[2014] 3 S.C.R. 453 JHARKHAND STATE ELECT.BOARD & ORS. A v. M/S. LAXMI BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 2909/2014) FEBRUARY 28, 2014 B [K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN AND A.K. SIKRI, JJ.] ELECTRIC/TY LAWS:

Power of Tariff Fixation - Held: Transferred exclusively to c SERC and State Electricity Board is completely denuded of this power - Before coming of Electricity Act, 2003, Electricity Act, 1910 and thereafter Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 were in force - It was the Electricity Board in the respective States which were supplying electricity to the consumers and D determining the operation rates at which the electricity was to be supplied - After the enactment of Electricity Act, 2003, power to frame tariff is given to the SERC - 2003 Act has distanced the Government from all forms of regulations, including tariff regulation which is now specifically assigned E to SERC - Thus, the State Electricity Boards have no power whatsoever to frame tariff which is under the exclusive domain of the SERC - Electricity Act, 2003 - Electricity Act, 1910 -Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948. · Fixation of tariff by SERC - Issue of demand charge from F HT consumers - Held: The 1994 HT Agreement was not saved under Electricity Act, 2003 and the tariff structure - Issue of demand charge from HT consumers was considered and given effect to in the Tariff Order dated 27. 12. 2003 which came into effect on 1.1.2004. G Delay/Laches: Delay in filing the writ petitions - Bills raised by the JSEB on the basis of Clause 4(c) of the 1994 HT Agreement, even after the formulation of 2004 Tariff 453 H 454 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A Schedule - Payment made under threat of disconnectiun - Writ petition - Direction by High Court to appellant to refund the excess amount charged under the bills raised for earlier period - Challenged on the ground that there was delay in filing of writ petition by consumers - Held: Delay was duly explained B - The consumers had paid the amount of bills raised by JSEB under protest because of the threat of disconnection - While doing so, they had raised specific plea with the JSEB that it was now supposed to raise the bills in accordance with the 2004 Tariff Schedule - The matter remained under c consideration at the level of JSEB which kept approaching the Court as well as SERC seeking clarification of 2004 Tariff Schedule.

In the year 1994, HT Agreement was entered into between Bihar State Electricity Board (predecessor in D interest of JSEB) and the consumers which, inter-alia, stipulated the tariff that was to be charged by the JSEB from the consumers for supply of electricity. In Clause 4(c) of the Agreement, there was a provision for Minimum Guarantee Charges. In the year 2003, Electricity Act was E enacted. The power to frame tariff under this Act was given to SERC. SERC passed order framing the new tariff schedule (2004 Tariff Schedule) under Section 86 of the Electricity Act. The grievance of the consumer-respondent was that the JSEB continued to send the bills F as per the Clause 4(c) referred to in the agreement which were paid by the consumers under protest. In May 2010, writ petitions were filed by the consumers for quashing of the energy bills on the ground that it had wrongly been raised as per Clause 4(c) of the Agreement which had G ceased to have any effect on the framing of 2004 Tariff Schedule by the SERC. The JSEB, however, contended that the HT agreement entered into with the consumers still survived as the 2004 Tariff Schedule saved this Agreement. The High Court allowed the writ petitions. H JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 455 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD.

In the instant appeals, the questions which arose for A consideration were: whether after the enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003 which came into force on 10.6.2003 and after passing of the new tariff order dated 27.12.2003 by Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) as per the Act of 2003, the State Electricity Board B can still charge a tariff determined by itself; whether the issue of demand charge to HTS - 1 category of consumeJ!hhas been left non-considered by the SERC i1J.t~e,~riff::order dated 27 .12.2003 so that the same may be'\~qnt~:rl'ued in the manner existed in the State or c whether th.e same has been considered and given affect to in the tariff order dated 27.12.2003 which came into effect from 1.1.2004; what would be the effect of Section 185 (Repeal and Saving Clause) of the Electricity Act 2003 upon the HT supply Agreement entered upon the Board D and the Consumer prior to Electricity Act, 2003. Dismissing the appeals; the Court HELD: 1. Re.: Power of SERC under Electricity Act 2003. E

Before Electricity Act, 2003 was enacted, Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and thereafter Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was passed. It was the Electricity Board in the respective States which were supplying electricity to the Fconsumers and determining the operation rates at which the electricity was to be supplied. Section 49 of the Act, 1948 empowered the Board to supply electricity to any person upon such terms and conditions as the Board thinks fit and made for the purposes of such supply from time to time and were empowered to frame uniform tariffs G for the purpose of such supply. This power to frame tariff under Section 49(1) of the Act 1948 included the power to fix minimum guarantee charges. In State of Bihar, such rates were fixed in the 1993 tariff. It, inter-alia, provided for tariff for HT consumers. Three categories of HT H 456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A consumers were mentioned there. HTS-I, II and Ill. Both the consumers in the instant appeals were put in HT-I category. HT Agreement dated 26.4.1994 was entered into between the Board and the consumers. As per Clause 4 of this Agreement, the consumers were to pay to the B Board for the energy so supplied and registered or taken to have been supplied at the appropriate rates applicable to the consumers according to the tariff framed by the Board and in force from time to time. It was subject to the minimum contract demand applicable for the category of c supply category in which the consumers felt. Clause 4(b) explained that the maximum demand of the coM\Jmer for each month shall be the largest total amount of kilovolt amperes (KVA) that was delivered to the consumers at the point of supply during any consecutive 30 minutes in the months. As per clause 4(c), JSEB had been raising0 energy bills on the basis of 75% of the contract demand. [Para 6] [463-F-H; 464-A-G]

1.2. After the Electricity Act, 2003 was enacted, power to frame tariff was given to the SERC. This power was E statutorily conferred upon the SERC under the Act. Before the passing of this Act, Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 was enacted and under Section 17 of the said Act, Jharkhand SERC was constituted by the Government of Jharkhand. Its functions and duties F were notified by the Government as per Section 22 of the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act. On the passing of the Electricity Act, 20.03, Electricity Act 1910, Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 and Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 were repealed. At the same time, Act 2003 G recognized the SERCs constituted under the 1998 Act. 2004 Tariff Schedule framed by the SERC was in exercise of powers conferred upon it under Section 86 (a) of the Act. The Act, 2003 is an exhaustive code on all matters concerning electricity which also provides for H "unbundling" of State Electricity Boards into separate JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 457 BUSINE$S & CEMENT CO.P. LTD.

utilities for generation, transmission and distribution. A Further, Regulatory regime is entrusted to the SERC which are given vide ranging responsibilities. This Act has distanced the Government from all forms of regulations, including tariff regulation which is now specifically assigned to SERC. It is, thus, beyond the pale B of doubt that the State Electricity Boards have no power whatsoever. to frame tariff which is under the' exclusive domain of the SERC. This legal position has been judicially recognized. [Paras 7 to 10) [464-G-H; 465-A-C . and F; 467-D] c PTC India Ltd. v. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (2010) 4 SCC 603: 2010 '(3) SCR 609; Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. v. Essar Power Ltd. (2008) 4 SCC 755: 2008 (4) SCR 822; AP. TRANSCO v. Sai Renewable Power (P) Ltd.. (2011) 11 SCC 34: 2010 (8) SCR 636 - relied on. D 2. Re: Whether the Agreement dated 26.4.1994 is saved by the 2004 Tariff Schedule?

. 2.1. The SERC fixed the tariff on the request of the . E JSEB itself when it approached the SERC for this purpose. In the Tariff Petition filed by the JSEB before the SERC, the JSEB did not propose to continue the manner of 75% of contract demand and the SERC allowed the demand charge 140-KV-Month. The Tariff Order has Annexure 5.1 containing the 'Tariff Schedule'. This Tariff F Schedule which is the final outcome of the tariff process is binding on the State as well. However, the JSEB itself in its application/reference to the SERC did not ask for fixing any minimum guarantee charges. The JSEB in its proposal for fixation of tariff for"2003-04, submitted before G the SERC indicated both the existing tariff and the tariff proposed by it in respect of all consumers, including all categories of HTS (High Tension Service) consumers. The SERC after undertaking the necessary exercise, fixed the tariff of all categories. The tariff proposed by the H 458 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A Board tor HTS-I consumers along with existing tariff was reproduced in Tables 5.28 and 5.29 of the 2004 Tariff Schedule which clearly reflected that the aspect of minimum guarantee charges was duly considered by the SERC. [Paras 12, 13] [469-C-F; 470-G-H; 471-A] B 2.2. The tariff order further revealed that the SERC had even compared the proposal of JSEB with the tariff prevailing in other States in India and after detailed analysis thereof, it approved the tariff for HTS consumers which is mentioned in table 5.31 of the 2004 Tariff C Schedule. Therefore, it cannot be said that the SERC was oblivious of the clause relating to minimum guarantee charges which JSEB was charging from its consumers as per the earlier agreements entered into with them. The position would become crystal clear from the discussion D in the 2004 Tariff Schedule wherein the SCRC gave specific reasons for revising and approving the tariff for HTS consumers. The High Court rightly held that the SERC has considered the proposal of the Electricity Board with respect to their claim for Demand Charge and E the manner in which it will be charged. The Board cannot take help of Clause 5.1. wherein it was observed that some of the matters have not been dealt with and they shall continue to be the same as they were in existence in the State because of the reason that there is a specific F proposal made by the Electricity Board for the Demand Charge as well as the manner In which it will be charged and this proposal was considered by the SERC and thereafter Tariff Order has been issued. The JSEB had even filed clarification applications before the SERC G contending that having regard to the Clause 4(c) of the Agreement with the HT-I consumers, the maximum demand charges would be those prescribed under Clause 4(c) of the Agreement. These applications were specifically rejected by the SERC. No appeal was H preferred by the JSEB challenging those orders. It is, JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 459 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. tTD.

therefore, too late in the day for the JSEB to now argue A that this aspect of minimum guarantee charge has not been dealt with by the SERC in the 2004 Tariff Schedule. [Para 14 to 16] [473-C-D; 475-G-H; 476-A-E] 3. Re.: Effect of Section 185 of the Electricity Act 2003. B The tariff in force during the per-iod was Tariff Order dated 27.12.2003 for the period 2003-04 which was having force of law under the Electricity Act 2003. Thus, even if it is assumed on the basis that the statutory agreements entered into earlier were saved, the agreement in question C stood replaced by 2004 Tariff Schedule. Even the argument based on Section 185 of the Electricity Act, 2003 would not bring any change to the results of this case. There was no fault with the judgment of the High Court appealed against. [Paras 19, 20] [479-F-G; 481-A-B] D State of Punjab vs. Mohar Singh 1955 (1) SCR 893; BSES v. Tata Power Co. Ltd. (2004) 1 SCC 195: 2003 (4) Suppl. SCR 932 - relied on.

