[2014] 14 S.C.R. 187. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. & ORS. A v. UNION OF INDIA (Arbitration Petition No. 27 of2013) MARCH 31, 2014 B [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996: s. 11(6) - Petition under - For appointment of third arbitrator- Maintainability of- Contract between one Indian and two foreign companies on one side and Government of c India on the other side - The Indian company acted as · 'Operator' on behalf of the two foreign companies - Initiation of arbitral proceedings by the Indian Company - Whether the arbitration would amount to an arbitration between two Indian parties or whether it was an International Commercial . D Arbitration - Held: The arbitration was an International Commercial Arbitration because two of the four parties to the arbitration were not based in India and the initiation of arbitral proceedings by the Indian company was also on behalf of the foreign companies. E ss. 11(1), 11(6) and 11(9) - Appointment of third Arbitrator - Criteria for - Held: The appointment of the third arbitrator has to be guide'1 by the provisions contained u/s. 11(9) - The concern of the Court is to ensure neutrality impartiality and independence - It is entirely upto the Chief F . Justice of India or his nominee to accept any of the preferences of the parties for appointment of third arbitrator

- In making such choice, the Chief Justice shall be guided by the relevant provisions of the Act, UNCITRAL Model Laws and UNCITRAL Rules - *In the peculiar facts of the case, G *By order dated 2.4.2014, the Court observed that the third arbitrator i.e. Hon'ble James Spingcharan ACQC. former Chief Justice and Lieutenant General of New South Wales, Australia happened to be on the list of arbitrators submitted by the petitioner. Thereafter, by order dated 29.4.2014, Hon'ble Michael Hudson McHugh, ACQC, former Judge of the High Court of Australia and former non-permanent Justice of the Court of H Final Appeal, in Hong Kong was appointed as third arbitrator. 187 188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A such an individual is appointed as third arbitrator; whose name has not been proposed by either of the parties.

Petitioner No. 1 (an Indian Company) and petitioner Nos. 2 and 3 (the foreign companies), on one side, entered into an agreement with the respondent (Union B of India), which was in the nature of Production Sharing Contract (PSC). Article 33 of the Contract was the Arbitration Agreement. .After some differences relating to the scope and interpretation of the provisions of the contract arose between ,the petitioners and the C respondent, Petitioner No. 1 sent a notice to the respondent Invoking arbitration. In the cou.rse of correspondence with the respondent, petitioner No.1 . also informed the respondent th~t it has nominated Mr.. Justice S.P. Bharucha, former Chief Justice of India as D · their arbitrator. Despite the request of the petitioners, . when the respondent did not appoint any arbitrator, petitioner Nos. 1 and 2 filed Arbitration Petition No. 8 of 2012 u/s. 11(6) of Arbitration Act, for app_ointment of second arbitrator in' termsI; of: Article\" 33.5• of the contract. E Subsequent thereto, the respondent nominated .Mr. Justice V.N. Khare, the former Chief Justice of India as second arbitrator. In view thereof, the arbitration petition was disposed of. Thereafter, when the two arqitrators nominated on behalf of both the parties, Were not able F to reach a consensus as regards the name of the third arbitrator, the present arbitration petition u/s. 11 (6) and · 11(9) of the Act was filed seeking appointment of third arbitrator. ' ..

The petitioner took the plea that the arbitral G proceedings related to an International Commercial Arbitration, as two of the four parties to the arbitration were based outside India; that petitioner No.1 as 'operator' as stated in the Joint Operating Agreement was entitled to initiate the arbitration proceedings on.behalf H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 189 of all the constituents of the contract; that the Supreme A Court has jurisdiction to entertain the petition; and that the third arbitrator should be from the neutral nationality. ·Allowing the Arbitration Petition, the Court HELD: 1.1. Initially, Arbitration Petition for B appointment of second arbitrator was filed by Petitioner Nos.1 and 2. Therefore, it is apparent that reference to arbitration was sought on behalf of the three partners to the Production Sharing Contract (PSC). The Arbitration Petition was disposed of as both the parties had no c objection to the arbitrator nominated by each other. Therefore, the matter was left to the two arbitrators to nominate the third arbitrator who shall be the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal. [Paras 47 and 48][211!-A-D]

1.2. The other reason for not accepting the plea D that the Petitioner is not acting on behalf of all the three Contractors, is that the notice was served by petitioner No. 1 in the capacity of Operator, which included all the three Contractors. The correspondence between the parties clearly indicates that the' Respondent recognised E that the Petitioner No.1 is the Operator on behalf of all the Contractors. The provisions of the PSC clearly identified the parties to the PSC. The disputes that have arisen between the parties are also clearly identified in the correspondence exchanged between the parties. It F is not correct to say that the two foreign companies are not operators under the PSC and, therefore, have forfeited any right to operations under the PSC. [Paras 49 50 and 52][216-F-H; 217-D-F] 1.3. It cannot be said that even if it is accepted that G the disputes raised by the Petitioner would also include the disputes of Petitioner Nos. 2 and 3, the arbitration still essentially remains an Indian arbitration. The Respondents have not at any stage earlier raised an H 190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 14 S.C.R.

A objection that the disputes had been raised by Petitioner . No.1 only on its own behalf and did not relate to the disputes of Petitioner No.2 and 3 also. The three petitioners are all parties to the PSC. They are all contractors under the PSC. The PSC recognizes that the B operator would act on behalf of the contractor. All investments are funded by not just the Petitioner No.1 but also by the other parties, and they are equally entitled to the c~sts recovered and the profits earned. ·For the sake of ope~ational efficiency, the Operator acts for and C on behalf of the other ·parties. Therefore, the disputes raised in the correspondence addressed by Petitioner lilo.1 not just on its own behalf but on behalf of all the parties. Therefore, ifthe Petitioner No.1 was to succeed in the arbitration, the award would enure not only to the o benefit of Petitioner No.1, but to all the parties to the PSC. Conversely, if the Government of India were to succeed before the tribunal, ag·ain the· award would have to be enforced against all the parties. In other words, each of the Contractors would have to perform the obligations i: cast upon them. Thus.lit cannot be·said that the arbitration in the present case is not an international arbitration. [Paras 53 and 54][217-G, H; 218-A-F]

1.4. It also cannot be said that petitioner Nos. 2 and 3 have not rai~ed any arbitrable dispute with Union F of India. A perusal of some of the provisions of PSC 1il1ould make it cleilr that all three entities are part.ies to the PSC. All three entities have rights and obligations under_ the PSC. Where petitioner No. 1 acts under the PSC, including by commencing arbitration, it does so G not only on behalf of itself, but also "on behalf of all constituents of the contractors" including petitioner Nos. 2 and 3. There is a significant and broad ranging dispute between petitioner Nos. 1, 2 and 3 on the one hand and the uo1'·on the other hand, that goes to the H heart of the main contractual rights and obligations RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 191 under the PSC. Therefore, it cannot be said that this is A an arbitration between the two Indian parties only. [Paras 55 and 56][218-G, H; 219-A-C & F]

1.5. The accounting procedure clearly provides that petitioner No. 1 shall keep the accounts for the purposes of cost recovery statement. Therefore, it cannot be said B that the claims made by the Petitioner are only on behalf of petitioner No.1. The Joint Operating Agreement expressly provides that the operator "to initiate litigation on behalf of all the parties." The fallacy of the stand taken by UOI is patent. On the one hand, the respondent claims C that the arbitral award would bind not only Petitioner No.1 but also Petitioner Nos. 2 and 3, but on the other hand, is insisting that the arbitration proceedings are only between Petitioner No.1 and UOI. [Para 57][219-G, H; 220-A] D 2.1. In exercise of the jurisdiction under Section 11 (6), the CJI would usually appoint the third arbitrator in accordance with the request. Even ifthe third arbitrator is an Indian National, it would not be contrary to Article E

33.6 (arbitration Clause) of PSC. But it would not be possible to say that only an Indian National can be appointed, as there is an absence of a requirement of appointing a foreign national as the third arbitrator. Article 33.6 virtually leaves it to the Chief Justice of India F to appoint the third arbitrator who would be neutral, impartial and independent from anywhere in the world including India. Just as India cannot be exCluded, similarly, the countries where petitioner Nos. 2 and 3 are domiciled, as an option from where the third arbitrator G could be appointed, cannot be ruled out. [Para 58] [220-H; 221-A-C] · 2.2. When the CJI exercises his jurisdiction under Section 11 (6) he is to be guided by the provisions ·contained in the Arbitration Act, 1996 and generally H 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A accepted practices in the other international jurisdictions. CJI would also be anxious to ensure that no doubts are cast on the neutrality, impartially and independence of · the Arbitral Tribunal. In international arbitration, the surest method of ensuring at/east the appearance of . B neutrality would be to appoint the sole or the third arbitrator from nationality other than the parties to the arbitration. [Para 58)(221-D-F]

2.3. Section 11 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 uses similar phraseology as Article 11 of the UNCITRAL Model C Law. Therefore, it would not be possible to say that the Court cannot look to Model Laws or the UNCITRAL Laws as legitimate aids in giving the appropriate interpretation to the provisions of Section 11, including Section 11(6). [Para 67)(225-A-B] D

2.4. The neutrality of an arbitrator is assured by Section 11 ( 1) of the Arbitration Act, 1996, which provides that a person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by· the parties. There is no agreement between the parties in the present case that E even a third arbitrator must 'necessarily be an Indian national. In fact, Section 11(9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 specifically empowers the CJI to appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationality of the parties F involved in the litigation. Therefore, it is not correct to. say that it would not be permissible under the Arbitration Act, 1996 to appoint the third arbitrator of any nationality other than Indian. Merely because the two arbitrators nominated by the parties are Indian, would not . ipso facto lead to the conclusion that the parties had ruled G out the appointment of the third arbitrator from a neutral . nationality. In the present case, both the arbitrators had . been appointed by the parties, therefore, the condition precedent for appointing an arbitrator, from amongst persons, who are not nationals of the country of any of H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 193 the parties to the arbitration proceedings, had not even A arisen. [Para 68][225-C-F]

2,5. A perusal of Article 33.5, PSC would also show that it deals only with the situation where the other party fails to appoint an arbitrator and a request is made to the Chief Justice of India or a person authorised by him B to appoint the second arbitrator. In such a situation, the Chief Justice is required to choose the second arbitrator from amongst the persons who are not nationals of a country of any of. the parties to the arbitrator proceedings. Article 33.6 is invoked when the two C arbitrators appointed by the parties fail to nominate the third arbitrator. In such circumstances, the Chief Justice or the nominees of the Chief Justice is required to appoint the third arbitrator in accordance with the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. At t_hat stage, D Section 11(9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 would become relevant. It would be necessary for the Chief Justice of India to take into consideration the will of the Indian Parliament expressed in Section ~1(9). The submission· made by the Petitioners cannot be said to be without E any merit. The Court is unable to read into Article, 33.6, an embargo on the appointment of a foreign national as the third arbitrator. It is not possible to say thatthe parties have specifically decided to exclude the appointment of a foreign arbitrator under Article 33.6, as no specific F provision was made para materia to Article 33.5. Even in the absence of a specific provision, the appointment of the third arbitrator under Article 33.6 would have to be guided by the provisions contained under Section 11(9) of the Arbitration Act. [Para 69][225-G-H; 226-A~E] G Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II vs. ST/C Travels (P) Ltd. (2001) 1 sec 509; MSA Necferland B. V. vs. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. (2005) 13 sec 719- referred to.

H 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A 2.6. Clause 33.5 of the PSC provides that on failure of the second party to nominate its arbitrator, the Chief Justice of India may be requested to appoint the second arbitrator from amongst persons who· are not nationals of the country of any of the parties to the arbitration B proceeding.s. Therefore, in "principle, it becomes apparent that the Respondents have accepted the appointment of the second arbitrator from a neutral country. Merely because, the seat of arbitration is in India, the applicable law is Indian Law; it does not C become incumbent on the Court to appoint the third arbitrator, who is an Indian natio.nal. The concern of the Court is to ensure neutrality, impartiality and independence of the third arbitrator. Choice of the parties has little, if anything, to do with the choice of the Chief Justice of India or his nominee in appointing the third 0 arbitrator. [Para 72][228-F-H; 229-A-B]

2.7. Even atthe stage of exercising its jurisdiction under Section 11 (6) at the final stage, the Chief Justice of India or his nominee can informally enquire about the E preference of the parties. But it is entirely upto the Chief J.ustice of India, whether to accept any of the preferences or to appoint the third arbitrator not mentioned by any of the parties. In making such a choice, the Chief Justice of India will be guided by the relevant provisions contained in the Arbitration Act, UNCITRAL Model Laws F and the UNCITRAL Rules, where the parties have included the applicability of the UNCITRAL Model Laws/ UNCITRAL Rules by choice.[Para 72][229-C-D] . 2.8. The trend of the third arbitrator/presiding officer G of a neutral nationality being appointed is now more or less universally accepted under the Arbitration Acts and Arbitration Rules in different jurisdictions. [Para 73][229-E]

2.9. In the present case, Article 33(9) of the PSC H adopts the UNCITRAL Rules for the arbitration RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 195 agreement under Article 39. The applicable UNCITRAL A Rules at the time when the arbitration agreement was signed, were the 1976 Rules. The aforesaid Rules have been literally paraphrased in Section 11(9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996. Rule 4 of UNCITRAL states that in making the appointment, the appointing authority shall B have regard to such consideration as are likely to secure appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. Superimposed on those two conditions is a provision that the appointing authority shall take into account, as well, the advisability of arbitrator of a nationality other C than the nationalities of the parties. These rules are almost parallel to Article 33(5) of the PSC. [Paras 74and 75][229-F-H; 230-A]

2.10. The apprehension of the respondent about the impartiality of the third arbitrator due to the D omnipresence of British Petroleum all over the world is imaginary and illusory. Such a proposition cannot possibly be accepted as a general practice for the appointment of Chairman/Presiding Officer/Third Arbitrator guided by the principle consideration that there E must not only be the neutrality, but appearance of neutrality of the third arbitrator. In that view of the matter, it is not correct that only an Indian National can be appointed as the third arbitrator. The apprehension about the influence/presence of British Petroleum in F other jurisdictions would apply equally to the Union of India, if the third arbitrator is an Indian national, within the Indian jurisdiction.[Paras 76 and 78][230-B-C; 231-E] 2.11. The other apprehension of the respondentthat if a foreign national is appointed as a third arbitrator, the G Tribunal would be at a disadvantage as all applicable laws are Indian, is also misplaced. The two arbitrators already appointed are Former Chief Justices of India and can be very safely relied upon to advise the third H 196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A arbitrator of any legal position, which is peculiar to India. [Para 79][231-F-G]

2.12. In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the present case, it would be appropriate if an individual not named by any of the parties is appointed as the third B arbitrator. Honourable James Spigelman AC QC, former Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Australia is appointed as the third Arbitrator who shall act as the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal who is . ' not a National of any of the parties involved in the dispute. C [Paras 8.0 and 81][232-B-D] · Northern Railway Administration, Ministry of Railway, New Delhi vs. Patel Engineering Company Limited (2008) 10 SCC 240 - relied on. D Antrix Corporation Limited vs. Devas Multimedia · Private Ltd. 2013 (7) SCALE 216 - referred to. Redfern and Hunter on International Afbitration, Fifth Edition (2009) Para 4.59; Gary 8. Born in E International Commercial Arbitration, Volume I (2009); Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration, Fifth Edition (2009) at Page 263 -referred to. CASE LAW REFERENCE F 2013 (7) SCALE 216 referred to Para 27 · '"(2001) 1 sec 509 referred to ·•Para 71 (2005) 13 sec 719 referred to Para 71 G (2008) 10 sec 240 relied on Para 77 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Arbitration Petition No. 27bf2013) Harish N. Salve and Milin Sathe, Sr.Advocates, Sameer H Parekh, Ms. Sonali Basu Parekh, Lalit S. Chauhan, Nitin RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 197 Thukral and Utsav Trivedi (for Mis Parekh & Co.),Advs.forthe A Petitioners.

Anil B. Divan and DushyantA. Dave, Sr. Advocates, Ms. Bindu Saxena, Shailendra Swarup, Ms. Aparajit Swarup, Ran11ir Singh and K. K. Patra, Advs. for the Respondent. B The Judgment and Orders of the Court were delivered by · SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J. 1. This petition has been filed under Section 11 (6) of the Arbitration Act, 1996, with a prayer for appointment of the third and the presiding C arbitrator, as the two arbitrators nominated by the parties have failed to reach a consensus on the appointment of the third arbitrator. 2. Petition.er No.1 is a company incorporated and registered under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956; D ·Petitioner No.2 is a company incorporated in Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands; Petitioner No.3 is a company incorporated according to the laws of England & Wales. The · Respondent herein is Union of India (hereinafter referred to as "UOI"), represented by the Joint Secretary, Ministry of E Petroleum and Natural Gas. 3. Briefly stated, the relevant facts are as under:

4. In 1999, UOI announced a policy-New Exploration and Licensing Policy (hereinafter referred to as "NELP"). Under F NELP, certain blocks of hydrocarbon reserves were .offered for exploration, development and production to private contractors under the agreements which were in the nature of Production Sharing Contract. One of the said blocks was Block KG-DWN-98/3 ("Block Kq-D6"). The joint bid made by the . G Petitioners Nci.1 and 2 for the Block KG-D6 was accepted by · the UOI. Thereafter on 12'" April, 2000, Production Sharing Contract (hereinafter referred to as 'PSC') was executed between the Petitioners No.1 and 2 as Contractor on one side and UOI on the other. The Arbitration Agre~ment in the PSC is H 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A contained in Article 33. Relevant facts thereof, is in the following words: "ARTICLE33 SOLE EXPERT, CONCILIATIONANDARBITRATION B 33.1 * * * 33.2 * * * 33.3 Subject to the provisions of this Contract, the Parties hereby agree that any cont~9versy, difference, disagreement or claim for damages, compensation or c otherwise (hereinafter in this Clause referred to as a "dispute") arising between the Parties, which cannot be settled amicably within ninety (90) days afterthe dispute arises, may (except for those referred to in Article 33.2, D "which may be referred to a sole expert) be submitted to an arbitral tribunal for final decision as hereinafter provided.·

33.4 The arbitral tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators. Each Party to the dispute shall appoint one arbitrator and E: the Party or Parties shall so advise the other Parties. The two arbitrators appointed by the Parties shall appoint the third arbitrator. 33.SAny Party may, after appointing an arbitrator, request the other Party(ies) in writing to appoint the second· F arbitrator. If such other Parfy fails to appoint an arbitrator within thirty (30) days of receipt of the written request to do so, such arbitrator may, atthe request of the first Party, be appointed by the Chief Justice of India or by a person authorised by him within thirty (30) .days of the date of G receipt of such request, from amongst persons who are not nationals of the country of any of the Parties to the arbitration proceedings. 33.6 If the two arbitrators appointed by or on behalf of the Parties fail to agree on the appointment of the third H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 199 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] arbitrator within thirty (30) days of the appointment of the A second arbitrator and if the Parties do not otherwise agree, at the request of either Party, the third arbitrator shall be appointed in accordance with Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

33.12 The venue of the sole expert, conciliation or arbitration proceedings pursuant to this Article, unless the Parties agree otherwise, sha11 be New Delhi, India and shall be conducted in the English language. Insofar c as practicable, the Parties shall continue to implement the terms of this Contract notwithstanding the initiation of arbitral proceedings before a sole expert, conciliator or arbitral tribunal and any pending claim or dispute. 33.13 * * *" D 5. On 8'h August, 2011, UOI granted its approval to the Petitioner No.1 to assign 30% of its participating interest in the Block KG-06, under the PSC to Petitioner No.3. On the same date, i.e. 8'h August, 2011, Petitioner No. 3 also entered into PSC as a party. Further, Petitioner No.1 was appointed E as the' Operator' tor Block KG-D6, both under the terms of the PSC, and the Joint Operating Agreement that was executed between Petitioner No. 1 and Petitioners No. 2 & 3.

