[2014) 4 S.C.R. 171 171 VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. A v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. (Criminal Appeal Nos. 678-681 of 2014) MARCH 27, 2014 B [CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD AND PINAKI CHANDRA GHOSE, JJ.] CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973: c s.202 rlw.s.2(g) and s. 200 - "Inquiry" in a case where accused is residing outside territorial jurisdiction of Judicial Magistrate - Nature and purpose of -Held: In such a case, before issuing summons to accused, inquiry uls 202 is mandatory - In the instant case, Magistrate examined 0 complainant on solemn affirmation and two witnesses and only thereafter directed issuance of process -This exercise by Magistrate for purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding against accused is an inquiry u/s 202 - There is no error in impugned order of High Court E rejecting the petitions of accused challenging the order of Judicial Magistrate directing issuance of process. WORDS AND PHRASES: Word 'shall' as occurring in s. 202 Cr. P. C. - Connotation F of. In a complaint filed regarding commission of offences punishable u/ss. 323,380 and 506 read with s.34 IPC, the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, after taking cognizance, transferred the complaint to the Court of G Judicial Magistrate, who examined the complainant and her two witnesses u/s 200 Cr.P.C. On a subsequent date, the Judicial Magistrate ordered issuance of summons 171 H 172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 4 S.C.R.

A against the appellants for the offences stated In the complaint. The appellants challenged the order before the High Court u/s 482 Cr.P.C. contending that the accused persons being residents of an area beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the Judicial Magistrate, an inquiry within the B meaning of u/s 202 Cr.P.C. was necessary. The High Court rejected the petitions. Dismissing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1.1 In the instant case, on receipt of the C complaint, the Additional Chief judicial Magistrate in exercise of the power u/s 192 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, after taking cognizance of the offence, made over the case for inquiry and disposal to the transferee Magistrate. Therefore, transfer of the case to D transferee Magistrate for inquiry and disposal is perfectly in tune with the provisions of the Code. [para 8] [177-A-C]

1.2 Section 202, Cr.P.C, inter alia, contemplates postponement of the issue of the process by the Magistrate "in a case where the accused is residing at a E place beyond the area in which he exercises his jurisdiction" and thereafter to either inquire into the case by himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit. The words "and shall, in a case where the accused is residing F at a place beyond the area in which he exercises his jurisdiction" was inserted by s.19 of Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act (Central Act 25 of 2005) w.e.f. 23-6-2006. The intention of the legislature is aimed to prevent innocent persons from harassment by G unscrupulous persons from false complaints. Therefore, the use of the expression "shall" and the background and the purpose for which the amendment has been brought, the inquiry or the investigation, as the case may be, is mandatory before summons are issued against the H accused living beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 173 Magistrate. [para 11 -12) [179-H; 180-A-C, H; 181-A~B] A Udai Shankar Awasthi v. State of Uttar Pradesh 2013 (3) SCR 935 = (2013) 2 sec 435 - relied on.

1.3 The word "inquiry" has been defined u/s 2(g}, 8Cr.P.C. It is evident from the provision, that every inquiry other than a trial conducted by the Magistrate or court is an inquiry. No specific mode or manner of inquiry is provided u/s 202 of the Code. In the inquiry envisaged u/ s 202, Cr.P.C. the witnesses are examined; whereas u/s 200, Cr.P.C. examination of the complainant only is C necessary with the option of examining the witnesses present, If any. This exercise by the Magistrate, for the purpose of deciding whether or not there Is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused, is nothing_ but an Inquiry envisaged u/s 202. (para 13-14] (181-H; 182- D B·D] Case Law Reference: 2013 (3) SCR 935 relied on para 12 E CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 678-681 of 201'4. From the Judgment and Order dated 19.02.2013 of the High Court of Calcutta in CRR No. 508, 509, 510 and 511 of 2013. F Jaideep Gupta, Rakesh Sinha, S. Sengupta, Brajesh Kumar for the Appellants. Nidhi for the Respondents. G The Judgrtlent of the Court was delivered by CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J. 1. Petitioners have been summoned in a complaint case for commission of offence under Section 323, 380 and 506 read with Section 34 of the H 174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 4 S.C.R.