4. It was submitted that there was delay in filing the E writ petitions inasmuch as bills raised by the JSEB on the basis of Clause 4(c) of the 1994 Agreement, even after the formulation of 2004 Tariff Schedule were being paid by the consumers and they approached the Court by filing writ petitions only in the year 2010 and that in such F scenario, the High Court at least should not have directed the appellants to refund the excess amount charged under the bills raised for earlier period and· it would be unjust enrichment to the consumers who .would have recovered the amount from the user of the electricity. In G so far as delay in filing the writ petition is concerned, it appears from the chronology of events that the same has been duly explained. It is not in doubt that the consumers had paid the amount of bills raised by JSEB under protest because of the threat of disconnection. H 460 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A While doing so, they had raised specific plea with the JSEB that it was now supposed to raise the bills in accordance with the 2004 Tariff Schedule. The matter remained under consideration at the level of JSEB which kept approaching the Court as well as SERC seeking B clarification of 2004 Tariff Schedule. The clarification applications were filed which were dismissed by the SERC. However, as the JSEB did not judge from its stand even after the dismissal of these applications, the consumers approached the Court and filed the Writ c Petitions. The writ petitioners have thus furnished satisfactory explanation for approach the Court. The plea of unjust and enrichment will not be available to the appellants. In the first place, no such plea was raised before the High Court either before the S1ngle Judge or the Division Bench. In the Special Leave Petition, this 0 submission was made for the first time at the time of hearing of the appeals. Moreover, it is not a case of payment of tax which is a burden passed on the consumers. [Paras 21 to 23) (481-B-H; 482-A-B] E Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Regulatory Commission & Anr. v. Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (2013) 12 SCALE 397; Mafatlal Industries Ltd. vs. Union of India (1997) 5 SCC 536 - referred to. Case Law Reference: F 2010 (3) SCR 609 relied on Para 9 2008 (4) SCR 822 relied on Para 10 2010 (8) SCR 636 relied on Para 10 G

(2013) 12 SCALE 397 referred to Para 17 1955 (1) SCR 893 relied on Para 17 2003 (4 ) Suppl. SCR 932 relied on Para 19 'H JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 461 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. (1997) s sec 536 referred to Para 23 A CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2909 of 2014. From the Judgment & Order dated 05.07.2011 of the High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi in LPA No. 466 of 2010. B WITH Civil Appeal No. 2910, 2911 and 2913 of 2014. Ajit Kumar Sinha, M.L. Verma, M.S. Mittal, A.K. Ganguly, C Ashwarya Sinha, Ambhoj Kumar Sinha, Himanshu Shekhar, Faisal Khan, M.P. Jha, Ram Ekbal Roy, Harshvardhan Jha, Dileep Pillai, Kaushik Poddar, Shankar Lal Aggarwal, Devashish Bharuka, Jasmeet Kuar, Chandan Kumar Rai, Ravin Dubey for the appearing parties. D The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A.K. SIKRI, J. 1. Delay condoned. 2. Leave granted. E

3. The appellant in both the cases is Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB), which is aggrieved by the common judgment dated 5th July 2011 passed by the High Court of Jharkhand in two appeals. These appeals were preferred by the appellant JSEB against the orders dated 17th February F 2010 passed by the learned Single Judge of that court in the two Writ Petitions which were filed by M/s. Laxmi Business & Cement Co. Pvt. Ltd. and M/s. Laxmi lspat Udyog (arrayed as respondent No.1 in each appeal and hereinafter referred to as the 'consumers'). These respondents had questioned the G validity of the bills raised by the JSEB in those Writ Petitions, primarily on the ground that the bills were contrary to and in exces~ of the tariff fixed by the Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as the 'SERC"). Their contention was accepted by the learned Single Judge H 462 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R. A and the order of learned Single Judge is affirmed by the Division Bench as well.

4. To give a glimpse of the controversy involved, in the year 1994 HT Agreement was entered into between Bihar State B Electricity Board (predecessor in interest of JSEB) and the consumers which, inter-alia, stipulated the tariff that was to be charged by the JSEB from the consumers for supply of electricity to these consumers by the JSEB. In Clause 4(c) of the Agreement there was a provision of Minimum Guarantee Charges. In the year 2003, Electricity Act was enacted. C Indubitably, power to frame tariff under this Act is given to SERC. SERC passed order dated framing the new tariff schedule ('2004 Tariff Schedule' for short) under Section 86 of the Electricity Act (hereinafter referred to as the Act). The JSEB, however, continued to send the bills as per the Clause D 4(c) mferred to in the agreement which were paid by the consumers under protest. In May 2010, Writ Petitions were filed by the consumers for quashing of the energy bills on the ground that it had wrongly been raised as per Clause 4(c) of the Agreement which had ceased to have any effect on the E framing of 2004 Tariff Schedule by the SERC. The JSEB, however, contended that the HT agreement entered into with the consumers still survived as the 2004 Tariff Schedule saves this Agreement.

5. Since the Writ Petitions of the consumers were allowedF and the order of the learned Single Judge is already upheld by the Division Bench, it is obvious that pleas raised by the JSEB have not found favour with the High Court. Before us as well, same very contentions were raised which were raised by the G JSEB in the High Court. Additionally, it was also contended that even Section 185 (2)(a) of the Act read with Section 6(8) of the General Clauses Act categorically protects the previous opera.tion of the earlier enactment, duly done or saved thereunder. H It is, thus, clear that questions which arjse for consideration in JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 463 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] these appeals are the following: A (i) Whether after the enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003 which came into force on 10.6.2003 and after passing of the new tariff order dated 27.12.2003 by Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory Commission as per the Act of 2003 can the State B Electricity Board still charge a tariff determined by itself? (ii) Whether the issue of demand charge to HTS - 1 category of consumers has been left non-considered by the State Commission in the tariff order dated 27.12.2003 so that the same may be continued in the manner existed in the State C or whether the same has been considered and given aff'ect to in the tariff order dated 27.12.2003 which came into effect from 1.1.2004?

(iii) What would be the effect of Section 185 (Repeal and 0 Saving Clause) of the Electricity Act 2003 upon the HT supply Agreement entered upon the Board and the Consumer prior to Electricity Act, 2003? 6. While dealing with these questions, we will narrate further seminal facts and the details submissions of the learned E counsel for the parties of either side. 1. Re.: Power of SERC under Electricity Act 2003. Legal position contained in Act of 2003 is hardly in F dispute. Before this Act was enacted in the year 2003, we had Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and thereafter Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was passed. It is the Electricity Board in the respective States which were supplying electricity to Jhe consumers and determining the operation rates at which the G-electricity was to be supplied. Section 49 of the Act, 1948 empowered the Board to supply electricity to any person upon such terms and conditions as the Board thinks fit and made for the purposes of such supply from time to time and were E'mpowered to frame uniform tariffs for the purpose of such H 464 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20141 3 S.C.R.

A supply. This power to frame tariff under Section 49( 1) of the Act 1948 included the power to fix minimum guarantee charges. In State of Bihar, such rates were fixed in the year 1993 tariff. It, inter-alia, provided for tariff for HT consumers. Three categories of HT consumers were mentioned there. HTS-I, II and Ill. Both B the consumers in the instant appeals were put in HT-I category. HT Agreement dated 26.4.197 4 was entered into between the Board and the consumers. As per Clause 4 of this Agreement, the consumers were to pay to the Board for the energy so supplied and registered or taken to have been supplied at the c appropriate rates applicable to the consumers according to the tariff framed by the Board and in force from time to time. It was subject to the minimum contract demand applicable for the category of supply category in which the consumers fell. Clause 4(b) explained that the maximum demand of the consumer for D each month shall be the largest total amount of kilovolt amperes (KVA) that was delivered to the consumers at the point of supply during any consecutive 30 minutes in the months. Since the JSEB has worked out the charges as per Clause 4 (c) which it is demanding, we reproduce the said clause hereinbelow: E "4(c) Maximum demand charges for supply in any month will be based on the maximum KVA demand for the month or 75 per cent of the contract demand whichever is higher, subject to provision of clause 13. For the first twelve months service the maximum demand charges for any F month, will however, be based on the actual monthly maximum demand for that month."

Thus, as per the aforesaid clause, JSEB had been raising enetgy bills on the basis of 75% of the contract demand. G 7. As mentioned above, after the Electricity Act, 2003 was enacted, power to frame tariff is given to the SERC. This power is statutorily conferred upon the SERC under the Act. However, it would be relevant to mention herein that before the passing of this Act, Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 was H enacted and under Section 17 of the said Act, Jharkhand State JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 465 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. L~D. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] Electricity Regulatory Commission was constituted by the A Government of Jharkhand vide Notification No.1763 dated August 22, 2002. Its functions and duties were notified by the Government as per Section 22 of the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act. .B

8. On the passing of the Electricity Act, 2003, Electricity Act 1910, Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 and Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 have been repealed. At the same time, Act 2003 recognizes the SERCs constituted under the 1998 Act. The object clause of this Act reads as under: c "An Act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity D to all areas, rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commissions and establishment of Appellate Tribunal and for matters E connectedI therewith or incidental thereto."

9. It is also not in dispute that 2004 Tariff Schedule framed by the SERC is in exercise of powers conferred upon it under Section 86 (a) of the Act. In PTC India Ltd. V. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (2010) 4 SCC 603 this F Court has categorically held that Act, 2003 is an exhaustive code on all matters concerning electricity which also provides for "unbundling" of State Electricity Boards into separate utilities for generation, transmission and distribution. Further, Regulatory regime is entrusted to the State Electricity G Regulatory Commissions which are given vide ranging responsibilities. This Act has distanced the Government from all forms of regulations, including tariff regulation which is now specifically assigned to SERC. Relevant observations, outlining the scheme of this Act, are reproduced below: H 466 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 3 S.C.R.

A "The 2003 Act is enacted as an exhaustive code on all matters concerning electricity It provides for unbundling'' of SEBs into separate utilities for generation, transmission and distribution. It repeals the Electricity Act, 1910. the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and t~1e Electricity Regulatory B Commissions Act, 1998. The 2003 Act, in furtherance of the policy envisaged under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 (the 1998 Act), mandated the establishment of an independent and transparent regulatory mechanism, and has entrusted wide-ranging c responsibilities with the Regulatory Commissions. While the 1998 Act provided for independent regulation in the area of tariff determination: the 2003 Act has distanced the Government from all forms of regulation, namely, licensing, tariff regulation, specifying Grid Code, facilitating competition through open access, etc."[Paragraph 17)D The 2003 Act contains separate provisions for the performance of dual functions by the Commission.

Section61 is the enabling provision for framing of regulations by the Central Commission: the determination E of terms and conditions of tariff has been left to the domain of the Regulatory Commissions under Section 61 of the Act whereas actual tariff determination by the Regulatory Commissions is covered by Section 62 of the Act. This aspect is very important for deciding the present case. F Specifying the terms and conditions for determination of tariff is an exercise which is different and distinct from actual tariff determination in accordance with the provisions of the Act for supply of electricity by a generating company to a distribution licensee or for transmission of electricity or for wheeling of electricity orG for retail sale of electricity. 26. The term "tariff' is not defined in the 2003 Act. The term "tariff' includes within its ambit not only the fixation of rates but also the rules and regulations relating to it. If one reads H JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 467 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [AK. SIKRI, J.]