6. It appears that in the financial year 2010-2011, F differences relating to the scope and interpretation of the provisions of the PSC arose between the Petitioners and Respondent after the publication of some media reports. These reports, according to the Petitioners, suggested that the Respondent was planning tci disallow cost recovery of the G expenditures incurred by the Contractorsince the productions levels from the gas fields had fallen drastically. According to the Petitioners, all the disagreements and differences that have arisen between them and UOI will inevitably lead to serious problems in the working of the PSC. To resolve this dispute, H 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14S.C.R. 'A lengthy correspondence ensued between Petitioner No. 1 and the officers/representatives of Respondent No.1.

7. On 16th September, 2011. RIL (Petitioner no, 1) wrote to the Respondent and pointed out that any attempt to disallow or to restrict cost recovery of expenditures incurred by the ' · 8 Contractor since the production levels from .gas fields had fallen, would be contrary to.the provisions of the PSC and, requested that no such action should be taken. There was no response to the aforesaid letter from the Respondent. ,, c 8. On 23"' November, 2011, Petitioner No.1 {RIL), through its Advocates, served upon the Respondent a notice invoking arbitration, in accordance with the arbitration agreement contained in Article 33 of the PSC. In this letter, Petitioner no.1 also nominated Mr. Justice S. P. Bharucha, former Chief Justice of India, as its arbitrator and called upon the Respondent to 0 nominate its arbitrator within 30 days of the receipt of this letter. Respondent replied tci this letter on 21st December, 2011, and intimated Petitioner NoJ. that the matter is under consideration and that "the Ministry needs more time to respond and would E do so by 31st January, 2012." In its letter dated 2nd January, 2012, thePetitioners pointed out to the Respondentthat, "the PSC, the UNCITRAL Rules and the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 - .set a period of thirty days for your making appointment of an Arbitrator." Nevertheless, as a matter. F of good faith, time for nomination of an arbitrator by the · Respondent was extended until 31st January, 2012.

9. The Respondent, however, by a letter dated 25th January, 2012 addressed to Petitioner No.1 called upon the Petitioner to withdraw the Notice of Arbitration on the ground G that the same was premature, "for the reason that no 'dispute' has arisen between the parties to the Production Sharing Contract." It is noteworthy that no objection was taken with regard to Petitioner No.1 being the only party under thePSC that seems to be.raising the disputes. H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 201 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 10. Thereafter on znd February, 2012, Petitioner No.1 A replied to the Respondent, by a letter through its advocates, wherein it was reiterated that .there have been a long standing controversy, differences and/or disagreement as to whether the contractor's right to recover its contract cost is capable of being limited by the Government, in the manner and on the B . grounds as is sought to be done under the PSC. It was also stated that: "Our client treats and construes your letter under reply as your refusal and failure to appoint an arbitrator." 11. On 17'" February, 2012, Respondent wrote a letter to Petitioner No.1, wherein it was reiterated that no dispute C concerning the cost recovery under the PSC has arisen between the parties to the PSC. The Respondent once again called upon the Petitioners to withdraw the notice of arbitration dated 23rd November, 2011. D

12. In response to the aforesaid letter, Petitioner No.1, · through its Advocates, addr~ssed a letter dated 9'h March, . 2012 to the Respondent, wherein the demand made in the. notice of arbitration dated 23"' November, 2011 was reiterated. The letter inter alia stated as under: E "We are instructed to state that the assertion that disputes and differences have not arisen between the Government and the Contractor overlooks the previous correspondence that the ensured (sic: ensued) between the parties" F ••• "The underlying reason for all this appears to be disputes that have arisen between the Contractor and the DGH ... " ••• G "The DGH, on its part has disagreed with the contractor inter alia on whether the factual; assertion that drilling of more wells would not augment the rate of production" H 202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 14 S.C.R. A Annexure-1 to the aforesaid letter listed some of the issues that have already arisen between the parties; which are as under: (I) Whether tlie FDP implies a commitment of the contractor to produce particular or at a particular rat~? B (II) Whether the FDP implies a commitment of the contractor to do a series of development activities even if there is a difference of opinion between the Government and the Contractor as to the efficacy of c these activities? (Ill) Whether the FDP is revised pro tanto by WP & B's from time to time approved by MC?

(IV) Whether the variation between.the costs proposed in the FDP and the actual cost can be a basis for D disallowing Capex? (V) Is the recovery of cos't related in any manner to the . estimates of production even if the costs are within the sanctioned budgets? E (VI) Is the recovery of costs of facilities in any manner related to the attainment of production estimates of the FDP or the estimates of deposits or reservoir characteristics? (VII) Whether the FDP was a representation by the F contractor to produce at a particular rate or to produce a particular quantity for a defined period, which by conduct became a binding contract between the parties? (VIII) Would the drilling of additional wells result in G increased production rates/volumes. (IX) Did the approval of the WP & B's [FY 2009-10 (RE) and 2010-11 (BE)] result in a modification of FDP? H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 203 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] (X) Were the reasons given by the MoPNG/DGH for A declining approval to the WP & B's for FY 2010-11 (RE) and 2011-12 valid? (XI) If the answer to (IX) and (X) is in the negative, what is the consequence?" B

13. On 16th April, 2012, Petitioners No.1 & 2 filed Arbitration Petition No. 8 of 2012 under Section 11 (6) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 before this Court (hereinafter referred to as "AP. No. 8'), seeking 9onstitution of Arbitral Tribunal in terms of Article 33.5 of the PSC. After filing of this petition, c corresponqence ensued between the Petitioners and the Respondent, wherein the subject matter related to cost recovery of expenditure incurred by the Contractor for the years 2010-2011 was discussed. This was done through letters/notice dated 2nd May, 2012; 4th May, 2012 and 81hJune, 2012. In the D letter dated 2°0 May, 2012, the Respondent makes a reference to the PSC dated 12th April, 2000 in the following terms: "We write with reference to the Production Sharing Contract ("PSC") dated April 12, 2000 between Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas ("Government"), Reliance E Industries Limited (being the operator) and Niko Resources Limited (collectively "Contractor"), in relation to block KG-DWN-98-3. The expressions used and not defined herf:!in and defined in the PSC, shall have the meaning ascribed thereto in the PSC." F The letter claims that the Petitioners have failed: "to fulfil your obligations and to adhere to the terms of the PSC and . are in deliberate and wilful breach of PSC and have thereby caused immense loss and prejudice to the Government. You have also repeatedly failed to meet your targets under the G PSC." Thereafter the specific instances of the breach have been highlighted in detail. Finally, it is recorded as under:-"ln this regard, we have been instructed to state that any such purported attempt to unilaterally adjust any amounts H

204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A as threatened or otherwise would be completely illegal -and constitute a serious breach of the provisions of the PSC and that our client reserves all its right under the PSC, the Arbitration Act, and the UNCITRALArbitration Rules if the Government attempts_ to proceed to B implement the purported decision threatened or otherwise." 14. The Petitioners by an equally detailed letter denied the claims made by the Respondent on 8th June, 2012. In paragraph 31 of the aforesaid letter, ttie Petitioners again C called upon the Respondent to appoint an arbitrator forthwith (without raising ariy other procedural issues designed to delay the dispute resolution process) so that the vital project undertaken by the parties is not put in jeopardy on account of the continuing uncertainty. ' D

15. In its letter dated 5th July, 2012, the Respondent makes a reference to the letter dated 2"d May, 2012 addressed to Coritractors of the block KG-DWN-98/3 and to the l~tter · dated 8th June, 2012 written by the Solicitors ori behalf of E Petitioner No.1 and stated that the Ministry had nominated Mr. Justice V.N.Khare, former Chief Justice of India as the arbitrator on behalf of the Government of India. The letter also called upon the Petitioners to withdraw theA.P. No. 8. On 16th July, 2012, the Petitioners, through its advocates, addressed F a letter to the Registrar of this Court, wherein it was requested . that theA.P: No. 8 may be disposed of. Accordingly, theA.P. No. 8 was disposed of by this Court by an order dated 7th August, 2012. It would be appropriate to notice here the relevant extract of the order: G "Both the parties have no objection to the Arbitrators nominated by each other. Under the arbitration clause, the two nominated Arbitrators are to nominate the third Arbitrator. In view of the above, in my opinion, no further orders are required to be passed in this H Arbitration Petition. The Arbitration Petition is disposed of as such." RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 205 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

16. On 12'h July, 2013, PetitionerNo.1 addressed a letter A · to Mr. Justice S.P. Bharucha and Mr. Justice V.N. Khare, requesting them to nominate the third arbitrator. On 1••August, 2013, Mr. Justice Bharucha wrote a.letter to Petitioner No.1, inter alia, as follows : "Undoubtedly, there has been a delay in the appointment B of a third arbitrator. I had made a suggestion to my fellow arbitrator, which was not acceptable to him. I asked him to make a counter suggestion which he said he would do. I have not heard any counter suggestion as yet. c In the circumstances, you must consider whether the court should be approached for the appointment of a third arbitrator." 17. It was in these circumstances that the present arbitration petition came to be filed under Section 11 (6) of the D Arbitration Act, 1996. Submissions: 18. I have heard elaborate arguments, and perused the written submissions submitted by the learned senior counsel E appearing for the parties. 19. Mr. Harish N. Salve, learned senior counsel, appearing for the Petitioners has made the following submissions: !- Re: International Commercial Arbitration· F

20. It was submitted that the present arbitral proceedings relate to an International Commercial Arbitration, as defined under Section 2 (1) (f) of the Arbitration Act, 1996. Ld. senior counsel pointed out that two out of the four parties to the G arbitration agreement are based outside India; Petitioner No. 2·being a U.K. based company and Petitioner No.3 being based in Canada. Substantiating this submission, it was pointed out by Mr. Salve that each of the Petitioners is a party H 206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A to the PSC, as defined under Article 28.1 of PSC; and each of the Petitioners comprise a "Contractor", under Article 2 of PSC.

21. It was also submitted that Petitioner No. 1, as "Operator," performs each and every function of the Contractor under the PSC on behalf of all the constituents of the Contractor, 8 as defined under Articles 7.1 and 7.3 of the PSC. Mr. Salve mentioned that the Appendix 'C' to the PSC provides accounting procedure which is required to be followed by the Contractor and the Government. Learned senior counsel also brought to our attention the accounting procedure that is C required to be followed by the contractor and the Government. Sections 1.4.2 and 1.4.4 of Appendix 'C' to the PSC indicate that the accounts are to be maintained by the Operator on behalf of the Contractors. On the basis of the aforesaid it was submitted that for the purpose of cost recovery, only one set of D accounts, as opposed to three sets of accounts, has to be maintained. Thus, according to the submission, the award will affect the cost recovery under the PSC and impact all the parties, particularly Petitioners, equal!y. In the light of the aforesaid, it WC!S submitted thatthe Operator was, therefore, E obliged to raise a dispute on behalf of all the parties/Petitioners. This was also made clear in theA.P. No. 8

22. Lastly it is submitted by Mr. Salve that the Respondent itself has always understood and accepted that the substance F of the dispute is related to and has implications for all the parties to PSC. It was also pointed out that the Notice dated 2n' May, 2012 was addressed by the UOI to all the three Petitioners and thatthe nomination of the Arbitrator by the UOI was with reference to notice dated 2n' May, 2012. G !1 Re: Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court: 23. Mr. Salve submitted that the parties cannot confe.r jurisdiction on the Supreme Court, it flows from the fact that there is an international arbitration. He submits that the stand of the UOI is inconsistent. On the one hand it has accepted H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 207 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

that this court has the jurisdiction to entertain the petition, and A on the other hand it questions the assertion that this petition concerns an international arbitration. It is further submitted by him that A. P. No. 8 was filed in 2012 on the premise that the arbitration between the Petitioner and the UOI was an international arbitration on account of the fact that Petition'er B No.2 is a company incorporated outside India. It was pointed out that no dispute, as to the maintainability of the petition, was raised at that time. A.P. No. 8 was disposed of by this Court on merits and not for the want of jurisdiction. No dispute was raised to the effect that this Court has no jurisdiction to C entertain the petition, which was filed under Sei:tion 11 (6) of theArbitrationAct, 1996. On the basis of the above, he submits that the objection was raised by the Respondents that Petitioner No.1 is the only party raising disputes in relation to PSC, and claiming reference to arbitration is an afterthought. D

24. Mr. Salve further submits that the contention of the UOI that this Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the present petition in view of Section 11 (2) oftheArbitration Act, 1996, is misconceived. It is also submitted that Sub-section (2) qf Section 11 is subject, expressly, to subsection (6) thereof. E Section 11 (6) provides that in case the appointment procedure agreed upon by the parties is not complied with, a party may request the Chief Justice to take the necessary measures. The expression "Chief Justice" has been defined under sub-section (12)(a) of Section 11 as the Chief Justice of India, in the case F of an international commercial arbitration. In other arbitrations under Section 11 (12)(b), it would be the Chief Justice of the High Court. It was then submitted that a procedure agreed to by the parties for appointment of arbitrator(s) is subjectto Sub-section (6); it cannot override sub-section (6) and provide that G in respect of a domestic arbitration, not-withstanding sub-section(12), the parties would only move the Chief Justice of India, or vice versa in the case of an international arbitration. On the basis of the aforesaid, it was submitted that the H 208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. . A contention of the UOI that this Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the petition under Section 11 (6) is misconceived. !!1. Re: Notice :

. 25. Further, it was stated that the Joint Operating B Agreement entitles the Operatorto initiate litigation on behalf of all the parties. It was also submitted that it is significant to note that there is inconsistency in the stand taken by the Respondent. On the one hand, Respondent claims that the arbitral award would bind not merely Petitioner No.1 but also c Petitioners No. 2 and 3; however on the other hand, the Respondent insists that the arbitration proceedings are only between Petitioner No. 1 and UOI. This stand of the Respondents has been submitted to be contrary to the established jurisprudence that an arbitral award is binding only on the parties to the arbitration. 0 IV. Re: Arbitrator of Neutral Nationality

26. Mr. Salve submitted that since the arbitration is an international one, this court, in accordance with the established international practise, should consider appointing an arbitrator E of a nationality other than the nationalities of the parties. In this context, it was pointed out that the statute expressly obligates the Court to examine the issue of nationality of the arbitrator vis-a-vis the nationality of the parties. It was asserted that Article 33(5) of the PSC is conclusive on this issue. It provides that if F one of the parties fails to appoint its arbitrator, the Court would appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than that of the defaulting party. It was submitted that this clause indicates the significance that the parties have attached to the neutrality of the arbitrators. A fortiori, the chairman/presiding arbitrator G should be of a nationality other than Indian. The contention of the UOI that absence of a provision similar to Article 33(5) of the Arbitration Agreement in relation to the appointment of the third arbitrator suggests that the presiding arbitrator could be Indian has been submitted by Mr. Salve to be misconceived. H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.v. UNION OF INDIA 209 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

27. It was also brought to our notice thatthe UNCITRAL A Rules, in force at the time when the PSC was drafted and entered into, recognised that while the appointing authority could appoint an arbitrator of the same nationality as that of ttie defaulting party (in the event where a party fails to nominate its arbitrator), but the presiding arbitrator that has to. be B appointed would be of the nationality other than that of the parties. The Petitioners states that the PSC provides for even a greater degree of neutrality than the UNCITRAL by provisioning that in case one of the parties makes a default in nominating its arbitrator then the arbitrator has to be appointed c from a neutral nationality. It was then submitted that there was no need of a similar provision in relation to the presiding arbitrator since the arbitration was to be in accordance with UNCITRAL Rules. In this context, learned senior counsel relied upon the law laid in Antrix Corporation Limited Vs. Devas o Multimedia Private Ltd 1, wherein it was inter alia held that the reference to such rules (ICC in that case) would include the process of constitution of a tribunal.

28. Mr. Salve also referred to the submission of the Respondent that the PSC being governed by the Indian law E or/and that it involves the issues of public policy for India as irrelevant. The fact that a party nominee had to be from a neutral · country establishes that the parties did not consider the governing law of the contract to be of any relevance to the nationality of the arbitrator. It was also submitted that the trend F of appointing presiding arbitrator from a "neutral nationality" is now universally accepted under various arbitration rules as well as under the Arbitration Act, 1996. 29. Mr. Salve also pointed out that Article 33 (9) of the PSC adopts the UNCITRAL Rules for the arbitration Agreement G and that at the time of signing the Arbitration Agreement the UNCITRAL Rules, 1976 were in force. Mr. Salve also referred to Article 6 of UNCITRAL Rules, 1976. He laid particular stress on Article 6 (4). 1 2013 (7) SCALE 216 (Para 34) H 210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A 30. It was further mentioned that the UNCITRAL Rules of 2010 are now at par with the procedure under Article 33.5, even with respect to appointment of second arbitrator. 31. Relying upon the judgment of this Court in Northern Railway Adtnihistratioh, Ministry of Railway, New Delhi B Vs. Patel Englheering Company Limited2, it was submitted that the scheme of Section 11 emphasises that the terms of an Arbitration Agreement should be given effect as closely as · possible.