A Indian Penal Code, hereinafter referred to as "the IPC". Respondent No. 1 filed a complaint in the Court of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate at Jangipur, Murshidabad on 1st of October, 2011, who after taking cognizance of the same, transferred the complaint to the Court of Judicial Magistrate, B Jangipur, Murshidabad for inquiry and disposal.

2. According to the allegation in the complaint petition, accused no.1 Rajdip Dey is sub-broker of Karvy Stock Broking Limited; whereas other accused persons are its officials posted C at Kolkata and Hyderabad. The complainant alleged to be its investor and claimed to have purchased shares from Karvi Stock Broking Ltd. through the sub-broker, accused No. 1. According to the complaint, a dispute arose over trading of shares between the complainant and the accused persons and to settle the on-going dispute, the accused persons offered a D proposal to the complainant who consented to it and accordingly, on 11th of September, 2011, accused persons vi~ited at her residence at Raghunathganj Darbeshpara to have a discussion with the complainant and her husband. According to the allegation, the discussion did not yield any result and the E accused persons started shouting at them. Some of the accused persons, according to the allegation, took out a pistol from their bag and put the same over the heads of the complainant and her husband. It is alleged that they assaulted the complainant and her husband with fists and slaps and also F abused them and coerced the complainant to sign some papers and snatched away the suitcase containing some papers. The aforesaid complaint was filed on 1st of October, 2011 in the Court of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Jangipur, Murshidabad. The learned Magistrate took G cognizance of the offence and transferred the case to the Court of another Magistrate for inquiry and disposal. On receipt of the record, the transferee Magistrate adjourned the case to 31st of October, 2011. On the said date, the complainant and her witnesses were present. The complainant was examined on H solemn affirmation and the two witnesses namely Enamul VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 175

[CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J.] Haque and Masud Ali were also examined. Order dated 31st A of October, 2011 shows that they were examined under Section 200 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as the "Code"). The transferee Magistrate, thereafter, adjourned the case for orders and on the adjourned date, i.e. 15th of November, 2011, he directed for B issuance of summons against the accused persons for offence under Section 323, 380 and 506 read with Section 34 of the IPC. It is relevant here to state that in the complaint, the residence of the accused has been shown at a place beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the Magistrate. c

3. Petitioners challenged the order issuing process in four separate applications filed under Section 482 of the Code before the High Court, inter alia, contending that the accused persons being residents of an area outside the territorial jurisdiction of the learned Magistrate who had issued summons, D an inquiry within the meaning of Section 202 of the Code was necessary. It was also contended that only after inquiry under Section 202 of the Code, the learned Magistrate was required to come to the conclusion as to whether sufficient grounds exist for proceeding against the accused persons. Said submission E did not find favour with the High Court and by common order dated 19th of February, 2013, it rejected all the applications. It is against this common order that the petitioners have filed these special leave petitions . • F 4. Leave granted. 5. Mr. Jaideep Gupta, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants submits that the accused persons admittedly were residing at a place beyond the area in which the learned Magistrate exercised his jurisdiction, hence, an G inquiry under Section 202 of the Code was sine qua non. He submits that in the present case, the learned Magistrate has not held inquiry as envisaged under Section 202 of the Code. 6. Ms. Nidhi, learned counsel representing respondent H 176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 4 S.C.R.

A no.1, however, submits that, in fact, the learned Magistrate before issuing the process has held an inquiry contemplated under the law and the order issuing process cannot be faulted on the ground that no inquiry was held. In view of the rival submissions, we deem it expedient to examine the scheme of B the Code. 7. In the present case, we are concerned with an order passed in a complaint case. Section 190 of the Code provides for cognizance of offences by Magistrates and the same reads as follows:c "190. Cognizance of offences by Magistrates.-(1) Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, any Magistrate of the first class, and any Magistrate of the second class specially empowered in this behalf under sub-section(2), D may take cognizance of any offence-( a) upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence; (b) upon a police report of such facts; E (c) upon information received from any person other than a police officer, or upon his own knowledge, · that such offence has been committed. (2) The Chief Judicial Magistrate may empower aQyF Magistrate of the second class to take cognizance under sub-section(1) of such offences as are within his competence to inquire into or try."