Section 61 with Section 62 of the 2003 Act, it becomes A clear that the appropriate Commission shall determine the actual tariff in accordance with the provisions of the Act, including the terms and conditions which may be specified by the appropriate Commission under Section 61 of the said Act. Under the 2003 Act, if one reads Section 62 with B Section 64, it becomes clear that although tariff fixation like price fixation is legislative in character, the same under the Act is made applicable vide Section 111. These provisions, namely, Sections 61, 62 and 64 indicate the dual nature of functions performed by the Regulatory c - Commissions viz. decision-making and specifying terms and conditions for tariff determination."[Paragraph 25,26] [Emphasis supplied] 10. It is, thus, beyond the pale of doubt that the State Electricity Boards have no power whatsoever to frame tariff D which is under the exclusive domain of the Commission. This legal position has been judicially recognized. [See Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. V. Essar Power Ltd., (2008) 4 SCC 755 and A.P. TRANSCO v. Sai Renewable Power (P) Ltd. (2011) 11 sec 34. E

11. Notwithstanding the aforesaid legal position, JSEB contends that agreement entered into with the consumers in the year 1994 is saved and the JSEB has right to charge the tariff as per Clause 4 (c) thereof. According to the JSEB this is the F position because of the reason that Clause 1.4 of the 2004 Tariff Schedule framed by the SERC provides for such a position and further that even Section 186 of the Act 2003 saves this agreement. On these twin aspects, we have already framed question Nos. 2 and 3 above and would now proceed to deal G with them. 2. Re: Whether the Agreement dated 26.4.1994 is saved. by the ,2004 Tariff Schedule? Mr. Sinha, learned senior counsel for the JSE.B submitted H 468 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C R

A that in the 2004 Tariff Schedule there was no such provision which is contained in the agreement dated 26.4.19994 particularly in Clause 4(c) and in the absence thereof in the tariff schedule energy bills raised on the basis of 75 % contract demand was saved. It was submitted that the Agreement dated B 26.4.1994 is a statutory agreement as it was under the Act of 1948. The learned senior counsel further submitted that it had never been the case of consumers that the aforesaid provision was repealed, repudiated or destroyed. It has not happened either. For this purpose, Mr. Sinha sought to rely upon c averments made in the Writ Petitions filed by the consumers and on the basis it was contended that even the consumers admitted that the provision of 75% of contract demand is abs~nt and not provided iri the 2004 Tariff Schedule. He also placed strong reliance on Clause 1.4 of 2004 Tariff Schedule D of SERC which reads as under: "All other Terms and Conditions in respect of Meter Rent, Supply at Lower Voltage, Capacitor Charge, Electricity Duty, Rebate, Security Deposit, Surcharge for exceeding contract demand etc., shall remain the same as existing E in the State."

Further, the tariff order 2003-04, in Clause 5 under the heading Design of Tariff Structure and Analysis of Tariff, particularly at Clause 5.4 has dealt with the two part tariff structure and Minimum Guarantee Charges wherein it wasF stated that "Ideally, the fixed/demand charge should be levied in proportion to the demand placed by an individual consumer on the system. This is so because it facilitates the utility in designing an appropriate system to cater to the supply needs of a consumer and is therefore a just andG fair mechanism for recovering fixed costs of the system." Mr. Sinha further argued that Clause 4 {c) of the High Tension Agreement dated 26.8.2004 which the Respondent Consumer has signed with the Board much after 1.1.2004, H when the Tariff Order 2003-04 came into effect, clearly specified JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 469 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [AK. SIKRI, J.] that after commencement of power supply, the respondent shall A be liable to pay KV A/Maximum Demand Charges on actual consumption basis in the first 12 months and after that on the basis of 75% of the contract demand or recorded demand, whichever is higher. This is uniformly applied to similarly · situated all the HTS-1 consumers. B

12. In order to appreciate this argument, we will have to construe relevant provision of 2004 Tariff Schedule as framed by the SERC. It would be pertinent to observe that the SERC fixed the tariff on the request of the· JSEB itself when it approached the SERC for this purpose. We find that in the Tariff C Petition filed by the JSEB before the SERC, the JSEB did not propose to continue the manner of 75% of contract demand and the SERC allowed the demand charge 140-KV-Month. On perusal of the Tariff Order, it becomes apparent that this is divided in different sections viz., section 1 is the chapter D containing 'introduction', section 2 is the chapter containing 'ARR' i.e. the Annual Revenue Requirement and tariff proposal submitted by the Board, section 3 is the chapter containing 'objections' received from the stake holders, section 4 is the chapter containing 'Commission's analysis on ARR', Section 5 is the chapter containing 'design of tariff structure and analysis of tariff, section 6 is the chapter containing 'Directions to the . · JSEB' and finally there is Annexure 5.1 containing the 'Tariff Schedule'. This Tariff Schedule which is the final outcome of . the tariff process is binding on the State as well. The relevant portion of the Annexure 5. 1 of the tariff order wherein the State Commission has dealt with the tariff applicability upon the High Tension Service (HTS) consumers i.e. category applicable to Respondent No.1 is reproduced below:

"Category: High Tension Service (HTS) 1. Applicability For consumers having contract demand above 100 kVA 2. Character of service 470 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R. A 50 cycles, 3 Phase at 6.6. KV/11 Kv/33 kV or 132 kV. 3. Tariff Tariff for HTS B DESCRIPTION TARIFF* RS./kVA/month DEMAND CHARGE HTS 140 c ENERGY CHARGE KWh/month Rs/KWh D All consumption 4.00 E Monthly minimum charge For Supply at 11 and 33 kV Rs.250/kVA For Supply at 132 KV Rs.400/kVA F 13. However, as stated above, the JSEB itself in its application/reference to the SERC did not ask for fixing any minimum guarantee charges. It would be relevant to mention that the JSEB in its proposal for fixation of tariff for 2003-04, G submitted before the Regulatory Commission, indicated both the existing tariff and the tariff proposed by it in respect of all consumers, including all categories of HTS (High Tension Service) consumers. The SERC after undertaking the necessary exercise, fixed the tariff of all categories. The tariff proposed H by the Board for HTS-I consumers along with existing tariff is JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 471 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.l reproduced in Tables 5.28 and 5.29 of the 2004 Tariff Schedule A which will clearly reflect that the aspect of minimum guarantee charges was duly considered by the SERC. To demonstrate it, we reproduce the said two tables hereunder: 5.28 Tariff for HTS-II Consumers (Existing/Proposed ) B DESCRIPTION TARIFF I

DEMAND CHARGE Existing Proposed c Rs./KV A/Month 115 200 ENERGY CHARGE Rs./KWH Existing Proposed D All Consumption 1.72 4.30 FUEL SURCHARGE CHARGE Rs./KWH 2.44 I Annual Minimum Guarantee (AMG) Charge E Subject to minimum The following AMG contract demand for charge shall be this category, realized from the monthly minimum consumer as' per F demand charge as appropriate tariff. per appropriate tariff AMG Charge based based on actual on load factor of maximum demand 30% and power of that month or factor 0.9 on contract G 75% of the contract demand payable at demand whichever the rate of energy is higher. charge applicable to Energy charges HTS-II category. H - 472 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R. A based on load factor of 30% and power factor 0.85 on contracted demand payable at the rate B of Rs.1.72/KWH 5.29 Tariff for EHTS Consumers (Existing/Proposed) DESCRIPTION TARIFF c DEMAND CHARGE Existing Proposed Rs./KVA/Month 110 200 ENERGY CHARGE D Rs./KWH Existing Proposed All Consumption 4.13 4.15 FUEL SURCHARGE E [ Rs./KWH 2.44 - Annual Minimum Guarantee (AMG) Charge Subject to minimum The following AMG F contract demand for charge shall be this category, realized from the monthly minimum consumer as per demand charge as appropriate tariff. per appropriate tariff AMG Charge based based on actual G on load factor of maximum demand 50% and power of that month or

factor 0.9 on contract 75% of the contract demand payable at demand whichever the rate of energy is higher H - JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 473 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] . Energy charges charge applicable to A based on load factor EHTS category. of 50% and power factor 0.85 on contracted demand · payable af the rate B of Rs.1.69/KWH 14. The tariff order further reveals that the SERC had even compared the proposal of JSEB with the tariff prevailing in other $tates in India and after detailed analysis thereof, it approved C tti'e tariff for HTS consumers which is mentioned in table 5.31 of the 2004 Tariff Schedule. Therefore, it cannot. be said that thft SERC was oblivious of the clause relating to minimum guarantee charges which JSEB was charging from its consumers as per the earlier agreements entered iato with them. The position would become crystal clear from the D following discussion in the 2004 Tariff Schedule wherein the SCRC gav.e specific reasons for revising and approving the tariff for HTS consumers. The SERC has filed its response to these appeals, E wherein the provision in this behalf is explained in the manner noted below: "It is evident from the above' table that there is no common approach towards minimum charge.

However, if we compare neighbouring States like Orissa, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh (supply at less than F 132 KVA), there is no minimum charge. As mentioned earlier, the Commission would ideally like to scrap this charge, but for current year it has retained this charge due to lack of information and data to ascertain the true impact of this charge. The Commission has already directed the G Board to provide details in this regard in the next petition. For the current year, the Commission would not like to increase the burden on the industries on account of minimum charge and has therefore attempted to keep it at the existing level. The, Commission has assumed a H 4·74 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R A minimum level of supply and a minimum level of consumption. For this, the Commission has considered 10% load factor for HTS-I and HTS-I I categories considering an average consumption of two (2) hours in a day. For EHTS and HT Special load factor of 20% and B 30% respectively has been taken by considering an average consumption of four (4) hours and seven (7) hours in a day respectively. The Commission observes that if these categories of industries are not able to maintain this minimum load factor, than they should reduce their c contracted load. The Commission would like to explicitly mention that if the consumption exceeds the mentioned load factor, no minimum charge would be applicable.

For encouraging consumption, the Commission D has also introduced a load factor rebate for all industries consumers. For the entire consumption in excess of this defined load factor, a rebate is provided on the energy charges for such excess consumption. The Commission would have liked to align E the tariff structure towards cost of supply during the current year itself, but it was constrained due to the huge tariff shock that it would translate into for other consumes and consequent increase that would have been required in tariff for other categories. Thus as a principle the Commission F has taken the first step towards reducing this distortion in the tariff structure. The Commission is conscious of the fact that HT industry in Jharkhand has borne the brunt of cross subsidy in the past and the tariff applicable to them is above the cost of supply. The significance of this step G should not, however, be judged by the quantitative decline but the signal and intent whereby the Commission intends to further rationalize the tariff in the future." 15. We would like to reproduce the following discussion H in the impugned judgment of the High Court, as we are in JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 475 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] agreement therewith the observations made in those A paragraphs:

" ...... 10.We are concerned with the Demand Charge only, rather to say not concerned with the Demand Charge itself but the manner in which the Demand Charge can be 8 calculated for the purpose of raising demand against the consumer charging of the Demand Charge "has been allowed in Tariff Order 2003-04@ Rs.140/- as mentioned at page 141 of the Tariff Order. As we have already noticed that a formula was given in Clause 15.2 in the tariff of 1993 C as well as in the contract on the basis of which the Board was charging the Demand Charge on the basis of the actual consumed units but was charging the said amount irrespective of the consumption of the units of electricity. Now the contention of the respondent-writ petitioners is that they are liable only according to the units consumed by D them and not according to the formula. We found from. Board's proposal contained in Table 5.27 that the Electricity Board consciously (or may inadvertently) submitted its proposal only to the effect that existing annual Demand Charge is Rs.125/- per KVA per month. This E proposal of the Board was considered and ultimately the Demand Charge was allowed by the Tariff Order of 2003-04 which is mentioned at page 141 by which only it has been approved that the Electricity Board shall be entitled to charge Rs.140/- per KVA per month as proposed by F the Board, the Tariff Order of 2003-04 increased it to Rs.140/-only.