32. Lastly, it was submitted that the Respondents had C lost their right to nominate the second arbitrator in the earlier round of litigation, i.e. A.P. No.·8 and hence, the Petitioners could have insisted under Article 33.5 that the Tribunal must be constituted of two non-Indian Arbitrators in addition to the arbitrator appointed by the Petitioner. It is, therefore, imperative D that the third arbitrator should have a neutral nationality. Respondent's Submissions

33. Mr. Anil B. Divan and Mr. DushyantA. Dave, learned senior counsel, appeared for the Respondents. At the outset, E it was pointed out that the present arbitration petition has been filed under Sections 11 (6) and 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996, read with Article 33.6 of the PSC. It was then submitted that the Article 33.6 of the PSC, unlike Article 33.5,-does not require that the arbitrator to be appointed should be a foreign national. F The learned senior counsel suggested that the aforesaid omission is both deliberate and significant. It was further submitted that the Petitioners, by choosing not to object to the appointment of Mr. Justice V.N. Khare, have waived of the requirement that a foreign national be appointed as an arbitrator by the parties, under Article 33.5 of the PSC. It was further G submitted that this waiver also becomes clear from the letter dated 16'" July, 2012, which was sent on behalf of the Petitioners to the Respondent, wherein the nomination of Mr. Justice Khare was accepted without any reservation. The H '(200SJ 1osec240 RELIANCE iNDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF lNDIA 211 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Petitioners are, therefore, as stated by the learned senior A counsel, estopped from insisting upon appointment of a foreign arbitrator.

34. Next, learned senior counsel submitted that that the PSC is one of the most valued, crucial and sensitive contracts for the nation, in as much as it deals with the PSC in offshore B areas; and it deals inter alia with License and Exploration, Discovery, Development and Production of the most valuable natural resources, viz. petroleum products, including crude oil and/or natural gas. Propounding further, it was submitted that these products are vital to the survival of the nation. UOI entered C into the PSC with Petitioners No. 1 and 2, with avowed objective of exploiting the aforesaid.natural resources(s) in the most efficient, productive manner and in a timely fashion. The PSC, therefore, has great significance for the nation. lt was also submitted that the entire subject matter of the contract is D situated in India and hence, the applicable law is the Indian law for both the substantive contract and the Arbitration Agreement.

35. Placing strong reliance on the factual situation, it was submitted that the PSC, its interpretation, and its execution E involve intricate and complex questions of law and facts' relating to Indian conditions; arid Indian laws. It was further . submitted that since the pifrties were aware about the aforesaid nature of PSC, th~y consciously refrained from having the requirement tharthe third arbitrator should be a F foreign nati1'nal. Thus, it was·submitted by the learned senior counsel, that the issue relating to the appointment of the third arbitrator has been left squarely to the two nominated arbitrators, and that the two C\rbitrators are not to be influenced by any requirement that the third arbitrator should be a foreign G national. · ·· 36. In the support of the aforesaid submission, learned counsel relied upon the letterdated 12'h July, 2013 written by ·.... .' H 212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A the Petitioner to the two arbitrators, wherein a request was made to complete the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. The following excerpt has been relied upon: "While it is understood that it is sometimes a time consuming exercise, Your Honour will appreciate that the B issues which are subject matter of the arbitration proceedings are of significant importance to the Claimants. Accordingly, on behalf of our clients we humbly request c Your Honour to complete the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal at your earliest convenience,"

37. Learned senior counsel also relied upon the letter dated 1''August,2013 written by Mr. Justice Bharucha to submit that there is not even a suggestion that the third arbitrator has D to be a foreign national. 38. The next submission of the Respondent is that Petitioners No2 and 3 have not raised any dispute under the PSC at any stage. It is only the Petitioner alone that has raised the dispute and come forward as the Claimant. To substantiate E the submissions, Respondents rely upon the following documents: (i) Letter dated 23.11.2011; (ii) Notice of Arbitration dated 23.11.2011; F (iii) Letter dated 02.01.2011 on behalf of Petitioner No. 1 by its solicitors. (iv) Letter dated 02.02.2011, on behalf of Petitioner No. 1 by its solicitors. G (v) Letter dated 05.07.2012 of the Respondent to the Solicitors of RI L. (vi) Letter dated 1''August, 2013 of Mr. Justice Bharucha, as per the Respondent shows that the arbitration was H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 213 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] between Reliance Industries Limited and the A Government of India.

39. It was also emphasised that all the communications annexed with the present petition identify the claimant to be Petitioner No. 1. It was also highlighted that the contents of the letter dated 2nd May, 2012 written by the Respondents, which B inter-a/ia deals with inadmissibility of recovery of costs has not been disputed by Petitioners No. 2 and 3. Learned senior counsel also relies upon the letter dated 12'h July, 2013, sent on behalf of Petitioner No.1 by its Solicitors to the Arbitrators. This letter was sent after the order dated 7'h August 2012 was C passed by this Court in A.P. No. 8 of 2012. According to the Respondents this letter also shows that the dispute is only between RIL and the Respondent. 40. Mr. Divan also submitted that Petitioners No. 2 and D 3 have not conformed to Article 33 of the PSC, for the purposes of invoking arbitration. Such non-compliance cannot be considered as merely an omission. In the light of the aforesaid, it was submitted that Petitioner No.1, an Indian Company, is the only party to the dispute with the Respondents and therefore, E there is no need to appoint a foreign arbitrator. Fµrther, it was submitted even if it is assumed that Petitioners No. 2 and 3 have raised the dispufes in terms of Article 33.6, there is no question of appointment of a foreign arbitrator as the dispute raised is only between two Indian parties, viz. Petitioner No.1 F, and the Respondents.

41. The next submission of Mr. Divan is that Section 11 (1) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 provides that an arbitrator can be of any nationality, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. It was submitted that since the parties did not choose to have a G foreign national to be appointed as the third arbitrator in Article 33.6, the parties did not choose to make Section 11(1) applicable to them. Learned senior counsel also pointed out that the parties instead agreed to proceed under Section 11 (2) H 214 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A as they agreed to appoint an arbitrator without requiring him to be of any foreign nationality. 42. Mr. Divan then points out that Section 11 (9) has been authoritatively interpreted in Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II Vs. STIC Travels (P) Ltd. 3 and MSANederland B.V. B Vs. Larsen & Toubro Ltd.4 According to the learned senior counsel, UNCITRAL Rules cannot override Sections 11(1) & (2), read with Article 33.6, nor can these Rules aid in interpreting Section 11 (9). It was further submitted that the appointment of the third arbitrator under Article 33.6 of PSC C has to be made under Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The UNCITRAL Rules will come into play only aftertheArbitral Tribunal has been constituted. According to learned senior counsel, following factors negate the application of UNCITRAL Rules in making the appointment of the arbitrators: D (a) The law governing the arbitration agreement is Indian Law;

(b) The seat of the arbitration is in India which makes the curial law of the arbitration as Indian law. E (c) The governing law of the contract is the Indian law. (d) All these factors would show that UNCITRAL Rules would become relevant only after theArbitralTribunal has been constituted . . F 43. Lastly, it was submitted that the appointment of a foreign national as the third arbitrator is not only legally untenable, but also undesirable, in the facts and circumstances of the present case. To substantiate this, it was submitted that both Petitioners No. 2 and 3 are multi-national companies, G with Petitioner No. 3 having presence/business connections in about 80 countries. These countries include the countries whose nationals are sought to be nominated by the Petitioners. It was further submitted that unravelling all the countries in which '(2001 l 1 sec 509 H 4 (2005)13SCC719 RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD'. v. UNION OF INDIA 215 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Petitioner No. 3 may have a connection would be difficult, if A not impossible. Thus, the very object of neutrality, impartiality and independence will be defeated by appointing a foreign national as the third arbitrator. On the contrary, it was submitted, appointment of a former judge of this Court would fie the most suitable arrangement. B

44. In response, Mr. Salve submitted that: (i) The reliance placed by the Respondents upon the law laid in Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II Vs. STIC Travels (P) Ltd. (supra) and MSA Nederland B.V. Vs. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. (supra) is misplaced as these cases are inapplicable in the present C case. (ii) The contention of the UOI that nationals of the 80 countries in which Petitioner No. 3 has operations would beconie ineligible to be appointed as arbitrators is misconceived. In this context, it was submitted that the Arbitration Act, 1996 and the related international practices D takes into account nationality but not area of operation. This submission of the Respondent, according to Mr. Salve, is not tenable because it confuses the question of independence and impartiality with neutrality. The aspect of neutrality is dealt with in Section 11 (8) and Section 12; whereas, nationality is E considered in Sections 11 (1) & (9) of Arbitration Act, 1996. Further, it was submitted that these two provisions would be rendered otiose if the submission of the UOI is accepted. 45. Before parting with submissions made on behalf of F the parties, it must also be noticed that the learned senior counsel for the parties have submitted a list each of proposed/ suggested arbitrators; which according to them would satisfy the requirements of the arbitration agreement contained in PSC. G 46. I have considered the submissions made by the learned senior counsel for the parties.

47. I am not inclined to accept the submissions made by Mr. Anil B. Divan, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf H 216 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A of the UOI. Initially, Arbitration Petition No.8 was filed by Reliance Industries Limited- RIL (Petitioner No.1) and Niko (Petitioner No.2). In paragraph 6 of the arbitration petition, it was specifically averred as follows:-"The Respondent by its letter dated 81h August, 2011, B granted its approval to Petitioner No.1 to assign 30% of its Participating Interest under the PSC to BP, thereby also making BP a partner in the Block KG-06 ........ " Therefore, it is apparent that reference to arbitration was c sought on behalf of the three partners to the PSC. 48. The Arbitration Petition was disposed of as both the parties had no objection to the arbitrator nominated by each other. Therefore, the matter was left to the two arbitrators to nominate the third arbitrator who shall be the Chairman of the D Arbitral Tribunal. However, by letter dated 1 '1 August, 2013, Mr. Justice Bharucha pointed out that the two arbitrators have not been able to agree on the third arbitrator. Therefore, the Petitioners h<id to approach this court for appointment of a third arbitrator. In these circumstances, the present Petition E came to be filed under Section 11 (6).

49. There is an additional reason for not accepting the submission made by Mr. Anil Divan, learned senior counsel, that the Petitioner is not acting on behalf of all the three Contractors. The notice was served by RIL in the capacity of F Operator, which included all the three Contractors, i.e., RIL, Niko and British Petroleum (BP). 50. A perusal of some of the correspondence reproduced earlier clearly indicates that the Respondent recognised that G the Petitioner No.1 is the Operator on behalf of all the Contractors, namely, Reliance, Niko and BP. 51. I find much substance in the submission of Mr. Salve that the contentions raised in the counter affidavit reflect a misunderstanding of:- H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 217 [SURINDERSINGH NIJJAR, J.] (i) the terms of the PSC; A (ii) reality of the Parties' commercial relationship; (iii) application of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996;and (iv) UNCITRALArbitration Rules and the practise of large B scale arbitrations involving foreign parties.

52. It is also not possible to accept the submission of Mr. Anil Divan that Niko and BP are not operators under the PSC and, therefore, have forfeited any rightto operations under C the PSC. It is also not possible to accept the submission that Niko and BP are not the parties to the dispute with the Respondent. I am of the considered opinion that the provisions of the PSC clearly identified the parties to the PSC. The disputes that have arisen between the parties are also clearly D identified in the correspondence exchanged between the parties. The three named contractors are, in fact, frequently mentioned in the correspondence between the parties. It has been correctly highlighted by Mr. Salve that the terms of the PSC have to be considered in the light of the fact that the Respondent expressly consented, after detailed inquiry, to the E assignment of participation interests in the PSC to BP. It is a matter of record that Niko has been a party to the PSC from the beginning. Therefore, at-least at this stage, it would not be possible to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that BP and Niko are not "operating" under the PSC. F

53. I am also unable to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that given the nature of operations under the PSC, the issues involved thereunder are of public law and public policy. Mr. Divan, on the basis of the aforesaid submission, has insisted G that the third arbitrator ought to be from India. It was pointed out by Mr. Divan that even if it is accepted that the disputes raised by the Petitioner would also include the disputes of Petitioner Nos. 2 and 3, the arbitration still essentially remains an Indian arbitration. Such a submission cannot be accepted H 218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A as the Respondents have not at any stage earlier raised an objection that the disputes had been raised by Petitioner No.1 only on its own behalf and did not relate to the disputes of Petitioner No.2 and 3 also.

54. In my opinion, the submission is misconceived and B proceeds on a misunderstanding of the PSC, RIL, Niko and· BP are all parties to the PSC. They are all contractors under the PSC. The PSC recognizes that the operatorwould act on behalf of the contractor. All investments are funded by not just the Petitioner No.1 but also by the other parties, and they are C equally entitled to the costs recovered and the profits earned. For the sake of operational efficiency, the Operator acts for and on behalf of the other parties. Therefore, I find substance in the submission of Mr. Salve that the disputes have been raised in the correspondence addressed by Petitioner No.1 D not just on its own behalf but on behalf of all the parties. During the course of his submissions, Mr. Anil Divan had, in fact, submitted that Niko and BP will be affected by the arbitral award and it would be binding upon them too. Therefore, if the Petitioner No.1 was to succeed in the arbitration, the award E would enure not only to the benefit of Petitioner No.1 but to all the parties to the PSC. Conversely, ifthe Government of India were to succeed before the tribunal, again the award would have to be enforced against all the parties. In other words,· each of the Contractors would have to perform the obligations F cast upon them. In that view of the matter, it is not possible to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that the arbitration in the present case is not an international arbitration.

55. It is equally not possible to accept the contention of· Mr. Divan that Niko and BP have not raised any arbitrable G dispute with Union of India. A perusal of some of the provisions of PSC would make it clear that all three entities are parties to the PSC. All three entities have rights and obligations under the PSC [see Article 28.1 (a)], including with respect to the Cost Petroleum, Profit Petroleum and Contract Costs (see Article H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 219 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

2.2), all of which are fundamental issues in the underlying A dispute. Whe_re RIL acts under the PSC, including by commencing arbitration, it does so not only on behalf of itself, but also "on behalf of all constituents of the contractors" ·including Niko and BP, I am inclined to acceptthe submission of Mr. Salve that there is a significant and broad ranging dispute B between RIL, Niko and BP on the one hand and the UOI on the other hand, that goes to the heart of the main contractual rights and obligations under the PSC. Furthermore, it is a matter of record that in the correspondence leading to the filing of the earlier petition beingA.P.No.8 of2012, no such objection about C Niko and BP not being a party to the dispute had been taken. In fact, the petition was disposed of on a joint request made by the parties that two arbitrators having been nominated, no further orders were required. Therefore, there seems to be substance in the submission of Mr. Salve that all these D objections about Niko and f!P not being the parties are an afterthought. Such objections, at this stage, can not be countenanced as the cpmmencement of arbitration has already been much delayed.

56. Both the parties had brought to the attention of the E Court the correspondence from their own perspective. Having considered the aforesaid correspondence, relevant extract of which have been noticed earlier, it is not possible to hold that the correspondence is only on behalf of the Rll. I, therefore, do not accept the submission of Mr. Anil Divan that this is an F arbitration between the two Indian parties only. 57. Further more the accounting procedure (Appendix C to PSC) clearly provides that RIL shall keep the accounts for the purposes of cost recovery statement. Therefore, it cannot G be said that the claims made by the Petitioner are only on behalf of RIL. The joint operating agreement expressly provides that the operator "to initiate litigation on behalf of all the parties." The fallacy of the stand taken by UOI is patent. On the one hand, the Respondent claims that the arbitral award would bind H 220 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 14 S.C.R. A not only Petitioner No.1 but also Petitioner Nos. 2 and 3, but on the other hand, is insisting that the arbitration proceedings are only between Petitioner No.1 and UOJ. -

58. This now brings me to the major divergence of views between Mr. Salve and Mr. Divan on the interpretation to be · B placed on Articles 33.5 and 33.6 of the PSC. Both the learned senior counsel accept that when exercising power under Section 11 (6) of the Arbitration Act, the 'Chief Justice of India or the person or the institution designated by him' (hereinafter referred to as "CJI" for convenience) is required to appoint the C 2nd Arbitrator from amongst persons who are not nationals of the country of any of the parties to the arbitration proceedings. Thereafter, both the learned senior counsel have expressed divergent views. According to Mr. Salve, the provisions contained in Article 33.5 indicates the significance that the D parties have attached to the neutrality of the arbitrators. Therefore, necessarily the Chairman/Presiding Arbitrator would have to be of a nationality other than India. According to him, appointment of an Indian Arbitrator under Article 33.6 would not be an option open to the CJI. On the other hand, Mr. E Divan emphasised that there is no requirement in Article 33.6 for appointment of a foreign arbitrator, identical or similar to the provision in Article 33.5. His view is that the absence of such a requirement is deliberate and significant. According to him, it clearly signifies that only an Indian National can be F appointed as the third arbitrator. I am of the opinion that both the learned senior counsel are only partially correct. Both sides have adopted extreme positions on the pendulum. I accept the interpretation of both the learned senior counsel with regard to Article 33.5 as the request will go to the Chief Justice of G India for appointment of an arbitrator, "from amongst persons who are not nationals of the country of any of the parties to the arbitration proceedings". Jn exercise of the jurisdiction under Section 11 (6), the CJI would usually appoint the third arbitrator in accordance with the request. I have no hesitation in accepting H

RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF !NOIA 221 [SURINDER ~tN,GH NIJJAR, J.] ·.: ..· the submission of Mr. Divan t~~t even the third arbitrator is an A Indian National, it would not be contrary to Article 33.6. But it would not be possible for rr}e;to accept the extreme views expressed by Mr. Divan that:only an Indian National can be appointed, as there is an :~~sence of a requirement of appointing a foreign national as the third arbitrator. In my B opinion, Article 33.6 virtually.leaves it to the Chief Justice of India to appoint the third arbitrator who would be neutral, impartial and independent from anywhere in the world including India. Just as India cannot be excluded, similarly, the countri~s where British Petroleum and Niko are domiciled, c as an option from where the third arbitrator could be appointed, cannot be ruled out. Having said this, it must be pointed out that this is the purely legal position. This would be a very pedantic view to take whereas international arbitration problems necessarily have to be viewed pragmatically. o Fortunately, Arbitration Act, 1996 has made express provision for adopting a pragmatic approach. When the CJI exercises his jurisdiction under Section 11 (6) he is to be guided by the provisions contained in the Arbitration Act, 1996 and generally accepted practices in the other international juri_sdictions. CJI ., E would also be anxious to ensure that no doubts are cast on the . neutrality, impartially and independenc.e of the Arbitral Tribunal. In international arbit~ation, the surest method of ensuring at/east the appearance of~neutrality would be to appoint the sole or the third arbitrator from nationality other F than the parties to the arbitration. This view of mine will find support from numerous internationally renowned commentators on the practice of international arbitration as well as judicial precedents.

