[2014] 2 S.C.R. 855 ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. A V. ENERCON GMBH & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 2086 of 2014 etc.) FEBRUARY 14, 2014 B [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR AND FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, JJ.] ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION ACT, 1996: c s.45 rlw s. 16 - International Commercil Arbitration - Suit for declaration that Intellectual Property Licence Agreement (IPLA) was not concluded contract and coffespondingly there was no arbitration agreement therein - Application by respondent uls 45 - Held: parties have iffevocably agreed to D resolve all the disputes through arbitration - Parties can not be permitted to avoid arbitration, without satisfying the court that it would be just and in the interest of all the parties not to proceed with arbitration - Findings recorded by appellate court that the parties can proceed to arbitration are affirmed -Findings recorded by trial court dismissing the application ul E s 45 are set aside -- Application filed by respondents for reference of the dispute to arbitration u/s 45 has been correctly allowed by appellate court as well as by High Court

- Issue as to whether there is a concluded contract between Fthe parties can be left to arbitral tribunal - All the disputes arising between the parties in relation to the following agreements viz. SHA, TKHA, SSHAs and STKHA, Agreed Principles and IPLA, including the controversy as to whether IPLA is a concluded contract are referred to arbitral tribunal for adjudication -Third arbitrator who shall act as Chairman G of Arbitral Tribunal, is appointed -- Arbitration clause (agreement) is independent of the underlying contract, i.e. the IPLA containing the arbitration clause -- s.16 provides that arbitration clause forming part of a contract shall be treated 855 H 856 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S ..C.R. A as an agreement independent of such a contract --UNCITRAL Model Law. s. 16 - Separability of arbitration clause from underlying contract - Held: Concept of separability of the arbitration clause/agreement from the underlying contract is a necessity8 to ensure that the intention of parties to resolve disputes by arbitration does not get frustrated with every challenge to legality, validity, finality or breach of the underlying contract -The Act, u/s 16 accepts the concept that the main contract and the arbitration agreement form two independent contracts C - Therefore, it cannot be accepted that Arbitration Agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised - Rule of necessity.

Arbitration clause - Seemingly unworkable arbitration D clause - Held: It would be the duty of court to make the same workable within the permissible limits of law - A common sense approach has to be adopted to give effect to the intention of parties to arbitrate - Arbitration clause cannot be construed with a purely legalistic mindset, as if one is E construing a provision in a statute - In the instant case, the arbitration clause as it stands cannot be frustrated on the ground that it is unworkable - Unworkability in the case is attributed only to the machinery provision - Arbitration agreement, otherwise, fulfils the criteria laid down u/s 44 of the F Act - Given that two arbitrators have been appointed, the missing line that "the two arbitrators appointed by the parties shall appoint the third arbitrator" can be read into the arbitration clause - Omission is so obvious that the court can legitimately supply the missing line - In the circumstances, G the Court would apply the officious bystander principle -Parties can be permitted to proced to arbitration. 'Seat' of arbitration and 'venue' -- International Commercial Arbitration - Held: In an International Commercial Arbitration, venue can often be different from the. H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 857 & ANR.

seat of arbitration - In the instant case all the three laws: (i) A the law governing the substantive contract; (ii) the law governing the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of that agreement; and (iii) the law governing the conduct of the arbitration, are Indian - Therefore, the parties have designated India as the seat - Parties being Indian and German, except B for London being chosen as a convenient place/venue for holding the meetings of arbitration, there is no other factor connecting the arbitration proceedings to London - In such circumstances, hearing of arbitration will be conducted at the venue fixed by the parties, but this would not bring about a c change in the seat of arbitration - Therefore, the seat would remain in India. Concurrent jurisdiction - International Commercial Arbitration - Held: High Court having fixed the seat in India, committed an error in concluding that Courts in England D would have concurrent jurisdiction - It runs counter to the settled position of law in India as well as in England and would lead to unnecessary complications and inconvenience - Once the seat of arbitration has been fixed in India, it would be in the nature of exclusive jurisdiction to exercise the supervisory E powers over the arbitration - In view of s. 2, CPC, Daman trial court (India) has jurisdiction over the matter. Anti suit injunction - International Commercial Arbitration

- Suit in Daman court (India) for declaration that substantial F contract was not a concluded contract and correspondingly there was no arbitration agreement therein - Anti suit injunction granted by Daman Court against proceedings initiated in the English High Court - Held: Conclusion of the Bombay High Court that the anti-suit injunction granted by the G Daman trial court has been correctly vacated by Daman appellate court is overruled and set aside -- Consequential directions given in the judgment. Appellants No.2 and 3 and respondent No.1 (a company incorporated under the laws of Germany, H 858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R.

A having its registered office in Germany), entered into a joint venture business by setting up appellant No. 1-Company - Enercon (India) Ltd., with its registered office at Daman. On12.1.1994 appellants nos. 2 and 3 entered into a Share Holding Agreement (SHA) with respondent B no. 1. On the same day appellant no. 1 and respondent no. 1 entered into a Technical Know-How Agreement ("TKHA"). On 29-9-2006, the appellants and respondent No. 1 executed an Intellectual Property License Agreement ("IPLA"). Dispute arose between the parties c and appellants No.2 and 3 filed a derivative suit before the Bombay High Court, seeking resumption of supplies, parts and components. In the said suit, respondent No.1 took out an application u/s 45 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (the Act). Respondent no.1 also initiated proceedings before the High Court of Justice,0 Queens Bench Division, Commercial Court, United Kingdom ("the English High Court"). The reliefs which were claimed included the constitution of an arbitral tribunal under the IPLA. On 8-4-2008, the appellants filed Regular Suit No. 9 of 2008 (Daman Suit) before the Court E of Civil Judge, Sr. Division, ("Daman Trial Court") seeking, inter alia, a declaration to the effect that the draft IPLA was not a concluded contract and correspondingly there was no arbitration agreement between the parties to the draft IPLA. The Daman Trial Court passed an order in the F favour of the appellants, wherein the respondents were directed to maintain status quo with regard to the proceedings initiated by them before the English High Court. The respondents filed an application u/s 45 of the Act in the Daman Suit. The appellants moved an G application for interim injunction ex-parte in the same suit, seeking to restrain the respondents from pursuing the proceedings they had initiated in the English High Court (anti-arbitration injunction). The Daman Court dismissed the application u/s 45 of the Act on 5-1-2009 and allowed H the application filed by the appellants, seeking interim ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 859

& ANR. reliefs in the form of anti-arbitration injunction. The A respondents filed four appeals, which were allowed by the District Cpurt of Daman ("Daman Appellate Court). The anti-arbitration injunction was vacated, and the application u/s 45 of the Act was allowed. The appellants filed two writ petitions before the High Court of Bombay, B which ultimately held: (a) "Prima facie, there is an arbitration agreement; (b) The curial law of the arbitration agreement is India; (c) London, designated as the venue in Clause 18.3 of the draft IPLA, is only a convenient geographical location; (d) London is not the seat; and (e) c English Courts have concurrent jurisciiction since the venue of arbitration is London." In the instant appeals, the following issues arose for consideration of the Court: D "(i) Is the IPLA a valid and concluded contract? (ii) Is it for the Court to decide issue No. (i) or should it be left to be considered by the Arbitral Tribunal? E (iii) Linked to (i) and (ii) is the issue whether the appellants can refuse to join arbitration on the plea that there is no concluded IPLA"? "(iv) Assuming that the IPLA is a concluded F contract; is the Arbitration Clause 18.1 vague and unworkable." "(v) In case the arbitration clause is held to be workable, is the seat of arbitration in London G or in India?

(vi) In the event it is held that the seat is in India, would the English Courts have the concurrent jurisdiction for taking such measures as required in support of the arbitration as the H 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A venue for the arbitration proceedings is London? (vii) Linked to (v) and (vi) is the issue whether the Appellants are entitled for an anti-suit injunction?"8 Disposing of the appeals, the Court HELD: c Issues (i), (ii) and (iii):

1.1 There is a legal relationship between the parties of a long standing. Section 44 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (the Act) applies to arbitral awards of differences between persons arising out of legal D proceedings. Such a relationship may be contractual or not, so long it is considered as commercial under the laws in force in India. Further, that legal relationship must be in pursuance of an agreement, in writing, for arbitration, to which the New York Convention applies. E The court can decline to make a reference to arbitration in case it finds that the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. There are no pleadings to that effect in the plaint. Before this Court also, it is not the plea of the appellants that the F agreement is null and void, inoperative and incapable of being performed as it violates any of the provisions u/ss 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19A and 20 of the Contract Act, 1872. The issue as to whether there is a concluded contract between the parties can be left to the arbitral tribunal. G [para 75) (907-E-G; 908-C-D; 909-B] 1.2 All the issues raised by the appellants about the non-existence of a concluded contract pale into insignificance in the face of "Heads of Agreement on the proposed IPLA dated 23.5. 2006". A bare perusal of this H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMSH 861 & ANR.

clause makes it abundantly clear that the parties have A irrevocably agreed that clause 18 of the proposed IPLA shall apply to settle any dispute or claim that arises out of or in connection with this Memorandum of Understanding and negotiations relating to IPLA. It must also be noticed that the relationship between the parties B formally commenced on 12.1.1994 when the parties entered into the first SHA and TKHA. Even under that SHA, Art. 16 inter alia provided for resolution of disputes by arbitration. The TKHA also contained an identically worded arbitration clause, under Article XIX. This c intention to arbitrate has continued without waiver. In the face of this, the question of the concluded contract becomes irrelevant, for the purposes of making the reference to arbitral tribunal. [para 76-77] [909-C-D, G-H; 910-A-B] D

1.3 It must be clarified that the doubt raised by the appellant i·s that there is no concluded IPLA, i.e. the substantive contract. But this can have no effect on the existence of a binding arbitration agreement in view of Clause 3. The parties have irrevocably agreed to resolve E all the disputes through arbitration. Parties can not be permitted to avoid arbitration; without satisfying the court that it would be just and in the interest of all the parties not to proceed with arbitration. Besides; in arbitration proceedings, courts are required to aid and support the F arbitral pr~cess, and not to bring it to a grinding halt. This would be of no benefit to any of the parties. [para 77] [910-B-E] 1.4 Further, the arbitration agreement contained in G clause 18.1 to 18.3 of IPLA is very widely worded and would include all the disputes, controversies or differences concerning the legal relationship between the parties. It would include the. disputes arising in respect of the IPLA with regard to its validity, interpretation, H 862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A construction, performance, enforcement or its alleged breach. [para 79) [910-F-G]

1.5 Whilst interpreting the arbitration agreement and/ or the arbitration clause, the court must be conscious of the overarching policy of least intervention by courts or8 judicial authorities in matters covered by the Act. In this view of the matter, it is not possible to accept that the arbitration agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised. This is also because the arbitration clause (agreement) is independent of the underlying contract, i.e. C the IPLA containing the arbitration clause. Section 16 provides that the arbitration clause forming part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of such a contract. [para 79] [910-G-H; 911-A-B] D 1.6 In the facts of the case, this Court holds that the parties must proceed with the arbitration. All the difficulties pointed out on behalf of appellants can be addressed by the arbitral tribunal. [para 78] [910-E-F]

1. 7 The concept of separability of the arbitrationE clause/agreement from the underlying contract is a necessity to ensure that the intention of the parties to resolve the disputes by arbitration does not get frustrated with every challenge to the legality, validity, finality or breach of the underlying contract. The Act, u/s 16 accepts F the concept that the main contract and the arbitration agreement form two independent contracts. Commercial rights and obligations are contained in the underlying, substantive, or the main contract. It is followed by a second contract, which expresses the agreement and G the intention of the parties to resolve the disputes relating to the underlying contract through arbitration. A remedy is elected by parties outside the normal civil court remedy. It is true that support of the National Courts would be required to ensure the success of arbitration, H but this would not detract from the legitimacy or ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 863 &ANR. independence of the collateral arbitration agreement, A even if it is contained in a contract, which is claimed to be void or voidable or unconcluded by one of the parties. Therefore, it cannot be accepted that Arbitration Agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised. [para 80-81] [911-C-F; 913-C] B Reva Electric Car Company P. Ltd. v. Green Mobil. 2011

(13) SCR 359 = 2012(2) sec 93; Today Homes and Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. vs. Ludhiana Improvement Trust and Anr., 2013 (7) SCALE 327 - relied on. c Issue (iv) 2.1 Respondent No.1 is the licensor and respondent No.2 is 100% shareholder of respondent No.1, but that is not the same as being an independent licensor. [para 82] [913-F] D 2.2 The courts have to adopt a pragmatic approach and not a pedantic or technical approach while interpreting or construing an arbitration agreement or arbitration clause. Therefore, when faced with a E seemingly unworkable arbitration clause, it would be the duty of the court to make the same workable within the permissible limits of the law, without stretching it beyond the boundaries of recognition. A common sense approach has to be adopted to give effect to the intention F of the parties to arbitrate. In such a case, the court ought to adopt the attitude of a reasonable business person, having business common sense as well as being equipped with the knowledge that may be peculiar to the business venture. The arbitration clause cannot be construed with a purely legalistic mindset, as if one is G construing a provision in a statute. [para 83] [913-G-H; 914-A-C] Visa International Ltd. v. Continental Resources (USA) Ltd. 2008 (16) SCR 1043 = 2009 (2) SCC 55 Nandan H 864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Biometrix Ltd. v. D./. Oils. 2009 (3) SCR 115 = 2009 (4) SCC 495 - relied on.

The Antaios Compania Neviera SA v Salen Rederiema AB [1985] 1 AC 191 - referred to. B 2.3 It is a well recognized principle of arbitration jurisprudence in almost all the jurisdictions, especially those following the UNCITRAL Model Law, that the courts play a supportive role in encouraging the arbitration to proceed rather than letting it come to a grinding halt. C Another equally important principle recognized in almost all jurisdictions is the least intervention by the courts. Under the Act, s.5 specifically lays down, "Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, in matters governed by this Part, o no judicial authority shall intervene except where so provided in this Part". [para 84] [915-H; 916-A-B]

2.4 Therefore, in the instant case, the arbitration clause as it stands cannot be frustrated on the ground that it is unworkable. The un-workability in the case is E attributed only to the machinery provision. And the arbitration agreement, otherwise, fulfils the criteria laid down u/s 44 of the Act. Given that two arbitrators have been appointed, the missing line that "the two arbitrators appointed by the parties shall appoint the third arbitrator" F can be read into the arbitration clause. The omission is so obvious that the court can legitimately supply the missing line. In these circumstances, the Court would apply the officious bystander principle. It is permissible for the court to construe the arbitration clause in a G particular manner to make the same workable when there is a defect or an omission in it, albeit such an exercise would not permit the court to re-write the contract. In the instant case, the crucial line which seems to be an omission or an error can be inserted by the court. [para H 84-86] [916-C-E; 917-E-F] ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 865 &ANR. Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. Vs. Jain Studio Ltd. 2006 A (1) SCR 933 = 2006 (2) SCC 628 - referred to. Shir/aw v. Southern Foundries [1937 S. 1835] referred to Halsbury's Laws of England Vol. 13, Fourth Edition, B 2007 Reissue - referred to.

2.5 The object of ss. 10 and 11 of the Act is to avoid failure of the arbitration agreement or the arbitration clause if contained in contract. Under s. 10(1 ), there is freedom given to the parties to determine the number of C arbitrators, provided that such number shall not be an ~ even number. The arbitration clause in the instant case provides that the arbitral tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators. Further, it must also be noticed that the respondents have been trying to seek adjudication of D disputes by arbitration. Respondent No.2 in its email dated 13.3. 2008 clearly offered that the third and the presiding arbitrator be appointed by the respective arbitrators of the appellants and the respondents. On the other hand, the attitude of the appellants is to avoid E arbitration at ·any cost. The parties can be permitted to proceed to arbitration. [para 87-88] [918-D-F; 919-E] MMTC v. Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. 1996 (8) Suppl. SCR 676 = 1996 (6) SCC 716 - referred to. F Issue No. v/Re: Seat

3.1 There are very strong indicators to suggest that the parties always understood that the seat of arbitration would be in India, and London would only be the "venue" to hold the proceedings of arbitration. Applying the G closest and the intimate connection to arbitration, it would be seen that the parties had agreed that the provisions of the Act would apply to the arbitration proceedings. By making such a choice, the parties have made the curial law provisions contained in Chapters Ill, H 866 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A IV, V and VI of the Act applicable. In the instant case, London is mentioned only as a "venue" of arbitration, which, in the facts of the case cannot be read as the "seat" of arbitration. This is also because, all the three laws applicable in arbitration proceedings are Indian laws. B The law governing the contract, the law governing the arbitration agreement and the law of arbitration/curial law are all stated to be Indian. [para 90-91] [919-G-H; 920-B-C, D-F] 'Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. Vs. Compania C Internacional De Seguros Del Peru 1988 (1) Lloyd's Rep 116 - relied on. Bharat Aluminium Company Vs. Kaiser Aluminium 2012 · (12) SCR 327 = 2012 (9) SCC 552 - referred to. D James Miller & Partners Ltd. v. Whitworth Street Estates (Manchester) Ltd. [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 269; [1970] A.C.583; Mustill, J. in Black Clawson International Ltd. v. Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg A.G. [1981] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 446 at P. 453 - referred to. E

Dicey & Morris on the Conflict of Laws (11th Edn.) -cited. 3.2 In the instant case all the three laws: (i) the law governing the substantive contract; (ii) the law governing F the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of that agreement; and (iii) the law governing the conduct of the arbitration, are Indian. The curial law of England would become applicable only if there was clear designation of the seat in London. Since the parties have deliberately G chosen London as a venue, as a neutral ptace to hold the meetings of arbitration only, it cannot be accepted that London is the seat of arbitration. Businessmen do not intend absurd results. If seat is in London, then challenge to the award would also be in London. But the parties H having chosen Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 - Chapter Ill, ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 867 &ANR. IV, V and VI, s.11 would be applicable for appointment of A arbitrator in case the machinery for appointment of arbitrators agreed between the parties breaks down. Therefore, to interpret that London has been designated as the seat would lead to absurd results, and it would, therefore, be vexatious and oppressive if respondent no. 8 1 is permitted to compel. appellant n_o. 1 to litigate in England.' This would unnecessarily give. rise to the undesirable consequences. [para 105 and 107] [928-H; 929-A-E; 930-C]

Braes of Doune Wind Farm (Scotland) Limited Vs. Alfred C McA/pine Business Services Limited [2008] EWHC 426 (TCC) • relied on. Abidin Vs. Daver. [1984] AC 398 • referred to. 3.3 In the instant case, the parties have only D designated London as a venue. Therefore, the parties have designated India as the seat. This is even more so as the parties have not agreed that the courts in London will have exclusive jurisdiction to resolve any dispute arising out of or in connection with the contract. In the E instant case, except for London being chosen as a convenient place/venue for holding the meetings of the arbitration, there is no other factor connecting the arbitration proceedings to London. [para 109] [930-H; 931-A·C] F C v. D [2007] EWCA Civ 1282 • referred to. Shashoua v. Sharma, (2009) 2 LLR 376 - distinguished. 3.4 In an International Commercial Arbitration, venue can often be different from the seat of arbitration. In such G circumstances, the hearing of the arbitration will be conducted at the venue fixed by the parties, but this would not bring about a change in the seat of the arbitration. Therefore, in the instant case, the seat would remain in India. [para 125] [941-C-D] H . 868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Braes of Doune Wind Farm (Scotland) Limited Vs. Alfred McAlpine Business Services Limited [2008] EWHC 426 (TCC); 'Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. Vs. Compania Internacional De Seguros Del Peru 1988 (1) Lloyd's Rep 116 - referred to. B

Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration (5th Edn., Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York 2009), referred to. Issue No. vi/ Re: Concurrent Jurisdicion: C 4.1 The High Court having fixed the seat in India, committed an error in concluding that the Courts in England would have concurrent jurisdiction. It runs counter to the settled position of law in India as well as in England and would lead to unnecessary complications o and inconvenience. This, in turn, would be contrary to underlying principle of the policy of dispute resolution through arbitration. The whole aim and objective of arbitration is to enable the parties to resolve the disputes speedily, economically and finally. Once the seat of E arbitration has been fixed in India, it would be in the nature of exclusive jurisdiction to exercise the supervisory powers over the arbitration. [para 127 and 128] [941-F-H; 942-F-G] (1) Enercon GMBH (2) Wobben Properties GMBH Vs. F Enercon (India) Ltd., (2012) EWHC 3711(Comm) - referred to. 4.2 The Courts in England have time and again reiterated that an agreement as to the seat is analogous G to an exclusive jurisdiction clause. This agreement of the parties would include the determination by the court as to the intention of the parties. The natural forum for all remedies, in the facts of the instant case, is only India. [para 135] [948-C-D] H , ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 869 & ANR.

Shashoua v. Sharma, (2009) 2 LLR 376 Bharat A Aluminium Company Vs. Kaiser Aluminium 2012 (12) SCR 327 = 2012 (9) SCC 552; A Vs. B [2007] 1 Lloyds Report 237 - referred to. Issue (vii)IRe: Anti-Suit Injunction: B 5.1 It must be noticed that respondent No. 1 was initially having 51 per cent shareholding of appellant No.1 company, which was subsequently increased to 56 per cent. This would be an indicator that respondent No. 1 is actively carrying on business at Daman. This Court C considered the expression "carries on business" as it occurs in s.20 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Therefore, Daman Trial Court has jurisdiction over the matter. [para 141 and 142] [951-A-B, F] D Oil & Natural Gas Commission Vs .. Western Company of Norlh America 1987 SCR (1) 1024; Modi Entertainment Network & Anr. Vs. W S. G. Cricket Pte. Ltd. 2003 (1) SCR 480 = 2003 (4) SCC 341; Dhodha House Vs. S.K. Maingi 2005 (5) Suppl. SCR 751 = 2006 (9) SCC 41- referred to. E Harshad Chiman Lal Modi Vs. DLF Universal 2005 (3) Suppl. SCR 495 = 2005 (7) SCC 791 - relied on.

5.2 Besides, the main contract, the IPLA is to be performed in India. The governing law of the contract is F the law of India. Neither party is English. One party is Indian, the other is German. The enforcement of the award will be in India. Any interim measures which are to be sought against the assets of appellant No. 1 ought to be in India as the assets are situated in India. G Respondent No.1 has not only participated in the proceedings in the Daman courts and the Bombay High Court, but also filed iridependent proceedings under the Companies Act at Madras and Delhi. All these factors would indicate that respondent No.1 does not even H 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A consider the Indian courts as forum-non-conveniens. In this view of the matter, this Court is of the considered opinion that the objection raised by the appellants to the continuance of the parallel proceedings in England is not wholly without justification. The only single factor which B prompted respondent No.1 to pursue. the action in England was that the venue of the arbitration has been fixed in London. The considerations for designating a convenient venue for arbitration can not be understood as conferring concurrent jurisdiction on the English C Courts over the arbitration proceedings or disputes in general. Therefore, this Court is inclined to restore the anti-suit injunction granted by the Daman trial court. [para 143] [952-B-F]

6.1 In the result, the findings recorded by the D Appellate Court that the parties can proceed to arbitration are affirmed. The findings recorded by the Trial Court dismissing the application u/s 45 of the Act are set aside. The application filed by respondents for reference of the dispute to arbitration u/s 45 has been correctly allowed E by the Appellate Court as well as by the High Court. The findings of the High Court are affirmed to that extent. All the disputes arising between the parties in relation to the agreements, viz. SHA, TKHA, SSHAs and STKHA, Agreed Principles and IPLA, including the controversy as to F whether IPLA is a concluded contract are referred to the arbitral tribunal for adjudication. The third arbitrator who shall act as the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal is appointed. [para 144-145] [952-G-H; 953-A-B, E] 6.2 Regular Civil Suit No. 9 of 2008, pending before G the Court of Civil Judge, Senior Division, Daman, and the application u/s 45 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 filed in the Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007 and Contempt Petition in relation to Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007 pending before the Bombay High Court at the instance of the appellants are H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 871 &ANR. stayed. Parties are at liberty to approach the court for the A appropriate orders, upon the final award being rendered by the Arbitral Tribunal. This will not preclude the parties from seeking interim measures uls 9 of the Act. [para 146] [953-E-G]

8 6.3 (a) The conclusion of the Bombay High Court that the seat of the arbitration is in India is upheld; (b) The conclusion that the English Courts would have concurrent jurisdiction is overruled and consequently set aside; (c) The conclusion of the Bombay High Court' that the anti-suit injunction granted by the Daman Trial Court C has been correctly vacated by Daman Appellate Court is overruled and set aside; (d) Consequential directions given in the judgment. [para 147] [953-A-D] Godhra Electricity Co. Ltd. And Anr. Vs. The State of D Gujarat and Anr. 1975 (2) SCR 42 = 1975 (1) SCC 199; · Kol/ipara vs." Aswathanarayana (1968) 3 SCR 387 and Dresser Rand vs. Bindal Agro. 2006 (1) SCR 308 =2006 (1) SCC 751; Chloro Controls (/) Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. & Ors. 2013 (1) SCC 641; National Insurance E Company Ltd. V. Bhogara Polyfab Pvt. Ltd. 2008 (13) SCR 638 = 2009 (1) SCC 267; Jagdish Chander v. Ramesh Chander & Ors. 2007 (5) SCR 720 = 2007 (5) SCC 719 Smt. Rukmanibai Gupta v. Collector, Jabalpur & Ors. 1980 (4) SCC. 556; Grasim Industries Ltd. & Anr. v. Agarwal Steel 2009 (15) F SCR 283 = 2010 (1) SCC 83; and J.K. Jain v. Delhi Development Authority 1995(4) Suppl. SCR 72 = 1995 (6) SCC 571; Dozco India Pvt. Ltd. V. Doosan lnfracore Company Ltd. 2010 (12) SCR 259 = 2011 (6) SCC 179;

Videocon Industries v. Union of India 2011 (8) SCR 569 = 2011 (6) SCC 161; Yograj Infrastructure Ltd. V. Ssang Yong G Engineering and Construction Ltd. 2011 (14) SCR 301 = 2011 (9) sec 735 - cited. British Electrical vs. Patley Pressings, [1953] 1 WLR 280 Harvey vs. Pratt, [1965] 1 W.L.R. 1025; Bushwall vs. Vortex, H 872 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A [1976] 1 WLR 591; C vs. D. (2007) 2 Lloyd's Law Reports 367 and Union of India vis McDonnel. (1993) 2 Lloyd's Rep 48 - cited. Case Law Reference: B 1975 (2) SCR 42 cited para 35 1975 (1) 199 cited para 35 -, sec [1953] 1 WLR 280 cited para 36 c (1965] 1 W.L.R. 1025 cited para 36 (1976] 1 WLR 591 cited para 36 (1968) 3 SCR 387 cited para 36 2006 (1) SCR 308 cited para 36 D 2013 (1) sec 641 cited para 37 2006 (1) SCR 933 referred to para 39 1988 (1) Lloyd's Rep 116 relied on Para 40 2012 (12) SCR 327 referred to Para 40E 1987 SCR (1) 1024 referred to Para 44 2003 (1) SCR 480 referred to p~ra 44 2005 (3) Suppl. SCR 495 relied on para 46 F 2008 (13) SCR 638 cited para 49 1996 (8) Suppl. SCR 676 referred to para 55 2008 (16) SCR 1043 relied on para 55 G 2007 (5) SCR 720 cited para 55 2009 (3) SCR 115 relied on para 55 2009 (15) SCR 283 cited para 58 1995 (4) Suppl. SCR 72 cited para 58 H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 873 &ANR.