11. In view of the above reasons, we cannot hold that the Electricity Regulatory Commission has not considered G the proposal of the Electricity Board with respect to their claim for Demand Charge and the manner in which it will be charged ...... " 12.ln view of the above facts, we are of the considered opinion that the appellant-Board cannot take H 476 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R. A help of Clause 5.1. wherein Electricity Regulatory Commission wherein it has been observed that some of the matters have not been dealt with and they shall continue to be the same as they were in existence in the State because of the reason that there is a specific proposal B made by the Electricity Board for the Demand Charge as well as the manner in which it will be charged and this proposal was considered by the Electricity Regulatory Commission and thereafter Tariff Order has been issued ... "

c 16. To put the matter beyond the pale of controversy, we would like to highlight another fact, namely the JSEB had even filed clarification applications before the SERC contending that having regard to the Clause 4(c) of the Agreement with the HT-1 consumers, the maximum demand charges would be those D prescribed under Clause 4(c) of the Agreement. These applications were specifically rejected by the Commission. No appeal was preferred by the JSEB challenging those orders. It is, therefore, too late in the day for the JSEB to now argue that this aspect of minimum guarantee charge has not been dealt E with by the SERC in the 2004 Tariff Schedule. 3. Re.: Effect of Section 185 of the Electricity Act 2003. Submission of Mr. Sinha, learned senior counsel, predicated on Section 185 (2)(a) of the Electricity Act and F Section 6 (B) of the General Clauses Act, was that by virtue of the aforesaid provision the earlier Agreement of 1994, including Clause 4(c) thereof entered into between the Electricity Board and the consumers was saved. Section 185(2)(a) of the Act reads as under: G "anything done or any action taken or purported to have been done or taken including any rule, notification, inspection, order or notice made or issued or any appointment, confirmation or declaration made or any H license, permission, authorization or exemption granted or JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 477 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.]

any document or instrument executed or any direction A given under the repealed laws shall, in so far as it is not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, be deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act." B We also reproduce Section 6(8) of the General Clauses Act hereinbelow: "affect the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything duly done or suffered thereunder; or" c

17. It was the submission that since all the actions deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provision of the earlier Act are saved, the Agreement in question which was entered into by the Electricity Board in exercise of statutory power and was having legal force, had been saved under the D aforesaid provisions. To prop this submission, Mr. Sinha also referred to the judgment of this Court in the case of Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Regulatory Commission & Anr. v. ~ Hiinachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (2013) 12 SCALE 397 with the plea that this very aspect had been specifically E dealt with ih the aforesaid judgment and therefore the issue was no longer res-integra. Mr. Sinha pointed out that in that case the courts specifically dealt with the effect of repealed provision contained in Section 185 of the Act, 2003 read with Section 6(8) of the General Clauses Act and held that the previous Fagreements were saved unless it could be pointed out that there was a manifest intention to destroy them. He referred to the following passage from the earlier judgment in the case of State of Punjab vs. Mohar Singh 1955 (1) SCR 893 which is quoted in the aforesaid judgment and reads as under: G

"Whenever there is a repeal of an enactment, the consequences laid down in Section 6 of the General Clauses Act will follow unless, as the section itself says, a different intention appears. In the case of a simple repeal there is scarcely any room for expression of a contrary H 478 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R A opinion. But when the repeal is followed by fresh legislation on the same subject we would undoubtedly have to look to the provisions of the new Act. but only for the purpose of determining whether they indicate a different intention. The line of enquiry would be. not whether the new Act B expressly keeps alive old rights and liabilities but whether it manifests an intention to destroy them. We cannot therefore subscribe to the broad proposition that section 6 of the General Clauses Act is ruled out when there is repeal of an enactment followed by a fresh legislation. c Section 6 would be applicable in such cases also unless the new legislation manifests an intention incompatible with or contrary to the provisions of the section. Such incompatibility would have to be ascertained from a consideration of all the relevant provisions of the new law and the mere absence of a saving clause is by itself notD material. It is in the light of these principles that we now proceed to examine the facts of the present case." (underlining is ours) E He also banked upon the following discussion in the said judgment:

"We have referred to the aforesaid paragraphs as Mr.Gupta has contended that when there is repeal of an enactment and substitution of new law, ordinarily the vested F right of a forum has to perish. On reading of Section 185 of the 2003 Act in entirety, it is difficult to accept the submission that even if Section 6 of the General Clauses Act would apply, then also the same does not save the forum of appeal. We do not perceive any contrary intention G that 6 of the General Clauses Act would not be applicable. It is also to be kept in mind that the distinction between what is and what is not a right by the provisions of the Section 6 of the General Clauses Act is often one of great fitness. What is unaffected by the repeal of a statute is a H right acquired or accrued under it and not a mere hope, JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 479 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [AK. SIKRI, J.] or expectation of, or liberty to apply for, acquiring right (See A M. S. Shivanand v. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation and Ors. MANU/SC/037111979: (1980) 1 sec 149)." 18. In order to appreciate this argument, we will have to B traverse through some salient provision of the agreement of ·1994 entered into with the consumers. These are paras 4(c) and 11 of the HT agreement: "4 .. (c) Maximum demand charge for supply in any month will be based on the maximum KVA demand for the C month of 75% of the contract demand whichever is higher, subject to provision of clause 13 ........

11. This agreement shall be read and construed as subject to the provisions of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, o rules framed thereunder, the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 together with rules, regulations (if any) tariffs and terms and conditions for supply of electricity framed and issued thereunder and for the time being in force as far as the same may respectively be applicable and all such E provisions shall prevail in case of any conflict or inconsistency between them and the terms and conditions of this agreement." 19. It is also to be borne in mind that the tariff in force during the period was Tariff Order dated 27 .12.2003 for the period F 2003-04 which was having force of law under the Electricity Act 2003. Thus, what follows from the above is that even if we proceed on the basis that the statutory agreements entered into earlier were saved, the agreement in question stands replaced by 2004 Tariff Schedule. At this juncture, we would like to refer G to the judgment of this Court in the case of BSES v. Tata Power Co.Ltd. (2004) 1 SCC 195 wherein following pertinent observations were made. · "16. The word "tariff' has not been defined in the Act. H 480 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A "Tariff' is a cartel of commerce and normally it is a book of rates. It will mean a schedule of standard prices or charges provided to the category or categories of customers specified in the tariff. Sub-section (1) of Section 22 clearly lays down that the State Commission shall B determine the tariff for electricity (wholesale, bulk, grid or retail) and also for use of transmission facilities. It has also the power to regulate power purchase of the distribution utilities including the price at which the power shall be procured from the generating companies for transmission, c sale, distribution and supply in the State. "Utility" has been defined in Section 2( 1) of the Act and it means any person or entity engaged in the g_eneration, transmrssion, sale, distribution or supply, as the case may be, of energy. Section 29 lays down that the tariff for the intra-State transmission of electricity and tariff for supply of electricityD - wholesale, bulk or retail - in a State shall be subject to the provisions of the Act and the tariff shall be . determined by the State Commission. Sub-section (2) of Section 29 shows that the terms and conditions for fixation of tariff shall be determined by Regulations and while doing E so, the Commission shall be guided by the factors enumerated in clauses (a) to (g) thereof. The Regulations referred to earlier show that generating companies and utilities have to first approach the Commission for approval of their tariff whether for generation, transmission, F distribution or supply and also for terms and conditions of supply. They can charge from their customers only such tariff which has been approved by the Commission.

Charging of a tariff which has not been approved by the Commission is an offence which is punishable under G Section 45 of the Act. The provisions of the Act and Regulations show that the Commission has the exclusive power to determine the tariff. The tariff approved by the Commission is final and binding and it is not permissible for the licensee, utility or anyone else to charge a different H tariff." JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 481 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] 20. In view of the above, we are of the opinion that even A the argument based on Section 185 of the Electricity Act, 2003 would not bring any change to the results of this case. We, thus, do not fault with the judgment of the High Court appealed against. B

21. Before we part with, it is necessary to deal with one more argument of the appellant. It was submitted that there was delay in filing the Writ Petitions inasmuch as bills raised by the JSEB on the basis of Clause 4(c) of the 1994 Agreement, even · after the formulation of 2004 Tariff Schedule were being paid C by the consumers and they approached the Court by filing Writ Petitions only in the year 2010. Thus, there was a delay and latches of 5 years. It is further argued that in such scenario, the High Court at least should not have directed the appellants to refund the excess amount charged under the bills raised for earlier period. Other related submission was that it would be . D unjust enrichment to the consumers who would have recovered the amount from the user of the electricity.

22.' In so far as delay in filing the Writ Petition is concerned, it appears from the chronology of events that the same has been E duly explained. It is not in doubt that the consumers had paid the amount of bills raised by JSEB under protest because of the threat of disconnection. While doing so, they had raised specific plea with the JSEB that it was now supposed to raise the bills in accordance with the 2004 Tariff Schedule. The matter F ·remained under consideration at the level of JSEB which kept approaching the Court as well as SERC seeking clarification of 2004 Tariff Schedule. As already pointed out above, clarification applications were filed which were dismissed by the Commission. However, as the JSEB did not judge from its G stand even after the dismissal of these applications, the consumers approached the Court and filed the Writ Petitions. The Writ Petitioners have thus furnished satisfactory explanation for approach the Court. H 482 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A 23. The plea of unjust and enrichment will not be available to the appellants. In the first place, no such plea was raised before the High Court either before the learned Single Judge or the Dtvision Bench. In the Special Leave Petition, this submission was made for the first time at the time of hearing B of the present appeals. Moreover, it is not a case of payment of tax which is a burden passed on the consumers. It is only in such cases that was held in Mafatlal Industries Ltd. vs. Union of India (1997) 5 SCC 536 that the question of unjust enrichment would arise for consideration. As far as issue like c the present is concerned, such a question was left open in para 107 of the aforesaid judgment. The Court had made it clear the concept of unjust enrichment had no application for refunds other than taxes, as is clear from the reading thereof. "107. A Clarification: The situation in the case of captive D consumption has not been dealt with by us in this opinion. We leave that question open." 24. As a result, we find that the appeals are bereft of any merit and are accordingly dismissed. No costs. E D.G. Appeals dismissed.