59. At this stage, it would be appropriate to take notice G of the observations made by two such commentators. 60. Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration, Fifth Edition (2009) Para 4.59 expresses similar views with regard to the importance of the nationality of the sole or the third H 222 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A arbitrator being from a country different from that of the parties to the arbitration-. The opinion of the learned authors is as follows:- "In an ideal world, the country in which the arbitrator was born, or the passport carried, should be irrelevant. The B qualifications, experience, and integrity of the arbitrator should be the essential criteria. It ought to be possible to ·proceed in the spirit of the Model Law which, addressing ·this question, provides simply: 'No person shall be precluded by reason of his nationality from acting as an c arbitrator,. unless otherwise agreed by the parties.' Nevertheless, as stated above, the usual practice in international commercial arbitration is to appoint a ~ole .arbitrator (or a presiding arbitrator) of a different nationality from that of the parties to the dispute." D

61. Gary B. Born in International Commercial Arbitration, Volume I (2009) has an elaborate discussion on the impact of the UNCITRAL Model Laws aswell as UNCITRAL Rules on the appointment of the sole or the third arbitrator. He points E out that some arbitration legislations contain different nationality ··provisions, similar to those applicable u·nder leading institutional rules, which apply when a national court acts in its default capacity to select an arbitrator (in limited cjrcumstances). F 62. Article 11(5) of the UNCITRAL Model Law reads as under:- "A decision on a matter entrusted by paragraph (3) or (4) of this Article to the court or other authority specified in Article 6 shall be subject to'no appeal. The court or G other authority, in appointing an arbitrator, shall have due regard to any qu9lifications required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and to such considerations as are likely to secure. the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator and, in the case of a sole or third H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 223 [SURINDER SINGH NIJ.JAR, J.] arbitrator, shall take into account as well the advisability A of appointing an arbitrator of a nationality other than those of the parties." 63. Article 6(4) of UNCITRAL Rules, 1976 in almost identical terms reads as under:- · B

"In making the appointment the appointing authority shall have regard to such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator and shall take into account as well advisability of appointing an arbitrator of a nationality other than the c nationalities of the parties." 64. Taking note of the aforesaid two Articles, it is observed by the learned author as follows : "Article 11 (5) does not restrict the parties' autonomy to D select arbitrators of whatever nationality they wish. It merely affects the actions of national courts, when acting in their default roles of appointing arbitrators after the parties' efforts to do so have failed. Article 11 (5) does not forbid the appointment of foreign nationals as arbitrators, but on the contrary encourages the selection E of an internationally-neutral tribunal. Far from resembling national law prohibitions against foreign arbitrators, Article 11 (5) aims at exactly the opposite result. Indeed.Article 11 (1) of the UNCITRAL F Model Law s:ilso provides, like the European and Inter-American Conventions, that "no person sha·ll be precluded by reason of his nationality from acting as an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. That properly reflects the international consensus, embraced G by the European, Inter-American and New York Conventions, that mandatory nationality prohibitions are incompafible with the basic premises of international arbitration." H

224 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A 65. Earlier in the same volume at page 1431, while discussing the "Criteria for Judicial Selection of the Arbitrator'', he re-states the general practice adopted in appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. The opinion of the learned author is as follows : B "National arbitration legislation provides only limited guidance for courts actually to make the selection of arbitrators in international arbitrations. Article 11 (5) of the UNCITRAL Model Law provides that "in appointing an arbitrator, [the court] shall have due regard to any c qualifications required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and to such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator," the same provision requires the court to "take into account as well as the advisability of appointing an D arbitrator of a nationality other than those of the parties." This language requires courts to have "due regard" to the parties' contractually specified requirements for arbitrators-which very arguably accords such requirements inadequate weight, given the importance E of party autonomy in the arbitrator selection process. Similarly, it is doubtful that it is sufficient for courts merely to "take [the arbitrator's nationality] into account", rather it. should generally be essential that the presiding arbitrator have a neutral nationality."

F 66. Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration, Fifth Edition (2009) at Page 263, expresses a similar opinion, after taking into consideration the UNCITRAL Rules; ICC Rules; LCIA Rules and ICDR Rules, which is as follows:-"The fact that the arbitrator is of a neutral nationality is no · G guarantee of independence or impartiality. However, the appearance is better and thus it is a practice that is generally followed". H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 225 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 67. Section 11 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 uses similar A phraseology as Article 11 of the UNCITRAL Model Law. Therefore, it would not be possible to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that the Court cannot look to Model Laws or the UNCITRAL Laws as legitimate aids in giving the appropriate interpretation to the provisions of Section 11, including Section B 11 (6).

68. In any event, the neutrality of an arbitrator is assured by Section 11(1) of the Arbitration Act, 1996, which provides that a person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by.the parties. There is no agreement C between the parties in this case that even a third arbitrator must necessarily be an Indian national. In fact, Section 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 specifically empowers the CJI to appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationality of the parties involved in the litigation. Therefore, I am unable D to accept the submission of Mr.Anil Divan that it would not be permissible under the Arbitration Act, 1996 to appoint the third arbitrator of any nationality other than Indian. Merely because · the two arbitrators nominated by the parties are Indian would not ipso facto lead to the conclusion that the parties had ruled E out the appointment of the third arbitrator from a neutral nationality. In this case, both the arbitrators had been appointed by the parties, therefore, the condition precedent fo(appointing an arbitrator, from amongst persons, who are not nationals of the country of any of the parties to the arbitration F proceedings, had not even arisen.

69. I also do not find merit in the submission made by Mr.Anil Divan on the basis of Articles 33.5 of the PSC.A~are perusal of Article 33. 5, PSC would show that it deals only with the situation where the other party fails to appoint an arbitrator G and a request is made to the Chief Justice of India or a person authorised by him to appoint the second arbitrator. In such a · situation, the Chief Justice is required to choose the second arbitrator from amongst the persons who are not nationals of H 226 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R.

A a country of any of the parties to the arbitrator proceedings. Article 33.6 is invoked when the two arbitrators appointed by the parties fail to nominate the third arbitrator. In such circumstances, the Chief Justice or the nominees of the Ghief Justice is required to appoint the third arbitrator in accordance B with the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. At that stage, Section 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 would become relevant. It would be necessary for the Chief Justice of India to take into consideration the will of the Indian Parliament expressed in Section 11(9). It appears to me that the C submission made by the Petitioners·cannot be said to be without any merit. I am unable to read into Article 33.6, an embargo on the appointment of a foreign national as the third arbitrator as submitted by Mr. Divan. It is not possible to accept th~ submission that the parties have specifically decided to o exclude the appointment of a foreign arbitrator under Article 33.6, as no specific provision was made para materia to Article 33.5. Even in the absence of a specific provision, the appointment of the third arbitrator under Article 33.6 would have to be guide~ by the provisions contained under Section 11 (9) E of the Arbitration Act.

70.1 am also unable to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that since the provision contained in Section 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 is not mandatory; the Court ought to appoint the third arbitrator, who is an Indian National. lhis F Court, in the case of Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II (supra)L interpreting Section 11 (9) after taking into consideration the position in some other countries where the UNCITRAL Model Law is adopted, has come to the following coriclusions:- G "25. It is, therefore, clear that in several countries where the UNCITRALModel.is adopted, it has been held that it is not impermissible to appoint an arbitrator of a nationality of one of the parties to arbitration. H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 227 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 26. In the light of the above rules in various countries and A rulings of the court and also in view of the fact that the 1996 Act is based on UNCITRAL Model Law which in Article 6(4) only speaks of "taking into account" the nationality as one of the factors, I am of the view that the word "may" in Section 11 (9) of the Act is not intended to B be read as "must" or "shall".

27. I am, therefore, of the view that while nationality of the arbitrator is a matter to be kept in view, it does not follow from Section 11 (9) that the proposed arbitrator is necessarily disqualified because he belongs to the C nationality of one of the parties. The word "may" is not used in the sense of "shall". The provision is not mandatory. In case the party who belongs to a nationality other than that of the proposed arbitrator, has no objection, the Chief Justice of India (or his nominee) can D appoint an arbitrator belonging to a nationality of.one of the parties. In case, there is objection by one party to the appointment of an arbitrator belonging to the nationality of the opposite party,-the Chief Justice of India (or his nominee) can certainly consider the objection and see if E an arbitrator not belonging to the nationality of either . parties can be appointed. While taking that decision, the Chief Justice of India (or his nominee) can also keep in mind, in cases where the parties have agreed that the law applicable to the case is the law of a country to which F · one of the parties belong, whether there will be an overriding advantage to both the parties if an arbitrator having knowledge of the applicable law is appointed. 28. In the result, I am of the view that under Section 11(9) G of the Act it is not mandatory for the court to appoint an arbitrator not belonging to the nationality of either of the parties to the dispute." H

228 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A 71. The aforesaid ratio of law in Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II (supra) has been reiterated by this Court in MSA Nederland B.V. (supra) in the following words:-"3. The learned counsel appearing for the petitioner drew my attention to the fact that the petitioner Company is a B company incorporated in the Netherlands while the respondent Company is a company incorporated in India. He prayed that in view of the provisions of Sections 11 (9) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, an arbitrator having a neutral nationality be appointed, meaning thereby that c the sole arbitrator should neither be a Dutch national nor be an Indian national. Sectio.n 11 (9) is reproduced as under: "11. (9) In the case of appointment of sole or third arbitrator in an international commercial arbitration, D the Chief Justice of India or the person or institution designated by him may appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationa.lities of the parties where the parties belorig to different nationalities." E The key word in the above provision is "may" which leaves a discretion in the Chief JUstice or his nominee in this behalf and it is not mandatory that the sole arbitrator should be of a nationality;Qlher than· the nationalities of the parties to the agreem~.~t"

F 72. But the ratio in the aforesaid cases can not be read to m_ean that in all circumstances·, it is not possible to appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the parties involved in the litigation .. It is a matter of record that Clause 33.5 of the PSC provides that on failure of iti'e second party to nominate G its arbitrator, the Chief Justice (Jf India may be requested to appoint the secorid arbitrator froin amongst persons who are not nationals of the country of an~;:of the parties to the arbitration proceedings. Therefore, in principle, it becomes apparent that the Respondents have accepted,J;tje appointment of the second H .·····.' ' RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 229 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

arbitrator from a neutral country. Merely because, the seat of A arbitration is.in India, the applicable law is Indian Law; it does not become incumbent on the Court to appoint the third arbitrator, who is an Indian national. The concern of the Court is to ensure neutrality, impartiality and independence of the third arbitrator. Choice of the parties has little, if anything, to B do with the choice of the Chief Justice of India or his nominee· in appointing the third arbitrator. It is true that even at the stage of exercising its jurisdiction under Section 11 (6) at the final stage, the Chief Justice of India or his nominee can informally enquire about the preference of the parties. But it is entirely c upto the Chief Justice of India, whether to accept any of the preferences or to appoint the third arbitrator not mentioned by any of the parties. In making such a choice, the Chief Justice of India will be guided by the relevant provisions contained in theArbitrationAct, UNCITRAL Model Laws and the UNCITRAL D Rules, where the parties have included the applicability of the UNCITRAL Model LawslUNCITRAL Rules by ch·oice. 73. I must emphasise here that the trend of the third arbitrator/presiding officer of a neutral nationality being appointed is now more or less universally accepted under the E Arbitration Acts and Arbitration Rules in different jurisdictions.

74. In the present case, Article 33(9) of the PSC adopts the UNCITRAL Rules for the arbitration agreement under Article 39. The applicable UNCITRAL Rules at the time when F the arbitration agreement was signed were the 1976 Rules. 75. The aforesaid Rules have been literally paraphrased in Section 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996. Rule 4 of UNCITRAL states that in making the appointment, the appointing authority shall have regard to such consideration G as are likely to secure appointment of an independent and impartiaf"arbitrator. Superimposed on those two conditions is a provision that the appointing authority shall take into account, as well, the advisability of arbitrator of a nationality H 230 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A . other than the nationalities of the parties. Thes.e rules in my opinion are almost parallel to Article 33(5) of the PSC.

76. Mr. Anil Divan had, however, raised serious doubts about the impartiality of the third arbitrator due to the omnipresence of British Petroleum all over the world. I am of 8 . the considered opinion that the apprehension expressed by the learned senior counsel is imaginary and illusory. Such a proposition cannot possibly be accepted as a general practice for the appointment of Chairman/Presiding Offic;er/Third Arbitrator guided by the principle consideration that there must C not only be the neutrality, but appearance of neutrality of the third atbitrator. In that view of the matter, I have no hesitation in rejecting this submission of Mr. Divan that only an Indian National can be appointed as the third arbitrator.

77. This apart, I must-notice here the judgment of this D Court in the case of Northern Railway Administration, Ministry of Railway, New Delhi (supra), whilst considering the contingencies under which a party may request the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him under E Section 11 to take necessary measures held as follows:-"11. The crucial expression in sub-section (6) is "a party may request the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him to take the necessary measure" (underlined for emphasis:). This expression has to be F read along with requirement in sub-section (8) that the Chief Justice or the person or an institution designated by him. in appointing an arbitrator shall have "due regard" to the two cumulative conditions relating to qualifications and other considerations as are likely to secure the G appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. . 12. A bare reading of the scheme of Section ·11 shows that the emphasis is on the terms of the agreement being adhered to and/or given effect as closely as possible. In other words, the Court may ask to do what has not been H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 231 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

done. The Court must first ensure that the remedies A provided for are exhausted. It is true as contended by Mr Desai, that it is not mandatory for the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him to appoint the named arbitrator or arbitrators. But atthe same time, due regard has to be given to the qualifications required B by the agreement and other considerations. 13. The expression "due regard" means that proper attention to several circumstances have been focused. The expression "necessary" as a general rule can be broadly stated to be those things which are reasonably C ·required to be done or legally ancillary to the accomplishment of the intended act. Necessary measures can be stated to be the reasonable steps required to be taken." D 78. Keeping in view the aforesaid principles, I have examined the submissions of Mr. Divan and Mr. Salve on the issue with regard to the neutrality, impartiality and independence of the third arbitrator. As held earlier, the apprehension expressed by the Respondent Union of India E seems to be imaginary and illusory. Whatever is being said about the influence/presence of British Petroleum in other jurisdictions would apply equally to the Union of India, if the third arbitrator is an Indian national, within the lndi.an jurisdiction.

79. The apprehension expressed by Mr. Divan that if a F foreign national is appointed as a third arbitrator, the Tribunal would be at a disadvantage as all applicable laws are Indian, in my opinion, overlooks the fact that the two arbitrators already appointed are Former Chief Justices.of India and can be very safely relied upon to advise the third arbitrator of any legal G position, which is peculiar to India. 80. At this stage, normally the matter ought to be remitted back to the two arbitrators appointed by the parties to choose t.he third arbitrator on the basis of the observations made in H 232 'SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A the judgment. However, given the sharp difference of opinion between the two arbitrators, I deem it appropriate to perform the task of appointing the third arbitrator in this Court itself. Therefore, I had requested the learned senior counsel for the parties to supply a list of eminent individuals one of whom could B be appointed as the third arbitrator. Although two lists have · been duly supplied by the learned counsel for the parties, I am of the opinion, in the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case, it would be appropriate if an individual not named by any of the parties is appointed as the third arbitrator. I have c discretely conducted a survey to find a suitable third arbitrator who is not a National ?f any of the parties involved in the dispute.

81. Upon due consideration, I hereby appoint Honourable James Spigelman AC QC, former Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Australia as the third Arbitrator D who shall act as the Chairman oftheArbitralTribunal. The E-mail address which has been supplied to this Court is as follows: [email protected] E 82. In view of the considerable delay, theArbitralTribunal is requested to enter upon the reference at the earliest and to render the award as expeditiously as possible. 83. The Arbitration Petition is allowed in the aforesaid terms. No costs. F ORDER It has been pointed out that, in judgment dated 31 '' March, 2014 delivered in Arbitration Petition No.27 of 2013, . in spite of my earlier observations that I shall not appoint an Arbitrator from either of the list submitted by the parties, the Arbitrator actually appointed happens to be on the list of the petitioners. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF !NOIA 233 In that view of the matter, the aforesaid direction A appointing Honourable James Spigelman AC QC, former Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Australia as the third Arbitrator is hereby withdrawn. The substitute Arbitrator shall be appointed subsequently by a separate order. B It is also made clear that all issues arising between the parties are specifically kept open and the Arbitral Tribunal shall proceed being wholly uninfluenced by any observation made in the judgment. c ORDER

1. On 2nd April, 2014, this Court has passed the following order:- "It has been pointed out that, in judgment dated 31st March, 2014 delivered in Arbitration Petition No. 27 of D 2013, in spite of my earlier observations that I shall not appoint an Arbitrator from either of the list submitted by the parties, the Arbitrator actually appointep happens to be on the list of the petitioners. E In that view of the matter, the aforesaid direction appointing Honourable James Spigelman AC QC, former Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Australia as the third Arbitrator is hereby withdrawn. The substitute Arbitrator shall be appointed F subsequently by a separate order. It is also made clea.r that all issues arising between the parties are specifically kept open and theArbitral Tribunal shall proceed being wholly uninfluenced by any observation made in the judgment." G 2. In furtherance of the aforesaid order, I hereby appoint Honourable Michael Hudson McHugh, AC QC, former Judge of the High Court of Australia and former Non-permanent H 234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A Justice of the Court of Final Appeal in Hong Kong as the third arbitrator, who shall act as the Chairman of theArbitral Tribunal. · 3. The E-mail address of the aforesaid third arbitrator is as follows :- B [email protected] 4. Let the orders dated 31st March, 2014, 2nd April, 2014 and 29th April, 2014 be stitched together. Nidhi Jain Arbitration Petition allowed.

