary meaning of 'hate speeches' and the offences for the hate speeches in Indian Penal ·Code, the Representation of People Act, 1951, D Co_de of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1980 and thereafter Sections 124A, 153A, 153B, 295-A, 298, 505(1 ), 505(2) of Indian Penal Code, 1860 and eventually held as E follows: "21. While explaining the scope of Article 141 of the Constitution, in Nand Kishore v. State of Punjab, (1995) 6 SCC 614, this Court held as under: F "Their Lordships decisions declare the existing law but do not enact any fresh law, is not in keeping with the plenary function of the Supreme Court uncjer Article 141 of the Constitution, for the Court is not merely the interpreter of the law as existing, but · G 5. AIR 1989 SC 1993. 6. AIR 1973 SC 2684. 7. AIR 1987 SC 1086. 8. (2014) 3 Scale 552. H 792 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R.

A much beyond that. The Court as a wing of the State is by itself a source of law. The law is what the Court says it is." 22. Be that as it may, this Court has consistently clarified that the directions have been issued by the Court only when B there has been a total vacuum in law, i.e. complete absence of active law to provide for the effective enforcement of a basic human right. In case there is inaction on the part of the executive for whatsoever reason, the court has stepped in, in exercise of its constitutional c obligations to enforce the law. In case of vacuum of legal regime to deal with a particular situation the court may issue guidelines to provide absolution till such time as the legislature acts to perform its role by enacting proper legislation to cover the field. Thus, direction can be issued D only in a situation where the will of the elected legislature has not y~t been expressed.

25. It is desirable to put reasonable prohibition on unwarranted actions but there may arise difficulty in confining the prohibition to some manageable standard E and in doing so, it may encompass all sorts of speeches which needs to be avoided . For a long time the US courts were content in upholding legislations curtailing "hate speech" and related issues. l:!_owever, of lately, the courts have shifted gears thereby paving the way for myriad of F rulings which side with individual freedom of speech and expression as opposed to the order of a manageable society. [See: Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250(1952); Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444(1969); and R.A. V. v. City of St. Paul, 112 S. Ct.2538 (1992). G 9. Thereafter, the Court suggested as follows:" "However, in view of the fact that the Law Commission has undertaken the study as to whether the Election Commission should be conferred the power to de-H recognise a political party disqualifying it or its members, JAFAR IMAM NAQVI v. ELECTION COMMISSION OF 793 INDIA [DIPAK MISRA, J.] if a party or its members commit the offences referred to A hereinabove, we request the Law Commission to also examine the issues raised herein thoroughly and also to consider, if it deems proper, defining the expression "hate speech" and make recommendations to the Parliament to strengthen the Election Commission to curb the menace B of "hate speeches "irrespective of whenever made."

10. The petitioner has submitted that this Court being the guardian of the Constitution is obligated to issue notice, call for the response and issue appropriate directions. Be it stated, the Election Commission might have taken note of it and C initiated certain action. The matter of handling hate speeches could be a matter of adjudication in an appropriate legal forum and may also have some impact in an election disputes raised under the Representation of People Act, 1951. Therefore, to entertain a petition as a public interest litigation and to give D directions would be inappropriate. We have said so in view of the judgments in Manohar Joshi vs. Nitin Bhaurao Patil and another9 and Prof. Ramchandra G.Kapse vs. Haribansh Ramakbal Singh 10 E

11. Before parting with the case, it may be stated that public interest litigation was initially used by this Court as a tool to take care of certain situations which related to the poor and under-privileged who were not in a position to have access to the Court. Thereafter, from time to time, the concept of public F interest litigation expanded with the change of time and fhe horizon included the environment and ecology, the atrocities faced by individuals in the hands of,the authorities, financial scams and various other categories including eligibility of the people holding high offices without qualification. But a public interest litigation pertaining to speeches delivered during G election campaign, we are afraid, cannot be put on the pedestal 9. (1996) 1 sec 169. 10. (1996) 1 sec 206. H 794 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 8 S.C.R. A of a real public interest litigation. There are laws to take care of it. In the name of a constitutional safeguard entering into this kind of arena, in our convinced opinion, would nof be within the constitutional parameters. 12. In the result, we are' not persuaded, despite the adroit8 labour and vehement arguments by the petitioner-in-person to issue notice and accordingly, the writ petition, stands dismissed in limine. Nidhi Jain Writ Petition dismissed.