[2014] 3 S.C.R. 453 JHARKHAND STATE ELECT.BOARD & ORS. A v. M/S. LAXMI BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 2909/2014) FEBRUARY 28, 2014 B [K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN AND A.K. SIKRI, JJ.] ELECTRIC/TY LAWS:

Power of Tariff Fixation - Held: Transferred exclusively to c SERC and State Electricity Board is completely denuded of this power - Before coming of Electricity Act, 2003, Electricity Act, 1910 and thereafter Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 were in force - It was the Electricity Board in the respective States which were supplying electricity to the consumers and D determining the operation rates at which the electricity was to be supplied - After the enactment of Electricity Act, 2003, power to frame tariff is given to the SERC - 2003 Act has distanced the Government from all forms of regulations, including tariff regulation which is now specifically assigned E to SERC - Thus, the State Electricity Boards have no power whatsoever to frame tariff which is under the exclusive domain of the SERC - Electricity Act, 2003 - Electricity Act, 1910 -Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948. · Fixation of tariff by SERC - Issue of demand charge from F HT consumers - Held: The 1994 HT Agreement was not saved under Electricity Act, 2003 and the tariff structure - Issue of demand charge from HT consumers was considered and given effect to in the Tariff Order dated 27. 12. 2003 which came into effect on 1.1.2004. G Delay/Laches: Delay in filing the writ petitions - Bills raised by the JSEB on the basis of Clause 4(c) of the 1994 HT Agreement, even after the formulation of 2004 Tariff 453 H 454 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A Schedule - Payment made under threat of disconnectiun - Writ petition - Direction by High Court to appellant to refund the excess amount charged under the bills raised for earlier period - Challenged on the ground that there was delay in filing of writ petition by consumers - Held: Delay was duly explained B - The consumers had paid the amount of bills raised by JSEB under protest because of the threat of disconnection - While doing so, they had raised specific plea with the JSEB that it was now supposed to raise the bills in accordance with the 2004 Tariff Schedule - The matter remained under c consideration at the level of JSEB which kept approaching the Court as well as SERC seeking clarification of 2004 Tariff Schedule.

In the year 1994, HT Agreement was entered into between Bihar State Electricity Board (predecessor in D interest of JSEB) and the consumers which, inter-alia, stipulated the tariff that was to be charged by the JSEB from the consumers for supply of electricity. In Clause 4(c) of the Agreement, there was a provision for Minimum Guarantee Charges. In the year 2003, Electricity Act was E enacted. The power to frame tariff under this Act was given to SERC. SERC passed order framing the new tariff schedule (2004 Tariff Schedule) under Section 86 of the Electricity Act. The grievance of the consumer-respondent was that the JSEB continued to send the bills F as per the Clause 4(c) referred to in the agreement which were paid by the consumers under protest. In May 2010, writ petitions were filed by the consumers for quashing of the energy bills on the ground that it had wrongly been raised as per Clause 4(c) of the Agreement which had G ceased to have any effect on the framing of 2004 Tariff Schedule by the SERC. The JSEB, however, contended that the HT agreement entered into with the consumers still survived as the 2004 Tariff Schedule saved this Agreement. The High Court allowed the writ petitions. H JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 455 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD.

In the instant appeals, the questions which arose for A consideration were: whether after the enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003 which came into force on 10.6.2003 and after passing of the new tariff order dated 27.12.2003 by Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) as per the Act of 2003, the State Electricity Board B can still charge a tariff determined by itself; whether the issue of demand charge to HTS - 1 category of consumeJ!hhas been left non-considered by the SERC i1J.t~e,~riff::order dated 27 .12.2003 so that the same may be'\~qnt~:rl'ued in the manner existed in the State or c whether th.e same has been considered and given affect to in the tariff order dated 27.12.2003 which came into effect from 1.1.2004; what would be the effect of Section 185 (Repeal and Saving Clause) of the Electricity Act 2003 upon the HT supply Agreement entered upon the Board D and the Consumer prior to Electricity Act, 2003. Dismissing the appeals; the Court HELD: 1. Re.: Power of SERC under Electricity Act 2003. E

Before Electricity Act, 2003 was enacted, Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and thereafter Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was passed. It was the Electricity Board in the respective States which were supplying electricity to the Fconsumers and determining the operation rates at which the electricity was to be supplied. Section 49 of the Act, 1948 empowered the Board to supply electricity to any person upon such terms and conditions as the Board thinks fit and made for the purposes of such supply from time to time and were empowered to frame uniform tariffs G for the purpose of such supply. This power to frame tariff under Section 49(1) of the Act 1948 included the power to fix minimum guarantee charges. In State of Bihar, such rates were fixed in the 1993 tariff. It, inter-alia, provided for tariff for HT consumers. Three categories of HT H 456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A consumers were mentioned there. HTS-I, II and Ill. Both the consumers in the instant appeals were put in HT-I category. HT Agreement dated 26.4.1994 was entered into between the Board and the consumers. As per Clause 4 of this Agreement, the consumers were to pay to the B Board for the energy so supplied and registered or taken to have been supplied at the appropriate rates applicable to the consumers according to the tariff framed by the Board and in force from time to time. It was subject to the minimum contract demand applicable for the category of c supply category in which the consumers felt. Clause 4(b) explained that the maximum demand of the coM\Jmer for each month shall be the largest total amount of kilovolt amperes (KVA) that was delivered to the consumers at the point of supply during any consecutive 30 minutes in the months. As per clause 4(c), JSEB had been raising0 energy bills on the basis of 75% of the contract demand. [Para 6] [463-F-H; 464-A-G]

1.2. After the Electricity Act, 2003 was enacted, power to frame tariff was given to the SERC. This power was E statutorily conferred upon the SERC under the Act. Before the passing of this Act, Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 was enacted and under Section 17 of the said Act, Jharkhand SERC was constituted by the Government of Jharkhand. Its functions and duties F were notified by the Government as per Section 22 of the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act. On the passing of the Electricity Act, 20.03, Electricity Act 1910, Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 and Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 were repealed. At the same time, Act 2003 G recognized the SERCs constituted under the 1998 Act. 2004 Tariff Schedule framed by the SERC was in exercise of powers conferred upon it under Section 86 (a) of the Act. The Act, 2003 is an exhaustive code on all matters concerning electricity which also provides for H "unbundling" of State Electricity Boards into separate JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 457 BUSINE$S & CEMENT CO.P. LTD.

utilities for generation, transmission and distribution. A Further, Regulatory regime is entrusted to the SERC which are given vide ranging responsibilities. This Act has distanced the Government from all forms of regulations, including tariff regulation which is now specifically assigned to SERC. It is, thus, beyond the pale B of doubt that the State Electricity Boards have no power whatsoever. to frame tariff which is under the' exclusive domain of the SERC. This legal position has been judicially recognized. [Paras 7 to 10) [464-G-H; 465-A-C . and F; 467-D] c PTC India Ltd. v. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (2010) 4 SCC 603: 2010 '(3) SCR 609; Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. v. Essar Power Ltd. (2008) 4 SCC 755: 2008 (4) SCR 822; AP. TRANSCO v. Sai Renewable Power (P) Ltd.. (2011) 11 SCC 34: 2010 (8) SCR 636 - relied on. D 2. Re: Whether the Agreement dated 26.4.1994 is saved by the 2004 Tariff Schedule?

. 2.1. The SERC fixed the tariff on the request of the . E JSEB itself when it approached the SERC for this purpose. In the Tariff Petition filed by the JSEB before the SERC, the JSEB did not propose to continue the manner of 75% of contract demand and the SERC allowed the demand charge 140-KV-Month. The Tariff Order has Annexure 5.1 containing the 'Tariff Schedule'. This Tariff F Schedule which is the final outcome of the tariff process is binding on the State as well. However, the JSEB itself in its application/reference to the SERC did not ask for fixing any minimum guarantee charges. The JSEB in its proposal for fixation of tariff for"2003-04, submitted before G the SERC indicated both the existing tariff and the tariff proposed by it in respect of all consumers, including all categories of HTS (High Tension Service) consumers. The SERC after undertaking the necessary exercise, fixed the tariff of all categories. The tariff proposed by the H 458 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A Board tor HTS-I consumers along with existing tariff was reproduced in Tables 5.28 and 5.29 of the 2004 Tariff Schedule which clearly reflected that the aspect of minimum guarantee charges was duly considered by the SERC. [Paras 12, 13] [469-C-F; 470-G-H; 471-A] B 2.2. The tariff order further revealed that the SERC had even compared the proposal of JSEB with the tariff prevailing in other States in India and after detailed analysis thereof, it approved the tariff for HTS consumers which is mentioned in table 5.31 of the 2004 Tariff C Schedule. Therefore, it cannot be said that the SERC was oblivious of the clause relating to minimum guarantee charges which JSEB was charging from its consumers as per the earlier agreements entered into with them. The position would become crystal clear from the discussion D in the 2004 Tariff Schedule wherein the SCRC gave specific reasons for revising and approving the tariff for HTS consumers. The High Court rightly held that the SERC has considered the proposal of the Electricity Board with respect to their claim for Demand Charge and E the manner in which it will be charged. The Board cannot take help of Clause 5.1. wherein it was observed that some of the matters have not been dealt with and they shall continue to be the same as they were in existence in the State because of the reason that there is a specific F proposal made by the Electricity Board for the Demand Charge as well as the manner In which it will be charged and this proposal was considered by the SERC and thereafter Tariff Order has been issued. The JSEB had even filed clarification applications before the SERC G contending that having regard to the Clause 4(c) of the Agreement with the HT-I consumers, the maximum demand charges would be those prescribed under Clause 4(c) of the Agreement. These applications were specifically rejected by the SERC. No appeal was H preferred by the JSEB challenging those orders. It is, JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 459 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. tTD.

therefore, too late in the day for the JSEB to now argue A that this aspect of minimum guarantee charge has not been dealt with by the SERC in the 2004 Tariff Schedule. [Para 14 to 16] [473-C-D; 475-G-H; 476-A-E] 3. Re.: Effect of Section 185 of the Electricity Act 2003. B The tariff in force during the per-iod was Tariff Order dated 27.12.2003 for the period 2003-04 which was having force of law under the Electricity Act 2003. Thus, even if it is assumed on the basis that the statutory agreements entered into earlier were saved, the agreement in question C stood replaced by 2004 Tariff Schedule. Even the argument based on Section 185 of the Electricity Act, 2003 would not bring any change to the results of this case. There was no fault with the judgment of the High Court appealed against. [Paras 19, 20] [479-F-G; 481-A-B] D State of Punjab vs. Mohar Singh 1955 (1) SCR 893; BSES v. Tata Power Co. Ltd. (2004) 1 SCC 195: 2003 (4) Suppl. SCR 932 - relied on.