(2009) 2 LLR 376 distinguished para 61 A 2010 (12) SCR 259 cited para 61 2011 (14) SCR 301 cited para 61 2011 (8) SCR 569 cited para 61 B (2007) 2 Lloyd's Law cited para 66 Reports 367 (19993) 2 Lloyd's Rep 48 cited para 66 2011 (13) SCR 359 cited Para 68 c [1985) 1 AC 191 referred to para 83 [1937 s. 1835) referred to para 85 [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 269 : referred to para 92 D [1970) A.C.583 [1981) 2 Lloyd's Rep. 446 referred to para 92 [2008]EWHC 426 (TCC) relied on Para 99 E [2007) EWCA Civ 1282 referred to Para 111 (2012) EWHC 3711 (Comm) referred to Para 134 [2007) 1 Lloyds Report 237 referred to Para 134 F 2005 (5) Suppl. SCR 751 referred to Para 141 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2086 of 2014. From the Judgment and Order dated 05.10.2012 of the G High Court of Bombay in CWP No. 7636 of 2009. WITH Civil Appeal No. 2087 of 2014. Rohinton Nariman, Nikhil Sakhardande, Ashim Sood, H 874 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Manu Agarwal, Sonali Mathur, Swagata Naik, N. Ganpathy for the Appellants, Dr. A.M. Singhvi, C.U. Singh, Akhil Sibal, Vivek A. Vashi, Naira Jejeebhoy, Jehangir Jejeebhoy, Kum Kum Sen, Shamika B Haldipurkar, Nidiram Sharma, Nikhil Chawla for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J. 1. Leave granted.

c 2. These civil appeals have been filed against the order and judgment dated 5th October, 2012, passed by the Bombay High Court in CWP Nos.7804 of 2009 and 7636 of 2009. The Bombay High Court by the impugned order dismissed both the D aforesaid Civil Writ Petitions. 3. Appellants No.2 and 3 (members of the Mehra family) and the Respondent No.1 (a company incorporated under the laws of Germany, having its registered office at Aurich, Germany) entered into a joint venture business by setting up E the Appellant No. 1-Company- Enercon (India) Ltd. (hereinaft~r referred to as "Ell"), in 1994. !;IL, having its registered<office at Daman, was to manufacture and sell Wind Turbine' Generators (''WTGs") in India. One Dr. Alloys Wobben is the Chairman of the Respondent No.1. Respondent No.2, a F company incorporated under the laws of Germany, has the patent of technology in connection with the aforesaid WTGs. In furtherance of their business venture, the parties entered into various agreements, which can be briefly noticed: G Share Holding Agreement: 4. On 12th January, 1994, the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3 entered into a Share Holding Agreement ("SHA") with the Respondent No.1. In terms of the SHA, the Respondent No. 1 was to hold 51% shares of the Appellant No. 1-Company, and H the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3, collectively, were to hold 4~% ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 875 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] shares. A Technical Know How Agreement:

5. On the same day, i.e. 12th January, 1994, the Appellant No. 1 and the Respondent No. 1 entered into a Technical Know-How Agreement ("TKHA") by which the Respondent No. 1 B agreed to transfer to the Appellant No. 1 the right and the technical know-how for the manufacture of WTGs specified therein and their components. Under the terms of the TKHA, the Respondent No. 1 has to supply special components to the Appellant No. 1. Under the TKHA, the Respondent No. 1 is the C licensor and the Appellants are the licensees. Supplementary Shareholding Agreements: 6. The SHA was subsequently amended by two Supplementary Share Holding Agreements ("SSHAs") dated D 19th May, 1998 and 19th May, 2000. Pursuant to the said SSHAs, the shareholding of Respondent No. 1 in the Appellant No.' 1-Company increased to 56% whilst the shareholding of the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3 was reduced to 44%. " E Supplementary Technical Know-How Agreement: 7. A Supplementary Technical Know-How Agreeme'nt ("STKHA") amending the TKHA was executed on 19th May, 2000, by which a further license to manufacture the E-30 and F E-40 WTGs was granted by the Respondent No. 1 to the Appellants. Heads of Agreement:

8. In April 2004, the period of the TKHA expired; however, G. the Respondent No. 1 continued to supply the WTGs and components to the Appellant No.1. At this stage, there were discussions between the parties about the possibility of a further agreement which would cover future technologies developed by Respondents. On 23rd May, 2006, these negotiations were H 876 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A recorded in a document titled "Heads of Agreement". Agreed Principles: 9. On 29th September, 2006, the Appellants and the Respondent No. 1. entered into what is known as the "Agreed 8 Principles" for the use and supply of the windmill technology. The second page of the Agreed Principles, inter alia, provides as follows: "The Agreed Principles as mentioned above, in their form c and substance, would be the basis of all the final agreements which shall be finally executed. The agreed principles shall be finally incorporated into the A. IPLA "Draft enclosed" D B. Successive Technology Transfer Agreement C. Name Use Licence Agreement D. Amendment to Existing Share Holding Agreement. E The above agreements will be made to the satisfaction of all parties. And then shall be legally executed." IPLA (dated 29th September, 2006):

F 10. On the same day, i.e. 29th September, 2006, Intellectual Property License Agreement ("IPLA") was executed between the parties. It appears that Appellant No.2 has signed the IPLA on behalf of the Appellants No. 2 and 3. However, the Appellants have contended that this IPLA is not a concluded G contract. According to the Appellants, the draft IPLA was initialled by Appellant No.2 only for the purpose of identification, with the clear understanding that the said draft still contained certain discrepancies which had to be brought in line with the Agreed Principles. Thus, the case of the Appellant is that the H draft lPLA was not a concluded contract. On the other hand, ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 877 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Respondent No.1 has taken the stand that IPLA is a concluded A contract and hence, binding on the parties. Both the parties refer to various e-mails/letters addressed to each other for substantiating their respective stands. It would be useful to notice here some of the emails and other communication exchanged between the parties: B E-mails, letters & Text message: i. 30.09.2006: A handwritten letter was addressed by Appellant No.2 to Dr. Wobben, Chairman of Respondent No. 2. In this letter, Appellant No.2 c admits signing the IPLA. The fact that IPLA does not provide for E-82 model is also referred to in this letter.

ii. 02.10.2006: Dr. Wobben, Chairman of Respondent D No.2, addressed a letter to Appellant No.2, stating therein his offer to acquire 6% of Equity shares of the Appellant No.1 Company which were being held by the Mehra Family, for 40 million Euros. E iii. 04.10.2006: Email by one Ms. Nicole Fritsch, on behalf of Respondent no.1, wherein it was inter alia stated as follows: " ... we will do our utmost to prepare/adapt the agreements according to the agreed principles until F 19, October and will send the drafts to you." iv. 18.10.2006: Ms. Fritsch wrote a letter to the Appellant No.2, stating therein that IPLA has been signed on 29th September, 2006 and also that the G drafts of the remaining agreements have been • prepared in the light of the Agreed Principles. v. 01.11.2006: SMS/text message sent by Dr. Wobben to the Appellant No.2, wherein it was stated that he wishes to buy 12% of shares held by H 878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Appellant No.2 for 40 million Euros. vi. 03.11.2006: E-mail written by the Appellant No.2 to Dr. Wobben, wherein the aforesaid offer of acquisition of shares of the Appellant No.1 company was rejected. Further, Appellant No.2 wrote that itB would be a prudent exercise to put together the IPLA and the relevant amendments to the SHA in good shape, so that Agreed Principles get reflected in the documents at the time of their c signing. Appellant No.2 also highlighted certain discrepancies between IPLA and the Agreed Principles.

vii. 24.11.2006: E-mail sent by Ms. Fritsch to Appellant No.2, wherein she apologised for the delay in D sending outstanding drafts of the "Final IPLA, Shareholding Agreement, and other Successive Agreements". It was also mentioned that there are some discrepancies in the contracts and the Agreed Principles for which the Respondent has to E discuss the matter internally. viii. 01.01.2007: Ms. Fritsch wrote an email to the Appellant No.2, wherein it was stated that the Respondent No.2 would be sending the revised drafts of the outstanding contracts to the Appellants, F so as to let Appellant No.2 and their lawyers verify those drafts. ix. 29.01.2007: Ms. Fritsch forwarded the amended SHA of 1994, Corporate Name User Agreement, G and Successive Technology Licence Agreement to Appellant No.2. • x. 31.01.2007: An email was sent to Respondent No.1 by the Appellant No.1, wherein it was categorically stated that the IPLA is not a "dor.e deal," the sameH ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 879 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] being not in conformity with the Agreed Principles. A

11. The Appellants claim that Respondent No.1, in February, 2007, unilaterally decided to stop all shipments of supplies to India in order to pressurize them to sell the share holding as desired by Dr. Wobben. However in March, 2007, B after discussions between the parties, Respondent No.1 resumed supplies. Thereafter, the supplies were stopped once again in July, 2007. This was followed by institution of the following legal proceedings: LITIGATION: c 12. We may notice only those proceedings between the parties that have a bearing on the issues arising before us. Derivative Suit: D

13. Appellants No.2 and 3 filed a derivative suit (in Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007) on 11th September, 2007 before the Bombay High Court ("Bombay Suit"), seeking resumption of supplies, parts and components. In this suit, Respondent No.1 has taken out an Application under Section 45 of the Arbitration E and Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Indian Arbitration Act, 1996'). The Bombay Suit and the Application under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 are pending disposal. On 31st October, 2007, the Bombay High Court, by an interim order without prejudice to the individual F contentions of the parties, directed the Respondent No.1 to resume the supplies to Appellant No.1 until further orders. It appears that initially the supplies were resumed in compliance of the aforesaid order. However, the Appellants claim that the Respondent no.1 after sometime stopped the supplies again. G Thereafter, a Contempt Petition was filed before the Bombay High Court at the instance of the Appellants for non-compliance of the aforesaid order by Respondent No.1. This contempt petition is pending adjudication. H 880 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Nomination of Arbitrator :

14. On 13th March, 2008, a letter was sent on behalf of the Respondent No. 1 to the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3, wherein the Respondent No. 1 invoked the arbitration agreement, contained in Clause 18.1 of the IPLA. The letter nominates Mr.8 V.V. Veedor QC as the licensors' arbitrator. It inter-alia stated that "Enercon and WPG are happy to allow Ell to nominate its arbitrator and for the two party (sic) nominated arbitrators to select the third arbitrator, subject to consultation with the parties. C The third arbitrator will act as the Chairman of the Tribunal." In the aforesaid letter, the Respondent No.1 also identified the issues that require determination through arbitration. Arbitration Claim Form: D 15. On 27th March, 2008, "Arbitration Claim Form" was issued by the Respondents seeking several declaratory reliefs in relation to the IPLA from the High Court of Justice, Queens Bench Division, Commercial Court, United Kingdom ("the English High Court"). The reliefs which were claimed included. E the constitution of Arbitral Tribunal under the IPLA. Claim form was annexed to the letter dated 2nd April, 2008 sent by the UK Solicitors of Respondent No.1 to the Appellants.

16. Meanwhile on 31st March, 2008, a letter was addressed by the Appellant No.2 on behalf of himself and F Appellant No.3, in response to letter of Respondent No.1 dated 13th March, 2008, wherein it was stated that since the draft IPLA was not a concluded contract, there is no question of a valid arbitration agreement between the parties and as such, there is no question of nominating any arbitrator. G 17. In response to the aforesaid, a letter was addressed · by the UK Solicitors of Respondent to the Appellants on 2nd April, 2008, stating therein that in the event the Appellants do not nominate their arbitrator within 7 days of the receipt of the H said letter, the Respondents shall proceed und&r Section 17(2) ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 881 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 to appoint their nominee A arbitrator Mr. V.V. Veeder, QC, as the sole arbitrator. The aforesaid letter was received by the Appellants on 3rd April, 2008 in Daman. The Arbitration Claim Form which had been filed before the English High Court was also served on the Appellant No.1 in Daman on 4th April, 2008. B Daman Suit:

18. On 8th April, 2008, the Appellants filed Regular Suit No. 9 of 2008 (Daman Suit) before the Court of Civil Judge, Sr. Division, "Daman Trial Court" seeking, inter alia, a C declaration to the effect that the draft IPLA was not a concluded contract and correspondingly there was no arbitration agreement between the parties to the draft IPLA. On the same day, i.e. 8th April, 2008, the Daman Trial Court passed an order in the favour of the Appellants, wherein the Respondents were D directed to maintain status quo with regard to the proceedings initiated by them before the English High Court. 19. Meanwhile on 11th April, 2008, Appellant No.1, without prejudice, nominated Mr. Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy, a former EJudge of this court as arbitrator. On 24th May, 2008, Mr. Justice B.P. Jeevan-Reddy intimated to the Solicitors of the Appellants that the arbitrators felt that there were inherent defects in the arbitration clause contained in the draft IPLA and therefore, the same was unworkable. The letter also expressed the inability Fof the arbitrators to appoint the third arbitrator. On 5th August, 2008, a joint letter was addressed by both the nominated arbitrators, wherein it was reiterated that they are unable to appoint the third and presiding arbitrator. '

20. Thereafter, the Respondents filed an Application under G Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act in the Daman Suit. On the other hand, the Appellants moved an Application for interim injunction ex-parte in the same suit, seeking to restrain Respondents from pursuing the proceedings they had initiated in the English High Court (anti-arbitration injunction). The H 882 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Daman Court dismissed the Application under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 on 5th January, 2009. On the other hand, the Application filed by the Appellants, seeking interim reliefs in form of anti-arbitration injunction was allowed on 9th January, 2009. Both the aforesaid orders of the Daman B Trial Court were challenged by the Respondents by filing four appeals before the District Court of Daman ("Daman Appellate Court"). Daman Appellate Court :

C 21: The Daman Appellate Court allowed all the appeals of the Respondents by order dated 27th August, 2009 and set aside both the orders of the Daman Trial Court. The anti-arbitration injunction was vacated, and the Application under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 was allowed. The D aforesaid order dated 27th August, 2009 was challenged by the Appellants herein by filing two writ petitions before the High Court of Bombay, viz. Writ Petition No. 7636 of 2009, filed in respect of the anti-arbitration injunction and Writ Petition No. 7804 of 2009,. filed in respect of Section 45 of the Indian E Arbitration Act. Bombay High Court : 22. On 4th September, 2009, the Bombay High Court ordered that the status quo order dated 8th April, 2008, passed F by the Daman Trial Court be continued in Writ Petition No. 7636 of 2009. On 9th September, 2009, the Bombay High Court continued the stay of the reference under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act until the next date of hearing. In the course of hearing of the both writ petitions, the Bombay High Court, G on 25th January, 2010, directed that the interim order(s) granted earlier be continued until further orders. English Proceedings: 23. In spite of the aforesaid interim order(s), the H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 883 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

ARespondents filed Arbitration Claim Form 2011 Folio No.1399 before the English High Court, under Section 18 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 for the constitution of an Arbitral Tribunal under the provisions of IPLA. The following two grounds were raised by the Respondents:- B A. that the anti-arbitration injunction passed by the Bombay High Court had fallen away; B. that the Appellants had not pursued the writ petitions before the Bombay High Court. c 24. On 25th November, 2011, the English High Court passed an order in form of an anti-suit injunction that had the effect of restraining the Appellants from prosecuting/arguing the writ petitions before the Bombay High Court. The Appellants were restrained from approaching the Bombay High Court to D clarify whether ad-interim stay granted by it was in place. Meanwhile, on 15th February, 2012, the English High Court passed an ex-parte freezing injunction restraining the Appellant No.1 from disposing of its assets in excess of 90 Million Euros. E 25. On 23rd March, 2012, the English High Court (Eder, J.) delivered its judgment, wherein the freezing injunction was discharged. It was inter-alia held in Paragraph 51 of the judgment that anti-arbitration injunction of the Bombay High Court was in force. On 27th March, 2012, the English High F Court discharged the anti-suit injunction subject to the undertakings given by Appellant No.1. It would be useful to notice here some of these undertakings:

(i) to apply forthwith to the Bombay High Court to have the hearing of the Writ Petitions expedited and to G take all reasonable and necessary steps within its power to have the writ petitions concluded as expeditiously as p·ossible; H 884 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A (ii) until the determination of the Application filed by the Respondents in the English High Court, not to seek further directions in relation to prayer (c) of the Writ Petition No.7636 of 2009 - which is a prayer for interim relief. B 26. The Appellants took necessary steps for an expeditious listing and hearing of the writ petitions before the Bombay High Court. However on 11th June, 2012, the Respondents filed an Application before the English High Court for constituting an C Arbitral Tribunal. On 26th June, 2012, since the High Court had not disposed of early hearing Application of the Appellants, the Appellants approached this Court by Special Leave Petitions No.11676 and 11677 of 2012 for expeditious hearing of the writ petitions. This Court vide order /judgment dated 22nd June, 2012, requested the Bombay High Court to take up the writ D petitions for hearing on 2nd July, 2012. Resumption of Writ Petitions before Bombay High Court:

27. The hearing of the writ petitions in the Bombay High _ E Court resumed on 2nd July, 2012. On 3rd July, 2012, the English High Court passed an order by consent, adjourning the Respondents' Application dated 11th June, 2012, until after the Bombay High Court delivers judgment in the writ petitions, and also vacating the hearing listed for 3rd-4th July, 2012. On 5th October, 2012, the Bombay High Court dismissed the writ F petitions by the order/judgment impugned before us, wherein it has been, inter alia, held as under: A. The scope of the enquiry under the Writ Petition No.7804 of 2009 is restricted to the existence of G the arbitration agreement and not the main underlying contract (which can be challenged before the Arbitral Tribunal); B. Prima facie, there is an arbitration agreement; H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 885 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] C. The curial law of the arbitration agreement is India; A D. London, designated as the venue in Clause 18.3 of the draft IPLA, is only a convenient geographical location; B E. London is not the seat; F. English Courts have concurrent jurisdiction since the venue of arbitration is London. English Proceedings : c

28. On 5th October, 2012, the English Solicitors of Respondent No.1 addressed a letter to the English Solicitors of Appellant No.1, in relation to re-listing of their Application dated 11th June, 2012 for appointment of a third arbitrator/re-constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal. In October, 2012, the parties D communicated with each other for getting Applications of both the parties listed, which, apart from the Application dated 11th June, 2012, included the following: A. An Application notice issued by Appellant No.1 on E 16th October, 2012: i. for a declaration that the undertaking given by Appellant No.1 as set out in Appendix A to the order dated 27th March, 2012 do not F prevent it from filing a Special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court of India and, if leave be granted, pursuing such appeals; or ii. if the undertakings (contrary to Appellant No.1's contention), do prevent Appellant G No.1 from filing Special Leave Petitions before the Supreme Court of India or pursuing the same, then, a variation of the Undertakings to permit such Special Leave Petitions to be filed and, if leave be granted, H 886 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A to permit such appeals to be pursued. B. An Application notice issued by the Respondents. on 17th October, 2012 for: i. a declaration that Appellant No.1 would be B breaching the Undertakings by filing Special Leave Petitions to the Indian Supreme Court.

ii. an anti-suit injunction to restrain Appellant No.1 from filing Special Leave Petitions; and c iii. expedition for the hearing of the Respondent's Application issued on 11th June, 2012. 29. In the aforesaid Applications, the English High Court D (Cooke, J.) in its judgment dated 30th November, 2012 observed inter alia as follows: ''.Paragraph 32: There are two critical issues with which the Damman (sic) Court and the Bombay High Court have E been concerned. First, is there a binding arbitration agreement? Secondly, is the seat of the putative arbitration in London? What has arisen out of the Bombay High Court decision in addition is the question whether there is room for a supervisory jurisdiction in the English Courts where the seat is not in England under the provisions of s.2(4) ofF the English Arbitration Act." "Paragraph 60: If the Supreme Court of India were, in due course, to consider that the Bombay High Court was wrong in its conclusion as to the seat of the arbitration or that G there was a prima facie valid arbitration or that the English Court had concurrent supervisory jurisdiction, it would be a recipe for confusion and injustice if, in the meantime, the English Court were to conclude that England was the seat of the putative arbitration, and to assume jurisdiction over H Ell and the putative arbitration, and to conclude that there ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 887 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

was a valid arbitration agreement, whether on the basis A of a good arguable case or the balance of probabilities. Further, for it to exercise its powers, whether under s.2(1) or 2(4) or s.18 of the Arbitration Act in appointing a third arbitrator; would create real problems, should the Supreme Court decide differently. B Paragraph 61: These are the very circumstances which courts must strive to avoid in line with a multitude of decisions of high authority, from the Abidin Daver (1984) AC 398 onwards, including E.I. Dupont de Nemours v. Agnew [1987] 2 Lloyd's Rep 585. The underlying rationale C of Eder J.'s judgment leads inexorably, in my view, to the conclusion that the issues to be determined in India, which could otherwise fall to be determined here in England, must be decided first by the Indian Courts and that, despite the delay and difficulties involved, the decision of the Indian D Supreme Court should be awaited."

30. From 3rd December to 14th December, 2012, the learned counsel for the parties made efforts to finalize a draft of the Form of Order and the accompanying undertaking(s) to E be submitted to the English High Court; and ultimately, parties agreed to a short hearing before the English High Court. After · a hearing, on 19th December, 2012 the parties again made efforts to finalize the Form of Order. Ultimately on 15th February, 2013, the English High Court passed an order declaring that F the undertakings given on 27th March, 2012 (dealt with earlier · in Para 25 of this judgment) do not prevent the defendant (Appellant herein) from filing and pursuing the Special Leave Petitions and, if leave be granted, the Substantive Appeals. The English High Court further ordered the Appellant No.1 herein G to give some fresh undertaking which will supersede and replace the undertakings given earlier on 27th March, 2012. These undertakings restrain the Appellants herein from seeking an injunction against the Respondents save if this Court determines that the seat of the arbitration is in India. It was H 888 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A further directed that the Appellants shall not seek an injunction restraining the Respondents from pursuing proceedings instituted in the English High Court against the Appellant on various grounds enumerated in the said undertakings.

B 31. Thereafter in February, 2013, the order/judgment dated 5th October, 2012 passed by the Bombay High Court was challenged in this court by way of present appeals. Submissions: C 32. We have heard the learned senior counsel for the parties. I. Re: Concluded Contract: 33. The first submission of Mr. Rohinton Nariman is that D there can be no arbitration agreement in the absence of a concluded contract. It was submitted that IPLA is not a concluded contract since it is not in consonance with the Agrefld Principles. It was submitted that the parties merely entered into the 'Agreed Principles' on 29th September, 2006, E to which a draft IPLA was annexed. Mr. Nariman submitted that the Agreed Principles formed the fundamental basis on which the final IPLA "was to be made to the satisfaction of all parties and then to be legally finally executed". Mr. Nariman reiterated that there are certain discrepancies between the Agreed F Principles and the IPLA. By its letter dated 3rd November, 2006, Appellant pointed out material discrepancies between the IPLA and the Agreed Principles. These discrepancies have been accepted to be present by the Respondents in the letter dated 24th November, 2006. In fact, the Respondents have G never contended that IPLA is in accordance with the Agreed Principles. The Respondents have by their letters dated 29th October, 2006 and 24th November, 2006 accepted the primacy of the Agreed Principles. 34. Further, the Appellants have relied upon the H

ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 889 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] correspondence prior and subsequent to the signing of the IPLA A to demonstrate that there is no concluded contract. According to the learned senior counsel, the Respondents have deliberately not dealt with the correspondence subsequent.to the IPLA except to submit that the same refers to agreements other than the IPLA. This, according to the learned senior B counsel, is incorrect in view of the fact that email dated 24th November, 2006 refers to "final IPLA". According to Mr. Nariman, the outstanding contracts had to be in consonance with the Agreed Principles; therefore, there is no plausible explanation as to why only the IPLA should not be in c consonance with the Agreed Principles. The subsequent correspondence, therefore, necessarily refers to all the four agreements mentioned in the Agreed Principles. 35. Mr. Nariman also pointed out that the reliance upon prior contracts/agreements or correspondence is not D permissible to determine whether IPLA is concluded or not. On the contrary, subsequent correspondence and contracts can be looked into for the purpose of determining whether the substantive contract containing arbitration agreement is concluded or not. He relied on Godhra Electricity Co. Ltd. And E Anr. Vs. The State of Gujarat and Anr. 1 According to Mr. Nariman, subsequent correspondence in this regard clearly demonstrates the unconcluded nature of the IPLA.

36. Mr. Nariman submitted that under Clause 12 of the F IPLA, the duration of the IPLA was till the expiry of the last of the patents, and since the patents portfolio was absent, the duration of IPLA could not be ascertained. He pointed out that the Respondents have wrongly contended that the IPLA has been concluded as the parties have duly signed the same. G According to Mr. Nariman, mere signing of a document will not make it a concluded document, if in law, the contract is not concluded. In this context, reliance was placed upon British 1. (1975) 1 sec 199. H 890 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R. 3 BushwallA Electrical vs. Patley Pressings, 2 Harvey vs. Pratt, vs. Vortex, 4 Kol/ipara vs. Aswathanarayana5 and· Dresser Rand vs. Bindal Agro. 6

II. Re: Existence of Arbitration Agreement 8 37. As noticed above, the primary submission of the Appellants, is that IPLA is not a concluded contract. It was th~n submitted that since there is no concluded contract, there is no question of an arbitration agreement coming into existence. In any event, the challenge to the existence of the substantive C agreement is a matter required to be determined by the Court seized of the matter in the exercise of jurisdiction under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. Reliance was placed upon Chloro Controls (/) Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. & Ors. 7 According to Mr. Nariman, it is no · D longer open to contend that the question whether the contract is concluded or not can be gone into by the Arbitral Tribunal. Ill. Re: Un-workability of Arbitration Agreement 38. It was submitted that Clause 18.1 of the IPLA is E incapable of being performed and therefore, there can be no reference to arbitration under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. It was submitted that the High Court has held that "each of the licensors (Respondents) has to appoint an arbitrator and the licensee (Appellant No.1) is to appoint one F arbitrator .................................. making it in all three arbitrators". As such, the High Court has misread Clause 18.3 of the IPLA to mean that each of the licensors (Respondent No.1 and Respondent No.2) has a right to appoint an arbitrator G 2. [1953] 1 WLR 280.