8. Section 190 of the Code finds place in Chapter XIV and G from its plain reading, it is evident that the competent Magistrate, inter alia, may take cognizance of a~y offence, subject to the provisions of Chapter XIV, upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute an offence. Section 192 of the Code empowers any Chief Judicial Magistrate to transfer H the case for inquiry after taking cognizance to a competent VIJAY OHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 177 ~HANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J.] Magistrate subordinate to him. In the present case, on receipt A of the complaint, the learned Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate in exercise of the power under Section 192 of the Code, after taking cognizance of the offence, had made over the case for inquiry and disposal to the transferee Magistrate. Section 12(2) of the Code confers on Additional Chief Judicial B Magistrate the same powers as that of a Chief Judicial Magistrate. Hence, transfer of the case by the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate after taking cognizance of the case to transferee Magistrate for inquiry and disposal is perfectly in tune with the provisions of the Code. The transferee Magistrate, c thereafter, examined the complainant and her witnesses and only thereafter issued the process.

9. Section 200 of the Code, inter alia, provides for examination of the complainant on oath and the witnesses present, if any. Same reads as follows: D "200. Examination of complainant. - A Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence on complaint shall examine upon oath the complainant and the witnesses present, if any, and the substance of such examination E shall be reduced to writing and shall be signed by the complainant and the witnesses, and also by the Magistrate: Provided that, when the complaint is made in writing, the F Magistrate need not examine the complainant and the witnesses- (a) If a public servant acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duties or a court has made the complaint; or G (b) If the Magistrate makes over the case for inquiry, or trial to another Magistrate under section 192: Provided further that if the Magistrate makes over the case H 178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 4 S.C.R. A to another Magistrate under section 192 after examining the complainant and the witnesses, the latter Magistrate need not re-examine them."

10. Under Section 200 of the Code, on presentation of the complaint by an individual, other than public servant in certain8 contingency, the Magistrate is required to examine the complainant on solemn affirmation and the witnesses present, if any. Thereafter, on perusal of the allegations made in the complaint, the statement of the complainant on solemn C affirmation and the witnesses examined, if any, various options are available to him. If he is satisfied that the allegations made in the complaint and statements of the complainant on oath and . the witnesses constitute an offence, he may direct for issuance of process as contemplated under Section 204 of the Code. In case, the Magistrate is of the opinion that there is no sufficient D ground for proceeding, the option available to him is to dismiss the complaint under Section 203 of the Code. If on examination of the allegations made in the complaint and the statement of the complainant on solemn affirmation and the witnesses examined, the Magistrate is of the opinion that there is no E sufficient ground for proceeding, the option available to him is to postpone the issue of process and either inquire the case himself or direct the investigation to be made by a police officer or by any other person as he thinks fit. This option is also available after the examination of the complainant only. F However, in a case in which the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which the Magistrate exercises his jurisdiction whether it would be mandatory to hold inquiry or the investigation as he thinks fit for the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding, is the question G which needs our determination. In this connection, it is apt to refer to Section 202 of the Code which provides for postponement of issue of process. The same reads as follows: "202. Postponement of issue of process.-(1) Any Magistrate, on receipt of a complaint of an offence of H

VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 179 [CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J.] which he is authorised to take cognizance or which has A been made over to him under section 192, may, if he thinks fit, and shall, in a case where the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which he exercises his jurisdiction postpone the issue of process against the accused, and either inquire into the case himself or direct B an investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit, for the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding: Provided that no such direction for investigation shall be C made- (a) where it appears to the Magistrate that the offence complained of is triable exclusively by the Court of Sessions; or D (b) where the complaint has not been made by a Court, unless the complainant and the witnesses present, if any, have been examined on oath under Section 200. E (2) In an inquiry under sub-section(1 ), the Magistrate may, if he thinks fit, take evidence of witness on oath: Provided that if it appears to the Magistrate that the offence complained of is triable exclusively by the court of Session, he shall call upon the complainant to produce all F his witnesses and examine them on oath.