[2014] 14 S.C.R. 187. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. & ORS. A v. UNION OF INDIA (Arbitration Petition No. 27 of2013) MARCH 31, 2014 B [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996: s. 11(6) - Petition under - For appointment of third arbitrator- Maintainability of- Contract between one Indian and two foreign companies on one side and Government of c India on the other side - The Indian company acted as · 'Operator' on behalf of the two foreign companies - Initiation of arbitral proceedings by the Indian Company - Whether the arbitration would amount to an arbitration between two Indian parties or whether it was an International Commercial . D Arbitration - Held: The arbitration was an International Commercial Arbitration because two of the four parties to the arbitration were not based in India and the initiation of arbitral proceedings by the Indian company was also on behalf of the foreign companies. E ss. 11(1), 11(6) and 11(9) - Appointment of third Arbitrator - Criteria for - Held: The appointment of the third arbitrator has to be guide'1 by the provisions contained u/s. 11(9) - The concern of the Court is to ensure neutrality impartiality and independence - It is entirely upto the Chief F . Justice of India or his nominee to accept any of the preferences of the parties for appointment of third arbitrator

- In making such choice, the Chief Justice shall be guided by the relevant provisions of the Act, UNCITRAL Model Laws and UNCITRAL Rules - *In the peculiar facts of the case, G *By order dated 2.4.2014, the Court observed that the third arbitrator i.e. Hon'ble James Spingcharan ACQC. former Chief Justice and Lieutenant General of New South Wales, Australia happened to be on the list of arbitrators submitted by the petitioner. Thereafter, by order dated 29.4.2014, Hon'ble Michael Hudson McHugh, ACQC, former Judge of the High Court of Australia and former non-permanent Justice of the Court of H Final Appeal, in Hong Kong was appointed as third arbitrator. 187 188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A such an individual is appointed as third arbitrator; whose name has not been proposed by either of the parties.

Petitioner No. 1 (an Indian Company) and petitioner Nos. 2 and 3 (the foreign companies), on one side, entered into an agreement with the respondent (Union B of India), which was in the nature of Production Sharing Contract (PSC). Article 33 of the Contract was the Arbitration Agreement. .After some differences relating to the scope and interpretation of the provisions of the contract arose between ,the petitioners and the C respondent, Petitioner No. 1 sent a notice to the respondent Invoking arbitration. In the cou.rse of correspondence with the respondent, petitioner No.1 . also informed the respondent th~t it has nominated Mr.. Justice S.P. Bharucha, former Chief Justice of India as D · their arbitrator. Despite the request of the petitioners, . when the respondent did not appoint any arbitrator, petitioner Nos. 1 and 2 filed Arbitration Petition No. 8 of 2012 u/s. 11(6) of Arbitration Act, for app_ointment of second arbitrator in' termsI; of: Article\" 33.5• of the contract. E Subsequent thereto, the respondent nominated .Mr. Justice V.N. Khare, the former Chief Justice of India as second arbitrator. In view thereof, the arbitration petition was disposed of. Thereafter, when the two arqitrators nominated on behalf of both the parties, Were not able F to reach a consensus as regards the name of the third arbitrator, the present arbitration petition u/s. 11 (6) and · 11(9) of the Act was filed seeking appointment of third arbitrator. ' ..

The petitioner took the plea that the arbitral G proceedings related to an International Commercial Arbitration, as two of the four parties to the arbitration were based outside India; that petitioner No.1 as 'operator' as stated in the Joint Operating Agreement was entitled to initiate the arbitration proceedings on.behalf H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 189 of all the constituents of the contract; that the Supreme A Court has jurisdiction to entertain the petition; and that the third arbitrator should be from the neutral nationality. ·Allowing the Arbitration Petition, the Court HELD: 1.1. Initially, Arbitration Petition for B appointment of second arbitrator was filed by Petitioner Nos.1 and 2. Therefore, it is apparent that reference to arbitration was sought on behalf of the three partners to the Production Sharing Contract (PSC). The Arbitration Petition was disposed of as both the parties had no c objection to the arbitrator nominated by each other. Therefore, the matter was left to the two arbitrators to nominate the third arbitrator who shall be the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal. [Paras 47 and 48][211!-A-D]

1.2. The other reason for not accepting the plea D that the Petitioner is not acting on behalf of all the three Contractors, is that the notice was served by petitioner No. 1 in the capacity of Operator, which included all the three Contractors. The correspondence between the parties clearly indicates that the' Respondent recognised E that the Petitioner No.1 is the Operator on behalf of all the Contractors. The provisions of the PSC clearly identified the parties to the PSC. The disputes that have arisen between the parties are also clearly identified in the correspondence exchanged between the parties. It F is not correct to say that the two foreign companies are not operators under the PSC and, therefore, have forfeited any right to operations under the PSC. [Paras 49 50 and 52][216-F-H; 217-D-F] 1.3. It cannot be said that even if it is accepted that G the disputes raised by the Petitioner would also include the disputes of Petitioner Nos. 2 and 3, the arbitration still essentially remains an Indian arbitration. The Respondents have not at any stage earlier raised an H 190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 14 S.C.R.

A objection that the disputes had been raised by Petitioner . No.1 only on its own behalf and did not relate to the disputes of Petitioner No.2 and 3 also. The three petitioners are all parties to the PSC. They are all contractors under the PSC. The PSC recognizes that the B operator would act on behalf of the contractor. All investments are funded by not just the Petitioner No.1 but also by the other parties, and they are equally entitled to the c~sts recovered and the profits earned. ·For the sake of ope~ational efficiency, the Operator acts for and C on behalf of the other ·parties. Therefore, the disputes raised in the correspondence addressed by Petitioner lilo.1 not just on its own behalf but on behalf of all the parties. Therefore, ifthe Petitioner No.1 was to succeed in the arbitration, the award would enure not only to the o benefit of Petitioner No.1, but to all the parties to the PSC. Conversely, if the Government of India were to succeed before the tribunal, ag·ain the· award would have to be enforced against all the parties. In other words, each of the Contractors would have to perform the obligations i: cast upon them. Thus.lit cannot be·said that the arbitration in the present case is not an international arbitration. [Paras 53 and 54][217-G, H; 218-A-F]

1.4. It also cannot be said that petitioner Nos. 2 and 3 have not rai~ed any arbitrable dispute with Union F of India. A perusal of some of the provisions of PSC 1il1ould make it cleilr that all three entities are part.ies to the PSC. All three entities have rights and obligations under_ the PSC. Where petitioner No. 1 acts under the PSC, including by commencing arbitration, it does so G not only on behalf of itself, but also "on behalf of all constituents of the contractors" including petitioner Nos. 2 and 3. There is a significant and broad ranging dispute between petitioner Nos. 1, 2 and 3 on the one hand and the uo1'·on the other hand, that goes to the H heart of the main contractual rights and obligations RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 191 under the PSC. Therefore, it cannot be said that this is A an arbitration between the two Indian parties only. [Paras 55 and 56][218-G, H; 219-A-C & F]

1.5. The accounting procedure clearly provides that petitioner No. 1 shall keep the accounts for the purposes of cost recovery statement. Therefore, it cannot be said B that the claims made by the Petitioner are only on behalf of petitioner No.1. The Joint Operating Agreement expressly provides that the operator "to initiate litigation on behalf of all the parties." The fallacy of the stand taken by UOI is patent. On the one hand, the respondent claims C that the arbitral award would bind not only Petitioner No.1 but also Petitioner Nos. 2 and 3, but on the other hand, is insisting that the arbitration proceedings are only between Petitioner No.1 and UOI. [Para 57][219-G, H; 220-A] D 2.1. In exercise of the jurisdiction under Section 11 (6), the CJI would usually appoint the third arbitrator in accordance with the request. Even ifthe third arbitrator is an Indian National, it would not be contrary to Article E

33.6 (arbitration Clause) of PSC. But it would not be possible to say that only an Indian National can be appointed, as there is an absence of a requirement of appointing a foreign national as the third arbitrator. Article 33.6 virtually leaves it to the Chief Justice of India F to appoint the third arbitrator who would be neutral, impartial and independent from anywhere in the world including India. Just as India cannot be exCluded, similarly, the countries where petitioner Nos. 2 and 3 are domiciled, as an option from where the third arbitrator G could be appointed, cannot be ruled out. [Para 58] [220-H; 221-A-C] · 2.2. When the CJI exercises his jurisdiction under Section 11 (6) he is to be guided by the provisions ·contained in the Arbitration Act, 1996 and generally H 192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A accepted practices in the other international jurisdictions. CJI would also be anxious to ensure that no doubts are cast on the neutrality, impartially and independence of · the Arbitral Tribunal. In international arbitration, the surest method of ensuring at/east the appearance of . B neutrality would be to appoint the sole or the third arbitrator from nationality other than the parties to the arbitration. [Para 58)(221-D-F]

2.3. Section 11 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 uses similar phraseology as Article 11 of the UNCITRAL Model C Law. Therefore, it would not be possible to say that the Court cannot look to Model Laws or the UNCITRAL Laws as legitimate aids in giving the appropriate interpretation to the provisions of Section 11, including Section 11(6). [Para 67)(225-A-B] D

2.4. The neutrality of an arbitrator is assured by Section 11 ( 1) of the Arbitration Act, 1996, which provides that a person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by· the parties. There is no agreement between the parties in the present case that E even a third arbitrator must 'necessarily be an Indian national. In fact, Section 11(9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 specifically empowers the CJI to appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationality of the parties F involved in the litigation. Therefore, it is not correct to. say that it would not be permissible under the Arbitration Act, 1996 to appoint the third arbitrator of any nationality other than Indian. Merely because the two arbitrators nominated by the parties are Indian, would not . ipso facto lead to the conclusion that the parties had ruled G out the appointment of the third arbitrator from a neutral . nationality. In the present case, both the arbitrators had . been appointed by the parties, therefore, the condition precedent for appointing an arbitrator, from amongst persons, who are not nationals of the country of any of H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 193 the parties to the arbitration proceedings, had not even A arisen. [Para 68][225-C-F]

2,5. A perusal of Article 33.5, PSC would also show that it deals only with the situation where the other party fails to appoint an arbitrator and a request is made to the Chief Justice of India or a person authorised by him B to appoint the second arbitrator. In such a situation, the Chief Justice is required to choose the second arbitrator from amongst the persons who are not nationals of a country of any of. the parties to the arbitrator proceedings. Article 33.6 is invoked when the two C arbitrators appointed by the parties fail to nominate the third arbitrator. In such circumstances, the Chief Justice or the nominees of the Chief Justice is required to appoint the third arbitrator in accordance with the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. At t_hat stage, D Section 11(9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 would become relevant. It would be necessary for the Chief Justice of India to take into consideration the will of the Indian Parliament expressed in Section ~1(9). The submission· made by the Petitioners cannot be said to be without E any merit. The Court is unable to read into Article, 33.6, an embargo on the appointment of a foreign national as the third arbitrator. It is not possible to say thatthe parties have specifically decided to exclude the appointment of a foreign arbitrator under Article 33.6, as no specific F provision was made para materia to Article 33.5. Even in the absence of a specific provision, the appointment of the third arbitrator under Article 33.6 would have to be guided by the provisions contained under Section 11(9) of the Arbitration Act. [Para 69][225-G-H; 226-A~E] G Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II vs. ST/C Travels (P) Ltd. (2001) 1 sec 509; MSA Necferland B. V. vs. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. (2005) 13 sec 719- referred to.

H 194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A 2.6. Clause 33.5 of the PSC provides that on failure of the second party to nominate its arbitrator, the Chief Justice of India may be requested to appoint the second arbitrator from amongst persons who· are not nationals of the country of any of the parties to the arbitration B proceeding.s. Therefore, in "principle, it becomes apparent that the Respondents have accepted the appointment of the second arbitrator from a neutral country. Merely because, the seat of arbitration is in India, the applicable law is Indian Law; it does not C become incumbent on the Court to appoint the third arbitrator, who is an Indian natio.nal. The concern of the Court is to ensure neutrality, impartiality and independence of the third arbitrator. Choice of the parties has little, if anything, to do with the choice of the Chief Justice of India or his nominee in appointing the third 0 arbitrator. [Para 72][228-F-H; 229-A-B]

2.7. Even atthe stage of exercising its jurisdiction under Section 11 (6) at the final stage, the Chief Justice of India or his nominee can informally enquire about the E preference of the parties. But it is entirely upto the Chief J.ustice of India, whether to accept any of the preferences or to appoint the third arbitrator not mentioned by any of the parties. In making such a choice, the Chief Justice of India will be guided by the relevant provisions contained in the Arbitration Act, UNCITRAL Model Laws F and the UNCITRAL Rules, where the parties have included the applicability of the UNCITRAL Model Laws/ UNCITRAL Rules by choice.[Para 72][229-C-D] . 2.8. The trend of the third arbitrator/presiding officer G of a neutral nationality being appointed is now more or less universally accepted under the Arbitration Acts and Arbitration Rules in different jurisdictions. [Para 73][229-E]

2.9. In the present case, Article 33(9) of the PSC H adopts the UNCITRAL Rules for the arbitration RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 195 agreement under Article 39. The applicable UNCITRAL A Rules at the time when the arbitration agreement was signed, were the 1976 Rules. The aforesaid Rules have been literally paraphrased in Section 11(9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996. Rule 4 of UNCITRAL states that in making the appointment, the appointing authority shall B have regard to such consideration as are likely to secure appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. Superimposed on those two conditions is a provision that the appointing authority shall take into account, as well, the advisability of arbitrator of a nationality other C than the nationalities of the parties. These rules are almost parallel to Article 33(5) of the PSC. [Paras 74and 75][229-F-H; 230-A]

2.10. The apprehension of the respondent about the impartiality of the third arbitrator due to the D omnipresence of British Petroleum all over the world is imaginary and illusory. Such a proposition cannot possibly be accepted as a general practice for the appointment of Chairman/Presiding Officer/Third Arbitrator guided by the principle consideration that there E must not only be the neutrality, but appearance of neutrality of the third arbitrator. In that view of the matter, it is not correct that only an Indian National can be appointed as the third arbitrator. The apprehension about the influence/presence of British Petroleum in F other jurisdictions would apply equally to the Union of India, if the third arbitrator is an Indian national, within the Indian jurisdiction.[Paras 76 and 78][230-B-C; 231-E] 2.11. The other apprehension of the respondentthat if a foreign national is appointed as a third arbitrator, the G Tribunal would be at a disadvantage as all applicable laws are Indian, is also misplaced. The two arbitrators already appointed are Former Chief Justices of India and can be very safely relied upon to advise the third H 196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A arbitrator of any legal position, which is peculiar to India. [Para 79][231-F-G]

2.12. In the peculiar facts and circumstances of the present case, it would be appropriate if an individual not named by any of the parties is appointed as the third B arbitrator. Honourable James Spigelman AC QC, former Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Australia is appointed as the third Arbitrator who shall act as the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal who is . ' not a National of any of the parties involved in the dispute. C [Paras 8.0 and 81][232-B-D] · Northern Railway Administration, Ministry of Railway, New Delhi vs. Patel Engineering Company Limited (2008) 10 SCC 240 - relied on. D Antrix Corporation Limited vs. Devas Multimedia · Private Ltd. 2013 (7) SCALE 216 - referred to. Redfern and Hunter on International Afbitration, Fifth Edition (2009) Para 4.59; Gary 8. Born in E International Commercial Arbitration, Volume I (2009); Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration, Fifth Edition (2009) at Page 263 -referred to. CASE LAW REFERENCE F 2013 (7) SCALE 216 referred to Para 27 · '"(2001) 1 sec 509 referred to ·•Para 71 (2005) 13 sec 719 referred to Para 71 G (2008) 10 sec 240 relied on Para 77 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Arbitration Petition No. 27bf2013) Harish N. Salve and Milin Sathe, Sr.Advocates, Sameer H Parekh, Ms. Sonali Basu Parekh, Lalit S. Chauhan, Nitin RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 197 Thukral and Utsav Trivedi (for Mis Parekh & Co.),Advs.forthe A Petitioners.

Anil B. Divan and DushyantA. Dave, Sr. Advocates, Ms. Bindu Saxena, Shailendra Swarup, Ms. Aparajit Swarup, Ran11ir Singh and K. K. Patra, Advs. for the Respondent. B The Judgment and Orders of the Court were delivered by · SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J. 1. This petition has been filed under Section 11 (6) of the Arbitration Act, 1996, with a prayer for appointment of the third and the presiding C arbitrator, as the two arbitrators nominated by the parties have failed to reach a consensus on the appointment of the third arbitrator. 2. Petition.er No.1 is a company incorporated and registered under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956; D ·Petitioner No.2 is a company incorporated in Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands; Petitioner No.3 is a company incorporated according to the laws of England & Wales. The · Respondent herein is Union of India (hereinafter referred to as "UOI"), represented by the Joint Secretary, Ministry of E Petroleum and Natural Gas. 3. Briefly stated, the relevant facts are as under:

4. In 1999, UOI announced a policy-New Exploration and Licensing Policy (hereinafter referred to as "NELP"). Under F NELP, certain blocks of hydrocarbon reserves were .offered for exploration, development and production to private contractors under the agreements which were in the nature of Production Sharing Contract. One of the said blocks was Block KG-DWN-98/3 ("Block Kq-D6"). The joint bid made by the . G Petitioners Nci.1 and 2 for the Block KG-D6 was accepted by · the UOI. Thereafter on 12'" April, 2000, Production Sharing Contract (hereinafter referred to as 'PSC') was executed between the Petitioners No.1 and 2 as Contractor on one side and UOI on the other. The Arbitration Agre~ment in the PSC is H 198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A contained in Article 33. Relevant facts thereof, is in the following words: "ARTICLE33 SOLE EXPERT, CONCILIATIONANDARBITRATION B 33.1 * * * 33.2 * * * 33.3 Subject to the provisions of this Contract, the Parties hereby agree that any cont~9versy, difference, disagreement or claim for damages, compensation or c otherwise (hereinafter in this Clause referred to as a "dispute") arising between the Parties, which cannot be settled amicably within ninety (90) days afterthe dispute arises, may (except for those referred to in Article 33.2, D "which may be referred to a sole expert) be submitted to an arbitral tribunal for final decision as hereinafter provided.·

33.4 The arbitral tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators. Each Party to the dispute shall appoint one arbitrator and E: the Party or Parties shall so advise the other Parties. The two arbitrators appointed by the Parties shall appoint the third arbitrator. 33.SAny Party may, after appointing an arbitrator, request the other Party(ies) in writing to appoint the second· F arbitrator. If such other Parfy fails to appoint an arbitrator within thirty (30) days of receipt of the written request to do so, such arbitrator may, atthe request of the first Party, be appointed by the Chief Justice of India or by a person authorised by him within thirty (30) .days of the date of G receipt of such request, from amongst persons who are not nationals of the country of any of the Parties to the arbitration proceedings. 33.6 If the two arbitrators appointed by or on behalf of the Parties fail to agree on the appointment of the third H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 199 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] arbitrator within thirty (30) days of the appointment of the A second arbitrator and if the Parties do not otherwise agree, at the request of either Party, the third arbitrator shall be appointed in accordance with Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

33.12 The venue of the sole expert, conciliation or arbitration proceedings pursuant to this Article, unless the Parties agree otherwise, sha11 be New Delhi, India and shall be conducted in the English language. Insofar c as practicable, the Parties shall continue to implement the terms of this Contract notwithstanding the initiation of arbitral proceedings before a sole expert, conciliator or arbitral tribunal and any pending claim or dispute. 33.13 * * *" D 5. On 8'h August, 2011, UOI granted its approval to the Petitioner No.1 to assign 30% of its participating interest in the Block KG-06, under the PSC to Petitioner No.3. On the same date, i.e. 8'h August, 2011, Petitioner No. 3 also entered into PSC as a party. Further, Petitioner No.1 was appointed E as the' Operator' tor Block KG-D6, both under the terms of the PSC, and the Joint Operating Agreement that was executed between Petitioner No. 1 and Petitioners No. 2 & 3.