4. It was submitted that there was delay in filing the E writ petitions inasmuch as bills raised by the JSEB on the basis of Clause 4(c) of the 1994 Agreement, even after the formulation of 2004 Tariff Schedule were being paid by the consumers and they approached the Court by filing writ petitions only in the year 2010 and that in such F scenario, the High Court at least should not have directed the appellants to refund the excess amount charged under the bills raised for earlier period and· it would be unjust enrichment to the consumers who .would have recovered the amount from the user of the electricity. In G so far as delay in filing the writ petition is concerned, it appears from the chronology of events that the same has been duly explained. It is not in doubt that the consumers had paid the amount of bills raised by JSEB under protest because of the threat of disconnection. H 460 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A While doing so, they had raised specific plea with the JSEB that it was now supposed to raise the bills in accordance with the 2004 Tariff Schedule. The matter remained under consideration at the level of JSEB which kept approaching the Court as well as SERC seeking B clarification of 2004 Tariff Schedule. The clarification applications were filed which were dismissed by the SERC. However, as the JSEB did not judge from its stand even after the dismissal of these applications, the consumers approached the Court and filed the Writ c Petitions. The writ petitioners have thus furnished satisfactory explanation for approach the Court. The plea of unjust and enrichment will not be available to the appellants. In the first place, no such plea was raised before the High Court either before the S1ngle Judge or the Division Bench. In the Special Leave Petition, this 0 submission was made for the first time at the time of hearing of the appeals. Moreover, it is not a case of payment of tax which is a burden passed on the consumers. [Paras 21 to 23) (481-B-H; 482-A-B] E Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Regulatory Commission & Anr. v. Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (2013) 12 SCALE 397; Mafatlal Industries Ltd. vs. Union of India (1997) 5 SCC 536 - referred to. Case Law Reference: F 2010 (3) SCR 609 relied on Para 9 2008 (4) SCR 822 relied on Para 10 2010 (8) SCR 636 relied on Para 10 G

(2013) 12 SCALE 397 referred to Para 17 1955 (1) SCR 893 relied on Para 17 2003 (4 ) Suppl. SCR 932 relied on Para 19 'H JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 461 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. (1997) s sec 536 referred to Para 23 A CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2909 of 2014. From the Judgment & Order dated 05.07.2011 of the High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi in LPA No. 466 of 2010. B WITH Civil Appeal No. 2910, 2911 and 2913 of 2014. Ajit Kumar Sinha, M.L. Verma, M.S. Mittal, A.K. Ganguly, C Ashwarya Sinha, Ambhoj Kumar Sinha, Himanshu Shekhar, Faisal Khan, M.P. Jha, Ram Ekbal Roy, Harshvardhan Jha, Dileep Pillai, Kaushik Poddar, Shankar Lal Aggarwal, Devashish Bharuka, Jasmeet Kuar, Chandan Kumar Rai, Ravin Dubey for the appearing parties. D The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A.K. SIKRI, J. 1. Delay condoned. 2. Leave granted. E

3. The appellant in both the cases is Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB), which is aggrieved by the common judgment dated 5th July 2011 passed by the High Court of Jharkhand in two appeals. These appeals were preferred by the appellant JSEB against the orders dated 17th February F 2010 passed by the learned Single Judge of that court in the two Writ Petitions which were filed by M/s. Laxmi Business & Cement Co. Pvt. Ltd. and M/s. Laxmi lspat Udyog (arrayed as respondent No.1 in each appeal and hereinafter referred to as the 'consumers'). These respondents had questioned the G validity of the bills raised by the JSEB in those Writ Petitions, primarily on the ground that the bills were contrary to and in exces~ of the tariff fixed by the Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as the 'SERC"). Their contention was accepted by the learned Single Judge H 462 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R. A and the order of learned Single Judge is affirmed by the Division Bench as well.

4. To give a glimpse of the controversy involved, in the year 1994 HT Agreement was entered into between Bihar State B Electricity Board (predecessor in interest of JSEB) and the consumers which, inter-alia, stipulated the tariff that was to be charged by the JSEB from the consumers for supply of electricity to these consumers by the JSEB. In Clause 4(c) of the Agreement there was a provision of Minimum Guarantee Charges. In the year 2003, Electricity Act was enacted. C Indubitably, power to frame tariff under this Act is given to SERC. SERC passed order dated framing the new tariff schedule ('2004 Tariff Schedule' for short) under Section 86 of the Electricity Act (hereinafter referred to as the Act). The JSEB, however, continued to send the bills as per the Clause D 4(c) mferred to in the agreement which were paid by the consumers under protest. In May 2010, Writ Petitions were filed by the consumers for quashing of the energy bills on the ground that it had wrongly been raised as per Clause 4(c) of the Agreement which had ceased to have any effect on the E framing of 2004 Tariff Schedule by the SERC. The JSEB, however, contended that the HT agreement entered into with the consumers still survived as the 2004 Tariff Schedule saves this Agreement.

5. Since the Writ Petitions of the consumers were allowedF and the order of the learned Single Judge is already upheld by the Division Bench, it is obvious that pleas raised by the JSEB have not found favour with the High Court. Before us as well, same very contentions were raised which were raised by the G JSEB in the High Court. Additionally, it was also contended that even Section 185 (2)(a) of the Act read with Section 6(8) of the General Clauses Act categorically protects the previous opera.tion of the earlier enactment, duly done or saved thereunder. H It is, thus, clear that questions which arjse for consideration in JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 463 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] these appeals are the following: A (i) Whether after the enactment of the Electricity Act, 2003 which came into force on 10.6.2003 and after passing of the new tariff order dated 27.12.2003 by Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory Commission as per the Act of 2003 can the State B Electricity Board still charge a tariff determined by itself? (ii) Whether the issue of demand charge to HTS - 1 category of consumers has been left non-considered by the State Commission in the tariff order dated 27.12.2003 so that the same may be continued in the manner existed in the State C or whether the same has been considered and given aff'ect to in the tariff order dated 27.12.2003 which came into effect from 1.1.2004?

(iii) What would be the effect of Section 185 (Repeal and 0 Saving Clause) of the Electricity Act 2003 upon the HT supply Agreement entered upon the Board and the Consumer prior to Electricity Act, 2003? 6. While dealing with these questions, we will narrate further seminal facts and the details submissions of the learned E counsel for the parties of either side. 1. Re.: Power of SERC under Electricity Act 2003. Legal position contained in Act of 2003 is hardly in F dispute. Before this Act was enacted in the year 2003, we had Indian Electricity Act, 1910 and thereafter Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was passed. It is the Electricity Board in the respective States which were supplying electricity to Jhe consumers and determining the operation rates at which the G-electricity was to be supplied. Section 49 of the Act, 1948 empowered the Board to supply electricity to any person upon such terms and conditions as the Board thinks fit and made for the purposes of such supply from time to time and were E'mpowered to frame uniform tariffs for the purpose of such H 464 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20141 3 S.C.R.

A supply. This power to frame tariff under Section 49( 1) of the Act 1948 included the power to fix minimum guarantee charges. In State of Bihar, such rates were fixed in the year 1993 tariff. It, inter-alia, provided for tariff for HT consumers. Three categories of HT consumers were mentioned there. HTS-I, II and Ill. Both B the consumers in the instant appeals were put in HT-I category. HT Agreement dated 26.4.197 4 was entered into between the Board and the consumers. As per Clause 4 of this Agreement, the consumers were to pay to the Board for the energy so supplied and registered or taken to have been supplied at the c appropriate rates applicable to the consumers according to the tariff framed by the Board and in force from time to time. It was subject to the minimum contract demand applicable for the category of supply category in which the consumers fell. Clause 4(b) explained that the maximum demand of the consumer for D each month shall be the largest total amount of kilovolt amperes (KVA) that was delivered to the consumers at the point of supply during any consecutive 30 minutes in the months. Since the JSEB has worked out the charges as per Clause 4 (c) which it is demanding, we reproduce the said clause hereinbelow: E "4(c) Maximum demand charges for supply in any month will be based on the maximum KVA demand for the month or 75 per cent of the contract demand whichever is higher, subject to provision of clause 13. For the first twelve months service the maximum demand charges for any F month, will however, be based on the actual monthly maximum demand for that month."

Thus, as per the aforesaid clause, JSEB had been raising enetgy bills on the basis of 75% of the contract demand. G 7. As mentioned above, after the Electricity Act, 2003 was enacted, power to frame tariff is given to the SERC. This power is statutorily conferred upon the SERC under the Act. However, it would be relevant to mention herein that before the passing of this Act, Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 was H enacted and under Section 17 of the said Act, Jharkhand State JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 465 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. L~D. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] Electricity Regulatory Commission was constituted by the A Government of Jharkhand vide Notification No.1763 dated August 22, 2002. Its functions and duties were notified by the Government as per Section 22 of the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act. .B

8. On the passing of the Electricity Act, 2003, Electricity Act 1910, Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 and Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 have been repealed. At the same time, Act 2003 recognizes the SERCs constituted under the 1998 Act. The object clause of this Act reads as under: c "An Act to consolidate the laws relating to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures conducive to development of electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protecting interest of consumers and supply of electricity D to all areas, rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commissions and establishment of Appellate Tribunal and for matters E connectedI therewith or incidental thereto."

9. It is also not in dispute that 2004 Tariff Schedule framed by the SERC is in exercise of powers conferred upon it under Section 86 (a) of the Act. In PTC India Ltd. V. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (2010) 4 SCC 603 this F Court has categorically held that Act, 2003 is an exhaustive code on all matters concerning electricity which also provides for "unbundling" of State Electricity Boards into separate utilities for generation, transmission and distribution. Further, Regulatory regime is entrusted to the State Electricity G Regulatory Commissions which are given vide ranging responsibilities. This Act has distanced the Government from all forms of regulations, including tariff regulation which is now specifically assigned to SERC. Relevant observations, outlining the scheme of this Act, are reproduced below: H 466 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 3 S.C.R.

A "The 2003 Act is enacted as an exhaustive code on all matters concerning electricity It provides for unbundling'' of SEBs into separate utilities for generation, transmission and distribution. It repeals the Electricity Act, 1910. the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and t~1e Electricity Regulatory B Commissions Act, 1998. The 2003 Act, in furtherance of the policy envisaged under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 (the 1998 Act), mandated the establishment of an independent and transparent regulatory mechanism, and has entrusted wide-ranging c responsibilities with the Regulatory Commissions. While the 1998 Act provided for independent regulation in the area of tariff determination: the 2003 Act has distanced the Government from all forms of regulation, namely, licensing, tariff regulation, specifying Grid Code, facilitating competition through open access, etc."[Paragraph 17)D The 2003 Act contains separate provisions for the performance of dual functions by the Commission.

Section61 is the enabling provision for framing of regulations by the Central Commission: the determination E of terms and conditions of tariff has been left to the domain of the Regulatory Commissions under Section 61 of the Act whereas actual tariff determination by the Regulatory Commissions is covered by Section 62 of the Act. This aspect is very important for deciding the present case. F Specifying the terms and conditions for determination of tariff is an exercise which is different and distinct from actual tariff determination in accordance with the provisions of the Act for supply of electricity by a generating company to a distribution licensee or for transmission of electricity or for wheeling of electricity orG for retail sale of electricity. 26. The term "tariff' is not defined in the 2003 Act. The term "tariff' includes within its ambit not only the fixation of rates but also the rules and regulations relating to it. If one reads H JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 467 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [AK. SIKRI, J.]