(3) If an investigation under sub-section(1) is made by a person not being a police officer, he shall have for that investigation all the powers conferred by this Code on an G officer in charge of a police station except the power to arrest without warrant." (underlining ours) 11. Section 202 of the Code, inter alia, contemplates H 180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 4 S.C.R.

A postponement of the issue of the process "in a case where the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which he exercises his jurisdiction" and thereafter to either inquire into the case by himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit. In the face B of it, what needs our determination is as to whether in a case where the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which the Magistrate exercises his jurisdiction, inquiry is mandatory or not. The words "and shall, in a case where the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which he c exercises his jurisdiction" was inserted by Section 19 of Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act (Central Act 25 of 2005) w.e.f. 23rd of June, 2006. The aforesaid amendment, in the opinion of the legislature, was essential as false complaints are filed against persons residing at far off places in order to harass them. The note for the amendment reads as follows:0 "False complaints are filed against persons residing at far off places simply to harass them. In order to see that innocent persons are not harassed by unscrupulous persons, this clause seeks to amend sub-section (1) of E Section 202 to make it obligatory upon the Magistrate that before summoning the accused residing beyond his jurisdiction he shall enquire into the case himself or direct investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit, for finding out whether or not F there was sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused."

12. The use of the expression 'shall' prima facie makes the inquiry or the investigation, as the case may be, by the G Magistrate mandatory. The word "shall" is ordinarily mandatory but sometimes, taking into account the context or the intention, it can be held to be directory. The use of the word "shall" in all circumstances is not decisive. Bearing in mind the aforesaid principle, when we look to the intention of the legislature, we find that it is aimed to prevent innocent persons from H VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 181 [CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J.] harassment by unscrupulous persons from false complaints. A Hence, in our opinion, the use of the expression "shall" and the background and the purpose for which the amendment has been brought, we have no doubt in our mind that inquiry or the investigation, as the case may be, is mandatory before summons are issued against the accused living beyond the B territorial jurisdiction of the Magistrate. In view of the decision of this Court in the case of Udai Shankar Awasthi v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2013) 2 SCC 435, this point need not detain us any further as in the said case, this Court has clearly held that the provision aforesaid is mandatory. It is apt to reproduce c the following passage from the said judgment:

"40. The Magistrate had issued summons without meeting · the mandatory requirement of Section 202 CrPC, though the appellants were outside his territorial jurisdiction. The provisions of Section 202 CrPC were amended vide the D Amendment Act. 2005. making it mandatory to postpone the issue of process where the accused resides in an area beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the Magistrate concerned. The same was found necessary in order to protect innocent persons from being harassed by E unscrupulous persons and making it obligatory upon the Magistrate to enquire into the case himself, or to direct investigation to be made by a police officer, or by such other person as he thinks fit for the purpose of finding out whether or not, there was sufficient ground for proceeding F against the accused before issuing summons in such cases." (underlining ours) 13. In view of our answer to the aforesaid question, the next G question which falls for our determination is whether the learned Magistrate before issuing summons has held the inquiry as mandated under Section 202 of the Code. The word "inquiry" has been' defined under Section 2(g) of the Code, the same reads as follows: H 182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 4 S.C.R. )()()( )()()('A "2. )()()( (g)"inquiry" means every inquiry, other than a trial, conducted under this Code by a Magistrate or Court; )()()( )()()( xxx" B

14. It is evident from the aforesaid provision, every inquiry· other than a trial conducted by the Magistrate or Court is an inquiry. No specific mode or manner of inquiry is provided under 1ection 202 of the Code. In the inquiry envisaged under c Section 202 of the Code, the witnesses are examined whereas under Section 200 of the Code, examination of the complainant only is necessary with the option of examining the witnesses present, if any. This exercise by the Magistrate, for the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused, is nothing but an inquiry 0 envisaged under Section 202 of the Code. In the present case, as we have stated earlier, the Magistrate has examined the complainant on solemn affirmation and the two witnesses and only thereafter he had directed for issuance of process. ~ E 15. In view of what we have observed above, we do not find any error in the order impugned. 16. In the result, we do not find any merit in the appeals and the same are dismissed accordingly. F R.P. Appeals dismissed.