6. It appears that in the financial year 2010-2011, F differences relating to the scope and interpretation of the provisions of the PSC arose between the Petitioners and Respondent after the publication of some media reports. These reports, according to the Petitioners, suggested that the Respondent was planning tci disallow cost recovery of the G expenditures incurred by the Contractorsince the productions levels from the gas fields had fallen drastically. According to the Petitioners, all the disagreements and differences that have arisen between them and UOI will inevitably lead to serious problems in the working of the PSC. To resolve this dispute, H 200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14S.C.R. 'A lengthy correspondence ensued between Petitioner No. 1 and the officers/representatives of Respondent No.1.

7. On 16th September, 2011. RIL (Petitioner no, 1) wrote to the Respondent and pointed out that any attempt to disallow or to restrict cost recovery of expenditures incurred by the ' · 8 Contractor since the production levels from .gas fields had fallen, would be contrary to.the provisions of the PSC and, requested that no such action should be taken. There was no response to the aforesaid letter from the Respondent. ,, c 8. On 23"' November, 2011, Petitioner No.1 {RIL), through its Advocates, served upon the Respondent a notice invoking arbitration, in accordance with the arbitration agreement contained in Article 33 of the PSC. In this letter, Petitioner no.1 also nominated Mr. Justice S. P. Bharucha, former Chief Justice of India, as its arbitrator and called upon the Respondent to 0 nominate its arbitrator within 30 days of the receipt of this letter. Respondent replied tci this letter on 21st December, 2011, and intimated Petitioner NoJ. that the matter is under consideration and that "the Ministry needs more time to respond and would E do so by 31st January, 2012." In its letter dated 2nd January, 2012, thePetitioners pointed out to the Respondentthat, "the PSC, the UNCITRAL Rules and the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 - .set a period of thirty days for your making appointment of an Arbitrator." Nevertheless, as a matter. F of good faith, time for nomination of an arbitrator by the · Respondent was extended until 31st January, 2012.

9. The Respondent, however, by a letter dated 25th January, 2012 addressed to Petitioner No.1 called upon the Petitioner to withdraw the Notice of Arbitration on the ground G that the same was premature, "for the reason that no 'dispute' has arisen between the parties to the Production Sharing Contract." It is noteworthy that no objection was taken with regard to Petitioner No.1 being the only party under thePSC that seems to be.raising the disputes. H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 201 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 10. Thereafter on znd February, 2012, Petitioner No.1 A replied to the Respondent, by a letter through its advocates, wherein it was reiterated that .there have been a long standing controversy, differences and/or disagreement as to whether the contractor's right to recover its contract cost is capable of being limited by the Government, in the manner and on the B . grounds as is sought to be done under the PSC. It was also stated that: "Our client treats and construes your letter under reply as your refusal and failure to appoint an arbitrator." 11. On 17'" February, 2012, Respondent wrote a letter to Petitioner No.1, wherein it was reiterated that no dispute C concerning the cost recovery under the PSC has arisen between the parties to the PSC. The Respondent once again called upon the Petitioners to withdraw the notice of arbitration dated 23rd November, 2011. D

12. In response to the aforesaid letter, Petitioner No.1, · through its Advocates, addr~ssed a letter dated 9'h March, . 2012 to the Respondent, wherein the demand made in the. notice of arbitration dated 23"' November, 2011 was reiterated. The letter inter alia stated as under: E "We are instructed to state that the assertion that disputes and differences have not arisen between the Government and the Contractor overlooks the previous correspondence that the ensured (sic: ensued) between the parties" F ••• "The underlying reason for all this appears to be disputes that have arisen between the Contractor and the DGH ... " ••• G "The DGH, on its part has disagreed with the contractor inter alia on whether the factual; assertion that drilling of more wells would not augment the rate of production" H 202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 14 S.C.R. A Annexure-1 to the aforesaid letter listed some of the issues that have already arisen between the parties; which are as under: (I) Whether tlie FDP implies a commitment of the contractor to produce particular or at a particular rat~? B (II) Whether the FDP implies a commitment of the contractor to do a series of development activities even if there is a difference of opinion between the Government and the Contractor as to the efficacy of c these activities? (Ill) Whether the FDP is revised pro tanto by WP & B's from time to time approved by MC?

(IV) Whether the variation between.the costs proposed in the FDP and the actual cost can be a basis for D disallowing Capex? (V) Is the recovery of cos't related in any manner to the . estimates of production even if the costs are within the sanctioned budgets? E (VI) Is the recovery of costs of facilities in any manner related to the attainment of production estimates of the FDP or the estimates of deposits or reservoir characteristics? (VII) Whether the FDP was a representation by the F contractor to produce at a particular rate or to produce a particular quantity for a defined period, which by conduct became a binding contract between the parties? (VIII) Would the drilling of additional wells result in G increased production rates/volumes. (IX) Did the approval of the WP & B's [FY 2009-10 (RE) and 2010-11 (BE)] result in a modification of FDP? H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 203 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] (X) Were the reasons given by the MoPNG/DGH for A declining approval to the WP & B's for FY 2010-11 (RE) and 2011-12 valid? (XI) If the answer to (IX) and (X) is in the negative, what is the consequence?" B

13. On 16th April, 2012, Petitioners No.1 & 2 filed Arbitration Petition No. 8 of 2012 under Section 11 (6) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 before this Court (hereinafter referred to as "AP. No. 8'), seeking 9onstitution of Arbitral Tribunal in terms of Article 33.5 of the PSC. After filing of this petition, c corresponqence ensued between the Petitioners and the Respondent, wherein the subject matter related to cost recovery of expenditure incurred by the Contractor for the years 2010-2011 was discussed. This was done through letters/notice dated 2nd May, 2012; 4th May, 2012 and 81hJune, 2012. In the D letter dated 2°0 May, 2012, the Respondent makes a reference to the PSC dated 12th April, 2000 in the following terms: "We write with reference to the Production Sharing Contract ("PSC") dated April 12, 2000 between Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas ("Government"), Reliance E Industries Limited (being the operator) and Niko Resources Limited (collectively "Contractor"), in relation to block KG-DWN-98-3. The expressions used and not defined herf:!in and defined in the PSC, shall have the meaning ascribed thereto in the PSC." F The letter claims that the Petitioners have failed: "to fulfil your obligations and to adhere to the terms of the PSC and . are in deliberate and wilful breach of PSC and have thereby caused immense loss and prejudice to the Government. You have also repeatedly failed to meet your targets under the G PSC." Thereafter the specific instances of the breach have been highlighted in detail. Finally, it is recorded as under:-"ln this regard, we have been instructed to state that any such purported attempt to unilaterally adjust any amounts H

204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A as threatened or otherwise would be completely illegal -and constitute a serious breach of the provisions of the PSC and that our client reserves all its right under the PSC, the Arbitration Act, and the UNCITRALArbitration Rules if the Government attempts_ to proceed to B implement the purported decision threatened or otherwise." 14. The Petitioners by an equally detailed letter denied the claims made by the Respondent on 8th June, 2012. In paragraph 31 of the aforesaid letter, ttie Petitioners again C called upon the Respondent to appoint an arbitrator forthwith (without raising ariy other procedural issues designed to delay the dispute resolution process) so that the vital project undertaken by the parties is not put in jeopardy on account of the continuing uncertainty. ' D

15. In its letter dated 5th July, 2012, the Respondent makes a reference to the letter dated 2"d May, 2012 addressed to Coritractors of the block KG-DWN-98/3 and to the l~tter · dated 8th June, 2012 written by the Solicitors ori behalf of E Petitioner No.1 and stated that the Ministry had nominated Mr. Justice V.N.Khare, former Chief Justice of India as the arbitrator on behalf of the Government of India. The letter also called upon the Petitioners to withdraw theA.P. No. 8. On 16th July, 2012, the Petitioners, through its advocates, addressed F a letter to the Registrar of this Court, wherein it was requested . that theA.P: No. 8 may be disposed of. Accordingly, theA.P. No. 8 was disposed of by this Court by an order dated 7th August, 2012. It would be appropriate to notice here the relevant extract of the order: G "Both the parties have no objection to the Arbitrators nominated by each other. Under the arbitration clause, the two nominated Arbitrators are to nominate the third Arbitrator. In view of the above, in my opinion, no further orders are required to be passed in this H Arbitration Petition. The Arbitration Petition is disposed of as such." RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 205 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

16. On 12'h July, 2013, PetitionerNo.1 addressed a letter A · to Mr. Justice S.P. Bharucha and Mr. Justice V.N. Khare, requesting them to nominate the third arbitrator. On 1••August, 2013, Mr. Justice Bharucha wrote a.letter to Petitioner No.1, inter alia, as follows : "Undoubtedly, there has been a delay in the appointment B of a third arbitrator. I had made a suggestion to my fellow arbitrator, which was not acceptable to him. I asked him to make a counter suggestion which he said he would do. I have not heard any counter suggestion as yet. c In the circumstances, you must consider whether the court should be approached for the appointment of a third arbitrator." 17. It was in these circumstances that the present arbitration petition came to be filed under Section 11 (6) of the D Arbitration Act, 1996. Submissions: 18. I have heard elaborate arguments, and perused the written submissions submitted by the learned senior counsel E appearing for the parties. 19. Mr. Harish N. Salve, learned senior counsel, appearing for the Petitioners has made the following submissions: !- Re: International Commercial Arbitration· F

20. It was submitted that the present arbitral proceedings relate to an International Commercial Arbitration, as defined under Section 2 (1) (f) of the Arbitration Act, 1996. Ld. senior counsel pointed out that two out of the four parties to the G arbitration agreement are based outside India; Petitioner No. 2·being a U.K. based company and Petitioner No.3 being based in Canada. Substantiating this submission, it was pointed out by Mr. Salve that each of the Petitioners is a party H 206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A to the PSC, as defined under Article 28.1 of PSC; and each of the Petitioners comprise a "Contractor", under Article 2 of PSC.

21. It was also submitted that Petitioner No. 1, as "Operator," performs each and every function of the Contractor under the PSC on behalf of all the constituents of the Contractor, 8 as defined under Articles 7.1 and 7.3 of the PSC. Mr. Salve mentioned that the Appendix 'C' to the PSC provides accounting procedure which is required to be followed by the Contractor and the Government. Learned senior counsel also brought to our attention the accounting procedure that is C required to be followed by the contractor and the Government. Sections 1.4.2 and 1.4.4 of Appendix 'C' to the PSC indicate that the accounts are to be maintained by the Operator on behalf of the Contractors. On the basis of the aforesaid it was submitted that for the purpose of cost recovery, only one set of D accounts, as opposed to three sets of accounts, has to be maintained. Thus, according to the submission, the award will affect the cost recovery under the PSC and impact all the parties, particularly Petitioners, equal!y. In the light of the aforesaid, it WC!S submitted thatthe Operator was, therefore, E obliged to raise a dispute on behalf of all the parties/Petitioners. This was also made clear in theA.P. No. 8

22. Lastly it is submitted by Mr. Salve that the Respondent itself has always understood and accepted that the substance F of the dispute is related to and has implications for all the parties to PSC. It was also pointed out that the Notice dated 2n' May, 2012 was addressed by the UOI to all the three Petitioners and thatthe nomination of the Arbitrator by the UOI was with reference to notice dated 2n' May, 2012. G !1 Re: Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court: 23. Mr. Salve submitted that the parties cannot confe.r jurisdiction on the Supreme Court, it flows from the fact that there is an international arbitration. He submits that the stand of the UOI is inconsistent. On the one hand it has accepted H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 207 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

that this court has the jurisdiction to entertain the petition, and A on the other hand it questions the assertion that this petition concerns an international arbitration. It is further submitted by him that A. P. No. 8 was filed in 2012 on the premise that the arbitration between the Petitioner and the UOI was an international arbitration on account of the fact that Petition'er B No.2 is a company incorporated outside India. It was pointed out that no dispute, as to the maintainability of the petition, was raised at that time. A.P. No. 8 was disposed of by this Court on merits and not for the want of jurisdiction. No dispute was raised to the effect that this Court has no jurisdiction to C entertain the petition, which was filed under Sei:tion 11 (6) of theArbitrationAct, 1996. On the basis of the above, he submits that the objection was raised by the Respondents that Petitioner No.1 is the only party raising disputes in relation to PSC, and claiming reference to arbitration is an afterthought. D

24. Mr. Salve further submits that the contention of the UOI that this Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the present petition in view of Section 11 (2) oftheArbitration Act, 1996, is misconceived. It is also submitted that Sub-section (2) qf Section 11 is subject, expressly, to subsection (6) thereof. E Section 11 (6) provides that in case the appointment procedure agreed upon by the parties is not complied with, a party may request the Chief Justice to take the necessary measures. The expression "Chief Justice" has been defined under sub-section (12)(a) of Section 11 as the Chief Justice of India, in the case F of an international commercial arbitration. In other arbitrations under Section 11 (12)(b), it would be the Chief Justice of the High Court. It was then submitted that a procedure agreed to by the parties for appointment of arbitrator(s) is subjectto Sub-section (6); it cannot override sub-section (6) and provide that G in respect of a domestic arbitration, not-withstanding sub-section(12), the parties would only move the Chief Justice of India, or vice versa in the case of an international arbitration. On the basis of the aforesaid, it was submitted that the H 208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. . A contention of the UOI that this Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the petition under Section 11 (6) is misconceived. !!1. Re: Notice :

. 25. Further, it was stated that the Joint Operating B Agreement entitles the Operatorto initiate litigation on behalf of all the parties. It was also submitted that it is significant to note that there is inconsistency in the stand taken by the Respondent. On the one hand, Respondent claims that the arbitral award would bind not merely Petitioner No.1 but also c Petitioners No. 2 and 3; however on the other hand, the Respondent insists that the arbitration proceedings are only between Petitioner No. 1 and UOI. This stand of the Respondents has been submitted to be contrary to the established jurisprudence that an arbitral award is binding only on the parties to the arbitration. 0 IV. Re: Arbitrator of Neutral Nationality

26. Mr. Salve submitted that since the arbitration is an international one, this court, in accordance with the established international practise, should consider appointing an arbitrator E of a nationality other than the nationalities of the parties. In this context, it was pointed out that the statute expressly obligates the Court to examine the issue of nationality of the arbitrator vis-a-vis the nationality of the parties. It was asserted that Article 33(5) of the PSC is conclusive on this issue. It provides that if F one of the parties fails to appoint its arbitrator, the Court would appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than that of the defaulting party. It was submitted that this clause indicates the significance that the parties have attached to the neutrality of the arbitrators. A fortiori, the chairman/presiding arbitrator G should be of a nationality other than Indian. The contention of the UOI that absence of a provision similar to Article 33(5) of the Arbitration Agreement in relation to the appointment of the third arbitrator suggests that the presiding arbitrator could be Indian has been submitted by Mr. Salve to be misconceived. H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD.v. UNION OF INDIA 209 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

27. It was also brought to our notice thatthe UNCITRAL A Rules, in force at the time when the PSC was drafted and entered into, recognised that while the appointing authority could appoint an arbitrator of the same nationality as that of ttie defaulting party (in the event where a party fails to nominate its arbitrator), but the presiding arbitrator that has to. be B appointed would be of the nationality other than that of the parties. The Petitioners states that the PSC provides for even a greater degree of neutrality than the UNCITRAL by provisioning that in case one of the parties makes a default in nominating its arbitrator then the arbitrator has to be appointed c from a neutral nationality. It was then submitted that there was no need of a similar provision in relation to the presiding arbitrator since the arbitration was to be in accordance with UNCITRAL Rules. In this context, learned senior counsel relied upon the law laid in Antrix Corporation Limited Vs. Devas o Multimedia Private Ltd 1, wherein it was inter alia held that the reference to such rules (ICC in that case) would include the process of constitution of a tribunal.

28. Mr. Salve also referred to the submission of the Respondent that the PSC being governed by the Indian law E or/and that it involves the issues of public policy for India as irrelevant. The fact that a party nominee had to be from a neutral · country establishes that the parties did not consider the governing law of the contract to be of any relevance to the nationality of the arbitrator. It was also submitted that the trend F of appointing presiding arbitrator from a "neutral nationality" is now universally accepted under various arbitration rules as well as under the Arbitration Act, 1996. 29. Mr. Salve also pointed out that Article 33 (9) of the PSC adopts the UNCITRAL Rules for the arbitration Agreement G and that at the time of signing the Arbitration Agreement the UNCITRAL Rules, 1976 were in force. Mr. Salve also referred to Article 6 of UNCITRAL Rules, 1976. He laid particular stress on Article 6 (4). 1 2013 (7) SCALE 216 (Para 34) H 210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A 30. It was further mentioned that the UNCITRAL Rules of 2010 are now at par with the procedure under Article 33.5, even with respect to appointment of second arbitrator. 31. Relying upon the judgment of this Court in Northern Railway Adtnihistratioh, Ministry of Railway, New Delhi B Vs. Patel Englheering Company Limited2, it was submitted that the scheme of Section 11 emphasises that the terms of an Arbitration Agreement should be given effect as closely as · possible.