3. [1965] 1 W.L.R. 1025. 4. [1976] 1 WLR 591. 5. (1968) 3 SCR 387. 6. (2006) 1 sec 751. H 7. (2013) 1 sec 641. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 891 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] and that the Appellant No.1 also has the right to appoint an A arbitrator. The construction of Clause 18.1 of the IPLA in the aforesaid manner, according to learned senior counsel, is contrary to the expressed terms of Clause 18.1 in the light of the definition of licensor and licensors contained therein as well as certain other provisions of the IPLA. Mr. Nariman also B pointed out that the Respondents, however, have not sought to sustain the aforesaid reasoning of the High Court.

39. He further submitted that even though an arbitration clause can be construed by the Court in such a way as to make c it workable when there is a defect or an omission, nonetheless, such an exercise would not permit the Court to rewrite the clause. In support of the submissions, he relied upon Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. Vs. Jain Studio Ltd. 8 He also submitted that the reconstruction of the arbitration clause in the present D case cannot be achieved without doing violence to the language to the arbitration clause; and that this would not be permissible in law. For this proposition, reliance was placed upon Bushwa/I Vs. Vortex (supra). He submitted that the submissions made by the Respondents fly in the face of Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 which does not permit the Court to make E a reference to arbitration if the arbitration agreement relied upon is incapable of being performed. IV. Re: Seat of Arbitration. F

40. Mr. Nariman submitted that for the purposes of fixing the seat of arbitration the Court would have to determine the territory that will have the closest and most intimate connection with the arbitration. He pointed out that in the present case provisions of the Indian Arbitration, Act, 1996 are to apply; substantive law of the contract is Indian law; law governing the G arbitration is Indian Arbitration law; curial law is that of India; Patents law is that of India; IPLA is to be acted upon in India; enforcement of the award is to be done under the Indian law; 8. (2006) 2 sec 628. H 892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R.

A Joint Venture Agreement between the parties is to be acted upon in India; relevant assets are in India. Therefore, applying the ratio of law in 'Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. Vs. Compania Internacional De Seguros Del Peru9', the seat of arbitration would be India. The submission is also sought to be B supported by the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in "Bharat Aluminium Company Vs. Kaiser Aluminium 10 ("BALCO"). Mr. Nariman submitted that the interpretation proposed by the Respondents that the venue London must be construed as seat is absurd. Neither party is British, one being c German and the other being Indian. He submits that the •kespondents have accepted that the choice of law of the underlying agreement is Indian. But, if 'venue of arbitration' is to be interpreted as making London the seat of arbitration it would: (a) make the English Act applicable when it is not chosen by the parties; (b) would render the parties' choice of0 the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 completely nugatory and otiose. It would exclude the application of Chapter V of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 i.e. the curial law provisions and Section 34 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. On the other hand, E interpretation propounded by the Appellants would give full and complete effect to the entire clause as it stands.

41. Mr. Nariman also submitted that there are even more clear indicators within the arbitration clause which show that the parties intended to be governed only by the Indian Arbitration F Act, 1996. The clause uses the word Presiding Arbitrator and not Chairman; this language is expressly used in Sections 11 and 29 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 as distinct from Section 30 of the English ArbitratiQn Act, 1996. G 42. Mr. Nariman gave another reason as to why London can't be the seat of the Arbitration. According to him, if the interpretation propounded by the Respondents is accepted, it would lead to utter chaos, confusion and unnecessary 9. 1988 (1) Lloyd's Rep 116. H 10. c2012) 9 sec 552. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & 'ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 893 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] complications. This would result in absurdity because the Indian A Arbitration Act, 1996 would apply to the process of appointment under Section 11; English Arbitration Act, 1996 would apply to the arbitration proceedings (despite the choice of the parties to apply Chapter V to the Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996); challenge to the award would be under English B Arbitration Act, 1996 and not under the Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996; Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 (Section 48) would apply to the enforcement of the award.

43. Lastly, it was submitted by Mr. Nariman that provisions C of Section 18 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 are derogable and in any event the parties have chosen the Indian Court for constitution of Arbitral Tribunal. V. Re: Anti Suit Injunction D 44. It was submitted on behalf of the Appellants that since the seat of arbitration is India, the Courts of England would have no jurisdiction. Appellants rely upon Oil & Natural Gas Commission Vs. Western Company of North America11 , Reltance was also placed upon Modi Entertainment Network E . & Anr. Vs. W. S. G. Cricket Pte. Ltd. 12, in support of the submission that in exercising discretion to grar:it an anti-suit injunction, the Court must be satisfied that the defendant is amenable to the personal jurisdiction of the Court and that if the injunction is declined the ends of justice will be defeated. F The Court is also required to take due notice of the principle of comity of Courts, therefore, where more than one forum is available, the Court would have to examine as to which is forum conveniens. 45. According to Mr. Nariman, all the tests which authorise G the Indian Courts to exercise jurisdiction to grant the necessary relief, as laid down are being satisfied by the Appellants. According to Mr. Nariman, the English Courts are not available 11. 1987 SCR (1) 1024. 12. (2003) 4 sec 341 H 894 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A to the Respondents since London is only a venue. Therefore, an injunction ought to be issued restraining the Respondents from pursuing proceedings before the English Court. Mr. Nariman pointed out that the Respondents have given up the contention that Indian and English Courts have concurrent B jurisdiction.

46. Reliance is placed on the judgment of this Court in Harshad Chiman Lal Modi Vs. DLF Universa/13, in support of the submission that since Respondent No.1 has share holding C in a company which has registered office within the territorial limits of the Daman Court, therefore relief can be necessarily granted t() the Appellants for restraining Respondent No.1 for proceeding in the English Courts. It was also pointed out. that Respondent No.1 has approached the Company Law Board under Section 397 of the Companies Act; the Delhi High Court D alleging infringement of its intellectual property rights; and the Madras High Court against the orders passed by the Intellectual Property Appellate Board, revoking patents in the name of Dr. Wobben in India. Therefore, it has already submitted to the jurisdiction of Courts in India. Mr. Nariman, however, points out E that in view of the orders of the English Court dated 15th February, 2013, restraining the Appellants from seeking an injunction against the Respondents save if this Court determines the seat of the arbitration is India, the Appellants shall not seek any injunction from this Court, unless this Court F determines that the sea1 of arbitration is in India. Respondents' Submissions:

47. Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel, appeared for Respondents No.1 and 2. Dr. Singhvi submitted G that the over-riding principle for the Courts in Arbitration is to see whether there is an intention to arbitrate. According to Dr. Singhvi, the Appellants attack the existence of the main contract, but it is only the arbitration clause that the court has H 13. (2005) 7 sec 791. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 895 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] to concern itself with. The court in this case, according to Dr. A Singhvi, is not required to determine whether there is a concluded contract, under the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The court has to see whether there is a valid Arbitration Agreement. Dr. Singhvi emphasised that it is for the arbitrator to decide the question with regard to theformation of the underlying contract B (IPLA). Further, learned senior counsel submitted that the status of IPLA will not nullify the arbitration clause. 48. The Respondent, according to the learned senior counsel, has to establish the existence of arbitration agreement. Dr. Singhvi, in this context, relied upon Section 7 of the Indian C Arbitration Act, 1996 which has three constituents, viz. (i) Intention to arbitrate; (ii) Existence of a dispute; (iii) Existence of some legal relationship. Further, it was submitted that an agreement under Section 7 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 does not require any offer and acceptance. D

49. It was further submitted that Section 16 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 is a drastic departure since the Arbitral Tribunal can rule on its own jurisdiction. Further, it was submitted under Section 16(a) of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 the E existence of the arbitration clause in the contract would be treated as an agreement independent of the contract. Learned senior counsel also brought to our attention Section 45 of the Indian Arbitraiion Act, 1996 and its interpretation by this court in Chiaro Controls India Pvt. Ltd. v. Severn Trent Water F Purification Inc (supra). rn the aforesaid case, this Court, in Para 120, relied upon the earlier judgment of National Insurance Company Ltd. V. Bhogara Polyfab Pvt. Ltd. 14, and categorised the issues that have to be decided under Section. 45 as follows: G A. The issues which the Chief Justice/his designate will have to decide: the question as to whether there is an arbitration agreement. 14. c2009) 1 sec 267. H 896 St.;?REME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A B. The issues which the Chief Justice/his designate may choose to decide or leave them to be decided by the Arbitral Tribunal: the question as to whether the claim is a dead claim (long-barred) or a live claim. B C. The issues which the Chief Justice/his designate should leave exclusively to the Arbitral Tribunal. The question concerning the merits or any claim involved in the arbitration.

C 50. Dr. Singhvi then submitted that leavillg aside the question of un-workability of the arbitration clause for the moment, the intention of the parties in the instant case may be determined from the following clauses of IPLA: D "17 GOVERNING LAW 17.1 This Agreement and any dispute of claims arising out of or in connection with its subject matter are governed by and construed in accordance with the Law of.India. E 18. DISPUTES AND ARBITRATION 18.1 All disputes, controversies or differences which may arise between the Parties in respect of this Agreement including without limitation to the validity, interpretation, construction performance and enforcement or allegedF breach of this Agreement, the Parties shall, in the first instance, attempt to resolve such dispute, controversy or difference through mutual consultation. If the dispute, controversy or difference is not resolved through mutual consultation within 30 days after commencement of G discussions or such longer period as the Parties may agree in writing, any Party may refer dispute(s), controversy(ies) or difference(s) for resolution to an arbitral tribunal to consist of three (3) arbitrators, of who one will be appointed by each of the Licensor and the Licensee H ENE~CON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 897 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] and the arbitrator appointed by Licensor shall also act as A the presiding arbitrator. 18.2 * * *

18.3 A proceedings in such arbitration shall be conducted B in English. The venue of the arbitration proceedings shall be in London. The arbitrators may (but shall not be obliged to) award costs and reasonable expenses (including reasonable-fees of counsel) to the Party (ies) that substantially prevail on merit. The provisions of Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 shall apply. c The reference of any matter, dispute or claim or arbitration pursuant to this Section 18 or the continuance of any arbitration proceedings consequent thereto or both will in no way operate as a waiver of the obligations of the parties D to perform their respective obligations under this Agreement." 51. Dr. Singhvi also drew our attention to the fact that the Heads of the Agreement have been accepted to be final and binding and that the parties have irrevocably accepted the .E Arbitration Agreement contained in Clause 18. It was also brought to our notice that ttie said document has been signed by the Appellant No.1 and Respondent No.1. 52. Learned Senior Counsel also submitted that an F arbitration agreement would include the following: a. Intention to arbitrate; b. Intention to settle by Arbitration after failure of ADR i.e. negotiations/conciliation/mediation. G C. Some law (i.e. proper law) to settle the Disputes (which in this case is Indian Law) D. Does the arbitration clause cover all disputes or is H 898 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A there a carve out? In this case the clause covers all disputes. E. Substantive Law to Arbitrate. Here it is the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. B It was further submitted that since all the essential elements of the arbitration are present, clumsy drafting will not make any difference in interpretation of the Arbitration clause. 53. The next submission of Dr. Singhvi, broadly put, is that c the arbitration clause is not un-workable. The crucial question in this context is not whether the Arbitration Clause could be differently drafted, but the clause has to be seen in the manner it has been drafted. Dr. Singhvi submitted that in fact there is no mismatch between different parts of the clause. The clause, D according to Dr. Singhvi, talks of three arbitrators: one by the licensee, one by the licensor. The implication is that the third one is to be appointed by the two arbitrators. Dr. Singhvi submits that the sentence "the third arbitrator shall be appointed by the two arbitrators" seems to have been missed E out by the draftsman. This can be supplied by the Court to make the arbitration clause workable. 54. It was further submitted that the missing sentence in the arbitration clause can be supplied with the aid of some of the provisions of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. In this context, F learned senior counsel brought to our attention Sections 10 (1) and (2) read with section 11 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. Section 10 (1) and 2 read as:

"10. Number of arbitrators. G (1) The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators, provided that such number shall not be an even number. (2) Failing the determination referred to in sub- section (1). H the arbitral tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator." ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 899 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Section 11 ( 1) & (2) reads as: A Appointment of arbitrators. (1) A person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. B (2) Subject to sub- section (6), the parties are free to agree on a procedure for appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators.

55. Learned senior counsel also pointed out that the object underlying Sections 10 and 11 is to avoid failure in appointment C of arbitrators. In fact, the Respondents tried to avoid the failure by making a concession to let the third arbitrator to be the Presiding Arbitrator. The Letter/email dated 13th March, 2008 clearly demonstrates this intention of Respondents. It was also submitted that the Appellant is determined to avoid the arbitration. Dr. Singhvi submitted that there exists a manifest D intention to refer disputes to arbitration and even if there is lacuna it can be cured. Furthermore, according to Dr. Singhvi, the number of arbitrators is only machinery and, therefore, its failure cannot affect the Arbitration Clause. Learned senior counsel relied upon the law laid down in MMTC v. Sterlite E Industries (India) Ltd., 15 Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. v. Jain Studios Ltd., (supra) Visa International Ltd. v. Continental Resources (USA) Ltd., 16 Jagdish Chander v. Ramesh Chander & Ors., 17 Smt. Rukmanibai Gupta v. Collector, Jabalpur & Ors., 18 and Nandan Biometrix Ltd. v. D.I. Oils. 19 F After taking us through the afore cited cases, Dr. Singhvi submitted that the parties in the instant case had expressed an intention to arbitrate and that there i!S no contrary intention. G 15. AIR 1997 SC 605 Para 8-13. 16. (2009) 2 sec 55, Paras 24-25. 17. (2007) 5 sec 719, pp. 7-8. 18. (1980) 4 sec 556, pp. 6-7. 19. (2009) 4 sec 495, pp. 26-30 & 40. H

900 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A 56. The next submission of Dr. Singhvi is that the IPLA is final. It was submitted that IPLA was to succeed the Know How Agreement that contained an Arbitration Clause. Learned Senior counsel brought to our attention following provisions of the Heads of Agreement on a Proposed IPLA dated B 23.05.2006: "1.6 The Parties have discussed intensively the most appropriate structure and arrangements reflected in the draft IPLA dated 22, May 2006 attached as ANNEX 1 c ("Draft IPLA"). This draft IPLA expresses the final views of the parties and provides for detailed terms whereunder Enercon will make available to Ell the benefit of all its technology including patents, design rights, copyrights, trademarks and know how relating to the Products, including but not limited to: D II "3. GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION 3.1 This paragraph is legally binding. E 3.2 This Heads of Agreement is (and all negotiations and any legal agreement prepared in connection with IPLA shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of Germany. F 3.3 The parties irrevocably agree that Clause 18 of the proposed draft IPLA shall apply to settle any dispute or claim that arises out or in connection with this memorandum of understanding and negotiations relating to the proposed IPLA."G

"4.1 This Heads of Agreement represents the good faith intentions of the parties to proceed with the proposed IPLA on the basis of the Draft IPLA but is not legally binding and creates no legal obligations on either party. Its sole H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 901 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] purpose is to set out the principles on which the parties A intend in good faith to negotiate legally definitive agreements." 57. Learned Senior Counsel also pointed out the email sent on 27.06.2006 by Nicole Fritsch on behalf of Respondents to B the Appellant No.2 and also the email sent by Appellant No.2 on 16.09.2006 to Nicole Fritsch in context of the submission that IPLA is final. These emails have already been noticed in the earlier part of this judgment. 58. It was also pointed out that the Appellant by his letter C dated 30th September, 2006 expressly admitted to having signed the IPLA. Thus, it was submitted that the Appellant . cannot get out of the contract unless there is coercion and/or fraud. To argue that there is now a presumption of validity in favour of IPLA being a concluded contract, reliance was sought D to be placed upon Grasim Industries Ltd. & Anr. v. Agarwal Stee/2° and J.K. Jain v. Delhi Development Authority. 21

59. Dr. Singhvi also brought to our notice that the execution and finality of the IPLA is also demonstrated by the fact that E first page of Heads of Agreement dated 23rd May, 2006 reads as "A PROPOSED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LICENSE . AGREEMENT." Whereas, the word proposed or draft is conspicuously absent in the IPLA dated 29th Se'ptember, 2006. This, according to the learned senior counsel, shows that the F IPLA was a concluded contract. Dr. Singhvi further submitted that on 29th September, 2006 three drafts, viz. Successive Technical Transfer Agreement, Name Use License Agreement and amendments to the existing Shareholders Agreement were ready and available to the parties, but at that point of time these agreements were under discussion and being negotiated. G Admittedly, none of these agreements were initialled, let alone signed by the parties. This, according to Dr. Singhvi, is a clear indication that the parties were aware of the documents that 20. c2010) 1 sec 83, p6. 21. (1995) 6 sec 571. H 902 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A were to be finalised between them and also of the documents that were required to be executed. This fact was also relied upon to support the contention that IPLA is a final and concluded agreement that was knowingly and willingly executed by Appellant No.2. To add credibility to this submission, learned B senior counsel pointed out that 'E-82 Model' is expressly excluded from the product description in the IPLA. This according to Dr. Singhvi, is a deviation from the earlier agreement, and it has been acknowledged by the Appellant. Dr. Singhvi also pointed out the difference as to the provision C of royalty between the IPLA and earlier draft to support his contention.

60. The next set of submissions made by Dr. Singhvi relate to the seat of arbitration. Learned senior counsel submitted that the court has to determine where the centre of gravity for D arbitration is situated. The terms that are normally used to denote seat are "venue", "place" or "seat". According to the learned senior counsel, the court cannot adopt a semantic approach. It was also submitted that under sub sections (1), (2) and (3) of Section 20 of Arbitration Act, 1996 the term 'place' E connotes different meanings. Under Section 20(1), place means seat of arbitration, whereas under section 20(3), place would mean venue. Therefore, the expression "the venue of arbitration proceedings" will have reference only to the seat of arbitration. It was submitted that all the surrounding circumstances would F also show that parties intended to designate England as the seat of arbitration. 61. It was also submitted that all the proceedings between the parties would indicate that there is nothing to indicate India as the choice of the seat of arbitration. Learned senior counsel G relied upon Shashoua v. Sharma, 22 Dozco India Pvt. Ltd. V. Doosan lnfracore Company Ltd. 23 Videocon Industries v. Union of India, 24 Yograj Infrastructure Ltd. V. Ssang Yong 22. (2009) 2 LLR 376. 23. (2011) 6 SCC 179 (Paras 4, 15 and 18). H 24. (2011) 6 sec 161 (Paras and Paras 20 to 23). ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 903 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

Engineering and Construction Ltd. 25 National Agricultural A Coop. Marketing Federation India (supra). 62. It was further submitted that three potential laws that govern an arbitration agreement are as follows : B 1. The proper law of the contract ; 2. The law governing the arbitration agreement ; 3. The law governing the conduct of the arbitration also known as curial law or lex arbitri. c 63. Reliance was placed upon the following except of Naviera Amazonica Peruana SA (supra): .,. " ........ in the majority of cases all three will be same but (1) will often be different from (2) and (3). And occasionally, D but rarely, (2) may also differ from (3)." 64. The next submission of Dr. Singhvi is that law of the seat dictates the curial law, and that the proper law of the arbitration agreement does not overwhelm law of the seat. Laying particular emphasis on Naviera,·Dr. Singhvi submitted E that intention of the parties is important to determine the seat. If place is designated then curial law will be that of such place. Dr. Singhvi relied on the ratio of Naviera and submitted that the proper law, law of arbitration and the curial law have all been expressly mentioned in the present case. It was also submitted F that in the present case London as venue has to be interpreted having conferred London the status of seat, unless some contrary intention has been expressed.

65. According to Dr. Singhvi, closest connection test is G completely irrelevant when the parties have specified all the three laws applicable in a contract. Further, close connection test is to be applied only when nothing has been mentioned in the agreement. The effort of the court is always to find the 25. (2011) 9 SCC 735 (Paras 46-52). H 904 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A essential venue. He relied upon Dicey, Morris & Collins26 to submit that in most cases, seat is sufficiently indicated by the country chosen as the place of the arbitration. Dr. Singhvi submitted that the proper law and law of arbitration cannot override curial law. B 66. Dr. Singhvi relied heavily on the ratio of the law laid down in Naviera (supra). Reliance was also placed upon the cases of C vs. D. 27 and Union of India vis McDonnel. 28 He also relied upon the ratio of Balco in support of the submission that C London is the seat of arbitration. Particular reference was made to Paras 75, 76, 96, 100, 104, 113, 116 and 117 of BALCO's judgment to submit that since the seat is outside India, only those provisions of Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 will be applicable, which are not inconsistent with the English Law, i.e., D English Arbitration Act, 1996. Anti-Suit injunction:

67. Dr. Singhvi submitted that the prayer of Appellants for an anti suit injunction is subject to determination by this court E that the seat is India. Dr. Singhvi, however, argued that such an injunction be denied even if this court holds that the seat of arbitration is India since there is no occasion that warrants the grant of such an injunction. The Respondents relied upon the judgment of this court in Modi Entertainment Network v. W S. G. F Cricket Pte. Ltd. (supra) to submit that the present case does not fall within any, let alone all, of the parameters set out in the aforesaid case that determine the grant of an anti-suit injunction. 68. Mr. C.U. Singh, learned senior advocate, appeared for Respondent no.2. Mr. Singh adopts the submissions made G before this court by Dr. Singhvi. Besides, Mr. Singh submitted that after the enactment of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 the distinction between the seat and the venue has blurred. The 26. Dicey, Morris & Collins Fifteenth Edition at 16-035. 27. (2007) 2 Lloyd's Law Reports 367. H 28. (1993) 3 Lloyd's Rep 48. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 905 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

term that has been used by the Parliament is 'place' which A denotes the place of physical sitting of the Arbitral Tribunal. This is the place which governs the curial law. However, Arbitrators have been given the flexibility to hold meetings anywhere. He also relied upon the judgment of this court in Chiaro (supra) (Paras 80-83) to submit that the approach of the court is to B make the arbitration clause workable. Reliance was also placed upon Reva Electric Car Company P. Ltd. v. Green Mobil. 29 Issues : c 69. We have anxiously considered the submissions of the learned counsel for the parties. We have also considered the written submissions. The issues that arise for consideration of this Court are : D (i) Is the IPLA a valid and concluded contract? (ii) Is it for the Court to decide issue No. (i) or should it be left to be considered by the Arbitral Tribunal? E (iii) Linked to (i) and (ii) is the issue whether the Appellants can refuse to join arbitration on the plea that there is no concluded IPLA? (iv) Assuming that the IPLA is a concluded contract; is F the Arbitration Clause 18.1 vague and unworkable, as observed by both the Arbitrators i.e. Mr. V.V. Veeder QC and Mr. Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy? (v) In case the arbitFation clause is held to be workable, is the seat of arbitration in London or in India? G

(vi) In the event it is held that the seat is in India, would the English Courts have the concurrent jurisdiction for taking such measures as required in support of . 29. c2012) 2 sec 93. H 906 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A the arbitration as the venue for the arbitration proceedings is London? (vii) Linked to (v) & (vi) is the issue whether the Appellants are entitled for an anti-suit injunction? B These, of course, are only broad based issues; many other supplementary questions will have to be examined in order to give a definitive determination. Our Conclusions : c Issues (i), (ii) and (iii) 70. Is the IPLA a valid and a concluded contract? Is it for the Court to decide this issue or have the par:ties intended to let the arbitral tribunal decide it? D 71. The Bombay High Court upon consideration of the factual as well as the legal issues has concluded that "there can be no escape for the Appellants from the consequences flowing from the signing of the IPLA; and the signing of the IPLA by E the parties is therefore a strong circumstance in arriving at a prima facie conclusion as enunciated in Shin-Etsu Chemicals Co. Ltd. 's case for referring the parties to arbitration."

72. The Daman Trial Court on the basis of the material on record came to the conclusion that IPLA was not a concluded F contract for the want of free consent, and was executed due to undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation and mistake. It further held that the plaintiffs (the Appellants herein) would suffer heavy economic loss if the arbitration is held at London. These findings were reversed by the Daman Appellate Court. It was G held that since IPLA has been signed by the parties, there was a valid arbitration agreement for reference of the disputes to arbitration. It was also held that assuming that there was some defect in the methodology for appointment of the arbitrators that would not come in the way of enforcement of the arbitration H agreement. The Daman Appellate Court has further held that ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 907 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] since the parties had agreed to London being the seat of A arbitration, the Appellants (plai·ntiffs) could not raise a grievance as regards the jurisdiction of the English Courts.

73. Mr. R.F. Nariman, learned senior counsel, appearing for the Appellants has vehemently argued that there is neither 8 a concluded IPLA between the parties nor is there a legally enforceable arbitration agreement. In any event, the arbitration can not proceed as the arbitration clause itself is unworkable. As noticed earlier, learned senior counsel has submitted that in the absence of a concluded contract, there can be no arbitration agreement. In short, the submission is that there can C be no severability of the arbitration clause from the IPLA. Since the IPLA is not a concluded contract there can be no arbitration agreement. 74. On the other hand, Dr. Singhvi has submitted, as D noticed earlier, that the intention pf the parties to arbitrate is clear. Even if the existence of the mfiin contract is under dispute, the court is concerned only with the arbitration agreement i.e. the arbitration clause. The submission of Dr. Singhvi is that the absence of IPLA will not nullify the l;lrbitration clause. E

75. We find considerable merit in the submissions made by Dr. Singhvi. It cannot be disputed that there is a legal relationship between the parties of a long standing. Section 44 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 applies to arbitral awards of F differences between persons arising out of legal proceedings. . Such a relationship may be contractual or not, so long it is considered as commercial under the laws in force in India. Further, that legal relationship must be in pursuance of an agreement, in writing, for arbitration, to which the New York Convention applies. The court can decline to make a reference G to arbitration in ·case it finds that the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. There are no pleadings to that effect in the plaint. The Daman Trial Court findings that the contract is null and void and not based on free consent were rendered in the absence of relevant H 908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A pleadings. There is a mention in one of the e-mails that Dr. Wobben has taken advantage of his friendship with Mr. Yogesh Mehra. But that seems to be more of a sulk than a genuine grievance. Even if one accepts the truth of such a statement, the same is not reflected in the pleadings. Therefore, no serious B note could be taken of that statement at this stage. The Daman Appellate Court upon reconsideration of the pleadings found that there is no plea to the effect that the agreement is null, void or incapable of being performed. Justice Savant has not examined the pleadings as the issue with regard to the c underlying contract has been left to be examined by the Arbitral Tribunal. Before us also, it is not. the plea of the Appellants that the arbitration agreement is without free consent, or has been procured by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or was signed under a mistake. In other words, it is not claimed D that the agreement is null and void, inoperative and incapable of being performed as it violates any of the provisions under Sections 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19A and 20 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The submission is that the matter cannot be·referred to arbitration as the IPLA, containing the arbitration clause/agreement, is not a concluded contract. This, in our E opinion, would not fall within the parameters of an agreement being "null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed", in terms of Sections 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. These provisions set out the impediments, infirmities or eventualities that would render F a particular provision of a contract or the whole contract void or voidable. Section 14 defines free consent; Section 15 defines coercion in causing any person to enter into a contract. Section 16 deals with undue influence. Fraud in relation to a contract is defined under Section 17; whereas G misrepresentation is defined and explained under Section 18. Section 19 states that "when consent to an agreement is caused by coercion, fraud or misrepresentation, the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused". Section 19A gives the party who was unduly H influenced to enter into a contract an option similar to the one ·· ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 909

& ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] provided by the preceding section. Section 20 makes an A agreement void where both the parties thereto are under a mistake as to a matter of fact. In our opinion, all the aforesaid eventualities refer to fundamental legal impediments. These are the defences to resist a claim for specific performance of a concluded contract; or to resist a claim for damages for breach B of a concluded contract. We agree with Savant, J. that the issue as to whether there is a concluded contract between the parties can be left to the Arbitral Tribunal, though not for the same reasons. 76. In our opinion, all the issues raised by the Appellants C about the non-existence of a concluded contract pale into insignificance in the face of "Heads of Agreement on the proposed IPLA dated 23rd May, 2006". Clause 3 of the Heads of Agreement provides as under:-D "3. Governing Law and Jurisdiction 3.1 This paragraph is legally binding. 3.2 This Heads of Agreement is (and all negotiations and any legal agreements prepared in connection with the IPLA E shall be) governed by and construed in accordance with the law of Germany. 3.3 The parties irrevocably agree that Clause 18 of the proposed draft IPLA shall apply to settle any dispute or F claim that arises out of or in connection with this memorandum of understanding and negotiations relating to the proposed IPLA."