[2014) 4 S.C.R. 171 171 VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. A v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. (Criminal Appeal Nos. 678-681 of 2014) MARCH 27, 2014 B [CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD AND PINAKI CHANDRA GHOSE, JJ.] CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973: c s.202 rlw.s.2(g) and s. 200 - "Inquiry" in a case where accused is residing outside territorial jurisdiction of Judicial Magistrate - Nature and purpose of -Held: In such a case, before issuing summons to accused, inquiry uls 202 is mandatory - In the instant case, Magistrate examined 0 complainant on solemn affirmation and two witnesses and only thereafter directed issuance of process -This exercise by Magistrate for purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding against accused is an inquiry u/s 202 - There is no error in impugned order of High Court E rejecting the petitions of accused challenging the order of Judicial Magistrate directing issuance of process. WORDS AND PHRASES: Word 'shall' as occurring in s. 202 Cr. P. C. - Connotation F of. In a complaint filed regarding commission of offences punishable u/ss. 323,380 and 506 read with s.34 IPC, the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, after taking cognizance, transferred the complaint to the Court of G Judicial Magistrate, who examined the complainant and her two witnesses u/s 200 Cr.P.C. On a subsequent date, the Judicial Magistrate ordered issuance of summons 171 H 172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 4 S.C.R.

A against the appellants for the offences stated In the complaint. The appellants challenged the order before the High Court u/s 482 Cr.P.C. contending that the accused persons being residents of an area beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the Judicial Magistrate, an inquiry within the B meaning of u/s 202 Cr.P.C. was necessary. The High Court rejected the petitions. Dismissing the appeals, the Court HELD: 1.1 In the instant case, on receipt of the C complaint, the Additional Chief judicial Magistrate in exercise of the power u/s 192 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, after taking cognizance of the offence, made over the case for inquiry and disposal to the transferee Magistrate. Therefore, transfer of the case to D transferee Magistrate for inquiry and disposal is perfectly in tune with the provisions of the Code. [para 8] [177-A-C]

1.2 Section 202, Cr.P.C, inter alia, contemplates postponement of the issue of the process by the Magistrate "in a case where the accused is residing at a E place beyond the area in which he exercises his jurisdiction" and thereafter to either inquire into the case by himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit. The words "and shall, in a case where the accused is residing F at a place beyond the area in which he exercises his jurisdiction" was inserted by s.19 of Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act (Central Act 25 of 2005) w.e.f. 23-6-2006. The intention of the legislature is aimed to prevent innocent persons from harassment by G unscrupulous persons from false complaints. Therefore, the use of the expression "shall" and the background and the purpose for which the amendment has been brought, the inquiry or the investigation, as the case may be, is mandatory before summons are issued against the H accused living beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 173 Magistrate. [para 11 -12) [179-H; 180-A-C, H; 181-A~B] A Udai Shankar Awasthi v. State of Uttar Pradesh 2013 (3) SCR 935 = (2013) 2 sec 435 - relied on.

1.3 The word "inquiry" has been defined u/s 2(g}, 8Cr.P.C. It is evident from the provision, that every inquiry other than a trial conducted by the Magistrate or court is an inquiry. No specific mode or manner of inquiry is provided u/s 202 of the Code. In the inquiry envisaged u/ s 202, Cr.P.C. the witnesses are examined; whereas u/s 200, Cr.P.C. examination of the complainant only is C necessary with the option of examining the witnesses present, If any. This exercise by the Magistrate, for the purpose of deciding whether or not there Is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused, is nothing_ but an Inquiry envisaged u/s 202. (para 13-14] (181-H; 182- D B·D] Case Law Reference: 2013 (3) SCR 935 relied on para 12 E CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 678-681 of 201'4. From the Judgment and Order dated 19.02.2013 of the High Court of Calcutta in CRR No. 508, 509, 510 and 511 of 2013. F Jaideep Gupta, Rakesh Sinha, S. Sengupta, Brajesh Kumar for the Appellants. Nidhi for the Respondents. G The Judgrtlent of the Court was delivered by CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J. 1. Petitioners have been summoned in a complaint case for commission of offence under Section 323, 380 and 506 read with Section 34 of the H 174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 4 S.C.R.