32. Lastly, it was submitted that the Respondents had C lost their right to nominate the second arbitrator in the earlier round of litigation, i.e. A.P. No.·8 and hence, the Petitioners could have insisted under Article 33.5 that the Tribunal must be constituted of two non-Indian Arbitrators in addition to the arbitrator appointed by the Petitioner. It is, therefore, imperative D that the third arbitrator should have a neutral nationality. Respondent's Submissions

33. Mr. Anil B. Divan and Mr. DushyantA. Dave, learned senior counsel, appeared for the Respondents. At the outset, E it was pointed out that the present arbitration petition has been filed under Sections 11 (6) and 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996, read with Article 33.6 of the PSC. It was then submitted that the Article 33.6 of the PSC, unlike Article 33.5,-does not require that the arbitrator to be appointed should be a foreign national. F The learned senior counsel suggested that the aforesaid omission is both deliberate and significant. It was further submitted that the Petitioners, by choosing not to object to the appointment of Mr. Justice V.N. Khare, have waived of the requirement that a foreign national be appointed as an arbitrator by the parties, under Article 33.5 of the PSC. It was further G submitted that this waiver also becomes clear from the letter dated 16'" July, 2012, which was sent on behalf of the Petitioners to the Respondent, wherein the nomination of Mr. Justice Khare was accepted without any reservation. The H '(200SJ 1osec240 RELIANCE iNDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF lNDIA 211 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Petitioners are, therefore, as stated by the learned senior A counsel, estopped from insisting upon appointment of a foreign arbitrator.

34. Next, learned senior counsel submitted that that the PSC is one of the most valued, crucial and sensitive contracts for the nation, in as much as it deals with the PSC in offshore B areas; and it deals inter alia with License and Exploration, Discovery, Development and Production of the most valuable natural resources, viz. petroleum products, including crude oil and/or natural gas. Propounding further, it was submitted that these products are vital to the survival of the nation. UOI entered C into the PSC with Petitioners No. 1 and 2, with avowed objective of exploiting the aforesaid.natural resources(s) in the most efficient, productive manner and in a timely fashion. The PSC, therefore, has great significance for the nation. lt was also submitted that the entire subject matter of the contract is D situated in India and hence, the applicable law is the Indian law for both the substantive contract and the Arbitration Agreement.

35. Placing strong reliance on the factual situation, it was submitted that the PSC, its interpretation, and its execution E involve intricate and complex questions of law and facts' relating to Indian conditions; arid Indian laws. It was further . submitted that since the pifrties were aware about the aforesaid nature of PSC, th~y consciously refrained from having the requirement tharthe third arbitrator should be a F foreign nati1'nal. Thus, it was·submitted by the learned senior counsel, that the issue relating to the appointment of the third arbitrator has been left squarely to the two nominated arbitrators, and that the two C\rbitrators are not to be influenced by any requirement that the third arbitrator should be a foreign G national. · ·· 36. In the support of the aforesaid submission, learned counsel relied upon the letterdated 12'h July, 2013 written by ·.... .' H 212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A the Petitioner to the two arbitrators, wherein a request was made to complete the constitution of the arbitral tribunal. The following excerpt has been relied upon: "While it is understood that it is sometimes a time consuming exercise, Your Honour will appreciate that the B issues which are subject matter of the arbitration proceedings are of significant importance to the Claimants. Accordingly, on behalf of our clients we humbly request c Your Honour to complete the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal at your earliest convenience,"

37. Learned senior counsel also relied upon the letter dated 1''August,2013 written by Mr. Justice Bharucha to submit that there is not even a suggestion that the third arbitrator has D to be a foreign national. 38. The next submission of the Respondent is that Petitioners No2 and 3 have not raised any dispute under the PSC at any stage. It is only the Petitioner alone that has raised the dispute and come forward as the Claimant. To substantiate E the submissions, Respondents rely upon the following documents: (i) Letter dated 23.11.2011; (ii) Notice of Arbitration dated 23.11.2011; F (iii) Letter dated 02.01.2011 on behalf of Petitioner No. 1 by its solicitors. (iv) Letter dated 02.02.2011, on behalf of Petitioner No. 1 by its solicitors. G (v) Letter dated 05.07.2012 of the Respondent to the Solicitors of RI L. (vi) Letter dated 1''August, 2013 of Mr. Justice Bharucha, as per the Respondent shows that the arbitration was H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 213 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] between Reliance Industries Limited and the A Government of India.

39. It was also emphasised that all the communications annexed with the present petition identify the claimant to be Petitioner No. 1. It was also highlighted that the contents of the letter dated 2nd May, 2012 written by the Respondents, which B inter-a/ia deals with inadmissibility of recovery of costs has not been disputed by Petitioners No. 2 and 3. Learned senior counsel also relies upon the letter dated 12'h July, 2013, sent on behalf of Petitioner No.1 by its Solicitors to the Arbitrators. This letter was sent after the order dated 7'h August 2012 was C passed by this Court in A.P. No. 8 of 2012. According to the Respondents this letter also shows that the dispute is only between RIL and the Respondent. 40. Mr. Divan also submitted that Petitioners No. 2 and D 3 have not conformed to Article 33 of the PSC, for the purposes of invoking arbitration. Such non-compliance cannot be considered as merely an omission. In the light of the aforesaid, it was submitted that Petitioner No.1, an Indian Company, is the only party to the dispute with the Respondents and therefore, E there is no need to appoint a foreign arbitrator. Fµrther, it was submitted even if it is assumed that Petitioners No. 2 and 3 have raised the dispufes in terms of Article 33.6, there is no question of appointment of a foreign arbitrator as the dispute raised is only between two Indian parties, viz. Petitioner No.1 F, and the Respondents.

41. The next submission of Mr. Divan is that Section 11 (1) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 provides that an arbitrator can be of any nationality, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. It was submitted that since the parties did not choose to have a G foreign national to be appointed as the third arbitrator in Article 33.6, the parties did not choose to make Section 11(1) applicable to them. Learned senior counsel also pointed out that the parties instead agreed to proceed under Section 11 (2) H 214 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A as they agreed to appoint an arbitrator without requiring him to be of any foreign nationality. 42. Mr. Divan then points out that Section 11 (9) has been authoritatively interpreted in Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II Vs. STIC Travels (P) Ltd. 3 and MSANederland B.V. B Vs. Larsen & Toubro Ltd.4 According to the learned senior counsel, UNCITRAL Rules cannot override Sections 11(1) & (2), read with Article 33.6, nor can these Rules aid in interpreting Section 11 (9). It was further submitted that the appointment of the third arbitrator under Article 33.6 of PSC C has to be made under Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The UNCITRAL Rules will come into play only aftertheArbitral Tribunal has been constituted. According to learned senior counsel, following factors negate the application of UNCITRAL Rules in making the appointment of the arbitrators: D (a) The law governing the arbitration agreement is Indian Law;

(b) The seat of the arbitration is in India which makes the curial law of the arbitration as Indian law. E (c) The governing law of the contract is the Indian law. (d) All these factors would show that UNCITRAL Rules would become relevant only after theArbitralTribunal has been constituted . . F 43. Lastly, it was submitted that the appointment of a foreign national as the third arbitrator is not only legally untenable, but also undesirable, in the facts and circumstances of the present case. To substantiate this, it was submitted that both Petitioners No. 2 and 3 are multi-national companies, G with Petitioner No. 3 having presence/business connections in about 80 countries. These countries include the countries whose nationals are sought to be nominated by the Petitioners. It was further submitted that unravelling all the countries in which '(2001 l 1 sec 509 H 4 (2005)13SCC719 RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD'. v. UNION OF INDIA 215 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Petitioner No. 3 may have a connection would be difficult, if A not impossible. Thus, the very object of neutrality, impartiality and independence will be defeated by appointing a foreign national as the third arbitrator. On the contrary, it was submitted, appointment of a former judge of this Court would fie the most suitable arrangement. B

44. In response, Mr. Salve submitted that: (i) The reliance placed by the Respondents upon the law laid in Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II Vs. STIC Travels (P) Ltd. (supra) and MSA Nederland B.V. Vs. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. (supra) is misplaced as these cases are inapplicable in the present C case. (ii) The contention of the UOI that nationals of the 80 countries in which Petitioner No. 3 has operations would beconie ineligible to be appointed as arbitrators is misconceived. In this context, it was submitted that the Arbitration Act, 1996 and the related international practices D takes into account nationality but not area of operation. This submission of the Respondent, according to Mr. Salve, is not tenable because it confuses the question of independence and impartiality with neutrality. The aspect of neutrality is dealt with in Section 11 (8) and Section 12; whereas, nationality is E considered in Sections 11 (1) & (9) of Arbitration Act, 1996. Further, it was submitted that these two provisions would be rendered otiose if the submission of the UOI is accepted. 45. Before parting with submissions made on behalf of F the parties, it must also be noticed that the learned senior counsel for the parties have submitted a list each of proposed/ suggested arbitrators; which according to them would satisfy the requirements of the arbitration agreement contained in PSC. G 46. I have considered the submissions made by the learned senior counsel for the parties.

47. I am not inclined to accept the submissions made by Mr. Anil B. Divan, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf H 216 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A of the UOI. Initially, Arbitration Petition No.8 was filed by Reliance Industries Limited- RIL (Petitioner No.1) and Niko (Petitioner No.2). In paragraph 6 of the arbitration petition, it was specifically averred as follows:-"The Respondent by its letter dated 81h August, 2011, B granted its approval to Petitioner No.1 to assign 30% of its Participating Interest under the PSC to BP, thereby also making BP a partner in the Block KG-06 ........ " Therefore, it is apparent that reference to arbitration was c sought on behalf of the three partners to the PSC. 48. The Arbitration Petition was disposed of as both the parties had no objection to the arbitrator nominated by each other. Therefore, the matter was left to the two arbitrators to nominate the third arbitrator who shall be the Chairman of the D Arbitral Tribunal. However, by letter dated 1 '1 August, 2013, Mr. Justice Bharucha pointed out that the two arbitrators have not been able to agree on the third arbitrator. Therefore, the Petitioners h<id to approach this court for appointment of a third arbitrator. In these circumstances, the present Petition E came to be filed under Section 11 (6).

49. There is an additional reason for not accepting the submission made by Mr. Anil Divan, learned senior counsel, that the Petitioner is not acting on behalf of all the three Contractors. The notice was served by RIL in the capacity of F Operator, which included all the three Contractors, i.e., RIL, Niko and British Petroleum (BP). 50. A perusal of some of the correspondence reproduced earlier clearly indicates that the Respondent recognised that G the Petitioner No.1 is the Operator on behalf of all the Contractors, namely, Reliance, Niko and BP. 51. I find much substance in the submission of Mr. Salve that the contentions raised in the counter affidavit reflect a misunderstanding of:- H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 217 [SURINDERSINGH NIJJAR, J.] (i) the terms of the PSC; A (ii) reality of the Parties' commercial relationship; (iii) application of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996;and (iv) UNCITRALArbitration Rules and the practise of large B scale arbitrations involving foreign parties.

52. It is also not possible to accept the submission of Mr. Anil Divan that Niko and BP are not operators under the PSC and, therefore, have forfeited any rightto operations under C the PSC. It is also not possible to accept the submission that Niko and BP are not the parties to the dispute with the Respondent. I am of the considered opinion that the provisions of the PSC clearly identified the parties to the PSC. The disputes that have arisen between the parties are also clearly D identified in the correspondence exchanged between the parties. The three named contractors are, in fact, frequently mentioned in the correspondence between the parties. It has been correctly highlighted by Mr. Salve that the terms of the PSC have to be considered in the light of the fact that the Respondent expressly consented, after detailed inquiry, to the E assignment of participation interests in the PSC to BP. It is a matter of record that Niko has been a party to the PSC from the beginning. Therefore, at-least at this stage, it would not be possible to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that BP and Niko are not "operating" under the PSC. F

53. I am also unable to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that given the nature of operations under the PSC, the issues involved thereunder are of public law and public policy. Mr. Divan, on the basis of the aforesaid submission, has insisted G that the third arbitrator ought to be from India. It was pointed out by Mr. Divan that even if it is accepted that the disputes raised by the Petitioner would also include the disputes of Petitioner Nos. 2 and 3, the arbitration still essentially remains an Indian arbitration. Such a submission cannot be accepted H 218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A as the Respondents have not at any stage earlier raised an objection that the disputes had been raised by Petitioner No.1 only on its own behalf and did not relate to the disputes of Petitioner No.2 and 3 also.

54. In my opinion, the submission is misconceived and B proceeds on a misunderstanding of the PSC, RIL, Niko and· BP are all parties to the PSC. They are all contractors under the PSC. The PSC recognizes that the operatorwould act on behalf of the contractor. All investments are funded by not just the Petitioner No.1 but also by the other parties, and they are C equally entitled to the costs recovered and the profits earned. For the sake of operational efficiency, the Operator acts for and on behalf of the other parties. Therefore, I find substance in the submission of Mr. Salve that the disputes have been raised in the correspondence addressed by Petitioner No.1 D not just on its own behalf but on behalf of all the parties. During the course of his submissions, Mr. Anil Divan had, in fact, submitted that Niko and BP will be affected by the arbitral award and it would be binding upon them too. Therefore, if the Petitioner No.1 was to succeed in the arbitration, the award E would enure not only to the benefit of Petitioner No.1 but to all the parties to the PSC. Conversely, ifthe Government of India were to succeed before the tribunal, again the award would have to be enforced against all the parties. In other words,· each of the Contractors would have to perform the obligations F cast upon them. In that view of the matter, it is not possible to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that the arbitration in the present case is not an international arbitration.

55. It is equally not possible to accept the contention of· Mr. Divan that Niko and BP have not raised any arbitrable G dispute with Union of India. A perusal of some of the provisions of PSC would make it clear that all three entities are parties to the PSC. All three entities have rights and obligations under the PSC [see Article 28.1 (a)], including with respect to the Cost Petroleum, Profit Petroleum and Contract Costs (see Article H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 219 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

2.2), all of which are fundamental issues in the underlying A dispute. Whe_re RIL acts under the PSC, including by commencing arbitration, it does so not only on behalf of itself, but also "on behalf of all constituents of the contractors" ·including Niko and BP, I am inclined to acceptthe submission of Mr. Salve that there is a significant and broad ranging dispute B between RIL, Niko and BP on the one hand and the UOI on the other hand, that goes to the heart of the main contractual rights and obligations under the PSC. Furthermore, it is a matter of record that in the correspondence leading to the filing of the earlier petition beingA.P.No.8 of2012, no such objection about C Niko and BP not being a party to the dispute had been taken. In fact, the petition was disposed of on a joint request made by the parties that two arbitrators having been nominated, no further orders were required. Therefore, there seems to be substance in the submission of Mr. Salve that all these D objections about Niko and f!P not being the parties are an afterthought. Such objections, at this stage, can not be countenanced as the cpmmencement of arbitration has already been much delayed.

56. Both the parties had brought to the attention of the E Court the correspondence from their own perspective. Having considered the aforesaid correspondence, relevant extract of which have been noticed earlier, it is not possible to hold that the correspondence is only on behalf of the Rll. I, therefore, do not accept the submission of Mr. Anil Divan that this is an F arbitration between the two Indian parties only. 57. Further more the accounting procedure (Appendix C to PSC) clearly provides that RIL shall keep the accounts for the purposes of cost recovery statement. Therefore, it cannot G be said that the claims made by the Petitioner are only on behalf of RIL. The joint operating agreement expressly provides that the operator "to initiate litigation on behalf of all the parties." The fallacy of the stand taken by UOI is patent. On the one hand, the Respondent claims that the arbitral award would bind H 220 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 14 S.C.R. A not only Petitioner No.1 but also Petitioner Nos. 2 and 3, but on the other hand, is insisting that the arbitration proceedings are only between Petitioner No.1 and UOJ. -

58. This now brings me to the major divergence of views between Mr. Salve and Mr. Divan on the interpretation to be · B placed on Articles 33.5 and 33.6 of the PSC. Both the learned senior counsel accept that when exercising power under Section 11 (6) of the Arbitration Act, the 'Chief Justice of India or the person or the institution designated by him' (hereinafter referred to as "CJI" for convenience) is required to appoint the C 2nd Arbitrator from amongst persons who are not nationals of the country of any of the parties to the arbitration proceedings. Thereafter, both the learned senior counsel have expressed divergent views. According to Mr. Salve, the provisions contained in Article 33.5 indicates the significance that the D parties have attached to the neutrality of the arbitrators. Therefore, necessarily the Chairman/Presiding Arbitrator would have to be of a nationality other than India. According to him, appointment of an Indian Arbitrator under Article 33.6 would not be an option open to the CJI. On the other hand, Mr. E Divan emphasised that there is no requirement in Article 33.6 for appointment of a foreign arbitrator, identical or similar to the provision in Article 33.5. His view is that the absence of such a requirement is deliberate and significant. According to him, it clearly signifies that only an Indian National can be F appointed as the third arbitrator. I am of the opinion that both the learned senior counsel are only partially correct. Both sides have adopted extreme positions on the pendulum. I accept the interpretation of both the learned senior counsel with regard to Article 33.5 as the request will go to the Chief Justice of G India for appointment of an arbitrator, "from amongst persons who are not nationals of the country of any of the parties to the arbitration proceedings". Jn exercise of the jurisdiction under Section 11 (6), the CJI would usually appoint the third arbitrator in accordance with the request. I have no hesitation in accepting H

RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF !NOIA 221 [SURINDER ~tN,GH NIJJAR, J.] ·.: ..· the submission of Mr. Divan t~~t even the third arbitrator is an A Indian National, it would not be contrary to Article 33.6. But it would not be possible for rr}e;to accept the extreme views expressed by Mr. Divan that:only an Indian National can be appointed, as there is an :~~sence of a requirement of appointing a foreign national as the third arbitrator. In my B opinion, Article 33.6 virtually.leaves it to the Chief Justice of India to appoint the third arbitrator who would be neutral, impartial and independent from anywhere in the world including India. Just as India cannot be excluded, similarly, the countri~s where British Petroleum and Niko are domiciled, c as an option from where the third arbitrator could be appointed, cannot be ruled out. Having said this, it must be pointed out that this is the purely legal position. This would be a very pedantic view to take whereas international arbitration problems necessarily have to be viewed pragmatically. o Fortunately, Arbitration Act, 1996 has made express provision for adopting a pragmatic approach. When the CJI exercises his jurisdiction under Section 11 (6) he is to be guided by the provisions contained in the Arbitration Act, 1996 and generally accepted practices in the other international juri_sdictions. CJI ., E would also be anxious to ensure that no doubts are cast on the . neutrality, impartially and independenc.e of the Arbitral Tribunal. In international arbit~ation, the surest method of ensuring at/east the appearance of~neutrality would be to appoint the sole or the third arbitrator from nationality other F than the parties to the arbitration. This view of mine will find support from numerous internationally renowned commentators on the practice of international arbitration as well as judicial precedents.