Section 61 with Section 62 of the 2003 Act, it becomes A clear that the appropriate Commission shall determine the actual tariff in accordance with the provisions of the Act, including the terms and conditions which may be specified by the appropriate Commission under Section 61 of the said Act. Under the 2003 Act, if one reads Section 62 with B Section 64, it becomes clear that although tariff fixation like price fixation is legislative in character, the same under the Act is made applicable vide Section 111. These provisions, namely, Sections 61, 62 and 64 indicate the dual nature of functions performed by the Regulatory c - Commissions viz. decision-making and specifying terms and conditions for tariff determination."[Paragraph 25,26] [Emphasis supplied] 10. It is, thus, beyond the pale of doubt that the State Electricity Boards have no power whatsoever to frame tariff D which is under the exclusive domain of the Commission. This legal position has been judicially recognized. [See Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. V. Essar Power Ltd., (2008) 4 SCC 755 and A.P. TRANSCO v. Sai Renewable Power (P) Ltd. (2011) 11 sec 34. E

11. Notwithstanding the aforesaid legal position, JSEB contends that agreement entered into with the consumers in the year 1994 is saved and the JSEB has right to charge the tariff as per Clause 4 (c) thereof. According to the JSEB this is the F position because of the reason that Clause 1.4 of the 2004 Tariff Schedule framed by the SERC provides for such a position and further that even Section 186 of the Act 2003 saves this agreement. On these twin aspects, we have already framed question Nos. 2 and 3 above and would now proceed to deal G with them. 2. Re: Whether the Agreement dated 26.4.1994 is saved. by the ,2004 Tariff Schedule? Mr. Sinha, learned senior counsel for the JSE.B submitted H 468 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C R

A that in the 2004 Tariff Schedule there was no such provision which is contained in the agreement dated 26.4.19994 particularly in Clause 4(c) and in the absence thereof in the tariff schedule energy bills raised on the basis of 75 % contract demand was saved. It was submitted that the Agreement dated B 26.4.1994 is a statutory agreement as it was under the Act of 1948. The learned senior counsel further submitted that it had never been the case of consumers that the aforesaid provision was repealed, repudiated or destroyed. It has not happened either. For this purpose, Mr. Sinha sought to rely upon c averments made in the Writ Petitions filed by the consumers and on the basis it was contended that even the consumers admitted that the provision of 75% of contract demand is abs~nt and not provided iri the 2004 Tariff Schedule. He also placed strong reliance on Clause 1.4 of 2004 Tariff Schedule D of SERC which reads as under: "All other Terms and Conditions in respect of Meter Rent, Supply at Lower Voltage, Capacitor Charge, Electricity Duty, Rebate, Security Deposit, Surcharge for exceeding contract demand etc., shall remain the same as existing E in the State."

Further, the tariff order 2003-04, in Clause 5 under the heading Design of Tariff Structure and Analysis of Tariff, particularly at Clause 5.4 has dealt with the two part tariff structure and Minimum Guarantee Charges wherein it wasF stated that "Ideally, the fixed/demand charge should be levied in proportion to the demand placed by an individual consumer on the system. This is so because it facilitates the utility in designing an appropriate system to cater to the supply needs of a consumer and is therefore a just andG fair mechanism for recovering fixed costs of the system." Mr. Sinha further argued that Clause 4 {c) of the High Tension Agreement dated 26.8.2004 which the Respondent Consumer has signed with the Board much after 1.1.2004, H when the Tariff Order 2003-04 came into effect, clearly specified JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 469 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [AK. SIKRI, J.] that after commencement of power supply, the respondent shall A be liable to pay KV A/Maximum Demand Charges on actual consumption basis in the first 12 months and after that on the basis of 75% of the contract demand or recorded demand, whichever is higher. This is uniformly applied to similarly · situated all the HTS-1 consumers. B

12. In order to appreciate this argument, we will have to construe relevant provision of 2004 Tariff Schedule as framed by the SERC. It would be pertinent to observe that the SERC fixed the tariff on the request of the· JSEB itself when it approached the SERC for this purpose. We find that in the Tariff C Petition filed by the JSEB before the SERC, the JSEB did not propose to continue the manner of 75% of contract demand and the SERC allowed the demand charge 140-KV-Month. On perusal of the Tariff Order, it becomes apparent that this is divided in different sections viz., section 1 is the chapter D containing 'introduction', section 2 is the chapter containing 'ARR' i.e. the Annual Revenue Requirement and tariff proposal submitted by the Board, section 3 is the chapter containing 'objections' received from the stake holders, section 4 is the chapter containing 'Commission's analysis on ARR', Section 5 is the chapter containing 'design of tariff structure and analysis of tariff, section 6 is the chapter containing 'Directions to the . · JSEB' and finally there is Annexure 5.1 containing the 'Tariff Schedule'. This Tariff Schedule which is the final outcome of . the tariff process is binding on the State as well. The relevant portion of the Annexure 5. 1 of the tariff order wherein the State Commission has dealt with the tariff applicability upon the High Tension Service (HTS) consumers i.e. category applicable to Respondent No.1 is reproduced below:

"Category: High Tension Service (HTS) 1. Applicability For consumers having contract demand above 100 kVA 2. Character of service 470 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R. A 50 cycles, 3 Phase at 6.6. KV/11 Kv/33 kV or 132 kV. 3. Tariff Tariff for HTS B DESCRIPTION TARIFF* RS./kVA/month DEMAND CHARGE HTS 140 c ENERGY CHARGE KWh/month Rs/KWh D All consumption 4.00 E Monthly minimum charge For Supply at 11 and 33 kV Rs.250/kVA For Supply at 132 KV Rs.400/kVA F 13. However, as stated above, the JSEB itself in its application/reference to the SERC did not ask for fixing any minimum guarantee charges. It would be relevant to mention that the JSEB in its proposal for fixation of tariff for 2003-04, G submitted before the Regulatory Commission, indicated both the existing tariff and the tariff proposed by it in respect of all consumers, including all categories of HTS (High Tension Service) consumers. The SERC after undertaking the necessary exercise, fixed the tariff of all categories. The tariff proposed H by the Board for HTS-I consumers along with existing tariff is JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 471 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.l reproduced in Tables 5.28 and 5.29 of the 2004 Tariff Schedule A which will clearly reflect that the aspect of minimum guarantee charges was duly considered by the SERC. To demonstrate it, we reproduce the said two tables hereunder: 5.28 Tariff for HTS-II Consumers (Existing/Proposed ) B DESCRIPTION TARIFF I

DEMAND CHARGE Existing Proposed c Rs./KV A/Month 115 200 ENERGY CHARGE Rs./KWH Existing Proposed D All Consumption 1.72 4.30 FUEL SURCHARGE CHARGE Rs./KWH 2.44 I Annual Minimum Guarantee (AMG) Charge E Subject to minimum The following AMG contract demand for charge shall be this category, realized from the monthly minimum consumer as' per F demand charge as appropriate tariff. per appropriate tariff AMG Charge based based on actual on load factor of maximum demand 30% and power of that month or factor 0.9 on contract G 75% of the contract demand payable at demand whichever the rate of energy is higher. charge applicable to Energy charges HTS-II category. H - 472 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R. A based on load factor of 30% and power factor 0.85 on contracted demand payable at the rate B of Rs.1.72/KWH 5.29 Tariff for EHTS Consumers (Existing/Proposed) DESCRIPTION TARIFF c DEMAND CHARGE Existing Proposed Rs./KVA/Month 110 200 ENERGY CHARGE D Rs./KWH Existing Proposed All Consumption 4.13 4.15 FUEL SURCHARGE E [ Rs./KWH 2.44 - Annual Minimum Guarantee (AMG) Charge Subject to minimum The following AMG F contract demand for charge shall be this category, realized from the monthly minimum consumer as per demand charge as appropriate tariff. per appropriate tariff AMG Charge based based on actual G on load factor of maximum demand 50% and power of that month or

factor 0.9 on contract 75% of the contract demand payable at demand whichever the rate of energy is higher H - JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 473 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] . Energy charges charge applicable to A based on load factor EHTS category. of 50% and power factor 0.85 on contracted demand · payable af the rate B of Rs.1.69/KWH 14. The tariff order further reveals that the SERC had even compared the proposal of JSEB with the tariff prevailing in other $tates in India and after detailed analysis thereof, it approved C tti'e tariff for HTS consumers which is mentioned in table 5.31 of the 2004 Tariff Schedule. Therefore, it cannot. be said that thft SERC was oblivious of the clause relating to minimum guarantee charges which JSEB was charging from its consumers as per the earlier agreements entered iato with them. The position would become crystal clear from the D following discussion in the 2004 Tariff Schedule wherein the SCRC gav.e specific reasons for revising and approving the tariff for HTS consumers. The SERC has filed its response to these appeals, E wherein the provision in this behalf is explained in the manner noted below: "It is evident from the above' table that there is no common approach towards minimum charge.

However, if we compare neighbouring States like Orissa, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh (supply at less than F 132 KVA), there is no minimum charge. As mentioned earlier, the Commission would ideally like to scrap this charge, but for current year it has retained this charge due to lack of information and data to ascertain the true impact of this charge. The Commission has already directed the G Board to provide details in this regard in the next petition. For the current year, the Commission would not like to increase the burden on the industries on account of minimum charge and has therefore attempted to keep it at the existing level. The, Commission has assumed a H 4·74 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R A minimum level of supply and a minimum level of consumption. For this, the Commission has considered 10% load factor for HTS-I and HTS-I I categories considering an average consumption of two (2) hours in a day. For EHTS and HT Special load factor of 20% and B 30% respectively has been taken by considering an average consumption of four (4) hours and seven (7) hours in a day respectively. The Commission observes that if these categories of industries are not able to maintain this minimum load factor, than they should reduce their c contracted load. The Commission would like to explicitly mention that if the consumption exceeds the mentioned load factor, no minimum charge would be applicable.

For encouraging consumption, the Commission D has also introduced a load factor rebate for all industries consumers. For the entire consumption in excess of this defined load factor, a rebate is provided on the energy charges for such excess consumption. The Commission would have liked to align E the tariff structure towards cost of supply during the current year itself, but it was constrained due to the huge tariff shock that it would translate into for other consumes and consequent increase that would have been required in tariff for other categories. Thus as a principle the Commission F has taken the first step towards reducing this distortion in the tariff structure. The Commission is conscious of the fact that HT industry in Jharkhand has borne the brunt of cross subsidy in the past and the tariff applicable to them is above the cost of supply. The significance of this step G should not, however, be judged by the quantitative decline but the signal and intent whereby the Commission intends to further rationalize the tariff in the future." 15. We would like to reproduce the following discussion H in the impugned judgment of the High Court, as we are in JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 475 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] agreement therewith the observations made in those A paragraphs:

" ...... 10.We are concerned with the Demand Charge only, rather to say not concerned with the Demand Charge itself but the manner in which the Demand Charge can be 8 calculated for the purpose of raising demand against the consumer charging of the Demand Charge "has been allowed in Tariff Order 2003-04@ Rs.140/- as mentioned at page 141 of the Tariff Order. As we have already noticed that a formula was given in Clause 15.2 in the tariff of 1993 C as well as in the contract on the basis of which the Board was charging the Demand Charge on the basis of the actual consumed units but was charging the said amount irrespective of the consumption of the units of electricity. Now the contention of the respondent-writ petitioners is that they are liable only according to the units consumed by D them and not according to the formula. We found from. Board's proposal contained in Table 5.27 that the Electricity Board consciously (or may inadvertently) submitted its proposal only to the effect that existing annual Demand Charge is Rs.125/- per KVA per month. This E proposal of the Board was considered and ultimately the Demand Charge was allowed by the Tariff Order of 2003-04 which is mentioned at page 141 by which only it has been approved that the Electricity Board shall be entitled to charge Rs.140/- per KVA per month as proposed by F the Board, the Tariff Order of 2003-04 increased it to Rs.140/-only.