A Indian Penal Code, hereinafter referred to as "the IPC". Respondent No. 1 filed a complaint in the Court of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate at Jangipur, Murshidabad on 1st of October, 2011, who after taking cognizance of the same, transferred the complaint to the Court of Judicial Magistrate, B Jangipur, Murshidabad for inquiry and disposal.

2. According to the allegation in the complaint petition, accused no.1 Rajdip Dey is sub-broker of Karvy Stock Broking Limited; whereas other accused persons are its officials posted C at Kolkata and Hyderabad. The complainant alleged to be its investor and claimed to have purchased shares from Karvi Stock Broking Ltd. through the sub-broker, accused No. 1. According to the complaint, a dispute arose over trading of shares between the complainant and the accused persons and to settle the on-going dispute, the accused persons offered a D proposal to the complainant who consented to it and accordingly, on 11th of September, 2011, accused persons vi~ited at her residence at Raghunathganj Darbeshpara to have a discussion with the complainant and her husband. According to the allegation, the discussion did not yield any result and the E accused persons started shouting at them. Some of the accused persons, according to the allegation, took out a pistol from their bag and put the same over the heads of the complainant and her husband. It is alleged that they assaulted the complainant and her husband with fists and slaps and also F abused them and coerced the complainant to sign some papers and snatched away the suitcase containing some papers. The aforesaid complaint was filed on 1st of October, 2011 in the Court of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Jangipur, Murshidabad. The learned Magistrate took G cognizance of the offence and transferred the case to the Court of another Magistrate for inquiry and disposal. On receipt of the record, the transferee Magistrate adjourned the case to 31st of October, 2011. On the said date, the complainant and her witnesses were present. The complainant was examined on H solemn affirmation and the two witnesses namely Enamul VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 175

[CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J.] Haque and Masud Ali were also examined. Order dated 31st A of October, 2011 shows that they were examined under Section 200 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter referred to as the "Code"). The transferee Magistrate, thereafter, adjourned the case for orders and on the adjourned date, i.e. 15th of November, 2011, he directed for B issuance of summons against the accused persons for offence under Section 323, 380 and 506 read with Section 34 of the IPC. It is relevant here to state that in the complaint, the residence of the accused has been shown at a place beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the Magistrate. c

3. Petitioners challenged the order issuing process in four separate applications filed under Section 482 of the Code before the High Court, inter alia, contending that the accused persons being residents of an area outside the territorial jurisdiction of the learned Magistrate who had issued summons, D an inquiry within the meaning of Section 202 of the Code was necessary. It was also contended that only after inquiry under Section 202 of the Code, the learned Magistrate was required to come to the conclusion as to whether sufficient grounds exist for proceeding against the accused persons. Said submission E did not find favour with the High Court and by common order dated 19th of February, 2013, it rejected all the applications. It is against this common order that the petitioners have filed these special leave petitions . • F 4. Leave granted. 5. Mr. Jaideep Gupta, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants submits that the accused persons admittedly were residing at a place beyond the area in which the learned Magistrate exercised his jurisdiction, hence, an G inquiry under Section 202 of the Code was sine qua non. He submits that in the present case, the learned Magistrate has not held inquiry as envisaged under Section 202 of the Code. 6. Ms. Nidhi, learned counsel representing respondent H 176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 4 S.C.R.

A no.1, however, submits that, in fact, the learned Magistrate before issuing the process has held an inquiry contemplated under the law and the order issuing process cannot be faulted on the ground that no inquiry was held. In view of the rival submissions, we deem it expedient to examine the scheme of B the Code. 7. In the present case, we are concerned with an order passed in a complaint case. Section 190 of the Code provides for cognizance of offences by Magistrates and the same reads as follows:c "190. Cognizance of offences by Magistrates.-(1) Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, any Magistrate of the first class, and any Magistrate of the second class specially empowered in this behalf under sub-section(2), D may take cognizance of any offence-( a) upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence; (b) upon a police report of such facts; E (c) upon information received from any person other than a police officer, or upon his own knowledge, · that such offence has been committed. (2) The Chief Judicial Magistrate may empower aQyF Magistrate of the second class to take cognizance under sub-section(1) of such offences as are within his competence to inquire into or try."