77. A bare perusal of this clause makes it abundantly clear that the parties have irrevocably agreed that clause 18 of the G proposed IPLA shall apply to settle any dispute or claim that arises out of or in connection with this Memorandum of Understanding and negotiations relating to IPLA. It must also be noticed here that the relationship between the parties formally commenced on 12th January, 1994 when the parties H 910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A entered into the first SHA and TKHA. Even under that SHA, Article XVI inter alia provided for resolution of disputes by arbitration. The TKHA also contained an identically worded arbitration clause, under Article XIX. This intention to arbitrate . has continued without waiver. In the face of this, the question B of the concluded contract becomes irrelevant, for the purposes of making the reference to the Arbitral Tribunal. It must be clarified that the doubt raised by the Appellant is that there is no concluded IPLA, i.e. the substantive contract. But this can have no effect on the existence of a binding Arbitration C Agreement in view of Clause 3. The parties have irrevocably agreed to resolve all the disputes through Arbitration. Parties can not be permitted to avoid arbitration, without satisfying the Court that it would be just and in the interest of all the parties not to proceed with arbitration. Furthermore in arbitration proceedings, courts are required to aid and support the arbitral0 process, and not to bring it to a grinding halt. If we were to accept the submissions of Mr. Nariman, we would be playing havoc with the progress of the arbitral process. This would be of no benefit to any of the parties involved in these unnecessarily complicated and convoluted proceedings. E

78. In the facts of this case, we have no hesitation in concluding that the parties must proceed with the Arbitration. All the difficulties pointed out by Mr. Rohinton Nariman can be addressed by the Arbitral Tribunal. F 79. Further, the arbitration agreement contained in clause 18.1 to 18.3 of IPLA is very widely worded and would include all the disputes, controversies or differences concerning the legal relationship between the parties. It would include the G disputes arising in respect of the IPLA with regard to its validity, interpretation, construction, performance, enforcement or its alleged breach. Whilst interpreting the arbitration agreement and/or the arbitration clause, the court must be conscious of the overarching policy of least intervention by courts or judicial authorities in matters covered by the Indian Arbitration Act, H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 911 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 1996. In view of the aforesaid, it is not possible for us to accept A the submission of Mr. Nariman that the arbitration agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised. This is also because the arbitration clause (agreement) is independent of the underlying contract, i.e. the IPLA containing the arbitration clause. Section 16 provides that the Arbitration clause forming B part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of such a contract.

80. The concept of separability of the arbitration clause/ agreement from the underlying contract is a necessity to ensure C, that the intention of the parties to resolve the disputes by arbitration does not evaporate into thin air with every challenge to the legality, validity, finality or breach of the underlying contract. The Indian Arbitration Act, 1996, as noticed above, under Section 16 accepts the concept that the main contract and the arbitration agreement form two independent contracts. D Commercial rights and obligations are contained in the underlying, substantive, or the main contract. It is followed by a second contract, which expresses the agreement and the i~tention of the parties to resolve the disputes relating to the underlying contract through arbitration. A remedy is elected by E parties outside the normal civil court remedy. It is true that support of the National Courts would be required to ensure the success of arbitration, but this wouid not detract from the legitimacy or independence of the collateral arbitration agreement, even if it is contained in a contract, which is claimed F to be void or voidable or unconcluded by one of the parties. 81. The scope and ambit of provision contained in Section 16 of the Indian Contract Act has been clearly explained in Reva Electric Car (supra), wherein it was inter alia observed as G follows:

"54. Under Section 16(1), the legislature makes it clear that while considering any objection with respect to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement, the H 912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A arbitration clause which formed part of the ~ontract, has to be treated as an agreement independent of the other . terms of the contract. To ensure that there is no misunderstanding, Section 16(1 )(b) further provides that even if the Arbitral Tribunal concludes that the contract is B null and void, it should not result, as a matter of law, in an automatic invalidation of the arbitration clause. Section 16(1)(a) presumes the existence of a valid arbitration clause and mandates the same to be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract. c By virtue of Section 16(1)(b), it continues to be enforceable notwithstanding a declaration of the contract being null and void. In view of the provisions contained in Section 16(1) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, it would not be possible to accept the submission of Mr. Ahmadi that with the termination of the MoU on 31-12-2007, theD arbitration clause would also cease to exist." The aforesaid reasoning has also been approved by a two . Judge bench of this Court in Today Homes and Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. vs. Ludhiana Improvement Trust and Anr., 30 wherein E it was inter alia held as under:

"14. The same reasoning was adopted by a member of this Bench (S.S. Niliar, J.), while deciding the case of Reva Electric Car Company Private Limited Vs. Green Mobil [(2012) 2 SCC 93), wherein the provisions of Section 16(1)F in the backdrop of the doctrine of kompetehz kompetenz were considered and it was inter alia held that under Section 16(1), the legislature makes it clear that while considering any objection with regard to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement, the arbitration clause,G which formed part of the contract, had to be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract. Reference was made in the said judgment to the provisions of Section 16(1)(b) of the 1996 Act, which H 30. 2013 (7) SCALE 327. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 913 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] provides that even if the arbitral tribunal concludes that the A contract is null and void, it should not result, as a matter of law, in an automatic invalidation of the arbitration clause. It was also held that Section 16(1)(a) of the 1996 Act presumes the existence of a valid arbitration clause and mandates the same to be treated as an agreement B independent of the other terms of the contract. By virtue of Section 16(1)(b) of the 1996 Act, the arbitration clause continues to be enforceable, notwithstanding a declaration that the contract was null and void."

In view of the aforesaid, we are not inclined to accept the C submission of Mr. Nariman that Arbitration Agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised. Issue (iv) D 82. We now come to the next issue that even if there is a valid arbitration agreement/clause, can the parties be denied the benefit of the same on the ground that it is unworkable? Both the Arbitrators, as noticed above, are of the opinion that the parties cannot proceed to arbitration as the arbitration clause E is unworkable. The Bombay High Court has taken the view that the arbitration clause is workable as two Arbitrators are to be appointed by the licensors and one by the licensee. We are not inclined to agree with the aforesaid finding/conclusion recorded by the High Court. Respondent No.1 is the licensor F and Respondent No.2 is undoubtedly 100% shareholder of Respondent No.1, but that is not the same as being an independent licensor. It would also be relevant to point out here that before this Court the Respondent has not even tried to support the aforesaid conclusion of the High Court. G 83. In our opinion, the Courts have to adopt a pragmatic approach and not a pedantic or technical approach while interpreting or construing an arbitration agreement or arbitration clause. Therefore, when faced with a seemingly unworkable arbitration clause, it would be the duty of the Court to make the H 914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A same workable within the permissible limits of the law, without stretching it beyond the boundaries of recognition. In other words, a common sense approach has to be adopted to give effect to the intention of the parties to arbitrate. In such a case, the court ought to adopt the attitude of a reasonable business s person, having business common sense as well as being equipped with the knowledge that may be peculiar to the business venture. The arbitration clause cannot be construed with a purely legalistic mindset, as if one is construing a provision in a statute. We may just add here the words of Lord c Diplock in The Antaios Compania Neviera SA v Salen Rederiema AB, 31 which are as follows: "If detailed semantic and syntactical analysis of words in a commercial contract is going to lead to a conclusion that flouts business common sense, it must be made to yield D to business common sense." We entirely agree with the aforesaid observation. This view of ours is also supported by the following E judgments which were relied upon by Dr. Singhvi: In Visa lntemational Limited (supra), it was inter alia held that: "25 .... No party can be allowed to take advantage of inartistic drafting of arbitration clause in any agreement asF long as clear intention of parties to go for arbitration in case of any future disputes is evident from the agreement and material on record including surrounding circumstances.

G 26. What is required to be gathered is the intention of the parties from the surrounding circumstances including the conduct of the parties and the evidence such as exchange of correspondence between the parties .... " H 31. [1985]1AC191. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 915 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Similar position of law was reiterated in Nandan Biomatrix A Ltd. (supra), wherein this court observed inter alia as under: 28. This Court in Rukmanibai Gupta v. Collector, Jabalpur has held (at sec p. 560, para 6) that what is required to be ascertained while construing a clause is "whether the 8 parties have agreed that if disputes arise between them in respect of the subject-matter of contract such dispute shall be referred to arbitration, then such an arrangement would spell out an arbitration agreement". 29. In M. Dayanand Reddy v. A.P. Industrial Infrastructure C Corpn. Ltd., this Court has held that: (SCC p. 142, para 8) "8 .... an arbitration clause is not required to be stated in any particular form. If the intention of the parties to refer D the dispute to arbitration can be clearly ascertained from the terms of the agreement, it is immaterial whether or not the expression arbitration or 'arbitrator' or 'arbitrators' has been used in the agreement." E (original emphasis supplied)

30. The Court is required, therefore, to decide whether the existence of an agreement to refer the dispute to arbitration can be clearly ascertained in the facts and circumstances of the case. This, in turn, may depend upon the intention F of the parties to be gathered from the correspondence exchanged between the parties, the agreement in question and the surrounding circumstances. What is required is to gather the intention of the parties as to whether they have agreed for resolution of the disputes through arbitration. G What is required to be decided in an application under Section 11 of the 1996 Act is: whether there is an arbitration agreement as defined in the said Act." 84. It is a well recognized principle of arbitration jurisprudence in almost all the jurisdictions, especially those H 91 S SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A following the UNCITRAL Model Law, that the Courts play a supportive role in encouraging the arbitration to proceed rather than letting it come to a grinding halt. Another equally important principle recognized in almost all jurisdictions is the least intervention by the Courts. Under the Indian Arbitration Act, B 1996, Section 5 specifically lays down that : "Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, in matters governed by this Part, no judicial authority shall intervene except where so provided in this Part". Keeping in view the aforesaid, we find force in the submission of Dr. c Singhvi that the arbitration clause as it stands cannot be frustrated on the ground that it is unworkable. 85. Dr. Singhvi has rightly submitted that the un-workability in this case is attributed only to the machinery provision. And the arbitration agreement, otherwise, fulfils the criteria laid down D under Section 44 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. Given that two Arbitrators have been appointed, the missing line that "the two Arbitrators appointed by the parties shall appoint the third Arbitrator'' can be read into the arbitration clause. The omission is so obvious that the court can legitimately supply the missing E line. In these circumstances, the Court would apply the officious bystander principle, as explained by MacKinnonn, LJ in Shirlaw v. Southern Foundries, 32 to interpret the clause. In Shirlaw, it was held that:

"prima facie that which in any contract is left to be impliedF and need not be expressed is something so obvious that it goes without saying; so that, if, while the parties were making their bargain, an officious bystander were to suggest some express provision for it in their agreement, they would testily suppress him with a common 'Oh, ofG course!" In construing an arbitration clause, it is not necessary to employ the strict rules of interpretation which may be necessary to construe a statutory provision. The court would be well within H 32. [1937 s. 1835]. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 917 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] its rights to set right an obvious omission without necessarily A leaving itself open to the criticism of having reconstructed the clause. Further, we find support in this context from the following extract of Halsbury's Laws of England (Vol. 13, Fourth Edition, 8 2007 Reissue): ·

"The words of a written instrument must in general be taken in their ordinary or natural sense notwithstanding the fact that such a construction may appear not to carry out the purpose which it might otherwise be supposed the parties C intended to carry out; but if the provisions and expressions are contradictory, and there are grounds, appearing on the face of the instrument, affording proof of the real intention of the parties, that intention will prevail against the obvious and ordinary meaning of the words; and where the literal D {in the sense of ordinary, natural or primary) construction would lead to an absurd result, and the words used are capable of being interpreted so as to avoid this result, the literal construction will be abandoned."

E 86. Mr. Rohinton Nariman had very fairly submitted that it is permissible for the Court to construe the arbitration clause in a particular manner to make the same workable when there is a defect or an omission in it. His only caveat was that such an exercise would not permit the Court to re-write the contract. In our opinion, in the present case, the crucial line which seems F to be an omission or an error can be inserted by the Court. In this context, we find support from judgment of this court in Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. (supra), wherein the 'offending part' in the arbitration clause made determination by the arbitrator ,, final and binding between the parties and declared that the G ,.parties have waived the rights to appeal or an objection against i such award in any jurisdiction. The Court, inter-alia, held that such an objectionable part is clearly severable being independent of the dispute that has to be referred to be resolved through arbitration. By giving effect to the arbitration clause, the H 918 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A court specifically noted that the "it cannot be said that the Court is doing something which is not contemplated by the parties or by 'interpretative process', the Court is rewriting the contract which is in the nature of 'novatio' (sic). The intention ·of the parties is explicit and clear; they have agreed that the dispute, B if any, would be referred to an arbitrator. To that extent, therefore, the agreement is legal, lawful and the offending part as to the finality and restraint in approaching a Court of law can be separated and severed by using a 'blue pencil'."

87. There is another reason which permits us to take the C aforesaid view and accept the submission made by Dr. Singhvi that while construing the arbitration agreement/clause the same can be construed to make it workable, as such an approach is statutorily provided for. For this submission, Dr. Singhvi has rightly relied upon the provision contained in Sections 10 and D 11 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. The object of these two provisions is to avoid failure of the arbitration agreement or the arbitration clause if contained in contract. Under Section 10(1), there is freedom given to the parties to determine the number of Arbitrators, provided that such number shall not be an even E number. The arbitration clause in this case provides that the arbitral tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators. Further, it must also be noticed that the Respondents have been trying to seek adjudication of disputes by arbitration. As noted earlier, the Respondent No.2 in its email dated 13th March, 2008 clearly F offered that the third and the presiding arbitrator be appointed by the respective arbitrators of the Appellants and the Respondents. On the other hand, the attitude of the Appellants is to avoid arbitration at any cost.

· 88. In this context, reliance placed by Dr. Singhvi upon G MMTC Limited .(supra) is justified. In MMTC, the provisions contained in Sections 10(1) and (2) of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 have been held to be machinery provisions by this Court. It was further held that the validity of an arbitration agreement does not depend on the number of arbitrators specified therein. H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 919 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] The Court declined to render the arbitration agreement invalid A on the ground that it provided an even number of arbitrators. In the present case, Mr. Rohinton Nariman. had rightly not even emphasised that the arbitration agreement itself is illegal. The learned sr. counsel only emphasised that the arbitrators having expressed the view that the arbitration clause is unworkable, B the parties ought not to be sent to the arbitration.

Similarly, other provisions contained in Sections 8, 11 and 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 are machinery provisions to ensure that parties can proceed to arbitration provided they C have expressed the intention to Arbitrate. This intention can be expressed by the parties, as specifically provided under Section 7 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 by an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommunication which provide a record of the agreement. Such intention can 0even be expressed in the pleadings of the parties such as statements of claim and defence, in which the existence of the agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by the other. In view of the above, we are of the opinion that the parties can be permitted to proceed to arbitration. E Issue No. V/Re: Seat 89. This now clears the decks for the crucial question, i.e., is the 'seat' of arbitration in London or in India. This is necessarily so as the location of the seat will determine the F Courts that will have exclusive jurisdiction to oversee the arbitration proceedings. Therefore, understandably, much debate has been generated before us on the question whether the use of the phrase "venue shall be in London" actually refers to designation of the seat of arbitration in London. G 90. We find much substance in the submissions of Mr.

Nariman that there are very strong indicators to suggest that the parties always understood that the seat of arbitration would be in India and London would only be the "venue" to hold the proceedings of arbitration. We find force in the submission H 920 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A made by learned senior counsel for the Appellants that the facts of the present case would make the ratio of law laid down in Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. (supra) applicable in the present case. Applying the closest and the intimate connection to arbitration, it would be seen that the parties had agreed that B the provisions of Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 would apply to the arbitration proceedings. By making such a choice, the parties have made the curial law provisions contained in Chapters Ill, IV, V and VI of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 applicable. Even Dr. Singhvi had submitted that Chapters 111, IV, V and VI would c apply if the seat of arbitration is in India. By choosing that .Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 would apply, the parties have made a choice that the seat of arbitration would be in India. Section 2 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 provides that Part I "shall apply where the place of arbitration is in India". In Balco, it has been categorically held that Part I of the Indian0 Arbitration Act, 1996, will have no application, if the seat of arbitration is not in India. In the present case, London is mentioned only as a "venue" of arbitration which, in our opinion, in the facts of this case can not be read as the "seat" of arbitration. E

91. We are fortified in taking the aforesaid view since all the three laws applicable in arbitration proceedings are Indian laws. The law governing the Contract, the law governing the arbitration agreement and the law of arbitration/Curial law are F all stated to be Indian. In such circumstances, the·observation in Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. (supra) would become fully applicable. In this case, the Court of Appeal in England considered the agreement which contained a clause providing for the jurisdiction of the courts in Lima, Peru in the event of G judicial dispute; and at the same time contained a clause providing that the arbitration would be governed by the English law and the procedural law of arbitration shall be the English law. The Court of Appeal summarised the state of the jurisprudence on this topic. Thereafter, the conclusions which H arose from the material were summarised as follows: ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 921 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] "All contracts which provide for arbitration and contain a A foreign element may involve three potentially relevant systems of law: (1) the law governing the substantive contract; (2) the law governing the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of that agreement; (3) the law governing the conduct of the arbitration. In the majority of B cases all three will be the same. But (1) will often be different from (2) and (3). And occasionally, but rarely, (2) may also differ from (3)."

It was observed that the problem about all these formulations, including the third, is that they elide the distinction C between the legal localisation of arbitration on the one hand and the appropriate or convenient geographical locality for 'iearings of the arbitration on the other hand. 92. On the facts of the case, it was observed in Naviera D Amazonica case (supra) that since there was no contest on Law 1 and Law 2, the entire issue turned on Law 3, "the law governing the conduct of the arbitration". This is usually referred to as the curial or procedural law, or the lex fori. Thereafter, the Court approvingly quoted the following observation from Dicey E & Morris on the Conflict of Laws (11th Edn.): "English Law does not recognise the concept of a delocalised arbitration or of arbitral procedures floating in the transnational firmament, unconnected with any municipal system of law". It is further held that "accordingly every arbitration must have a 'seat' or 'locus F arbitri' or 'forum' which subjects its procedural rules to the municipal law which is there in force". The Court thereafter culls. out the following principle: · 'Where the parties have failed to choose the law governing the arbitration proceedings, those proceedings must be G considered, at any rate prima facie, as being governed by the law of the country in which the arbitration is held, on the ground that it is the country most closely connected with the proceedings." H

922 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R. A The aforesaid classic statement of the conflict of law rules as quoted in Dicey & Morris on the Conflict of Laws (1'1th Edn.), Vol. 1, was approved by the House of Lords in James Miller & Partners Ltd. v. Whitworth Street Estates (Manchester) Ltd. 33 Mustill, J. in Black Clawson International B Ltd. v.' Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg A.G. 34, a little later characterised the same proposition as "the law of the place where the reference is conducted, the lex fori". The position of law in India is the same. 93. The Court in Naviera Amazonica, also, recognised the C proposition that "there is equally no reason in theory which precludes parties to agree that an arbitration shall be held at a place or in country X but subject to the procedural laws of Y'' But it points out that in reality parties would hardly make such a decision as it would create enormous unnecessary D co.rnplexities. Finally it is pointed out that it is necessary not to confuse the legal seat of arbitration with the geographically convenient place or places for holding hearings. In the present case, Dr.Singhvi, it seems to us, is confusing the geographically convenient place, which is London, with the legal seat which, E in our opinion, is undoubtedly India.

94. Further, on examination of the facts in Naviera Amazonica case, the Court of Appeal observed that there is nothing surprising in concluding that these parties intended that F any dispute under this policy should be arbitrated in London. But it would always be open to the Arbitral Tribunal to hold hearings in Lima if this was thought to be convenient, even though the seat or forum of the arbitration would remain in London. In· the present case, with_ the utmost ease, "London" can be replaced by India, and "Lima" with London. G 95. Having chosen all the three applicable laws to be Indian laws, in our considered opinion, the parties wc:iuld not have intended to have created an exceptionally difficult 33. [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 269; [1970] A.C. 583. H 34. [1981] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 446 at P. 453. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 923 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] situation, of extreme complexities, by fixing the seat of A arbitration in London. In view of the above, we are unable to.accept the submissions made by Dr. Singhvi that in this case, the term "venue" ought to be read as seat. 8

96. We are also unable to accept the submission made by Dr. Singhvi that in this case the venue should be understood as reference to place in the manner it finds mention in Section 20(1 ), as opposed to the manner it appears in Section 20(3), of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. Such a submission cannot C be accepted since the parties have agreed that Curial law would be the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. 97. In Ba/co, it has been clearly held that concurrent jurisdiction is vested in the Courts of seat and venue, only when D the seat of arbitrations is in India (Para 96). Reason for the aforesaid conclusion is that there is no risk of conflict of judgments of different jurisdictions, as all courts in India would follow the Indian Law. Thus, the reliance placed by D. Singhvi on Balco in this context is misplaced. E

98. It is correct that, in virtually all jurisdictions, it is an accepted proposition of law that the seat normally carries with it the choice of that country's arbitration/Curial law. But this would arise only if the Curial law is not specifically chosen by . the parties. Reference can be made to Ba/co (supra), wherein F this Court considered a number of judgments having a bearing on the issue of whether the venue is to be treated as seat. However, the court was not required to decide any controversy akin to the one this court is considering in the present case. The cases were examined only to demonstrate the difficulties G that the court will face in a situation similar to the one which was considered in Na11iera Amazonica (supra). 99. We also do not agree with Dr. Singhvi that parties have not indicated they had chosen India to be the seat of arbitration. H 924 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R.

A The judgments relied upon by Dr. Singhvi do not support the proposition canvassed: In fact, the judgment in the case Braes of Doune Wind Farm (Scotland) Limited Vs. Alfred McAlpine Business Services Limited35, has considered a situation very similar to the factual situation in the present case. B 100. In Braes of Doune, the English & Wales High Court considered two Applications relating to the first award of an arbitrator. The award related to an EPC (engineering, procurement and construction) contract dated 4th November, C 2005 (the EPC contract) between the claimant (the employer) and the defendant (the contractor), whereby the contractor undertook to carry out works in connection with the provision of 36 WTGs at a site some 18 km from Stirling in Scotland. This award dealt with enforceability of the clauses of the EPC contract which provided for liquidated damages for delay. The D claimant applied for leave to appeal against this award upon a question of law whilst the defendant sought, in effect, a declaration that the court had no jurisdiction to entertain such an Application and for leave to enforce the award. The Court considered the issue of jurisdiction which arose out of E application of Section 2 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 which provides that: "2. Scope of application of provisions.-(1) The provisions of this Part apply where the seat of the F arbitration is in England and Wales or Northern Ireland."