59. At this stage, it would be appropriate to take notice G of the observations made by two such commentators. 60. Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration, Fifth Edition (2009) Para 4.59 expresses similar views with regard to the importance of the nationality of the sole or the third H 222 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A arbitrator being from a country different from that of the parties to the arbitration-. The opinion of the learned authors is as follows:- "In an ideal world, the country in which the arbitrator was born, or the passport carried, should be irrelevant. The B qualifications, experience, and integrity of the arbitrator should be the essential criteria. It ought to be possible to ·proceed in the spirit of the Model Law which, addressing ·this question, provides simply: 'No person shall be precluded by reason of his nationality from acting as an c arbitrator,. unless otherwise agreed by the parties.' Nevertheless, as stated above, the usual practice in international commercial arbitration is to appoint a ~ole .arbitrator (or a presiding arbitrator) of a different nationality from that of the parties to the dispute." D

61. Gary B. Born in International Commercial Arbitration, Volume I (2009) has an elaborate discussion on the impact of the UNCITRAL Model Laws aswell as UNCITRAL Rules on the appointment of the sole or the third arbitrator. He points E out that some arbitration legislations contain different nationality ··provisions, similar to those applicable u·nder leading institutional rules, which apply when a national court acts in its default capacity to select an arbitrator (in limited cjrcumstances). F 62. Article 11(5) of the UNCITRAL Model Law reads as under:- "A decision on a matter entrusted by paragraph (3) or (4) of this Article to the court or other authority specified in Article 6 shall be subject to'no appeal. The court or G other authority, in appointing an arbitrator, shall have due regard to any qu9lifications required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and to such considerations as are likely to secure. the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator and, in the case of a sole or third H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 223 [SURINDER SINGH NIJ.JAR, J.] arbitrator, shall take into account as well the advisability A of appointing an arbitrator of a nationality other than those of the parties." 63. Article 6(4) of UNCITRAL Rules, 1976 in almost identical terms reads as under:- · B

"In making the appointment the appointing authority shall have regard to such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator and shall take into account as well advisability of appointing an arbitrator of a nationality other than the c nationalities of the parties." 64. Taking note of the aforesaid two Articles, it is observed by the learned author as follows : "Article 11 (5) does not restrict the parties' autonomy to D select arbitrators of whatever nationality they wish. It merely affects the actions of national courts, when acting in their default roles of appointing arbitrators after the parties' efforts to do so have failed. Article 11 (5) does not forbid the appointment of foreign nationals as arbitrators, but on the contrary encourages the selection E of an internationally-neutral tribunal. Far from resembling national law prohibitions against foreign arbitrators, Article 11 (5) aims at exactly the opposite result. Indeed.Article 11 (1) of the UNCITRAL F Model Law s:ilso provides, like the European and Inter-American Conventions, that "no person sha·ll be precluded by reason of his nationality from acting as an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. That properly reflects the international consensus, embraced G by the European, Inter-American and New York Conventions, that mandatory nationality prohibitions are incompafible with the basic premises of international arbitration." H

224 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A 65. Earlier in the same volume at page 1431, while discussing the "Criteria for Judicial Selection of the Arbitrator'', he re-states the general practice adopted in appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. The opinion of the learned author is as follows : B "National arbitration legislation provides only limited guidance for courts actually to make the selection of arbitrators in international arbitrations. Article 11 (5) of the UNCITRAL Model Law provides that "in appointing an arbitrator, [the court] shall have due regard to any c qualifications required of the arbitrator by the agreement of the parties and to such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator," the same provision requires the court to "take into account as well as the advisability of appointing an D arbitrator of a nationality other than those of the parties." This language requires courts to have "due regard" to the parties' contractually specified requirements for arbitrators-which very arguably accords such requirements inadequate weight, given the importance E of party autonomy in the arbitrator selection process. Similarly, it is doubtful that it is sufficient for courts merely to "take [the arbitrator's nationality] into account", rather it. should generally be essential that the presiding arbitrator have a neutral nationality."

F 66. Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration, Fifth Edition (2009) at Page 263, expresses a similar opinion, after taking into consideration the UNCITRAL Rules; ICC Rules; LCIA Rules and ICDR Rules, which is as follows:-"The fact that the arbitrator is of a neutral nationality is no · G guarantee of independence or impartiality. However, the appearance is better and thus it is a practice that is generally followed". H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 225 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 67. Section 11 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 uses similar A phraseology as Article 11 of the UNCITRAL Model Law. Therefore, it would not be possible to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that the Court cannot look to Model Laws or the UNCITRAL Laws as legitimate aids in giving the appropriate interpretation to the provisions of Section 11, including Section B 11 (6).

68. In any event, the neutrality of an arbitrator is assured by Section 11(1) of the Arbitration Act, 1996, which provides that a person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by.the parties. There is no agreement C between the parties in this case that even a third arbitrator must necessarily be an Indian national. In fact, Section 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 specifically empowers the CJI to appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationality of the parties involved in the litigation. Therefore, I am unable D to accept the submission of Mr.Anil Divan that it would not be permissible under the Arbitration Act, 1996 to appoint the third arbitrator of any nationality other than Indian. Merely because · the two arbitrators nominated by the parties are Indian would not ipso facto lead to the conclusion that the parties had ruled E out the appointment of the third arbitrator from a neutral nationality. In this case, both the arbitrators had been appointed by the parties, therefore, the condition precedent fo(appointing an arbitrator, from amongst persons, who are not nationals of the country of any of the parties to the arbitration F proceedings, had not even arisen.

69. I also do not find merit in the submission made by Mr.Anil Divan on the basis of Articles 33.5 of the PSC.A~are perusal of Article 33. 5, PSC would show that it deals only with the situation where the other party fails to appoint an arbitrator G and a request is made to the Chief Justice of India or a person authorised by him to appoint the second arbitrator. In such a · situation, the Chief Justice is required to choose the second arbitrator from amongst the persons who are not nationals of H 226 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R.

A a country of any of the parties to the arbitrator proceedings. Article 33.6 is invoked when the two arbitrators appointed by the parties fail to nominate the third arbitrator. In such circumstances, the Chief Justice or the nominees of the Ghief Justice is required to appoint the third arbitrator in accordance B with the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. At that stage, Section 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 would become relevant. It would be necessary for the Chief Justice of India to take into consideration the will of the Indian Parliament expressed in Section 11(9). It appears to me that the C submission made by the Petitioners·cannot be said to be without any merit. I am unable to read into Article 33.6, an embargo on the appointment of a foreign national as the third arbitrator as submitted by Mr. Divan. It is not possible to accept th~ submission that the parties have specifically decided to o exclude the appointment of a foreign arbitrator under Article 33.6, as no specific provision was made para materia to Article 33.5. Even in the absence of a specific provision, the appointment of the third arbitrator under Article 33.6 would have to be guide~ by the provisions contained under Section 11 (9) E of the Arbitration Act.

70.1 am also unable to accept the submission of Mr. Divan that since the provision contained in Section 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 is not mandatory; the Court ought to appoint the third arbitrator, who is an Indian National. lhis F Court, in the case of Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II (supra)L interpreting Section 11 (9) after taking into consideration the position in some other countries where the UNCITRAL Model Law is adopted, has come to the following coriclusions:- G "25. It is, therefore, clear that in several countries where the UNCITRALModel.is adopted, it has been held that it is not impermissible to appoint an arbitrator of a nationality of one of the parties to arbitration. H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 227 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 26. In the light of the above rules in various countries and A rulings of the court and also in view of the fact that the 1996 Act is based on UNCITRAL Model Law which in Article 6(4) only speaks of "taking into account" the nationality as one of the factors, I am of the view that the word "may" in Section 11 (9) of the Act is not intended to B be read as "must" or "shall".

27. I am, therefore, of the view that while nationality of the arbitrator is a matter to be kept in view, it does not follow from Section 11 (9) that the proposed arbitrator is necessarily disqualified because he belongs to the C nationality of one of the parties. The word "may" is not used in the sense of "shall". The provision is not mandatory. In case the party who belongs to a nationality other than that of the proposed arbitrator, has no objection, the Chief Justice of India (or his nominee) can D appoint an arbitrator belonging to a nationality of.one of the parties. In case, there is objection by one party to the appointment of an arbitrator belonging to the nationality of the opposite party,-the Chief Justice of India (or his nominee) can certainly consider the objection and see if E an arbitrator not belonging to the nationality of either . parties can be appointed. While taking that decision, the Chief Justice of India (or his nominee) can also keep in mind, in cases where the parties have agreed that the law applicable to the case is the law of a country to which F · one of the parties belong, whether there will be an overriding advantage to both the parties if an arbitrator having knowledge of the applicable law is appointed. 28. In the result, I am of the view that under Section 11(9) G of the Act it is not mandatory for the court to appoint an arbitrator not belonging to the nationality of either of the parties to the dispute." H

228 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A 71. The aforesaid ratio of law in Malaysian Airlines Systems BHD II (supra) has been reiterated by this Court in MSA Nederland B.V. (supra) in the following words:-"3. The learned counsel appearing for the petitioner drew my attention to the fact that the petitioner Company is a B company incorporated in the Netherlands while the respondent Company is a company incorporated in India. He prayed that in view of the provisions of Sections 11 (9) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, an arbitrator having a neutral nationality be appointed, meaning thereby that c the sole arbitrator should neither be a Dutch national nor be an Indian national. Sectio.n 11 (9) is reproduced as under: "11. (9) In the case of appointment of sole or third arbitrator in an international commercial arbitration, D the Chief Justice of India or the person or institution designated by him may appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationa.lities of the parties where the parties belorig to different nationalities." E The key word in the above provision is "may" which leaves a discretion in the Chief JUstice or his nominee in this behalf and it is not mandatory that the sole arbitrator should be of a nationality;Qlher than· the nationalities of the parties to the agreem~.~t"

F 72. But the ratio in the aforesaid cases can not be read to m_ean that in all circumstances·, it is not possible to appoint an arbitrator of a nationality other than the parties involved in the litigation .. It is a matter of record that Clause 33.5 of the PSC provides that on failure of iti'e second party to nominate G its arbitrator, the Chief Justice (Jf India may be requested to appoint the secorid arbitrator froin amongst persons who are not nationals of the country of an~;:of the parties to the arbitration proceedings. Therefore, in principle, it becomes apparent that the Respondents have accepted,J;tje appointment of the second H .·····.' ' RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 229 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

arbitrator from a neutral country. Merely because, the seat of A arbitration is.in India, the applicable law is Indian Law; it does not become incumbent on the Court to appoint the third arbitrator, who is an Indian national. The concern of the Court is to ensure neutrality, impartiality and independence of the third arbitrator. Choice of the parties has little, if anything, to B do with the choice of the Chief Justice of India or his nominee· in appointing the third arbitrator. It is true that even at the stage of exercising its jurisdiction under Section 11 (6) at the final stage, the Chief Justice of India or his nominee can informally enquire about the preference of the parties. But it is entirely c upto the Chief Justice of India, whether to accept any of the preferences or to appoint the third arbitrator not mentioned by any of the parties. In making such a choice, the Chief Justice of India will be guided by the relevant provisions contained in theArbitrationAct, UNCITRAL Model Laws and the UNCITRAL D Rules, where the parties have included the applicability of the UNCITRAL Model LawslUNCITRAL Rules by ch·oice. 73. I must emphasise here that the trend of the third arbitrator/presiding officer of a neutral nationality being appointed is now more or less universally accepted under the E Arbitration Acts and Arbitration Rules in different jurisdictions.

74. In the present case, Article 33(9) of the PSC adopts the UNCITRAL Rules for the arbitration agreement under Article 39. The applicable UNCITRAL Rules at the time when F the arbitration agreement was signed were the 1976 Rules. 75. The aforesaid Rules have been literally paraphrased in Section 11 (9) of the Arbitration Act, 1996. Rule 4 of UNCITRAL states that in making the appointment, the appointing authority shall have regard to such consideration G as are likely to secure appointment of an independent and impartiaf"arbitrator. Superimposed on those two conditions is a provision that the appointing authority shall take into account, as well, the advisability of arbitrator of a nationality H 230 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A . other than the nationalities of the parties. Thes.e rules in my opinion are almost parallel to Article 33(5) of the PSC.

76. Mr. Anil Divan had, however, raised serious doubts about the impartiality of the third arbitrator due to the omnipresence of British Petroleum all over the world. I am of 8 . the considered opinion that the apprehension expressed by the learned senior counsel is imaginary and illusory. Such a proposition cannot possibly be accepted as a general practice for the appointment of Chairman/Presiding Offic;er/Third Arbitrator guided by the principle consideration that there must C not only be the neutrality, but appearance of neutrality of the third atbitrator. In that view of the matter, I have no hesitation in rejecting this submission of Mr. Divan that only an Indian National can be appointed as the third arbitrator.

77. This apart, I must-notice here the judgment of this D Court in the case of Northern Railway Administration, Ministry of Railway, New Delhi (supra), whilst considering the contingencies under which a party may request the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him under E Section 11 to take necessary measures held as follows:-"11. The crucial expression in sub-section (6) is "a party may request the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him to take the necessary measure" (underlined for emphasis:). This expression has to be F read along with requirement in sub-section (8) that the Chief Justice or the person or an institution designated by him. in appointing an arbitrator shall have "due regard" to the two cumulative conditions relating to qualifications and other considerations as are likely to secure the G appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator. . 12. A bare reading of the scheme of Section ·11 shows that the emphasis is on the terms of the agreement being adhered to and/or given effect as closely as possible. In other words, the Court may ask to do what has not been H RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF INDIA 231 [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

done. The Court must first ensure that the remedies A provided for are exhausted. It is true as contended by Mr Desai, that it is not mandatory for the Chief Justice or any person or institution designated by him to appoint the named arbitrator or arbitrators. But atthe same time, due regard has to be given to the qualifications required B by the agreement and other considerations. 13. The expression "due regard" means that proper attention to several circumstances have been focused. The expression "necessary" as a general rule can be broadly stated to be those things which are reasonably C ·required to be done or legally ancillary to the accomplishment of the intended act. Necessary measures can be stated to be the reasonable steps required to be taken." D 78. Keeping in view the aforesaid principles, I have examined the submissions of Mr. Divan and Mr. Salve on the issue with regard to the neutrality, impartiality and independence of the third arbitrator. As held earlier, the apprehension expressed by the Respondent Union of India E seems to be imaginary and illusory. Whatever is being said about the influence/presence of British Petroleum in other jurisdictions would apply equally to the Union of India, if the third arbitrator is an Indian national, within the lndi.an jurisdiction.

79. The apprehension expressed by Mr. Divan that if a F foreign national is appointed as a third arbitrator, the Tribunal would be at a disadvantage as all applicable laws are Indian, in my opinion, overlooks the fact that the two arbitrators already appointed are Former Chief Justices.of India and can be very safely relied upon to advise the third arbitrator of any legal G position, which is peculiar to India. 80. At this stage, normally the matter ought to be remitted back to the two arbitrators appointed by the parties to choose t.he third arbitrator on the basis of the observations made in H 232 'SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A the judgment. However, given the sharp difference of opinion between the two arbitrators, I deem it appropriate to perform the task of appointing the third arbitrator in this Court itself. Therefore, I had requested the learned senior counsel for the parties to supply a list of eminent individuals one of whom could B be appointed as the third arbitrator. Although two lists have · been duly supplied by the learned counsel for the parties, I am of the opinion, in the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case, it would be appropriate if an individual not named by any of the parties is appointed as the third arbitrator. I have c discretely conducted a survey to find a suitable third arbitrator who is not a National ?f any of the parties involved in the dispute.

81. Upon due consideration, I hereby appoint Honourable James Spigelman AC QC, former Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Australia as the third Arbitrator D who shall act as the Chairman oftheArbitralTribunal. The E-mail address which has been supplied to this Court is as follows: [email protected] E 82. In view of the considerable delay, theArbitralTribunal is requested to enter upon the reference at the earliest and to render the award as expeditiously as possible. 83. The Arbitration Petition is allowed in the aforesaid terms. No costs. F ORDER It has been pointed out that, in judgment dated 31 '' March, 2014 delivered in Arbitration Petition No.27 of 2013, . in spite of my earlier observations that I shall not appoint an Arbitrator from either of the list submitted by the parties, the Arbitrator actually appointed happens to be on the list of the petitioners. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LTD. v. UNION OF !NOIA 233 In that view of the matter, the aforesaid direction A appointing Honourable James Spigelman AC QC, former Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Australia as the third Arbitrator is hereby withdrawn. The substitute Arbitrator shall be appointed subsequently by a separate order. B It is also made clear that all issues arising between the parties are specifically kept open and the Arbitral Tribunal shall proceed being wholly uninfluenced by any observation made in the judgment. c ORDER

1. On 2nd April, 2014, this Court has passed the following order:- "It has been pointed out that, in judgment dated 31st March, 2014 delivered in Arbitration Petition No. 27 of D 2013, in spite of my earlier observations that I shall not appoint an Arbitrator from either of the list submitted by the parties, the Arbitrator actually appointep happens to be on the list of the petitioners. E In that view of the matter, the aforesaid direction appointing Honourable James Spigelman AC QC, former Chief Justice and Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Australia as the third Arbitrator is hereby withdrawn. The substitute Arbitrator shall be appointed F subsequently by a separate order. It is also made clea.r that all issues arising between the parties are specifically kept open and theArbitral Tribunal shall proceed being wholly uninfluenced by any observation made in the judgment." G 2. In furtherance of the aforesaid order, I hereby appoint Honourable Michael Hudson McHugh, AC QC, former Judge of the High Court of Australia and former Non-permanent H 234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 14 S.C.R. A Justice of the Court of Final Appeal in Hong Kong as the third arbitrator, who shall act as the Chairman of theArbitral Tribunal. · 3. The E-mail address of the aforesaid third arbitrator is as follows :- B [email protected] 4. Let the orders dated 31st March, 2014, 2nd April, 2014 and 29th April, 2014 be stitched together. Nidhi Jain Arbitration Petition allowed.