8. Section 190 of the Code finds place in Chapter XIV and G from its plain reading, it is evident that the competent Magistrate, inter alia, may take cognizance of a~y offence, subject to the provisions of Chapter XIV, upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute an offence. Section 192 of the Code empowers any Chief Judicial Magistrate to transfer H the case for inquiry after taking cognizance to a competent VIJAY OHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 177 ~HANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J.] Magistrate subordinate to him. In the present case, on receipt A of the complaint, the learned Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate in exercise of the power under Section 192 of the Code, after taking cognizance of the offence, had made over the case for inquiry and disposal to the transferee Magistrate. Section 12(2) of the Code confers on Additional Chief Judicial B Magistrate the same powers as that of a Chief Judicial Magistrate. Hence, transfer of the case by the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate after taking cognizance of the case to transferee Magistrate for inquiry and disposal is perfectly in tune with the provisions of the Code. The transferee Magistrate, c thereafter, examined the complainant and her witnesses and only thereafter issued the process.

9. Section 200 of the Code, inter alia, provides for examination of the complainant on oath and the witnesses present, if any. Same reads as follows: D "200. Examination of complainant. - A Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence on complaint shall examine upon oath the complainant and the witnesses present, if any, and the substance of such examination E shall be reduced to writing and shall be signed by the complainant and the witnesses, and also by the Magistrate: Provided that, when the complaint is made in writing, the F Magistrate need not examine the complainant and the witnesses- (a) If a public servant acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duties or a court has made the complaint; or G (b) If the Magistrate makes over the case for inquiry, or trial to another Magistrate under section 192: Provided further that if the Magistrate makes over the case H 178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 4 S.C.R. A to another Magistrate under section 192 after examining the complainant and the witnesses, the latter Magistrate need not re-examine them."

10. Under Section 200 of the Code, on presentation of the complaint by an individual, other than public servant in certain8 contingency, the Magistrate is required to examine the complainant on solemn affirmation and the witnesses present, if any. Thereafter, on perusal of the allegations made in the complaint, the statement of the complainant on solemn C affirmation and the witnesses examined, if any, various options are available to him. If he is satisfied that the allegations made in the complaint and statements of the complainant on oath and . the witnesses constitute an offence, he may direct for issuance of process as contemplated under Section 204 of the Code. In case, the Magistrate is of the opinion that there is no sufficient D ground for proceeding, the option available to him is to dismiss the complaint under Section 203 of the Code. If on examination of the allegations made in the complaint and the statement of the complainant on solemn affirmation and the witnesses examined, the Magistrate is of the opinion that there is no E sufficient ground for proceeding, the option available to him is to postpone the issue of process and either inquire the case himself or direct the investigation to be made by a police officer or by any other person as he thinks fit. This option is also available after the examination of the complainant only. F However, in a case in which the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which the Magistrate exercises his jurisdiction whether it would be mandatory to hold inquiry or the investigation as he thinks fit for the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding, is the question G which needs our determination. In this connection, it is apt to refer to Section 202 of the Code which provides for postponement of issue of process. The same reads as follows: "202. Postponement of issue of process.-(1) Any Magistrate, on receipt of a complaint of an offence of H

VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 179 [CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J.] which he is authorised to take cognizance or which has A been made over to him under section 192, may, if he thinks fit, and shall, in a case where the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which he exercises his jurisdiction postpone the issue of process against the accused, and either inquire into the case himself or direct B an investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit, for the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding: Provided that no such direction for investigation shall be C made- (a) where it appears to the Magistrate that the offence complained of is triable exclusively by the Court of Sessions; or D (b) where the complaint has not been made by a Court, unless the complainant and the witnesses present, if any, have been examined on oath under Section 200. E (2) In an inquiry under sub-section(1 ), the Magistrate may, if he thinks fit, take evidence of witness on oath: Provided that if it appears to the Magistrate that the offence complained of is triable exclusively by the court of Session, he shall call upon the complainant to produce all F his witnesses and examine them on oath.

(3) If an investigation under sub-section(1) is made by a person not being a police officer, he shall have for that investigation all the powers conferred by this Code on an G officer in charge of a police station except the power to arrest without warrant." (underlining ours) 11. Section 202 of the Code, inter alia, contemplates H 180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 4 S.C.R.