101. The Court notices the singular importance of · determining the location of juridical seat in terms of Section 3, for the purposes of Section 2, in the following words of Akenhead, J.: G "15. I must determine what the parties agreed was the 'seat' of the arbitration for the purposes of Section 2 of the Arbitration Act, 1996. This means by Section 3 what the parties agreed was the 'juridical' seat. The word 'juridical' H 35. [2008) EWHC 426 (TCC). ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 925 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] is not an irrelevant word or a word to be ignored in A ascertaining what the 'seat' is. It means and connotes the administration of justice so far as the arbitration is concerned. It implies that there must be a country whose job it is to administer, control or decide what control there is to be over an arbitration." B (emphasis supplied}

102. Thus, it would be evident that if the "juridical seat" of the arbitration was in Scotland, the English courts would have no jurisdiction to entertain an Application for leave to appeal. C The contractor argued that the seat of the arbitration was Scotland whilst the employer argued that it was England. There were to be.two contractors involved with the project. The material clauses of the EPC contract were: D "1.4.1. The contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales and, subject to Clause 20.2 (Dispute Resolution), the parties agree that the courts of England and Wales have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute arising out of or in E connection with the contract. (a) ... any dispute or difference between the parties to this agreement arising out of or in connection with this agreement shall be referred to arbitration. F (b) Any reference to arbitration shall be to a single arbitrator ... and conducted in accordance with the Construction Industry Model Arbitration Rules, February 1998 Edn., subject to this clause {Arbitration Procedure) .... G {c) This arbitration agreement is subject to English law and the seat of the arbitration shall be Glasgow, Scotland. Any such reference to arbitration shall be deemed to be a reference to arbitration within the meaning of the Arbitration Act, 1996 or any statutory re-enactment." H 926 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A 103. The arbitration was to be conducted under the arbitration rules known colloquially as the "GIMAR Rules". Rule 1 of the aforesaid Rules provided that: "1.1. These Rules are to be read consistently with the Arbitration Act, 1996 (the Act), with common expressionsB having the same meaning." "1.6. (a) a single arbitrator is to be appointed, and (b) the seat of the arbitration is in England and Wales or c Northern Ireland." The Court was informed by the parties in arguments that the Scottish Court's powers of control or intervention would be, at the very least, seriously circumscribed by the parties' agreement in terms as set out in para 6 of the judgment. It was D further indicated by the counsel that the Scottish Court's powers of intervention might well be limited to cases involving such extreme circumstances as the dishonest procurement of an award. In construing the EPC, the Court relied upon the principles stated by the Court of Appeal in Naviera Amazonica E Peruana S.A. 104. Upon consideration of the entire material, the Court formed the view that it does have jurisdiction to entertain an Application by either party to the contract in question under F Section 69 of the English Arbitration Act. 1996. The Court gave the following reasons for the decision: "(a) One needs to consider what, in substance, the parties agreed was the law of the country which would juridically control the arbitration. G

(b) I attach particular importance to Clause 1.4.1. The parties agreed that essentially the English (and Welsh) courts have 'exclusive jurisdiction' to settle disputes. Although this is 'subject to' arbitration, it must and does H mean something other than being mere verbiage. lfis a ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 927 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] jurisdiction over disputes and not simply a court in which A a foreign award may be enforced. If it is in arbitration alone that disputes are to be settled and the English courts have no residual involvement in that process, this part of Clause 1.4.1 is meaningless in practice. The use of the word 'jurisdiction' suggests some form of control. B

(c) The second part of Clause 1.4.1 has some real meaning if the parties were agreeing by it that, although the agreed'disputes resolution process is arbitration, the parties agree that the English court retains such jurisdiction C to address those disputes as the law of England and Wales permits. The Arbitration Act, 1996 permits and requires the court to entertain applications under Section 69 for leave to appeal against awards which address disputes which have been referred to arbitration. By allowing such applications and then addressing the relevant D questions of law, the court will settle such disputes; even if the application is refused, the court will be applying its jurisdiction under the Arbitration Act, 1996 and providing resolution in relation to such disputes. E

(d) This reading of Clause 1.4.1 is consistent with Clause 20.2.2(c) which confirms that the arbitration agreement is subject to English law and that the 'reference; is 'deemed to be a reference to arbitration within the me~ning of the Arbitration Act, 1996'. This latter expression is extremely F odd unless the parties were agreeing that any reference to arbitration was to be treated as a reference to which the Arbitration Act, 1996 was to apply. There is no definition in the Arbitration Act, 1996 of a 'reference to arbitration', which is not a statutory term of art. The parties G presumably meant something in using the expression and the most obvious meaning is that the parties were agreeing that the Arbitration Act, 1996 should apply to the reference without qualification. (e) Looked at in this light, the parties' express agreement H 928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A that the 'seat' of arbitration _was to be Glasgow, Scotland must relate to the place in which the parties agreed that the hearings should take place. However, by all the other references the parties were agreeing that the curial law or law which governed the arbitral proceedings ... establish B that, prima facie and in the absence of agreement otherwise, the selection of a place or seat for an arbitration will determine what the curial law or 'lex fori' or 'lex arbitri' will be, [we] consider that, where in substance the parties agree that the laws of one country will govern and control c a given arbitration, the place where the arbitration is to be heard will not dictate what the governing or controlling law will be. (f) In the context of this particular case, the fact that, as both parties seemed to accept in front of me, the Scottish courts D would have no real control or interest in the arbitral proceedings other than in a criminal context, suggests that they can not have intended that the arbitral proceedings were to be conducted as an effectively 'delocalised' arbitration or in a 'transnational firmament', to borrow Kerr, E L.J.'s words in Naviera Amazonica.

(g) The CIMAR Rules are not inconsistent with my view. Their constant references to the Arbitration Act, 1996 suggest that the parties at least envisaged the possibility F that the courts of England and Wales might play some part in policing any arbitration. For instance, Rule 11.5 envisages something called 'the court' becoming involved in securing compliance with a peremptory order of the arbitrator. That would have to be the English court, in practice."G 105. In our opinion, Mr. Nariman has rightly relied upon the ratio in Braes of Doune case (supra). Learned senior counsel has rightly pointed out that unlike the situation in Naviera . Amazonica (supra), in the present case all the three laws: (i) H the law governing the substantive contract; (ii) the law governing ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 929 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of that A agreement (iii) the law governing the conduct of the arbitration are Indian. '!!..earned senior counsel has rightly submitted that the curial law of England would become applicable only if there was clear designation of the seat in London. Since the parties have deliberately chosen London as a venue, as a neutral place B to hold the meetings of arbitratioo only, it cannot be accepted that London is the seat of arbitration. We find merit in the submission of Mr. Nariman that businessmen do not intend absurd results. If seat is in London, then challenge to the award would also be in London. But the parties having chosen Indian c Arbitration Act, 1996 - Chapter Ill, IV, V and VI; Section 11 would be applicable for appointment of arbitrator in case the machinery for appointment of arbitrators agreed between the parties breaks down. This would be so since the ratio laid down in Bhatia will apply, i.e., Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 0would apply even though seat of arbitration is not in India. This position has been reversed in Ba/co, but only prospectively. Ba/co would apply to the agreements on or after 6th September, 2012. Therefore, to interpret that London has been designated as the seat would lead to absurd results. E

106. Learned senior counsel has rightly submitted that in fixing the seat in India, the court would not be faced with the complications which were faced by the English High Court in the Braes of Doune (supra). In that case, the court understood the designation of the seat to be in Glasgow as venue, on the F strength of the other factors intimately connecting the arbitration to England. If one has regard to the factors connecting the dispute to India and the absence of any factors connecting it to England, the only reasonable conclusion is that the parties have chosen London, only as the venue of the arbitration. All G the other connectJn_g factors would place the seat firmly in India. 107. The submission made by Dr. Singhvi would only be worthy of acceptance on the assumption that London is the seat. That would be to put the cart before the horse. Surely, H 930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . (2014] 2 S.C.R.

A jurisdiction of the courts can not be rested upon unsure or insecure foundations. If so, it will flounder with every gust of the wind from different directions. Given the connection to India of the entire dispute between the parties, it is difficult to accept that parties have agreed that the seat would be London and B that venue is only a misnomer. The parties having chosen the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 as the law governing the substantive contract, the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of the agreement and the law governing the conduct of the arbitration; it would, therefore, in our opinion, be vexatious and oppressive c if Enercon GMBH is permitted to compel Ell to litigate in England. This would unnecessarily give rise to the undesirable consequences so pithily pointed by Lord Brandon and Lord Dip lock in Abidin Vs. Daver. 36 It was to avoid such a situation that the High Court of England & Wales, in Braes of Doune, construed a provision designating Glasgow in Scotland as the0 seat of the arbitration as providing only for the venue of the arbitration.

108. At this stage, it would be appropriate to analyse the reasoning of the Court in Braes of Doune in support of E construing the designated seat by the parties as making a reference only to the venue of arbitration. In that case, the Court held that t~ere was no supplanting of the Scottish law by the English law, as both the seat under Section 2 and the "juridical seat" under Section 3, were held to be in England. It was further F concluded, as observed earlier, that where in substance the parties agreed that the laws of one country will govern and control a given arbitration, the place where the arbitration is to be heard will not dictate what the governing law will be. 109. In Braes of Doune, detailed examination was G undertaken by the court to discern the intention of the parties as to whether the place mentioned refers to venue or the seat of the arbitration. The factual situation in the present case is not as difficult or complex as the parties herein have only H 36." (1984] AC 398. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 931 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

designated London as a venue. Therefore, if one has to apply A the reasoning and logic of Akenhead, J., the conclusion would be irresistible that the parties have designated India as the seat. This is even more so as the parties have not,agreed that the courts in London will have exclusive jurisdiction to resolve any dispute arising out of or in connection with the contract, B which was specifically provided in Clause 1.4.1 of the EPC Contract examined by Akenhead, J. in Braes of Doune. In the present case, except for London being chosen as a convenient place/venue for holding the meetings of the arbitration, there is no other factor connecting the arbitration proceedings to c London. 110. We also do not find much substance in the submission of Dr. Singhvi that the agreement of the parties that the arbitration proceedings will be governed by the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 would not be indicative of the intention of D the parties that the seat of arbitration is India. An argument similar to the argument put forward before us by Dr. Singhvi was rejected in C vs. D by the Court of Appeal in England as well as by Akenhead, J. in Braes of Doune. Underlying reason -- for the conclusion in both the cases was that it would be rare E for the law of the arbitration agreement to be different from the law of the seat of arbitration.

111. C v. 0 37 the Court of Appeal in England was examining an appeal by the defendant insurer from the F judgment of Cooke, J. granting an anti-suit injunction preventing it from challenging an arbitration award in the US courts. The insurance policy provided that "any dispute arising under this policy shall be finally and fully determined in London, England under the provisions of the English Arbitration Act, 1950 as G amended". However, it was further provided that "this policy shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York .... " A partial award was rmi.de in favour of the claimants. It was agreed that this partial 37. [2007] EWCA Civ 1282. H 932 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R.

A award is, in English law terms, final as to what it decides. The defendant sought the tribunal's withdrawal of its findings. The defendant also intimated its intention to apply to a Federal Court applying the US Federal Arbitration Law governing the enforcement of arbitral award, which was said to permit vacatur B of an award where arbitrators have manifestly disregarded the law. It was in consequence of such an intimation that the claimant sought and obtained an interim anti-suit injunction. The Judge held that parties had agreed that any proceedings seeking to attack or set aside the partial award would only be c tho$e· permitted by the English law. It was not, therefore, permissible for the defendant to bring any proceedings in New York or elsewhere to attack the partial award. The Judge rejected the arguments to the effect that the choice of the law of New York as the proper law of the contract amounted to an agreement that the law of England should not apply to0 proceedings post award. The Judge also rejected a further argument that the separate agreement to arbitrate contained in Condition V(o) of the policy was itself governed by New York Law so that proceedings could be instituted in New York. The E Judge granted the claimant a final injunction. 112. The Court of Appeal noticed the submission on behalf of the defendant as follows:

"14. The main submission of Mr Hirst for the defendant insurer was that the Judge had been wrong to hold that theF arbitration agreement itself was governed by English law merely because the seat of the arbitration was London. He argued that the arbitration agreement itself was silent as to its proper law but that its proper law should follow the proper law of the contract as a whole, namely, New YorkG law, rather than follow from the law of the seat of the arbitration, namely, England. The fact that the arbitration itself was governed by English procedural law did not mean that it followed that the arbitration agreement itself had to be governed by English law. The proper law of the H ENERCON (!NOIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 933 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] arbitration agreement was that law with which the A agreement had the most close and real connection; if the insurance policy was governed by New York law, the law with which the arbitration agreement had its closest and most real connection was the law of New York. It would then follow that, if New York law permitted a challenge for B manifest disregard of the law, the court in England should not enjoin such a challenge." 113. Justice Longmore of Court of Appeal observed:

"16. I shall deal with Mr Hirst's arguments in due course C but, in my judgment, they fail to grapple with the central point at issue which is whether or not, by choosing London as the seat of the arbitration, the parties must be taken to have agreed that proceedings on the award should be only those permitted by English law. In my view they must be D taken to have so agreed for the reasons given by the Judge. The whole purpose of the balance achieved by the Bermuda Form (English arbitration but applying New York law to issues arising under the policy) is that judicial remedies in respect of the award should be those E permitted by English law and only those so permitted. Mr Hirst could not say (and did not say) that English judicial remedies for lack of jurisdiction on procedural irregularities under Sections 67 and 68 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 were not permitted; he was reduced to saying that New York F judicial remedies were also permitted. That, however, would be a recipe for litigation and (whatis worse) confusion which cannot have been intended by the parties. No doubt New York law has its own judicial remedies for want of jurisdiction and serious irregularity but it could G scarcely be supposed that a party aggrieved by one part of an award could proceed in one jurisdiction and a party aggrieved by another part of an award could proceed in another jurisdiction. Similarly, in the case of a single complaint about an award, it could not be supposed that H

934 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A the aggrieved party could complain in one jurisdiction and the satisfied party be entitled to ask the other jurisdiction to declare its satisfaction with the award. There would be a serious risk of parties rushing to get the first judgment or of conflicting decisions which the parties cannot have B contemplated. 17. It follows from this that a choice of seat for the arbitration must be a choice of forum for remedies seeking to attack the award." c (emphasis supplied) On the facts of the case, the Court held that the seat of the arbitration was in England and accordingly entertained the challenge to the award. ·

D 114. The cases relied upon by Dr. Singhvi relate to the phrase "arbitration in London" or expressions similar thereto. The same cannot be equated with the term "venue of arbitration proceEtdings shall be in London." Arbitration in London can be understood to include venue as well as seat; but it would be E rather stretching the imagination if "venue of arbitration shall be in London" could be understood as "seat of arbitratioo shall be London," in the absence of any other factor connecting the arbitration to London. In spite of Dr. Singhvi's seemingly attractive submission to convince us, we decline to entertain F the notion that India would not be the natural forum for all remedies in relation to the disputes, having such a close and intimate connection with India. In contrast, London is described only as a venue which Dr. Singhvi says would be the natural forum. G 115. In Shashoua, such an expression was understood as seat instead of venue, as the parties had agreed that the ICC Rules would apply to the arbitration proceedings. In Shashoua, the ratio in Naviera and Braes Daune has been followed. In H this case, the Court was concerned with the construction of the ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 935 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

shareholders' agreement between the parties, which provided A that "the venue of the arbitration shall be London, United Kingdom". It provided that the arbitration proceedings should be conducted in English in accordance with the ICC Rules and that the governing law of the shareholders' agreement itself would be the law of India. The claimants made an Application B to the High Court in New Delhi seeking interim measures of protection under Section 9 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996, prior to the institution of arbitration proceedings. Following the commencement of the arbitration, the defendant and the joint venture company raised a challenge to the jurisdiction of the c Arbitral Tribunal, which the panel heard as a preliminary issue. The Tribunal rejected the jurisdictional objection.

116. The Tribunal then made a costs award ordering the defendant to pay $140,000 and £172,373.47. The English Court gave leave to the claimant .to enforce the costs award D as a judgment. The defendant applied to the High Court of Delhi under Section 34(2)(a)(iv) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 to set aside the costs award. The claimant had obtained a charging order, which had been made final, over the defendant's property in UK. The defendant applied to the Delhi High Court for an E order .directing the claimants not to take any action to execute the charging order, pending the final disposal of the Section 34 petition in Delhi. seeking to set aside the costs award. The defendant had sought unsuccessfully to challenge the costs award in the Commercial Court under Section 68 and Section F 69 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 and to set aside the order giving leave to enforce the award. 117. Examining the fact situation in the case, the Court observed as follows: G "The basis for the court's grant of an anti-suit injunction of the kind sought depended upon the seat of the arbitration. An agreement as to the seat of an arbitration brought in the law of that country as the curial law and was analogous to an exclusive jurisdiction clause. Not only H 936 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A was there agreement to the curial law of the seat, but also to the courts of the seat having supervisory jurisdiction over the arbitration, so that, by agreeing to the seat, the parties agreed that any challenge to an interim or final award was to be made only in the courts of the place designated as B the seat of the arbitration. Although, 'venue' was not synonymous with 'seat', in an arbitration clause which provided for arbitration to be conducted in accordance with the Rules of the ICC in Paris c (a supranational body of rules), a provision that 'the venue of arbitration shall be London, United.Kingdom' did amount to the designation of a juridical seat .... " In para 54, it is further observed as follows: D "There was a ,little debate about the possibility of the issues relating to the alleged submission by the claimants to the jurisdiction of the High Court of Delhi being heard by that Court, because it was best fitted to determine such issues under the Indian law. Whilst I found this idea attractive initially, we are persuaded that it would be wrongE in principle to allow this and that it would create undue practical problems in any event. On the basis of what I have already decided, England is the seat of the arbitration and since this carries with it something akin to an exclusive jurisdiction clause, as a matter of principle the foreign court F should not decide matters which are for this Court to decide in the context of an anti-suit injunction."

(emphasis supplied) G If the aforesaid observations are applied to the facts of the present case, it would be apparent that the Indian Courts would have jurisdiction in the nature of exclusive jurisdiction over the disputes between the parties. 118. In Shashoua case (supra), Cooke, J. concluded that H London is the seat, since the phrase "venue of arbitration shall ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 937 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] be London, U.K." was accompanied by the provision in the A arbitration clause for arbitration to be conducted in accordance with the Rules of ICC in Paris (a supranational body of rules). It was also noted by Cooke, J. that "the parties have not simply provided for the location of hearings to be in London ...... " In the present case, parties have not chosen a supranational body B of rules to govern the arbitration; Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 is the law applicable to the arbitration proceedings.

119. Also, in Union of India v. McDonnell Douglas Corpn., the proposition laid down in Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. C was reiterated. In this case, the agreement provided that: "The arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the procedure provided in the Indian Arbitration Act of 1940 or any re-enactment or modification thereof. The arbitration shall be conducted in the English language. The award of D the arbitrators shall be made by majoi ity decision and shall be final and binding on the parties hereto. The seat of the arbitration proceedings shall be London, United Kingdom." 120. Construing the aforesaid clause, the Court held as E follows: "On the contrary, for the reasons given, it seems to me that by their agreement the parties have chosen English law as the law to govern their arbitration proceedings, while contractually importing from the Indian Act those provisions F of that Act which are concerned with the internal conduct of their arbitration and which are not inconsistent with the choice of English arbitral procedural law." 121. The same question was again considered by the High G Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, Commercial Court (England) in SulameRica CIA Nacional De Seguros SA v. Enesa Engenharia SA - Enesa. The Court noticed that the issue in this case depends upon the weight to be given to the ·provision in Condition 12 of the insurance policy that "the seat H 938 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A of the arbitration shall be London, England." It was observed that this necessarily carried with it the English Court's supervisory jurisdiction over the arbitration process. It was observed that "this follows from the express terms of the Arbitration Act, 1996 and, in particular, the provisions of Section B 2 which provide that Part I of the Arbitration Act, 1996 applies where the seat of the arbitration is in England and Wales or Northern Ireland. This immediately establishes a strong connection between the arbitration agreement itself and the law of England. It is for this reason that recent authorities have laid c stress upon the locations of the seat of the arbitration as an important factor in determining the proper law of the arbitration agreement." The Court thereafter makes a reference to the observations made in C v. D by the High Court as well as the Court of Appeal. The observations made in paragraph 12 have particular relevance which are as under:0 "In the Court of Appeal, Longmore, L.J., with whom the other two Lord Justices agreed, decided (again obiter) that, where there was no express choice of law for the arbitration agreement, the law with which that agreement E had its closest and most real connection was more likely to be the law of the seat of arbitration than the law of the underlying contract. He referred to Mustill, J. (as he then was) in Black Clawson International Ltd. v. Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg A.G. as saying that it would be a F rare case in which the law of the arbitration agreement was not the same as the law of the place or seat of the arbitration. Longmore, L.J. also referred to the speech of Lord Mustilf (as he had then become) in Channel Tunnel Group ltd. v. Balfour Beatty Construction ltd. and G concluded that the Law Lord was saying that, although it was exceptional for the proper law of the underlying contract to be different from the proper law of the arbitration agreement, it was less exceptional (or more common) for the proper law of that underlying contract to be different H from the curial law, the law of the seat of the arbitration. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 939

& ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] He was not expressing any view on the frequency or A otherwise of the law ofthe arbitration agreement differing from the law of the seat of the arbitration. Longmore, L.J. agreed with Mustill, J.'s earlier dictum that it would be rare for the law of the separable arbitration agreement to be different from the law of the seat of the arbitration. The B reason was 'that an agreement to arbitrate will normally have a closer and more real connection with the place where the parties have chosen to arbitrate, than C with the place of the law of the underlying contract, in cases where the parties have deliberately chosen to arbitrate, in one place, disputes which have arisen under a contract governed by the law of another place'. (C case, Bus LR p. 854, para 26)" D 122. Upon consideration of the entire matter, it was observed in SulameRica supra that "In these circumstances it is clear to me that the law with which the agreement to arbitrate has its closest and most real connection is the law of the seat of arbitration, namely, the law of England". It was thereafter E concluded by the High Court that the English law is the proper law of the agreement to arbitrate. The aforesaid observations make it abundantly clear that the submissions made by Dr. Singhvi cannot be supported F either in law or in facts. In the present case, all the chosen laws are of India, therefore, it cannot be said the laws of England would have any application.

123. We also do not find any merit in the submission of Dr. Singhvi that the close and the most intimate connection test G is wholly irrelevant in this case. It is true that the parties have specified all the three laws. But the Court in these proceedings is required to determine the seat of the arbitration, as the Respondents have taken the plea that the term "venue" in the arbitration clause actually makes a reference to the "seat" of H · 940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A the arbitration. 124. It is accepted by most of the experts in the law relating to international arbitration that in almost all the national laws, arbitrations are anchored to the seaUplace/situs of arbitration. Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration (5th8 Edn., Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York 2009), in para 3.54 concludes that "the seat of the arbitration is thus intended to be its centre of gravity." In Balco, it is further noticed that this does not mean that all proceedings of the arbitration are to be held at the seat of arbitration. The Arbitrators are at liberty to C hold meetings at a place which is of convenience to all concerned. This may become necessary as Arbitrators often come from different countries. Therefore, it may be convenient to hold all or some of the meetings of the arbitration in a location other than where the seat of arbitration is located. In D Balco, the relevant passage from Redfern and Hunter, has been quoted which is as under:

"The preceding discussion has been on the basis that there is only one 'place' of arbitration. This will be the place chosen by or on behalf of the parties; and it will beE designated in the arbitration agreement or the terms of reference or the minutes of proceedings or in some other way as the place or 'seat' of the arbitration. This does not mean, however, that the Arbitral Tribunal must hold all its meetings or hearings at the place of arbitration.F International commercial arbitration often involves people of many different nationalities, from many different countries. In these circumstances, it is by no means unusual for an Arbitral Tribunal to hold meetings-or even hearings-in a place other than the designated place ofG arbitration, either for its own convenience or for the convenience of the parties or their witnesses ... It may be more convenient for an Arbitral Tribunal sitting in one country to conduct a hearing in another country - for instance, for the purpose of taking evidence.... In such H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 941 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] circumstances each move of the Arbitral Tribunal does A not of itself mean that the seat of arbitration changes. The seat of arbitration remains the place initially agreed by or on behalf of the parties. " These observations have also been noticed in Union of B India Vs. McDonald Dug/as Corporation (supra).

125. In the present case, even though the venue of arbitration proceedings has been fixed in London, it cannot be presumed that the parties have intended the seat to be also in London. In an International Commercial Arbitration, venue can C often be different from the seat of arbitration. In such circumstances, the hearing of the arbitration will be conducted at the venue fixed by the parties, but this would not bring about a change in the seat of the arbitration. This is precisely the ratio in Braes of Dounne. Therefore, in the present case, the seat D would remain in India. 126. In Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. (supra), the Court of Appeal observed that it would always be open to the Arbitral Tribunal to hold the hearings in Lima if this were thought E to be convenient, even though the seat or forum of the arbitration would remain in London. Issue No. VI/ Re: Concurrent Jurisdicion:

127. Having held that the seat of arbitration is in India, in F our opinion, the Bombay High Court committed an error in concluding that the Courts in England would have concurrent jurisdiction. Holding that the Courts in England and India will have concurrent jurisdiction, as observed on different occasions by Courts in different jurisdictions, would lead to unnecessary G complications and inconvenience. This, in turn, would be contrary to underlying principle of the policy of dispute resolution through arbitration. The whole aim and objective of arbitration is to enable the parties to resolve the disputes speedily, economically and finally. The kind of difficulties that can be H 942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R. A caused by Courts. in two countries exercising concurrent jurisdiction over the same subject matter have been very succinctly set down by Lord Brandon in Abdin Vs. Daveu (su'pra)- as follows:- "ln this connection it is right to point out that, if concurrentB actions in respect of the same subject matter proceed together in two different countries, as seems likely if a stay is refused in the present case, one or other of the two undesirable consequences may follow: first, there may be c two conflicting judgments of the two courts concerned; or secondly, there may be an ugly rush to get one action decided ahead of the other in order to create a situation of res judicata or issue estoppel in the latter." Lord Diplock said in the same case:

D "comity demands that such ~ituation should not be permitted to occur as between courts of two civilised and friendly states"; it would be, he said, "a recipe for confusion and injustice". As Bingham LJ said in Dupont No 1 the policy of the law must be to favour the litigation of issues ·E only once in the most appropriate forum. The interests of justice require that one should take into account as a factor the risks of injustice and oppression that arise from concurrent proceedings in different jurisdictions in relation to the same subject matter." F 128. Once the seat of arbitration has been fixed in India, it would be in the nature of exclusive jurisdiction to exercise the supervisory powers over the arbitration. This view of ours will find support from the judgment of the Court of Appeal in G England in recognizing the difficulties that the parties will face in case the Courts in India and England have concurrent jurisdiction. Cooke J. in his judgment in (1) Enercon GMBH (2) Wobben Properties GMBH Vs. Enercon (India) Ltd., dated 30th November, 2012, (2012) EWHC 3711(Comm), observed H as under: ' ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 943 . & ANR: [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

"14. A lifting of the stay in this country and an appoint of A a third arbitrator under s. 18 of the English Act would, if the Indian proceedings continue and the Supreme Court decides the matter differently from the Bombay High Court and this court, give rise to the possibility of conflicting judgments with all the chaos that might entail. B In practice, therefore, the question of lifting the stay here and the grant of the anti-suit injunction against EIL are closely interconnected. 15. It cannot, in my judgment, be right that both English C and Indian courts should be free to reach inconsistent judgments on the same subject matter, whether or not the current ultimate result in India, which allows for an English court to appoint an arbitrator by virtue of s.2(4) of the English Act, will or will not involve any inconsistent judgment, and whether there is or is not a current issue D estoppels which would debar Enercon from contending that London is the seat of the arbitration, which is its primary case, giving rise, as it says, to the court's power to appoint an arbitrator under s. 18 of the English Act by virtue of s.2(1) of that Act and by reference to s.3 of that E Act. xx xxx xx xxx xx

56. Comity and the avoidance of inconsistent judgments F require that I should refrain from deciding matters which · are possibly going to be decided further in India. It would be a recipe for confusion and injustice if I were not to do so. Issue estoppels is already said to arise on the question of the seat of arbitration and curial law, and that raises very difficult questions for the court to decide. If the G stay was lifted, then I could decide the matter differently from Savant J. or from a later final decision on appeal in the Supreme Court of India, if that matter went ahead. The Indian courts are seised and should reach, in my H 944 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A judgment, a concluded decision, albeit on an expedited basis. xx xxx xx xxx xx

60. If the Supreme Court in India were, in due course, to B consider that the Bombay High Court was wrong in its conclusion as to the seat of the arbitration or that there was a prima facie valid arbitration or that the English court had concurrent supervisory jurisdiction, it would be a recipe for confusion and injustice if, in the meantime, the c English court were to conclude that England was the seat of the putative arbitration, and to assume jurisdiction over EIL and the putative arbitration, and to conclude that there was a valid arbitration agreement, whether on the basis of a good arguable case or the balance of D probabilities. Further, for it to exercise its powers, whether under s. 2(1) or 2(4) or s. 18 of the Arbitration Act in appointing a third arbitrator, would create real problems, should the Supreme Court decide differently. 61. These are the very circumstances which courts mustE strive to avoid in line with a multitude of decisions of high authority, from the Abidin Daver [1984} AC 398 onwards, including E. I. Dupont de Nemours v. Agnew [1987]2 Lloyd's Rep 585. The underlying rationale of Eder J. 's judgment leads inexorably, in my view, to the conclusion F that the issues to be determined in India, which could otherwise fall to be determined here in England, must be decided first by the Indian courts and that, despite the delay and difficulties involved, the decision of the Indian Supreme Court should be awaited. G

62. It is also fair to point out in this context that, even if I were to decide the seat issue here on the basis of full argument (which I have not heard) whether in the way that Eder J. did or otherwise, the possibility or likelihood of H one side or another wishing to appeal with subsequent ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 945 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] delay might then arise in the context of the English A proceedings. But, if I did make such a decision, in line with Eder J., I would be making a determination which is directly contrary to that of Savant J. and it seems to me that that is inappropriate as a matter of comity, whether or not there is any issue estoppels. B 63. Moreover, it would be a recipe for confusion and injustice, and to back it up with an anti-suit injunction would merely fan the flames for a continued battle, which is contrary to the principles of comity when the position C is unclear and the agreement itself is governed by Indian law." 129. In our opinion, these observations of Justice Cooke foresee the kind of intricate complexities that may arise in case the Courts of India and England were to exercise the concurrent D jurisdiction in these matters.