11. In view of the above reasons, we cannot hold that the Electricity Regulatory Commission has not considered G the proposal of the Electricity Board with respect to their claim for Demand Charge and the manner in which it will be charged ...... " 12.ln view of the above facts, we are of the considered opinion that the appellant-Board cannot take H 476 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R. A help of Clause 5.1. wherein Electricity Regulatory Commission wherein it has been observed that some of the matters have not been dealt with and they shall continue to be the same as they were in existence in the State because of the reason that there is a specific proposal B made by the Electricity Board for the Demand Charge as well as the manner in which it will be charged and this proposal was considered by the Electricity Regulatory Commission and thereafter Tariff Order has been issued ... "

c 16. To put the matter beyond the pale of controversy, we would like to highlight another fact, namely the JSEB had even filed clarification applications before the SERC contending that having regard to the Clause 4(c) of the Agreement with the HT-1 consumers, the maximum demand charges would be those D prescribed under Clause 4(c) of the Agreement. These applications were specifically rejected by the Commission. No appeal was preferred by the JSEB challenging those orders. It is, therefore, too late in the day for the JSEB to now argue that this aspect of minimum guarantee charge has not been dealt E with by the SERC in the 2004 Tariff Schedule. 3. Re.: Effect of Section 185 of the Electricity Act 2003. Submission of Mr. Sinha, learned senior counsel, predicated on Section 185 (2)(a) of the Electricity Act and F Section 6 (B) of the General Clauses Act, was that by virtue of the aforesaid provision the earlier Agreement of 1994, including Clause 4(c) thereof entered into between the Electricity Board and the consumers was saved. Section 185(2)(a) of the Act reads as under: G "anything done or any action taken or purported to have been done or taken including any rule, notification, inspection, order or notice made or issued or any appointment, confirmation or declaration made or any H license, permission, authorization or exemption granted or JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 477 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.]

any document or instrument executed or any direction A given under the repealed laws shall, in so far as it is not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, be deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act." B We also reproduce Section 6(8) of the General Clauses Act hereinbelow: "affect the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything duly done or suffered thereunder; or" c

17. It was the submission that since all the actions deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provision of the earlier Act are saved, the Agreement in question which was entered into by the Electricity Board in exercise of statutory power and was having legal force, had been saved under the D aforesaid provisions. To prop this submission, Mr. Sinha also referred to the judgment of this Court in the case of Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Regulatory Commission & Anr. v. ~ Hiinachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (2013) 12 SCALE 397 with the plea that this very aspect had been specifically E dealt with ih the aforesaid judgment and therefore the issue was no longer res-integra. Mr. Sinha pointed out that in that case the courts specifically dealt with the effect of repealed provision contained in Section 185 of the Act, 2003 read with Section 6(8) of the General Clauses Act and held that the previous Fagreements were saved unless it could be pointed out that there was a manifest intention to destroy them. He referred to the following passage from the earlier judgment in the case of State of Punjab vs. Mohar Singh 1955 (1) SCR 893 which is quoted in the aforesaid judgment and reads as under: G

"Whenever there is a repeal of an enactment, the consequences laid down in Section 6 of the General Clauses Act will follow unless, as the section itself says, a different intention appears. In the case of a simple repeal there is scarcely any room for expression of a contrary H 478 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R A opinion. But when the repeal is followed by fresh legislation on the same subject we would undoubtedly have to look to the provisions of the new Act. but only for the purpose of determining whether they indicate a different intention. The line of enquiry would be. not whether the new Act B expressly keeps alive old rights and liabilities but whether it manifests an intention to destroy them. We cannot therefore subscribe to the broad proposition that section 6 of the General Clauses Act is ruled out when there is repeal of an enactment followed by a fresh legislation. c Section 6 would be applicable in such cases also unless the new legislation manifests an intention incompatible with or contrary to the provisions of the section. Such incompatibility would have to be ascertained from a consideration of all the relevant provisions of the new law and the mere absence of a saving clause is by itself notD material. It is in the light of these principles that we now proceed to examine the facts of the present case." (underlining is ours) E He also banked upon the following discussion in the said judgment:

"We have referred to the aforesaid paragraphs as Mr.Gupta has contended that when there is repeal of an enactment and substitution of new law, ordinarily the vested F right of a forum has to perish. On reading of Section 185 of the 2003 Act in entirety, it is difficult to accept the submission that even if Section 6 of the General Clauses Act would apply, then also the same does not save the forum of appeal. We do not perceive any contrary intention G that 6 of the General Clauses Act would not be applicable. It is also to be kept in mind that the distinction between what is and what is not a right by the provisions of the Section 6 of the General Clauses Act is often one of great fitness. What is unaffected by the repeal of a statute is a H right acquired or accrued under it and not a mere hope, JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 479 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [AK. SIKRI, J.] or expectation of, or liberty to apply for, acquiring right (See A M. S. Shivanand v. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation and Ors. MANU/SC/037111979: (1980) 1 sec 149)." 18. In order to appreciate this argument, we will have to B traverse through some salient provision of the agreement of ·1994 entered into with the consumers. These are paras 4(c) and 11 of the HT agreement: "4 .. (c) Maximum demand charge for supply in any month will be based on the maximum KVA demand for the C month of 75% of the contract demand whichever is higher, subject to provision of clause 13 ........

11. This agreement shall be read and construed as subject to the provisions of the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, o rules framed thereunder, the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 together with rules, regulations (if any) tariffs and terms and conditions for supply of electricity framed and issued thereunder and for the time being in force as far as the same may respectively be applicable and all such E provisions shall prevail in case of any conflict or inconsistency between them and the terms and conditions of this agreement." 19. It is also to be borne in mind that the tariff in force during the period was Tariff Order dated 27 .12.2003 for the period F 2003-04 which was having force of law under the Electricity Act 2003. Thus, what follows from the above is that even if we proceed on the basis that the statutory agreements entered into earlier were saved, the agreement in question stands replaced by 2004 Tariff Schedule. At this juncture, we would like to refer G to the judgment of this Court in the case of BSES v. Tata Power Co.Ltd. (2004) 1 SCC 195 wherein following pertinent observations were made. · "16. The word "tariff' has not been defined in the Act. H 480 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A "Tariff' is a cartel of commerce and normally it is a book of rates. It will mean a schedule of standard prices or charges provided to the category or categories of customers specified in the tariff. Sub-section (1) of Section 22 clearly lays down that the State Commission shall B determine the tariff for electricity (wholesale, bulk, grid or retail) and also for use of transmission facilities. It has also the power to regulate power purchase of the distribution utilities including the price at which the power shall be procured from the generating companies for transmission, c sale, distribution and supply in the State. "Utility" has been defined in Section 2( 1) of the Act and it means any person or entity engaged in the g_eneration, transmrssion, sale, distribution or supply, as the case may be, of energy. Section 29 lays down that the tariff for the intra-State transmission of electricity and tariff for supply of electricityD - wholesale, bulk or retail - in a State shall be subject to the provisions of the Act and the tariff shall be . determined by the State Commission. Sub-section (2) of Section 29 shows that the terms and conditions for fixation of tariff shall be determined by Regulations and while doing E so, the Commission shall be guided by the factors enumerated in clauses (a) to (g) thereof. The Regulations referred to earlier show that generating companies and utilities have to first approach the Commission for approval of their tariff whether for generation, transmission, F distribution or supply and also for terms and conditions of supply. They can charge from their customers only such tariff which has been approved by the Commission.

Charging of a tariff which has not been approved by the Commission is an offence which is punishable under G Section 45 of the Act. The provisions of the Act and Regulations show that the Commission has the exclusive power to determine the tariff. The tariff approved by the Commission is final and binding and it is not permissible for the licensee, utility or anyone else to charge a different H tariff." JHARKHAND STATE ELECT. BOARD v. LAXMI 481 BUSINESS & CEMENT CO.P. LTD. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] 20. In view of the above, we are of the opinion that even A the argument based on Section 185 of the Electricity Act, 2003 would not bring any change to the results of this case. We, thus, do not fault with the judgment of the High Court appealed against. B

21. Before we part with, it is necessary to deal with one more argument of the appellant. It was submitted that there was delay in filing the Writ Petitions inasmuch as bills raised by the JSEB on the basis of Clause 4(c) of the 1994 Agreement, even · after the formulation of 2004 Tariff Schedule were being paid C by the consumers and they approached the Court by filing Writ Petitions only in the year 2010. Thus, there was a delay and latches of 5 years. It is further argued that in such scenario, the High Court at least should not have directed the appellants to refund the excess amount charged under the bills raised for earlier period. Other related submission was that it would be . D unjust enrichment to the consumers who would have recovered the amount from the user of the electricity.

22.' In so far as delay in filing the Writ Petition is concerned, it appears from the chronology of events that the same has been E duly explained. It is not in doubt that the consumers had paid the amount of bills raised by JSEB under protest because of the threat of disconnection. While doing so, they had raised specific plea with the JSEB that it was now supposed to raise the bills in accordance with the 2004 Tariff Schedule. The matter F ·remained under consideration at the level of JSEB which kept approaching the Court as well as SERC seeking clarification of 2004 Tariff Schedule. As already pointed out above, clarification applications were filed which were dismissed by the Commission. However, as the JSEB did not judge from its G stand even after the dismissal of these applications, the consumers approached the Court and filed the Writ Petitions. The Writ Petitioners have thus furnished satisfactory explanation for approach the Court. H 482 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 3 S.C.R.

A 23. The plea of unjust and enrichment will not be available to the appellants. In the first place, no such plea was raised before the High Court either before the learned Single Judge or the Dtvision Bench. In the Special Leave Petition, this submission was made for the first time at the time of hearing B of the present appeals. Moreover, it is not a case of payment of tax which is a burden passed on the consumers. It is only in such cases that was held in Mafatlal Industries Ltd. vs. Union of India (1997) 5 SCC 536 that the question of unjust enrichment would arise for consideration. As far as issue like c the present is concerned, such a question was left open in para 107 of the aforesaid judgment. The Court had made it clear the concept of unjust enrichment had no application for refunds other than taxes, as is clear from the reading thereof. "107. A Clarification: The situation in the case of captive D consumption has not been dealt with by us in this opinion. We leave that question open." 24. As a result, we find that the appeals are bereft of any merit and are accordingly dismissed. No costs. E D.G. Appeals dismissed.