A postponement of the issue of the process "in a case where the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which he exercises his jurisdiction" and thereafter to either inquire into the case by himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit. In the face B of it, what needs our determination is as to whether in a case where the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which the Magistrate exercises his jurisdiction, inquiry is mandatory or not. The words "and shall, in a case where the accused is residing at a place beyond the area in which he c exercises his jurisdiction" was inserted by Section 19 of Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act (Central Act 25 of 2005) w.e.f. 23rd of June, 2006. The aforesaid amendment, in the opinion of the legislature, was essential as false complaints are filed against persons residing at far off places in order to harass them. The note for the amendment reads as follows:0 "False complaints are filed against persons residing at far off places simply to harass them. In order to see that innocent persons are not harassed by unscrupulous persons, this clause seeks to amend sub-section (1) of E Section 202 to make it obligatory upon the Magistrate that before summoning the accused residing beyond his jurisdiction he shall enquire into the case himself or direct investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit, for finding out whether or not F there was sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused."

12. The use of the expression 'shall' prima facie makes the inquiry or the investigation, as the case may be, by the G Magistrate mandatory. The word "shall" is ordinarily mandatory but sometimes, taking into account the context or the intention, it can be held to be directory. The use of the word "shall" in all circumstances is not decisive. Bearing in mind the aforesaid principle, when we look to the intention of the legislature, we find that it is aimed to prevent innocent persons from H VIJAY DHANUKA ETC. v. NAJIMA MAMTAJ ETC. 181 [CHANDRAMAULI KR. PRASAD, J.] harassment by unscrupulous persons from false complaints. A Hence, in our opinion, the use of the expression "shall" and the background and the purpose for which the amendment has been brought, we have no doubt in our mind that inquiry or the investigation, as the case may be, is mandatory before summons are issued against the accused living beyond the B territorial jurisdiction of the Magistrate. In view of the decision of this Court in the case of Udai Shankar Awasthi v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2013) 2 SCC 435, this point need not detain us any further as in the said case, this Court has clearly held that the provision aforesaid is mandatory. It is apt to reproduce c the following passage from the said judgment:

"40. The Magistrate had issued summons without meeting · the mandatory requirement of Section 202 CrPC, though the appellants were outside his territorial jurisdiction. The provisions of Section 202 CrPC were amended vide the D Amendment Act. 2005. making it mandatory to postpone the issue of process where the accused resides in an area beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the Magistrate concerned. The same was found necessary in order to protect innocent persons from being harassed by E unscrupulous persons and making it obligatory upon the Magistrate to enquire into the case himself, or to direct investigation to be made by a police officer, or by such other person as he thinks fit for the purpose of finding out whether or not, there was sufficient ground for proceeding F against the accused before issuing summons in such cases." (underlining ours) 13. In view of our answer to the aforesaid question, the next G question which falls for our determination is whether the learned Magistrate before issuing summons has held the inquiry as mandated under Section 202 of the Code. The word "inquiry" has been' defined under Section 2(g) of the Code, the same reads as follows: H 182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 4 S.C.R. )()()( )()()('A "2. )()()( (g)"inquiry" means every inquiry, other than a trial, conducted under this Code by a Magistrate or Court; )()()( )()()( xxx" B

14. It is evident from the aforesaid provision, every inquiry· other than a trial conducted by the Magistrate or Court is an inquiry. No specific mode or manner of inquiry is provided under 1ection 202 of the Code. In the inquiry envisaged under c Section 202 of the Code, the witnesses are examined whereas under Section 200 of the Code, examination of the complainant only is necessary with the option of examining the witnesses present, if any. This exercise by the Magistrate, for the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused, is nothing but an inquiry 0 envisaged under Section 202 of the Code. In the present case, as we have stated earlier, the Magistrate has examined the complainant on solemn affirmation and the two witnesses and only thereafter he had directed for issuance of process. ~ E 15. In view of what we have observed above, we do not find any error in the order impugned. 16. In the result, we do not find any merit in the appeals and the same are dismissed accordingly. F R.P. Appeals dismissed.