130. We are unable to agree with the conclusion reached by Justice Savant that the Courts in England would exercise .concurrent jurisdiction in the matter. Having concluded that the E seat of arbitration is in India, the conclusions reached by the Bombay High Court seem to be contrary in nature. In Paragraph 45, it is concluded that the law relating to arbitration agreement is the Indian Arbitration Act. Interpreting Clause 18.3, it is observed as follows:- F "45 .................... The said clause provides that the provisions of the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 shall apply. If the said clause is read in the ordinary and natural sense, the placement of the words that "the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act shall apply" .in the G last clause 18.3 indicates the specific intention of the parties to the application of the Indian Arbitration Act, not only to the Arbitration Agreement but also that the curial law or the Lex Arbitri would be the Indian Arbitration Act. The application of the Indian Arbitration Act therefore can H 946 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A be said to permeate clause-18 so that in the instant case laws (2) and (3) are same if the classification as made by the learned authors is to be applied. The reference to the Indian Arbitration Act is therefore not merely a clarification . as to the proper law of the arbitration agreement as is B sought to be contended on behalf of the Respondents. It has to be borne in mind that the parties are businessmen and would therefore not. include words without any intent or object behind them. It is in the said context, probably that the parties have also used the word "venue" rather than c the word "see?t" which is usually the phrase which is used in the clauses encompassing an Arbitration Agreement. There is therefore a clear and unequivocal indication that the parties have agreed to abide by the Indian Arbitration Act at all the stages, and therefore, the logical consequence of the same would be that in choosingD London as the venue the parties have chosen it only as a place of arbitration and not the seat of arbitration which is a juristic concept." · 131. This conclusion is reiterated in Paragraph 46 in the E following words:-

"46. The proposition that when a choice of a particular law is made, the said choice cannot be restricted to only a part of the Act or the substantive provision of that Act only. The choice is in respect of all the substantive and curial lawF provisions of the Act. The said proposition has been settled by judicial pronouncements in the recent past. ...... " 132. Having said so, learned Judge further observes as follows:- G "49. Though in terms of interpretation of Clause 18.3, this Court has reached a conclusion that the lex arbitri would be the Indian Arbitration Act. The question would be, whether the Indian Courts would have exclusive jurisdiction. H The nexus between the "seat" or the "place" of arbitration ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 947 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] vis-a-vis the procedural law i.e. the lex arbitri is well settled A by the judicial pronouncements which have been referred to in the earlier part of this judgment. A useful reference could also be made to the learned authors Redfern and Hunter who have stated thus :- 8 "the place or seat of the arbitration is not merely a matter of geography. It is the territorial link between the arbitration itself and the law of·the place in which that arbitration is legally situated .... " The choice of seat also has the effect of conferring C exclusive jurisdiction to the Courts wherein the seat is situated."

Here the Bombay High Court accepts that the seat carries with it, usually, the notion of exercising jurisdiction of the Courts 0where the seat is located. 133. Having said so, the High Court examines the question whether the English Courts can exercise jurisdictions in support of arbitration between the parties, in view of London being the venue for the arbitration meetings. In answering the aforesaid E question, the High Court proceeds on the basis that there is no agreement between the parties as regards the seat of the arbitration, having concluded in the earlier part of the judgment that the parties have intended the seat to be in India. This conclusion of the High Court is contrary to the observations F made in Shashoua (supra) which have been approvingly quoted by this Court in Balco in (Paragraph 110). On the facts of the case, the Court held that the seat of the arbitration was in England and accordingly entertained the challenge to the award. G 134. In A Vs. 8 38 again the Court of Appeal in England observed that:- 38. [2007] 1 Lloyds Report 237. H 948 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A " ..... an agreement as to the seat of an arbitration is analogous to an exclusive jurisdiction clause. Any claim for a remedy ...... as to the validity of an existing interim or final award is agreed to be made only in the courts of the place designated as the seat of arbitration." B (emphasis suppl.ied}

135. In our opinion, the conclusion reached by Justice Savant that the Courts in England would have concurrent jurisdiction runs counter to the settled position of law in India C as well as in England and is, therefore, not sustainable. The Courts in England have time and again reiterated that an agreement as to the seat is analogous to an exclusive jurisdiction clause. This agreement of the parties would include the determination by the court as to the intention of the parties. o In the present case, Savant, J. having fixed the seat in India erred in holding that the courts in India and England would exercise concurrent jurisdiction. The natural forum for all remedies, in the facts of the present case, is only India. Issue Cviil/Re: Anti-Suit Injunction: E - 136. Having held that the Courts in England would have concurrent jurisdiction, the Bombay High Court on the basis thereof concludes as follows:-

"ln view of the conclusion that this Court has reached,F namely that the English Courts would have concurrent jurisdiction to act in support of arbitration, the case of the Appellants for an anti suit injunction does not stand to scrutiny. However, in so far as the aspect of forum non-conveniens is concerned, in my view, since the Appellants G have agreed to London as the venue for arbitration, they cannot be heard to complain that the Courts at London are forum non-conveniens for them. The Appellants have appeared before the said Courts, and therefore, the case . of forum non- conveniens is bereft of any merit." H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 949 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 137. The aforesaid conclusion again ignores the principle A laid down by this Court in Oil & Natural Gas Commission Vs. Western Company of North America (supra), wherein it is held as follows:-

"As per the contract, while the parties are governed by the 8 Indian Arbitration Act and the Indian Courts have the exclusive jurisdiction to affirm or set aside the award under the said Act, the Respondent is seeking to violate the very arbitration clause on the basis of which the award have been obtained by seeking confirmation of the award in the C New York Court under the American Law. This amounts to an improper use of the forum in American (sic) in violation of the stipulation to be governed by the Indian law, which by necessary implication means a stipulation to exclude the USA Court to seek an affirmation and to seek it only under the Indian Arbitration Act from an Indian Court. D If the restraint order is not granted, serious prejudice would be occasioned and a party violating the very arbitration clause on the basis of which the award has come into existence will have secured an order enforcing the order from a foreign court in violation of that very clause .. " E

138. Again in the case of Modi Entertainment Network & Anr. (supra), it was held that :-"24(1 ). In exercising discretion to grant an anti-suit F injunction the court must be satisfied of the following aspects: (a) the defendant, against whom injunction is sought, is amenable to the personal jurisdiction of the court; (b) if the injunction is declined, the ends of justice will be defeated and injustice will be perpetuated; and (c) G the principle of comity - respect for the court in which the . commencement or continuance of action/proceeding is sought to be restrained - must be borne in mind." 139. In Paragraph 24(2) of the same decision, this Court further observed that :- H 950 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A "24(2). In a case where more forums than one are available, the court in exercise of its discretion to grant anti-suit injunction will examine as to which is the appropriate forum {forum conveniens) having regard to the convenience of the parties and may grant anti-suit B injunction in regard to proceedings which are oppressive or vexatious or in a forum non-conveniens."

140. Examining these aspects, Eder, J. in fact also came to the conclusion that the anti-suit injunction granted by the C English Court needed at-least to be stayed during the pendency of proceedings in India. The reasons given by Eder, J. in support of the conclusions are as under:-"48. Bearing these general principles in mind and recognising the permissive nature of CPR Part 62.5, the D important point, in my view, is that the claimants did not pursue their applications in the original proceedings that they issued in this court in _March 2008. On the contrary, they engaged fully (albeit perhaps reluctantly) in the Indian proceedings before the Daman court. When they lost at E first instance before Judge Shinde, they appealed to the DCC with the result indicated above. That is the choice they made. Having made that choice and now some years down the line, it seems to me that lhe English court should at least be extremely cautious to intervene at this stage -and, in Mr Edey QC's words, to "wrest" back theF proceedings to England. To do so at this stage when those proceedings are, in effect, still pending would give rise to -the "recipe for confusion and injustice" which Lord Diplock specifically warned against in The Abidin Daver as referred to in the passage of the judgment of Hobhouse JG . which I have quoted above. For that reason alone, I have decided somewhat reluctantly that I should follow the course suggested by Mr Edey QC ie that these proceedings should be stayed at least for the time being pending resolution of the Writ Petitions currently before the H

ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 951 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] BHC ...... " A 141. It must be noticed that Respondent No. 1 was initially having 51 per cent shareholding of the Appellant No.1 company, which was subsequently.increased to 56 per cent. This would be an indicator that the .Respondent No: 1 ·is actively carrying 8 on business at Daman. This Court considered the expression "carries on. business" as·it occurs in Section 20•of the Civil Procedure Code in :the case Dhodha Hqtise Vs. S. K. o( Maingi?g and observed as. follows:-"46. The expression "carries on business" and the C expression "personally works for gain" connote two different meanings. For the purpose of carrying on business only presence of a man at a place is not necessary. Such business may be carried on at a place through an agent or a manager or through a servant. The D owner may not even visit that place. The phrase "carries on business" at a certain place would, therefore, mean having an interest in a business at that place, a voice in what is done, a share in the gain or loss and some control thereover. The expression is much wid~r than what the . E expression in normal parlance connotes, because of the ambit of a civil action within the meaning of Section 9 of the Code ..... "

142. The fact that Daman trial court has jurisdiction over Fthe matter is supported by the judgment of this Court in Harshad Chiman Lal Modi {supra), which was relied upon by Mr. Nariman. The following excerpt makes it very clear:-"16 ........... The proviso to Section 16, no doubt, states that though the court cannot, in case of immovable property G situate beyond jurisdiction, grant a relief in rem still it can entertain a suit where relief ·sought can be obtained through the personal obedience of the defendant. ..... The principle on which the maxim was based was that the 39. (2006) e sec 41. H 952 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014} 2 S.C.R. A courts could grant relief in suits respecting immovabl~ property situate abroad by enforcing their judgm~nts ·by process in personam i.e. by arrest of the defendant or by attachment of his property."

B 143. This apart, we have earlier noticed that the main contract, the IPLA is to be performed in India. The governing law of the contract is the law of India. Neither party is English. One party is Indian, the other is German. The enforcement of the award will be in India. Any interim measures which are to C be sought against the assets of Appellant No. 1 ought to be in India as the assets are situated in India. We have also earlier noticed that Respondent No.1 has not only participated in the proceedings in the Daman courts and the Bombay High Court, but also filed independent proceedings under the Companies D ~t at Madras and Delhi. All these factors would indicate that Respondent No.1 does not even consider the Indian Courts as forum-non-conveniens. In view of the above, we are of the considered opinion that the objection raised by the Appellants to the continuance of the parallel proceedings in England is not wholly without justification. The only single factor which prompted E Responddnt No.1 to pursue the action in England was that the venue of the arbitration has been fixed in London: The considerations for designating a convenient venue for arbitration can not be understood as conferring concurrent jurisdiction on the English Courts over the arbitration proceedings or disputes F in general. Keeping in view the aforesaid, we are incHned to restore the anti-suit injunction granted by the Daman Trial Court.

144. For the reasons recorded above, Civil Appeal No.2087 of 2014@ SLP (C) No.10906 of 2013 is dismissed. G The fin~ings recorded by the Appellate Court that the parties can proceed to arbitration are affirmed. The findings recorded . by the Trial Court dismissing the Applica~ion under Section 45 _are set aside. In other words, the Application filed by the Respondents for reference of the dispute to arbitration under H Section 45 has been correctly allowed by the Appellate Court ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 953 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] as well as by the High Court. The findings of the High c·ourt A · are affirmed to that extent. All the disputes arising between the parties in relation to the following agreements viz. SHA, TKHA, SSHAs and STKHA, Agreed Principles and IPLA, including the controversy as to whether IPLA is a concluded contract are referred to the Arbitral Tribunal for adjudication. B

145. In the normal circumstances, we would have directed the parties to approach the two learned arbitrators, namely Mr. V.V. Veeder, QC and Mr. Justice 8.P. Jeevan Reddy to appoint the third arbitrator who shall also act as the presiding arbitrator. C However, keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case and the inordinate delay which has been caused due to the extremely convoluted and complicated proceedings indulged in by the parties, we deem it appropriate to take it upon ourselves to name the third arbitrator. A perusal of the judgment of Eder, J. gives an indication that a list of three names was D provided from which the third arbitrator could possibly be appointed. The three names are Lord Hoffmann, Sir Simon Tuckey and Sir Gordon Langley. We hereby appoint Lord ·· Hoffmann as the third arbitrator who shall act as the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal. E

146. In view of the above, Regular Civil Suit No. 9 of 2008, pending before the Court of Civil Judge, Senior Dhtision, Daman; and the Application under Section 45 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 flied in the Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007 and Contempt F Petition in relation to Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007 pending before the Bombay High Court at the instance of the Appellants are stayed. Parties are at liberty to approach the Court for the appropriate orders, upon the final award being rendered by the Arbitral Tribunal. This will not preclude the parties from seeking G interim measures under Section 9 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. 147. Civil Appeal No.2086 of 2014@ SLP (C) No.10924 ·of 2013 is partly allowed as follows: H 954 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R. . A a. The conclusion of the Bombay High Court that the seat of the arbitration is in India is upheld; b. The conclusion that the English Courts would have concurrent jurisdiction is overruled and consequently set aside; B c. The conclusion of the Bombay High Court that the anti-suit injunction granted by the Daman Trial Court has been correctly vacated by Daman Appellate Court is overruled and hence set aside. c d. Consequently, the Respondents are restrained from proceeding with any of the actions the details of which have been given in the judgment of Eder, J.

dated 23rd March, 2012 and the order dated 27th March, 2012 as well as the judgment of Justice D Cooke dated 30th November, 2012. These matters include: All or any of the. proceedings/ applications/ reliefs claimed by the Respondents in the Arbitration Claim 2011 Folio 1399, including but not limited to: E (1) Application under Section 18 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996; (2) Injunctions pursuant to Se.ction 44 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 and /or Section 37 of the Senior F Courts Act, 1981 . The Respondents are also restrained from approaching the English Courts for seeking any declaration/relief/clarification and/or to institute any proceedings that may result in delaying G or otherwise affect the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and its proceedings thereafter. 148. In view of the above, the parties are directed to proceed to arbitration in accordance with law. H R.P. Appeals disposed of.

[2014] 2 S.C.R. 855 ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. A V. ENERCON GMBH & ANR. (Civil Appeal No. 2086 of 2014 etc.) FEBRUARY 14, 2014 B [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR AND FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, JJ.] ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION ACT, 1996: c s.45 rlw s. 16 - International Commercil Arbitration - Suit for declaration that Intellectual Property Licence Agreement (IPLA) was not concluded contract and coffespondingly there was no arbitration agreement therein - Application by respondent uls 45 - Held: parties have iffevocably agreed to D resolve all the disputes through arbitration - Parties can not be permitted to avoid arbitration, without satisfying the court that it would be just and in the interest of all the parties not to proceed with arbitration - Findings recorded by appellate court that the parties can proceed to arbitration are affirmed -Findings recorded by trial court dismissing the application ul E s 45 are set aside -- Application filed by respondents for reference of the dispute to arbitration u/s 45 has been correctly allowed by appellate court as well as by High Court

- Issue as to whether there is a concluded contract between Fthe parties can be left to arbitral tribunal - All the disputes arising between the parties in relation to the following agreements viz. SHA, TKHA, SSHAs and STKHA, Agreed Principles and IPLA, including the controversy as to whether IPLA is a concluded contract are referred to arbitral tribunal for adjudication -Third arbitrator who shall act as Chairman G of Arbitral Tribunal, is appointed -- Arbitration clause (agreement) is independent of the underlying contract, i.e. the IPLA containing the arbitration clause -- s.16 provides that arbitration clause forming part of a contract shall be treated 855 H 856 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S ..C.R. A as an agreement independent of such a contract --UNCITRAL Model Law. s. 16 - Separability of arbitration clause from underlying contract - Held: Concept of separability of the arbitration clause/agreement from the underlying contract is a necessity8 to ensure that the intention of parties to resolve disputes by arbitration does not get frustrated with every challenge to legality, validity, finality or breach of the underlying contract -The Act, u/s 16 accepts the concept that the main contract and the arbitration agreement form two independent contracts C - Therefore, it cannot be accepted that Arbitration Agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised - Rule of necessity.

Arbitration clause - Seemingly unworkable arbitration D clause - Held: It would be the duty of court to make the same workable within the permissible limits of law - A common sense approach has to be adopted to give effect to the intention of parties to arbitrate - Arbitration clause cannot be construed with a purely legalistic mindset, as if one is E construing a provision in a statute - In the instant case, the arbitration clause as it stands cannot be frustrated on the ground that it is unworkable - Unworkability in the case is attributed only to the machinery provision - Arbitration agreement, otherwise, fulfils the criteria laid down u/s 44 of the F Act - Given that two arbitrators have been appointed, the missing line that "the two arbitrators appointed by the parties shall appoint the third arbitrator" can be read into the arbitration clause - Omission is so obvious that the court can legitimately supply the missing line - In the circumstances, G the Court would apply the officious bystander principle -Parties can be permitted to proced to arbitration. 'Seat' of arbitration and 'venue' -- International Commercial Arbitration - Held: In an International Commercial Arbitration, venue can often be different from the. H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 857 & ANR.

seat of arbitration - In the instant case all the three laws: (i) A the law governing the substantive contract; (ii) the law governing the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of that agreement; and (iii) the law governing the conduct of the arbitration, are Indian - Therefore, the parties have designated India as the seat - Parties being Indian and German, except B for London being chosen as a convenient place/venue for holding the meetings of arbitration, there is no other factor connecting the arbitration proceedings to London - In such circumstances, hearing of arbitration will be conducted at the venue fixed by the parties, but this would not bring about a c change in the seat of arbitration - Therefore, the seat would remain in India. Concurrent jurisdiction - International Commercial Arbitration - Held: High Court having fixed the seat in India, committed an error in concluding that Courts in England D would have concurrent jurisdiction - It runs counter to the settled position of law in India as well as in England and would lead to unnecessary complications and inconvenience - Once the seat of arbitration has been fixed in India, it would be in the nature of exclusive jurisdiction to exercise the supervisory E powers over the arbitration - In view of s. 2, CPC, Daman trial court (India) has jurisdiction over the matter. Anti suit injunction - International Commercial Arbitration

- Suit in Daman court (India) for declaration that substantial F contract was not a concluded contract and correspondingly there was no arbitration agreement therein - Anti suit injunction granted by Daman Court against proceedings initiated in the English High Court - Held: Conclusion of the Bombay High Court that the anti-suit injunction granted by the G Daman trial court has been correctly vacated by Daman appellate court is overruled and set aside -- Consequential directions given in the judgment. Appellants No.2 and 3 and respondent No.1 (a company incorporated under the laws of Germany, H 858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R.

A having its registered office in Germany), entered into a joint venture business by setting up appellant No. 1-Company - Enercon (India) Ltd., with its registered office at Daman. On12.1.1994 appellants nos. 2 and 3 entered into a Share Holding Agreement (SHA) with respondent B no. 1. On the same day appellant no. 1 and respondent no. 1 entered into a Technical Know-How Agreement ("TKHA"). On 29-9-2006, the appellants and respondent No. 1 executed an Intellectual Property License Agreement ("IPLA"). Dispute arose between the parties c and appellants No.2 and 3 filed a derivative suit before the Bombay High Court, seeking resumption of supplies, parts and components. In the said suit, respondent No.1 took out an application u/s 45 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (the Act). Respondent no.1 also initiated proceedings before the High Court of Justice,0 Queens Bench Division, Commercial Court, United Kingdom ("the English High Court"). The reliefs which were claimed included the constitution of an arbitral tribunal under the IPLA. On 8-4-2008, the appellants filed Regular Suit No. 9 of 2008 (Daman Suit) before the Court E of Civil Judge, Sr. Division, ("Daman Trial Court") seeking, inter alia, a declaration to the effect that the draft IPLA was not a concluded contract and correspondingly there was no arbitration agreement between the parties to the draft IPLA. The Daman Trial Court passed an order in the F favour of the appellants, wherein the respondents were directed to maintain status quo with regard to the proceedings initiated by them before the English High Court. The respondents filed an application u/s 45 of the Act in the Daman Suit. The appellants moved an G application for interim injunction ex-parte in the same suit, seeking to restrain the respondents from pursuing the proceedings they had initiated in the English High Court (anti-arbitration injunction). The Daman Court dismissed the application u/s 45 of the Act on 5-1-2009 and allowed H the application filed by the appellants, seeking interim ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 859

& ANR. reliefs in the form of anti-arbitration injunction. The A respondents filed four appeals, which were allowed by the District Cpurt of Daman ("Daman Appellate Court). The anti-arbitration injunction was vacated, and the application u/s 45 of the Act was allowed. The appellants filed two writ petitions before the High Court of Bombay, B which ultimately held: (a) "Prima facie, there is an arbitration agreement; (b) The curial law of the arbitration agreement is India; (c) London, designated as the venue in Clause 18.3 of the draft IPLA, is only a convenient geographical location; (d) London is not the seat; and (e) c English Courts have concurrent jurisciiction since the venue of arbitration is London." In the instant appeals, the following issues arose for consideration of the Court: D "(i) Is the IPLA a valid and concluded contract? (ii) Is it for the Court to decide issue No. (i) or should it be left to be considered by the Arbitral Tribunal? E (iii) Linked to (i) and (ii) is the issue whether the appellants can refuse to join arbitration on the plea that there is no concluded IPLA"? "(iv) Assuming that the IPLA is a concluded F contract; is the Arbitration Clause 18.1 vague and unworkable." "(v) In case the arbitration clause is held to be workable, is the seat of arbitration in London G or in India?

(vi) In the event it is held that the seat is in India, would the English Courts have the concurrent jurisdiction for taking such measures as required in support of the arbitration as the H 860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A venue for the arbitration proceedings is London? (vii) Linked to (v) and (vi) is the issue whether the Appellants are entitled for an anti-suit injunction?"8 Disposing of the appeals, the Court HELD: c Issues (i), (ii) and (iii):

1.1 There is a legal relationship between the parties of a long standing. Section 44 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (the Act) applies to arbitral awards of differences between persons arising out of legal D proceedings. Such a relationship may be contractual or not, so long it is considered as commercial under the laws in force in India. Further, that legal relationship must be in pursuance of an agreement, in writing, for arbitration, to which the New York Convention applies. E The court can decline to make a reference to arbitration in case it finds that the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. There are no pleadings to that effect in the plaint. Before this Court also, it is not the plea of the appellants that the F agreement is null and void, inoperative and incapable of being performed as it violates any of the provisions u/ss 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19A and 20 of the Contract Act, 1872. The issue as to whether there is a concluded contract between the parties can be left to the arbitral tribunal. G [para 75) (907-E-G; 908-C-D; 909-B] 1.2 All the issues raised by the appellants about the non-existence of a concluded contract pale into insignificance in the face of "Heads of Agreement on the proposed IPLA dated 23.5. 2006". A bare perusal of this H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMSH 861 & ANR.

clause makes it abundantly clear that the parties have A irrevocably agreed that clause 18 of the proposed IPLA shall apply to settle any dispute or claim that arises out of or in connection with this Memorandum of Understanding and negotiations relating to IPLA. It must also be noticed that the relationship between the parties B formally commenced on 12.1.1994 when the parties entered into the first SHA and TKHA. Even under that SHA, Art. 16 inter alia provided for resolution of disputes by arbitration. The TKHA also contained an identically worded arbitration clause, under Article XIX. This c intention to arbitrate has continued without waiver. In the face of this, the question of the concluded contract becomes irrelevant, for the purposes of making the reference to arbitral tribunal. [para 76-77] [909-C-D, G-H; 910-A-B] D

1.3 It must be clarified that the doubt raised by the appellant i·s that there is no concluded IPLA, i.e. the substantive contract. But this can have no effect on the existence of a binding arbitration agreement in view of Clause 3. The parties have irrevocably agreed to resolve E all the disputes through arbitration. Parties can not be permitted to avoid arbitration; without satisfying the court that it would be just and in the interest of all the parties not to proceed with arbitration. Besides; in arbitration proceedings, courts are required to aid and support the F arbitral pr~cess, and not to bring it to a grinding halt. This would be of no benefit to any of the parties. [para 77] [910-B-E] 1.4 Further, the arbitration agreement contained in G clause 18.1 to 18.3 of IPLA is very widely worded and would include all the disputes, controversies or differences concerning the legal relationship between the parties. It would include the. disputes arising in respect of the IPLA with regard to its validity, interpretation, H 862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A construction, performance, enforcement or its alleged breach. [para 79) [910-F-G]

1.5 Whilst interpreting the arbitration agreement and/ or the arbitration clause, the court must be conscious of the overarching policy of least intervention by courts or8 judicial authorities in matters covered by the Act. In this view of the matter, it is not possible to accept that the arbitration agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised. This is also because the arbitration clause (agreement) is independent of the underlying contract, i.e. C the IPLA containing the arbitration clause. Section 16 provides that the arbitration clause forming part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of such a contract. [para 79] [910-G-H; 911-A-B] D 1.6 In the facts of the case, this Court holds that the parties must proceed with the arbitration. All the difficulties pointed out on behalf of appellants can be addressed by the arbitral tribunal. [para 78] [910-E-F]

1. 7 The concept of separability of the arbitrationE clause/agreement from the underlying contract is a necessity to ensure that the intention of the parties to resolve the disputes by arbitration does not get frustrated with every challenge to the legality, validity, finality or breach of the underlying contract. The Act, u/s 16 accepts F the concept that the main contract and the arbitration agreement form two independent contracts. Commercial rights and obligations are contained in the underlying, substantive, or the main contract. It is followed by a second contract, which expresses the agreement and G the intention of the parties to resolve the disputes relating to the underlying contract through arbitration. A remedy is elected by parties outside the normal civil court remedy. It is true that support of the National Courts would be required to ensure the success of arbitration, H but this would not detract from the legitimacy or ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 863 &ANR. independence of the collateral arbitration agreement, A even if it is contained in a contract, which is claimed to be void or voidable or unconcluded by one of the parties. Therefore, it cannot be accepted that Arbitration Agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised. [para 80-81] [911-C-F; 913-C] B Reva Electric Car Company P. Ltd. v. Green Mobil. 2011

(13) SCR 359 = 2012(2) sec 93; Today Homes and Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. vs. Ludhiana Improvement Trust and Anr., 2013 (7) SCALE 327 - relied on. c Issue (iv) 2.1 Respondent No.1 is the licensor and respondent No.2 is 100% shareholder of respondent No.1, but that is not the same as being an independent licensor. [para 82] [913-F] D 2.2 The courts have to adopt a pragmatic approach and not a pedantic or technical approach while interpreting or construing an arbitration agreement or arbitration clause. Therefore, when faced with a E seemingly unworkable arbitration clause, it would be the duty of the court to make the same workable within the permissible limits of the law, without stretching it beyond the boundaries of recognition. A common sense approach has to be adopted to give effect to the intention F of the parties to arbitrate. In such a case, the court ought to adopt the attitude of a reasonable business person, having business common sense as well as being equipped with the knowledge that may be peculiar to the business venture. The arbitration clause cannot be construed with a purely legalistic mindset, as if one is G construing a provision in a statute. [para 83] [913-G-H; 914-A-C] Visa International Ltd. v. Continental Resources (USA) Ltd. 2008 (16) SCR 1043 = 2009 (2) SCC 55 Nandan H 864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Biometrix Ltd. v. D./. Oils. 2009 (3) SCR 115 = 2009 (4) SCC 495 - relied on.

The Antaios Compania Neviera SA v Salen Rederiema AB [1985] 1 AC 191 - referred to. B 2.3 It is a well recognized principle of arbitration jurisprudence in almost all the jurisdictions, especially those following the UNCITRAL Model Law, that the courts play a supportive role in encouraging the arbitration to proceed rather than letting it come to a grinding halt. C Another equally important principle recognized in almost all jurisdictions is the least intervention by the courts. Under the Act, s.5 specifically lays down, "Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, in matters governed by this Part, o no judicial authority shall intervene except where so provided in this Part". [para 84] [915-H; 916-A-B]

2.4 Therefore, in the instant case, the arbitration clause as it stands cannot be frustrated on the ground that it is unworkable. The un-workability in the case is E attributed only to the machinery provision. And the arbitration agreement, otherwise, fulfils the criteria laid down u/s 44 of the Act. Given that two arbitrators have been appointed, the missing line that "the two arbitrators appointed by the parties shall appoint the third arbitrator" F can be read into the arbitration clause. The omission is so obvious that the court can legitimately supply the missing line. In these circumstances, the Court would apply the officious bystander principle. It is permissible for the court to construe the arbitration clause in a G particular manner to make the same workable when there is a defect or an omission in it, albeit such an exercise would not permit the court to re-write the contract. In the instant case, the crucial line which seems to be an omission or an error can be inserted by the court. [para H 84-86] [916-C-E; 917-E-F] ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 865 &ANR. Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. Vs. Jain Studio Ltd. 2006 A (1) SCR 933 = 2006 (2) SCC 628 - referred to. Shir/aw v. Southern Foundries [1937 S. 1835] referred to Halsbury's Laws of England Vol. 13, Fourth Edition, B 2007 Reissue - referred to.

2.5 The object of ss. 10 and 11 of the Act is to avoid failure of the arbitration agreement or the arbitration clause if contained in contract. Under s. 10(1 ), there is freedom given to the parties to determine the number of C arbitrators, provided that such number shall not be an ~ even number. The arbitration clause in the instant case provides that the arbitral tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators. Further, it must also be noticed that the respondents have been trying to seek adjudication of D disputes by arbitration. Respondent No.2 in its email dated 13.3. 2008 clearly offered that the third and the presiding arbitrator be appointed by the respective arbitrators of the appellants and the respondents. On the other hand, the attitude of the appellants is to avoid E arbitration at ·any cost. The parties can be permitted to proceed to arbitration. [para 87-88] [918-D-F; 919-E] MMTC v. Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. 1996 (8) Suppl. SCR 676 = 1996 (6) SCC 716 - referred to. F Issue No. v/Re: Seat

3.1 There are very strong indicators to suggest that the parties always understood that the seat of arbitration would be in India, and London would only be the "venue" to hold the proceedings of arbitration. Applying the G closest and the intimate connection to arbitration, it would be seen that the parties had agreed that the provisions of the Act would apply to the arbitration proceedings. By making such a choice, the parties have made the curial law provisions contained in Chapters Ill, H 866 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A IV, V and VI of the Act applicable. In the instant case, London is mentioned only as a "venue" of arbitration, which, in the facts of the case cannot be read as the "seat" of arbitration. This is also because, all the three laws applicable in arbitration proceedings are Indian laws. B The law governing the contract, the law governing the arbitration agreement and the law of arbitration/curial law are all stated to be Indian. [para 90-91] [919-G-H; 920-B-C, D-F] 'Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. Vs. Compania C Internacional De Seguros Del Peru 1988 (1) Lloyd's Rep 116 - relied on. Bharat Aluminium Company Vs. Kaiser Aluminium 2012 · (12) SCR 327 = 2012 (9) SCC 552 - referred to. D James Miller & Partners Ltd. v. Whitworth Street Estates (Manchester) Ltd. [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 269; [1970] A.C.583; Mustill, J. in Black Clawson International Ltd. v. Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg A.G. [1981] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 446 at P. 453 - referred to. E

Dicey & Morris on the Conflict of Laws (11th Edn.) -cited. 3.2 In the instant case all the three laws: (i) the law governing the substantive contract; (ii) the law governing F the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of that agreement; and (iii) the law governing the conduct of the arbitration, are Indian. The curial law of England would become applicable only if there was clear designation of the seat in London. Since the parties have deliberately G chosen London as a venue, as a neutral ptace to hold the meetings of arbitration only, it cannot be accepted that London is the seat of arbitration. Businessmen do not intend absurd results. If seat is in London, then challenge to the award would also be in London. But the parties H having chosen Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 - Chapter Ill, ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 867 &ANR. IV, V and VI, s.11 would be applicable for appointment of A arbitrator in case the machinery for appointment of arbitrators agreed between the parties breaks down. Therefore, to interpret that London has been designated as the seat would lead to absurd results, and it would, therefore, be vexatious and oppressive if respondent no. 8 1 is permitted to compel. appellant n_o. 1 to litigate in England.' This would unnecessarily give. rise to the undesirable consequences. [para 105 and 107] [928-H; 929-A-E; 930-C]

Braes of Doune Wind Farm (Scotland) Limited Vs. Alfred C McA/pine Business Services Limited [2008] EWHC 426 (TCC) • relied on. Abidin Vs. Daver. [1984] AC 398 • referred to. 3.3 In the instant case, the parties have only D designated London as a venue. Therefore, the parties have designated India as the seat. This is even more so as the parties have not agreed that the courts in London will have exclusive jurisdiction to resolve any dispute arising out of or in connection with the contract. In the E instant case, except for London being chosen as a convenient place/venue for holding the meetings of the arbitration, there is no other factor connecting the arbitration proceedings to London. [para 109] [930-H; 931-A·C] F C v. D [2007] EWCA Civ 1282 • referred to. Shashoua v. Sharma, (2009) 2 LLR 376 - distinguished. 3.4 In an International Commercial Arbitration, venue can often be different from the seat of arbitration. In such G circumstances, the hearing of the arbitration will be conducted at the venue fixed by the parties, but this would not bring about a change in the seat of the arbitration. Therefore, in the instant case, the seat would remain in India. [para 125] [941-C-D] H . 868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Braes of Doune Wind Farm (Scotland) Limited Vs. Alfred McAlpine Business Services Limited [2008] EWHC 426 (TCC); 'Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. Vs. Compania Internacional De Seguros Del Peru 1988 (1) Lloyd's Rep 116 - referred to. B

Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration (5th Edn., Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York 2009), referred to. Issue No. vi/ Re: Concurrent Jurisdicion: C 4.1 The High Court having fixed the seat in India, committed an error in concluding that the Courts in England would have concurrent jurisdiction. It runs counter to the settled position of law in India as well as in England and would lead to unnecessary complications o and inconvenience. This, in turn, would be contrary to underlying principle of the policy of dispute resolution through arbitration. The whole aim and objective of arbitration is to enable the parties to resolve the disputes speedily, economically and finally. Once the seat of E arbitration has been fixed in India, it would be in the nature of exclusive jurisdiction to exercise the supervisory powers over the arbitration. [para 127 and 128] [941-F-H; 942-F-G] (1) Enercon GMBH (2) Wobben Properties GMBH Vs. F Enercon (India) Ltd., (2012) EWHC 3711(Comm) - referred to. 4.2 The Courts in England have time and again reiterated that an agreement as to the seat is analogous G to an exclusive jurisdiction clause. This agreement of the parties would include the determination by the court as to the intention of the parties. The natural forum for all remedies, in the facts of the instant case, is only India. [para 135] [948-C-D] H , ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 869 & ANR.

Shashoua v. Sharma, (2009) 2 LLR 376 Bharat A Aluminium Company Vs. Kaiser Aluminium 2012 (12) SCR 327 = 2012 (9) SCC 552; A Vs. B [2007] 1 Lloyds Report 237 - referred to. Issue (vii)IRe: Anti-Suit Injunction: B 5.1 It must be noticed that respondent No. 1 was initially having 51 per cent shareholding of appellant No.1 company, which was subsequently increased to 56 per cent. This would be an indicator that respondent No. 1 is actively carrying on business at Daman. This Court C considered the expression "carries on business" as it occurs in s.20 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Therefore, Daman Trial Court has jurisdiction over the matter. [para 141 and 142] [951-A-B, F] D Oil & Natural Gas Commission Vs .. Western Company of Norlh America 1987 SCR (1) 1024; Modi Entertainment Network & Anr. Vs. W S. G. Cricket Pte. Ltd. 2003 (1) SCR 480 = 2003 (4) SCC 341; Dhodha House Vs. S.K. Maingi 2005 (5) Suppl. SCR 751 = 2006 (9) SCC 41- referred to. E Harshad Chiman Lal Modi Vs. DLF Universal 2005 (3) Suppl. SCR 495 = 2005 (7) SCC 791 - relied on.

5.2 Besides, the main contract, the IPLA is to be performed in India. The governing law of the contract is F the law of India. Neither party is English. One party is Indian, the other is German. The enforcement of the award will be in India. Any interim measures which are to be sought against the assets of appellant No. 1 ought to be in India as the assets are situated in India. G Respondent No.1 has not only participated in the proceedings in the Daman courts and the Bombay High Court, but also filed iridependent proceedings under the Companies Act at Madras and Delhi. All these factors would indicate that respondent No.1 does not even H 870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A consider the Indian courts as forum-non-conveniens. In this view of the matter, this Court is of the considered opinion that the objection raised by the appellants to the continuance of the parallel proceedings in England is not wholly without justification. The only single factor which B prompted respondent No.1 to pursue. the action in England was that the venue of the arbitration has been fixed in London. The considerations for designating a convenient venue for arbitration can not be understood as conferring concurrent jurisdiction on the English C Courts over the arbitration proceedings or disputes in general. Therefore, this Court is inclined to restore the anti-suit injunction granted by the Daman trial court. [para 143] [952-B-F]

6.1 In the result, the findings recorded by the D Appellate Court that the parties can proceed to arbitration are affirmed. The findings recorded by the Trial Court dismissing the application u/s 45 of the Act are set aside. The application filed by respondents for reference of the dispute to arbitration u/s 45 has been correctly allowed E by the Appellate Court as well as by the High Court. The findings of the High Court are affirmed to that extent. All the disputes arising between the parties in relation to the agreements, viz. SHA, TKHA, SSHAs and STKHA, Agreed Principles and IPLA, including the controversy as to F whether IPLA is a concluded contract are referred to the arbitral tribunal for adjudication. The third arbitrator who shall act as the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal is appointed. [para 144-145] [952-G-H; 953-A-B, E] 6.2 Regular Civil Suit No. 9 of 2008, pending before G the Court of Civil Judge, Senior Division, Daman, and the application u/s 45 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 filed in the Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007 and Contempt Petition in relation to Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007 pending before the Bombay High Court at the instance of the appellants are H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 871 &ANR. stayed. Parties are at liberty to approach the court for the A appropriate orders, upon the final award being rendered by the Arbitral Tribunal. This will not preclude the parties from seeking interim measures uls 9 of the Act. [para 146] [953-E-G]

8 6.3 (a) The conclusion of the Bombay High Court that the seat of the arbitration is in India is upheld; (b) The conclusion that the English Courts would have concurrent jurisdiction is overruled and consequently set aside; (c) The conclusion of the Bombay High Court' that the anti-suit injunction granted by the Daman Trial Court C has been correctly vacated by Daman Appellate Court is overruled and set aside; (d) Consequential directions given in the judgment. [para 147] [953-A-D] Godhra Electricity Co. Ltd. And Anr. Vs. The State of D Gujarat and Anr. 1975 (2) SCR 42 = 1975 (1) SCC 199; · Kol/ipara vs." Aswathanarayana (1968) 3 SCR 387 and Dresser Rand vs. Bindal Agro. 2006 (1) SCR 308 =2006 (1) SCC 751; Chloro Controls (/) Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. & Ors. 2013 (1) SCC 641; National Insurance E Company Ltd. V. Bhogara Polyfab Pvt. Ltd. 2008 (13) SCR 638 = 2009 (1) SCC 267; Jagdish Chander v. Ramesh Chander & Ors. 2007 (5) SCR 720 = 2007 (5) SCC 719 Smt. Rukmanibai Gupta v. Collector, Jabalpur & Ors. 1980 (4) SCC. 556; Grasim Industries Ltd. & Anr. v. Agarwal Steel 2009 (15) F SCR 283 = 2010 (1) SCC 83; and J.K. Jain v. Delhi Development Authority 1995(4) Suppl. SCR 72 = 1995 (6) SCC 571; Dozco India Pvt. Ltd. V. Doosan lnfracore Company Ltd. 2010 (12) SCR 259 = 2011 (6) SCC 179;

Videocon Industries v. Union of India 2011 (8) SCR 569 = 2011 (6) SCC 161; Yograj Infrastructure Ltd. V. Ssang Yong G Engineering and Construction Ltd. 2011 (14) SCR 301 = 2011 (9) sec 735 - cited. British Electrical vs. Patley Pressings, [1953] 1 WLR 280 Harvey vs. Pratt, [1965] 1 W.L.R. 1025; Bushwall vs. Vortex, H 872 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A [1976] 1 WLR 591; C vs. D. (2007) 2 Lloyd's Law Reports 367 and Union of India vis McDonnel. (1993) 2 Lloyd's Rep 48 - cited. Case Law Reference: B 1975 (2) SCR 42 cited para 35 1975 (1) 199 cited para 35 -, sec [1953] 1 WLR 280 cited para 36 c (1965] 1 W.L.R. 1025 cited para 36 (1976] 1 WLR 591 cited para 36 (1968) 3 SCR 387 cited para 36 2006 (1) SCR 308 cited para 36 D 2013 (1) sec 641 cited para 37 2006 (1) SCR 933 referred to para 39 1988 (1) Lloyd's Rep 116 relied on Para 40 2012 (12) SCR 327 referred to Para 40E 1987 SCR (1) 1024 referred to Para 44 2003 (1) SCR 480 referred to p~ra 44 2005 (3) Suppl. SCR 495 relied on para 46 F 2008 (13) SCR 638 cited para 49 1996 (8) Suppl. SCR 676 referred to para 55 2008 (16) SCR 1043 relied on para 55 G 2007 (5) SCR 720 cited para 55 2009 (3) SCR 115 relied on para 55 2009 (15) SCR 283 cited para 58 1995 (4) Suppl. SCR 72 cited para 58 H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 873 &ANR.

(2009) 2 LLR 376 distinguished para 61 A 2010 (12) SCR 259 cited para 61 2011 (14) SCR 301 cited para 61 2011 (8) SCR 569 cited para 61 B (2007) 2 Lloyd's Law cited para 66 Reports 367 (19993) 2 Lloyd's Rep 48 cited para 66 2011 (13) SCR 359 cited Para 68 c [1985) 1 AC 191 referred to para 83 [1937 s. 1835) referred to para 85 [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 269 : referred to para 92 D [1970) A.C.583 [1981) 2 Lloyd's Rep. 446 referred to para 92 [2008]EWHC 426 (TCC) relied on Para 99 E [2007) EWCA Civ 1282 referred to Para 111 (2012) EWHC 3711 (Comm) referred to Para 134 [2007) 1 Lloyds Report 237 referred to Para 134 F 2005 (5) Suppl. SCR 751 referred to Para 141 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2086 of 2014. From the Judgment and Order dated 05.10.2012 of the G High Court of Bombay in CWP No. 7636 of 2009. WITH Civil Appeal No. 2087 of 2014. Rohinton Nariman, Nikhil Sakhardande, Ashim Sood, H 874 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Manu Agarwal, Sonali Mathur, Swagata Naik, N. Ganpathy for the Appellants, Dr. A.M. Singhvi, C.U. Singh, Akhil Sibal, Vivek A. Vashi, Naira Jejeebhoy, Jehangir Jejeebhoy, Kum Kum Sen, Shamika B Haldipurkar, Nidiram Sharma, Nikhil Chawla for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J. 1. Leave granted.

c 2. These civil appeals have been filed against the order and judgment dated 5th October, 2012, passed by the Bombay High Court in CWP Nos.7804 of 2009 and 7636 of 2009. The Bombay High Court by the impugned order dismissed both the D aforesaid Civil Writ Petitions. 3. Appellants No.2 and 3 (members of the Mehra family) and the Respondent No.1 (a company incorporated under the laws of Germany, having its registered office at Aurich, Germany) entered into a joint venture business by setting up E the Appellant No. 1-Company- Enercon (India) Ltd. (hereinaft~r referred to as "Ell"), in 1994. !;IL, having its registered<office at Daman, was to manufacture and sell Wind Turbine' Generators (''WTGs") in India. One Dr. Alloys Wobben is the Chairman of the Respondent No.1. Respondent No.2, a F company incorporated under the laws of Germany, has the patent of technology in connection with the aforesaid WTGs. In furtherance of their business venture, the parties entered into various agreements, which can be briefly noticed: G Share Holding Agreement: 4. On 12th January, 1994, the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3 entered into a Share Holding Agreement ("SHA") with the Respondent No.1. In terms of the SHA, the Respondent No. 1 was to hold 51% shares of the Appellant No. 1-Company, and H the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3, collectively, were to hold 4~% ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 875 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] shares. A Technical Know How Agreement:

5. On the same day, i.e. 12th January, 1994, the Appellant No. 1 and the Respondent No. 1 entered into a Technical Know-How Agreement ("TKHA") by which the Respondent No. 1 B agreed to transfer to the Appellant No. 1 the right and the technical know-how for the manufacture of WTGs specified therein and their components. Under the terms of the TKHA, the Respondent No. 1 has to supply special components to the Appellant No. 1. Under the TKHA, the Respondent No. 1 is the C licensor and the Appellants are the licensees. Supplementary Shareholding Agreements: 6. The SHA was subsequently amended by two Supplementary Share Holding Agreements ("SSHAs") dated D 19th May, 1998 and 19th May, 2000. Pursuant to the said SSHAs, the shareholding of Respondent No. 1 in the Appellant No.' 1-Company increased to 56% whilst the shareholding of the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3 was reduced to 44%. " E Supplementary Technical Know-How Agreement: 7. A Supplementary Technical Know-How Agreeme'nt ("STKHA") amending the TKHA was executed on 19th May, 2000, by which a further license to manufacture the E-30 and F E-40 WTGs was granted by the Respondent No. 1 to the Appellants. Heads of Agreement:

8. In April 2004, the period of the TKHA expired; however, G. the Respondent No. 1 continued to supply the WTGs and components to the Appellant No.1. At this stage, there were discussions between the parties about the possibility of a further agreement which would cover future technologies developed by Respondents. On 23rd May, 2006, these negotiations were H 876 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A recorded in a document titled "Heads of Agreement". Agreed Principles: 9. On 29th September, 2006, the Appellants and the Respondent No. 1. entered into what is known as the "Agreed 8 Principles" for the use and supply of the windmill technology. The second page of the Agreed Principles, inter alia, provides as follows: "The Agreed Principles as mentioned above, in their form c and substance, would be the basis of all the final agreements which shall be finally executed. The agreed principles shall be finally incorporated into the A. IPLA "Draft enclosed" D B. Successive Technology Transfer Agreement C. Name Use Licence Agreement D. Amendment to Existing Share Holding Agreement. E The above agreements will be made to the satisfaction of all parties. And then shall be legally executed." IPLA (dated 29th September, 2006):

F 10. On the same day, i.e. 29th September, 2006, Intellectual Property License Agreement ("IPLA") was executed between the parties. It appears that Appellant No.2 has signed the IPLA on behalf of the Appellants No. 2 and 3. However, the Appellants have contended that this IPLA is not a concluded G contract. According to the Appellants, the draft IPLA was initialled by Appellant No.2 only for the purpose of identification, with the clear understanding that the said draft still contained certain discrepancies which had to be brought in line with the Agreed Principles. Thus, the case of the Appellant is that the H draft lPLA was not a concluded contract. On the other hand, ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 877 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Respondent No.1 has taken the stand that IPLA is a concluded A contract and hence, binding on the parties. Both the parties refer to various e-mails/letters addressed to each other for substantiating their respective stands. It would be useful to notice here some of the emails and other communication exchanged between the parties: B E-mails, letters & Text message: i. 30.09.2006: A handwritten letter was addressed by Appellant No.2 to Dr. Wobben, Chairman of Respondent No. 2. In this letter, Appellant No.2 c admits signing the IPLA. The fact that IPLA does not provide for E-82 model is also referred to in this letter.

ii. 02.10.2006: Dr. Wobben, Chairman of Respondent D No.2, addressed a letter to Appellant No.2, stating therein his offer to acquire 6% of Equity shares of the Appellant No.1 Company which were being held by the Mehra Family, for 40 million Euros. E iii. 04.10.2006: Email by one Ms. Nicole Fritsch, on behalf of Respondent no.1, wherein it was inter alia stated as follows: " ... we will do our utmost to prepare/adapt the agreements according to the agreed principles until F 19, October and will send the drafts to you." iv. 18.10.2006: Ms. Fritsch wrote a letter to the Appellant No.2, stating therein that IPLA has been signed on 29th September, 2006 and also that the G drafts of the remaining agreements have been • prepared in the light of the Agreed Principles. v. 01.11.2006: SMS/text message sent by Dr. Wobben to the Appellant No.2, wherein it was stated that he wishes to buy 12% of shares held by H 878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Appellant No.2 for 40 million Euros. vi. 03.11.2006: E-mail written by the Appellant No.2 to Dr. Wobben, wherein the aforesaid offer of acquisition of shares of the Appellant No.1 company was rejected. Further, Appellant No.2 wrote that itB would be a prudent exercise to put together the IPLA and the relevant amendments to the SHA in good shape, so that Agreed Principles get reflected in the documents at the time of their c signing. Appellant No.2 also highlighted certain discrepancies between IPLA and the Agreed Principles.

vii. 24.11.2006: E-mail sent by Ms. Fritsch to Appellant No.2, wherein she apologised for the delay in D sending outstanding drafts of the "Final IPLA, Shareholding Agreement, and other Successive Agreements". It was also mentioned that there are some discrepancies in the contracts and the Agreed Principles for which the Respondent has to E discuss the matter internally. viii. 01.01.2007: Ms. Fritsch wrote an email to the Appellant No.2, wherein it was stated that the Respondent No.2 would be sending the revised drafts of the outstanding contracts to the Appellants, F so as to let Appellant No.2 and their lawyers verify those drafts. ix. 29.01.2007: Ms. Fritsch forwarded the amended SHA of 1994, Corporate Name User Agreement, G and Successive Technology Licence Agreement to Appellant No.2. • x. 31.01.2007: An email was sent to Respondent No.1 by the Appellant No.1, wherein it was categorically stated that the IPLA is not a "dor.e deal," the sameH ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 879 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] being not in conformity with the Agreed Principles. A

11. The Appellants claim that Respondent No.1, in February, 2007, unilaterally decided to stop all shipments of supplies to India in order to pressurize them to sell the share holding as desired by Dr. Wobben. However in March, 2007, B after discussions between the parties, Respondent No.1 resumed supplies. Thereafter, the supplies were stopped once again in July, 2007. This was followed by institution of the following legal proceedings: LITIGATION: c 12. We may notice only those proceedings between the parties that have a bearing on the issues arising before us. Derivative Suit: D

13. Appellants No.2 and 3 filed a derivative suit (in Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007) on 11th September, 2007 before the Bombay High Court ("Bombay Suit"), seeking resumption of supplies, parts and components. In this suit, Respondent No.1 has taken out an Application under Section 45 of the Arbitration E and Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the 'Indian Arbitration Act, 1996'). The Bombay Suit and the Application under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 are pending disposal. On 31st October, 2007, the Bombay High Court, by an interim order without prejudice to the individual F contentions of the parties, directed the Respondent No.1 to resume the supplies to Appellant No.1 until further orders. It appears that initially the supplies were resumed in compliance of the aforesaid order. However, the Appellants claim that the Respondent no.1 after sometime stopped the supplies again. G Thereafter, a Contempt Petition was filed before the Bombay High Court at the instance of the Appellants for non-compliance of the aforesaid order by Respondent No.1. This contempt petition is pending adjudication. H 880 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Nomination of Arbitrator :

14. On 13th March, 2008, a letter was sent on behalf of the Respondent No. 1 to the Appellant Nos. 2 and 3, wherein the Respondent No. 1 invoked the arbitration agreement, contained in Clause 18.1 of the IPLA. The letter nominates Mr.8 V.V. Veedor QC as the licensors' arbitrator. It inter-alia stated that "Enercon and WPG are happy to allow Ell to nominate its arbitrator and for the two party (sic) nominated arbitrators to select the third arbitrator, subject to consultation with the parties. C The third arbitrator will act as the Chairman of the Tribunal." In the aforesaid letter, the Respondent No.1 also identified the issues that require determination through arbitration. Arbitration Claim Form: D 15. On 27th March, 2008, "Arbitration Claim Form" was issued by the Respondents seeking several declaratory reliefs in relation to the IPLA from the High Court of Justice, Queens Bench Division, Commercial Court, United Kingdom ("the English High Court"). The reliefs which were claimed included. E the constitution of Arbitral Tribunal under the IPLA. Claim form was annexed to the letter dated 2nd April, 2008 sent by the UK Solicitors of Respondent No.1 to the Appellants.

16. Meanwhile on 31st March, 2008, a letter was addressed by the Appellant No.2 on behalf of himself and F Appellant No.3, in response to letter of Respondent No.1 dated 13th March, 2008, wherein it was stated that since the draft IPLA was not a concluded contract, there is no question of a valid arbitration agreement between the parties and as such, there is no question of nominating any arbitrator. G 17. In response to the aforesaid, a letter was addressed · by the UK Solicitors of Respondent to the Appellants on 2nd April, 2008, stating therein that in the event the Appellants do not nominate their arbitrator within 7 days of the receipt of the H said letter, the Respondents shall proceed und&r Section 17(2) ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 881 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 to appoint their nominee A arbitrator Mr. V.V. Veeder, QC, as the sole arbitrator. The aforesaid letter was received by the Appellants on 3rd April, 2008 in Daman. The Arbitration Claim Form which had been filed before the English High Court was also served on the Appellant No.1 in Daman on 4th April, 2008. B Daman Suit:

18. On 8th April, 2008, the Appellants filed Regular Suit No. 9 of 2008 (Daman Suit) before the Court of Civil Judge, Sr. Division, "Daman Trial Court" seeking, inter alia, a C declaration to the effect that the draft IPLA was not a concluded contract and correspondingly there was no arbitration agreement between the parties to the draft IPLA. On the same day, i.e. 8th April, 2008, the Daman Trial Court passed an order in the favour of the Appellants, wherein the Respondents were D directed to maintain status quo with regard to the proceedings initiated by them before the English High Court. 19. Meanwhile on 11th April, 2008, Appellant No.1, without prejudice, nominated Mr. Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy, a former EJudge of this court as arbitrator. On 24th May, 2008, Mr. Justice B.P. Jeevan-Reddy intimated to the Solicitors of the Appellants that the arbitrators felt that there were inherent defects in the arbitration clause contained in the draft IPLA and therefore, the same was unworkable. The letter also expressed the inability Fof the arbitrators to appoint the third arbitrator. On 5th August, 2008, a joint letter was addressed by both the nominated arbitrators, wherein it was reiterated that they are unable to appoint the third and presiding arbitrator. '

20. Thereafter, the Respondents filed an Application under G Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act in the Daman Suit. On the other hand, the Appellants moved an Application for interim injunction ex-parte in the same suit, seeking to restrain Respondents from pursuing the proceedings they had initiated in the English High Court (anti-arbitration injunction). The H 882 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A Daman Court dismissed the Application under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 on 5th January, 2009. On the other hand, the Application filed by the Appellants, seeking interim reliefs in form of anti-arbitration injunction was allowed on 9th January, 2009. Both the aforesaid orders of the Daman B Trial Court were challenged by the Respondents by filing four appeals before the District Court of Daman ("Daman Appellate Court"). Daman Appellate Court :

C 21: The Daman Appellate Court allowed all the appeals of the Respondents by order dated 27th August, 2009 and set aside both the orders of the Daman Trial Court. The anti-arbitration injunction was vacated, and the Application under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 was allowed. The D aforesaid order dated 27th August, 2009 was challenged by the Appellants herein by filing two writ petitions before the High Court of Bombay, viz. Writ Petition No. 7636 of 2009, filed in respect of the anti-arbitration injunction and Writ Petition No. 7804 of 2009,. filed in respect of Section 45 of the Indian E Arbitration Act. Bombay High Court : 22. On 4th September, 2009, the Bombay High Court ordered that the status quo order dated 8th April, 2008, passed F by the Daman Trial Court be continued in Writ Petition No. 7636 of 2009. On 9th September, 2009, the Bombay High Court continued the stay of the reference under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act until the next date of hearing. In the course of hearing of the both writ petitions, the Bombay High Court, G on 25th January, 2010, directed that the interim order(s) granted earlier be continued until further orders. English Proceedings: 23. In spite of the aforesaid interim order(s), the H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 883 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

ARespondents filed Arbitration Claim Form 2011 Folio No.1399 before the English High Court, under Section 18 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 for the constitution of an Arbitral Tribunal under the provisions of IPLA. The following two grounds were raised by the Respondents:- B A. that the anti-arbitration injunction passed by the Bombay High Court had fallen away; B. that the Appellants had not pursued the writ petitions before the Bombay High Court. c 24. On 25th November, 2011, the English High Court passed an order in form of an anti-suit injunction that had the effect of restraining the Appellants from prosecuting/arguing the writ petitions before the Bombay High Court. The Appellants were restrained from approaching the Bombay High Court to D clarify whether ad-interim stay granted by it was in place. Meanwhile, on 15th February, 2012, the English High Court passed an ex-parte freezing injunction restraining the Appellant No.1 from disposing of its assets in excess of 90 Million Euros. E 25. On 23rd March, 2012, the English High Court (Eder, J.) delivered its judgment, wherein the freezing injunction was discharged. It was inter-alia held in Paragraph 51 of the judgment that anti-arbitration injunction of the Bombay High Court was in force. On 27th March, 2012, the English High F Court discharged the anti-suit injunction subject to the undertakings given by Appellant No.1. It would be useful to notice here some of these undertakings:

(i) to apply forthwith to the Bombay High Court to have the hearing of the Writ Petitions expedited and to G take all reasonable and necessary steps within its power to have the writ petitions concluded as expeditiously as p·ossible; H 884 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A (ii) until the determination of the Application filed by the Respondents in the English High Court, not to seek further directions in relation to prayer (c) of the Writ Petition No.7636 of 2009 - which is a prayer for interim relief. B 26. The Appellants took necessary steps for an expeditious listing and hearing of the writ petitions before the Bombay High Court. However on 11th June, 2012, the Respondents filed an Application before the English High Court for constituting an C Arbitral Tribunal. On 26th June, 2012, since the High Court had not disposed of early hearing Application of the Appellants, the Appellants approached this Court by Special Leave Petitions No.11676 and 11677 of 2012 for expeditious hearing of the writ petitions. This Court vide order /judgment dated 22nd June, 2012, requested the Bombay High Court to take up the writ D petitions for hearing on 2nd July, 2012. Resumption of Writ Petitions before Bombay High Court:

27. The hearing of the writ petitions in the Bombay High _ E Court resumed on 2nd July, 2012. On 3rd July, 2012, the English High Court passed an order by consent, adjourning the Respondents' Application dated 11th June, 2012, until after the Bombay High Court delivers judgment in the writ petitions, and also vacating the hearing listed for 3rd-4th July, 2012. On 5th October, 2012, the Bombay High Court dismissed the writ F petitions by the order/judgment impugned before us, wherein it has been, inter alia, held as under: A. The scope of the enquiry under the Writ Petition No.7804 of 2009 is restricted to the existence of G the arbitration agreement and not the main underlying contract (which can be challenged before the Arbitral Tribunal); B. Prima facie, there is an arbitration agreement; H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 885 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] C. The curial law of the arbitration agreement is India; A D. London, designated as the venue in Clause 18.3 of the draft IPLA, is only a convenient geographical location; B E. London is not the seat; F. English Courts have concurrent jurisdiction since the venue of arbitration is London. English Proceedings : c

28. On 5th October, 2012, the English Solicitors of Respondent No.1 addressed a letter to the English Solicitors of Appellant No.1, in relation to re-listing of their Application dated 11th June, 2012 for appointment of a third arbitrator/re-constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal. In October, 2012, the parties D communicated with each other for getting Applications of both the parties listed, which, apart from the Application dated 11th June, 2012, included the following: A. An Application notice issued by Appellant No.1 on E 16th October, 2012: i. for a declaration that the undertaking given by Appellant No.1 as set out in Appendix A to the order dated 27th March, 2012 do not F prevent it from filing a Special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court of India and, if leave be granted, pursuing such appeals; or ii. if the undertakings (contrary to Appellant No.1's contention), do prevent Appellant G No.1 from filing Special Leave Petitions before the Supreme Court of India or pursuing the same, then, a variation of the Undertakings to permit such Special Leave Petitions to be filed and, if leave be granted, H 886 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A to permit such appeals to be pursued. B. An Application notice issued by the Respondents. on 17th October, 2012 for: i. a declaration that Appellant No.1 would be B breaching the Undertakings by filing Special Leave Petitions to the Indian Supreme Court.

ii. an anti-suit injunction to restrain Appellant No.1 from filing Special Leave Petitions; and c iii. expedition for the hearing of the Respondent's Application issued on 11th June, 2012. 29. In the aforesaid Applications, the English High Court D (Cooke, J.) in its judgment dated 30th November, 2012 observed inter alia as follows: ''.Paragraph 32: There are two critical issues with which the Damman (sic) Court and the Bombay High Court have E been concerned. First, is there a binding arbitration agreement? Secondly, is the seat of the putative arbitration in London? What has arisen out of the Bombay High Court decision in addition is the question whether there is room for a supervisory jurisdiction in the English Courts where the seat is not in England under the provisions of s.2(4) ofF the English Arbitration Act." "Paragraph 60: If the Supreme Court of India were, in due course, to consider that the Bombay High Court was wrong in its conclusion as to the seat of the arbitration or that G there was a prima facie valid arbitration or that the English Court had concurrent supervisory jurisdiction, it would be a recipe for confusion and injustice if, in the meantime, the English Court were to conclude that England was the seat of the putative arbitration, and to assume jurisdiction over H Ell and the putative arbitration, and to conclude that there ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 887 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

was a valid arbitration agreement, whether on the basis A of a good arguable case or the balance of probabilities. Further, for it to exercise its powers, whether under s.2(1) or 2(4) or s.18 of the Arbitration Act in appointing a third arbitrator; would create real problems, should the Supreme Court decide differently. B Paragraph 61: These are the very circumstances which courts must strive to avoid in line with a multitude of decisions of high authority, from the Abidin Daver (1984) AC 398 onwards, including E.I. Dupont de Nemours v. Agnew [1987] 2 Lloyd's Rep 585. The underlying rationale C of Eder J.'s judgment leads inexorably, in my view, to the conclusion that the issues to be determined in India, which could otherwise fall to be determined here in England, must be decided first by the Indian Courts and that, despite the delay and difficulties involved, the decision of the Indian D Supreme Court should be awaited."

30. From 3rd December to 14th December, 2012, the learned counsel for the parties made efforts to finalize a draft of the Form of Order and the accompanying undertaking(s) to E be submitted to the English High Court; and ultimately, parties agreed to a short hearing before the English High Court. After · a hearing, on 19th December, 2012 the parties again made efforts to finalize the Form of Order. Ultimately on 15th February, 2013, the English High Court passed an order declaring that F the undertakings given on 27th March, 2012 (dealt with earlier · in Para 25 of this judgment) do not prevent the defendant (Appellant herein) from filing and pursuing the Special Leave Petitions and, if leave be granted, the Substantive Appeals. The English High Court further ordered the Appellant No.1 herein G to give some fresh undertaking which will supersede and replace the undertakings given earlier on 27th March, 2012. These undertakings restrain the Appellants herein from seeking an injunction against the Respondents save if this Court determines that the seat of the arbitration is in India. It was H 888 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A further directed that the Appellants shall not seek an injunction restraining the Respondents from pursuing proceedings instituted in the English High Court against the Appellant on various grounds enumerated in the said undertakings.

B 31. Thereafter in February, 2013, the order/judgment dated 5th October, 2012 passed by the Bombay High Court was challenged in this court by way of present appeals. Submissions: C 32. We have heard the learned senior counsel for the parties. I. Re: Concluded Contract: 33. The first submission of Mr. Rohinton Nariman is that D there can be no arbitration agreement in the absence of a concluded contract. It was submitted that IPLA is not a concluded contract since it is not in consonance with the Agrefld Principles. It was submitted that the parties merely entered into the 'Agreed Principles' on 29th September, 2006, E to which a draft IPLA was annexed. Mr. Nariman submitted that the Agreed Principles formed the fundamental basis on which the final IPLA "was to be made to the satisfaction of all parties and then to be legally finally executed". Mr. Nariman reiterated that there are certain discrepancies between the Agreed F Principles and the IPLA. By its letter dated 3rd November, 2006, Appellant pointed out material discrepancies between the IPLA and the Agreed Principles. These discrepancies have been accepted to be present by the Respondents in the letter dated 24th November, 2006. In fact, the Respondents have G never contended that IPLA is in accordance with the Agreed Principles. The Respondents have by their letters dated 29th October, 2006 and 24th November, 2006 accepted the primacy of the Agreed Principles. 34. Further, the Appellants have relied upon the H

ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 889 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] correspondence prior and subsequent to the signing of the IPLA A to demonstrate that there is no concluded contract. According to the learned senior counsel, the Respondents have deliberately not dealt with the correspondence subsequent.to the IPLA except to submit that the same refers to agreements other than the IPLA. This, according to the learned senior B counsel, is incorrect in view of the fact that email dated 24th November, 2006 refers to "final IPLA". According to Mr. Nariman, the outstanding contracts had to be in consonance with the Agreed Principles; therefore, there is no plausible explanation as to why only the IPLA should not be in c consonance with the Agreed Principles. The subsequent correspondence, therefore, necessarily refers to all the four agreements mentioned in the Agreed Principles. 35. Mr. Nariman also pointed out that the reliance upon prior contracts/agreements or correspondence is not D permissible to determine whether IPLA is concluded or not. On the contrary, subsequent correspondence and contracts can be looked into for the purpose of determining whether the substantive contract containing arbitration agreement is concluded or not. He relied on Godhra Electricity Co. Ltd. And E Anr. Vs. The State of Gujarat and Anr. 1 According to Mr. Nariman, subsequent correspondence in this regard clearly demonstrates the unconcluded nature of the IPLA.

36. Mr. Nariman submitted that under Clause 12 of the F IPLA, the duration of the IPLA was till the expiry of the last of the patents, and since the patents portfolio was absent, the duration of IPLA could not be ascertained. He pointed out that the Respondents have wrongly contended that the IPLA has been concluded as the parties have duly signed the same. G According to Mr. Nariman, mere signing of a document will not make it a concluded document, if in law, the contract is not concluded. In this context, reliance was placed upon British 1. (1975) 1 sec 199. H 890 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R. 3 BushwallA Electrical vs. Patley Pressings, 2 Harvey vs. Pratt, vs. Vortex, 4 Kol/ipara vs. Aswathanarayana5 and· Dresser Rand vs. Bindal Agro. 6

II. Re: Existence of Arbitration Agreement 8 37. As noticed above, the primary submission of the Appellants, is that IPLA is not a concluded contract. It was th~n submitted that since there is no concluded contract, there is no question of an arbitration agreement coming into existence. In any event, the challenge to the existence of the substantive C agreement is a matter required to be determined by the Court seized of the matter in the exercise of jurisdiction under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. Reliance was placed upon Chloro Controls (/) Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. & Ors. 7 According to Mr. Nariman, it is no · D longer open to contend that the question whether the contract is concluded or not can be gone into by the Arbitral Tribunal. Ill. Re: Un-workability of Arbitration Agreement 38. It was submitted that Clause 18.1 of the IPLA is E incapable of being performed and therefore, there can be no reference to arbitration under Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. It was submitted that the High Court has held that "each of the licensors (Respondents) has to appoint an arbitrator and the licensee (Appellant No.1) is to appoint one F arbitrator .................................. making it in all three arbitrators". As such, the High Court has misread Clause 18.3 of the IPLA to mean that each of the licensors (Respondent No.1 and Respondent No.2) has a right to appoint an arbitrator G 2. [1953] 1 WLR 280.

3. [1965] 1 W.L.R. 1025. 4. [1976] 1 WLR 591. 5. (1968) 3 SCR 387. 6. (2006) 1 sec 751. H 7. (2013) 1 sec 641. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 891 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] and that the Appellant No.1 also has the right to appoint an A arbitrator. The construction of Clause 18.1 of the IPLA in the aforesaid manner, according to learned senior counsel, is contrary to the expressed terms of Clause 18.1 in the light of the definition of licensor and licensors contained therein as well as certain other provisions of the IPLA. Mr. Nariman also B pointed out that the Respondents, however, have not sought to sustain the aforesaid reasoning of the High Court.

39. He further submitted that even though an arbitration clause can be construed by the Court in such a way as to make c it workable when there is a defect or an omission, nonetheless, such an exercise would not permit the Court to rewrite the clause. In support of the submissions, he relied upon Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. Vs. Jain Studio Ltd. 8 He also submitted that the reconstruction of the arbitration clause in the present D case cannot be achieved without doing violence to the language to the arbitration clause; and that this would not be permissible in law. For this proposition, reliance was placed upon Bushwa/I Vs. Vortex (supra). He submitted that the submissions made by the Respondents fly in the face of Section 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 which does not permit the Court to make E a reference to arbitration if the arbitration agreement relied upon is incapable of being performed. IV. Re: Seat of Arbitration. F

40. Mr. Nariman submitted that for the purposes of fixing the seat of arbitration the Court would have to determine the territory that will have the closest and most intimate connection with the arbitration. He pointed out that in the present case provisions of the Indian Arbitration, Act, 1996 are to apply; substantive law of the contract is Indian law; law governing the G arbitration is Indian Arbitration law; curial law is that of India; Patents law is that of India; IPLA is to be acted upon in India; enforcement of the award is to be done under the Indian law; 8. (2006) 2 sec 628. H 892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R.

A Joint Venture Agreement between the parties is to be acted upon in India; relevant assets are in India. Therefore, applying the ratio of law in 'Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. Vs. Compania Internacional De Seguros Del Peru9', the seat of arbitration would be India. The submission is also sought to be B supported by the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in "Bharat Aluminium Company Vs. Kaiser Aluminium 10 ("BALCO"). Mr. Nariman submitted that the interpretation proposed by the Respondents that the venue London must be construed as seat is absurd. Neither party is British, one being c German and the other being Indian. He submits that the •kespondents have accepted that the choice of law of the underlying agreement is Indian. But, if 'venue of arbitration' is to be interpreted as making London the seat of arbitration it would: (a) make the English Act applicable when it is not chosen by the parties; (b) would render the parties' choice of0 the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 completely nugatory and otiose. It would exclude the application of Chapter V of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 i.e. the curial law provisions and Section 34 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. On the other hand, E interpretation propounded by the Appellants would give full and complete effect to the entire clause as it stands.

41. Mr. Nariman also submitted that there are even more clear indicators within the arbitration clause which show that the parties intended to be governed only by the Indian Arbitration F Act, 1996. The clause uses the word Presiding Arbitrator and not Chairman; this language is expressly used in Sections 11 and 29 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 as distinct from Section 30 of the English ArbitratiQn Act, 1996. G 42. Mr. Nariman gave another reason as to why London can't be the seat of the Arbitration. According to him, if the interpretation propounded by the Respondents is accepted, it would lead to utter chaos, confusion and unnecessary 9. 1988 (1) Lloyd's Rep 116. H 10. c2012) 9 sec 552. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & 'ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 893 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] complications. This would result in absurdity because the Indian A Arbitration Act, 1996 would apply to the process of appointment under Section 11; English Arbitration Act, 1996 would apply to the arbitration proceedings (despite the choice of the parties to apply Chapter V to the Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996); challenge to the award would be under English B Arbitration Act, 1996 and not under the Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996; Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 (Section 48) would apply to the enforcement of the award.

43. Lastly, it was submitted by Mr. Nariman that provisions C of Section 18 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 are derogable and in any event the parties have chosen the Indian Court for constitution of Arbitral Tribunal. V. Re: Anti Suit Injunction D 44. It was submitted on behalf of the Appellants that since the seat of arbitration is India, the Courts of England would have no jurisdiction. Appellants rely upon Oil & Natural Gas Commission Vs. Western Company of North America11 , Reltance was also placed upon Modi Entertainment Network E . & Anr. Vs. W. S. G. Cricket Pte. Ltd. 12, in support of the submission that in exercising discretion to grar:it an anti-suit injunction, the Court must be satisfied that the defendant is amenable to the personal jurisdiction of the Court and that if the injunction is declined the ends of justice will be defeated. F The Court is also required to take due notice of the principle of comity of Courts, therefore, where more than one forum is available, the Court would have to examine as to which is forum conveniens. 45. According to Mr. Nariman, all the tests which authorise G the Indian Courts to exercise jurisdiction to grant the necessary relief, as laid down are being satisfied by the Appellants. According to Mr. Nariman, the English Courts are not available 11. 1987 SCR (1) 1024. 12. (2003) 4 sec 341 H 894 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A to the Respondents since London is only a venue. Therefore, an injunction ought to be issued restraining the Respondents from pursuing proceedings before the English Court. Mr. Nariman pointed out that the Respondents have given up the contention that Indian and English Courts have concurrent B jurisdiction.

46. Reliance is placed on the judgment of this Court in Harshad Chiman Lal Modi Vs. DLF Universa/13, in support of the submission that since Respondent No.1 has share holding C in a company which has registered office within the territorial limits of the Daman Court, therefore relief can be necessarily granted t() the Appellants for restraining Respondent No.1 for proceeding in the English Courts. It was also pointed out. that Respondent No.1 has approached the Company Law Board under Section 397 of the Companies Act; the Delhi High Court D alleging infringement of its intellectual property rights; and the Madras High Court against the orders passed by the Intellectual Property Appellate Board, revoking patents in the name of Dr. Wobben in India. Therefore, it has already submitted to the jurisdiction of Courts in India. Mr. Nariman, however, points out E that in view of the orders of the English Court dated 15th February, 2013, restraining the Appellants from seeking an injunction against the Respondents save if this Court determines the seat of the arbitration is India, the Appellants shall not seek any injunction from this Court, unless this Court F determines that the sea1 of arbitration is in India. Respondents' Submissions:

47. Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, learned senior counsel, appeared for Respondents No.1 and 2. Dr. Singhvi submitted G that the over-riding principle for the Courts in Arbitration is to see whether there is an intention to arbitrate. According to Dr. Singhvi, the Appellants attack the existence of the main contract, but it is only the arbitration clause that the court has H 13. (2005) 7 sec 791. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 895 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] to concern itself with. The court in this case, according to Dr. A Singhvi, is not required to determine whether there is a concluded contract, under the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The court has to see whether there is a valid Arbitration Agreement. Dr. Singhvi emphasised that it is for the arbitrator to decide the question with regard to theformation of the underlying contract B (IPLA). Further, learned senior counsel submitted that the status of IPLA will not nullify the arbitration clause. 48. The Respondent, according to the learned senior counsel, has to establish the existence of arbitration agreement. Dr. Singhvi, in this context, relied upon Section 7 of the Indian C Arbitration Act, 1996 which has three constituents, viz. (i) Intention to arbitrate; (ii) Existence of a dispute; (iii) Existence of some legal relationship. Further, it was submitted that an agreement under Section 7 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 does not require any offer and acceptance. D

49. It was further submitted that Section 16 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 is a drastic departure since the Arbitral Tribunal can rule on its own jurisdiction. Further, it was submitted under Section 16(a) of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 the E existence of the arbitration clause in the contract would be treated as an agreement independent of the contract. Learned senior counsel also brought to our attention Section 45 of the Indian Arbitraiion Act, 1996 and its interpretation by this court in Chiaro Controls India Pvt. Ltd. v. Severn Trent Water F Purification Inc (supra). rn the aforesaid case, this Court, in Para 120, relied upon the earlier judgment of National Insurance Company Ltd. V. Bhogara Polyfab Pvt. Ltd. 14, and categorised the issues that have to be decided under Section. 45 as follows: G A. The issues which the Chief Justice/his designate will have to decide: the question as to whether there is an arbitration agreement. 14. c2009) 1 sec 267. H 896 St.;?REME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A B. The issues which the Chief Justice/his designate may choose to decide or leave them to be decided by the Arbitral Tribunal: the question as to whether the claim is a dead claim (long-barred) or a live claim. B C. The issues which the Chief Justice/his designate should leave exclusively to the Arbitral Tribunal. The question concerning the merits or any claim involved in the arbitration.

C 50. Dr. Singhvi then submitted that leavillg aside the question of un-workability of the arbitration clause for the moment, the intention of the parties in the instant case may be determined from the following clauses of IPLA: D "17 GOVERNING LAW 17.1 This Agreement and any dispute of claims arising out of or in connection with its subject matter are governed by and construed in accordance with the Law of.India. E 18. DISPUTES AND ARBITRATION 18.1 All disputes, controversies or differences which may arise between the Parties in respect of this Agreement including without limitation to the validity, interpretation, construction performance and enforcement or allegedF breach of this Agreement, the Parties shall, in the first instance, attempt to resolve such dispute, controversy or difference through mutual consultation. If the dispute, controversy or difference is not resolved through mutual consultation within 30 days after commencement of G discussions or such longer period as the Parties may agree in writing, any Party may refer dispute(s), controversy(ies) or difference(s) for resolution to an arbitral tribunal to consist of three (3) arbitrators, of who one will be appointed by each of the Licensor and the Licensee H ENE~CON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 897 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] and the arbitrator appointed by Licensor shall also act as A the presiding arbitrator. 18.2 * * *

18.3 A proceedings in such arbitration shall be conducted B in English. The venue of the arbitration proceedings shall be in London. The arbitrators may (but shall not be obliged to) award costs and reasonable expenses (including reasonable-fees of counsel) to the Party (ies) that substantially prevail on merit. The provisions of Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 shall apply. c The reference of any matter, dispute or claim or arbitration pursuant to this Section 18 or the continuance of any arbitration proceedings consequent thereto or both will in no way operate as a waiver of the obligations of the parties D to perform their respective obligations under this Agreement." 51. Dr. Singhvi also drew our attention to the fact that the Heads of the Agreement have been accepted to be final and binding and that the parties have irrevocably accepted the .E Arbitration Agreement contained in Clause 18. It was also brought to our notice that ttie said document has been signed by the Appellant No.1 and Respondent No.1. 52. Learned Senior Counsel also submitted that an F arbitration agreement would include the following: a. Intention to arbitrate; b. Intention to settle by Arbitration after failure of ADR i.e. negotiations/conciliation/mediation. G C. Some law (i.e. proper law) to settle the Disputes (which in this case is Indian Law) D. Does the arbitration clause cover all disputes or is H 898 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A there a carve out? In this case the clause covers all disputes. E. Substantive Law to Arbitrate. Here it is the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. B It was further submitted that since all the essential elements of the arbitration are present, clumsy drafting will not make any difference in interpretation of the Arbitration clause. 53. The next submission of Dr. Singhvi, broadly put, is that c the arbitration clause is not un-workable. The crucial question in this context is not whether the Arbitration Clause could be differently drafted, but the clause has to be seen in the manner it has been drafted. Dr. Singhvi submitted that in fact there is no mismatch between different parts of the clause. The clause, D according to Dr. Singhvi, talks of three arbitrators: one by the licensee, one by the licensor. The implication is that the third one is to be appointed by the two arbitrators. Dr. Singhvi submits that the sentence "the third arbitrator shall be appointed by the two arbitrators" seems to have been missed E out by the draftsman. This can be supplied by the Court to make the arbitration clause workable. 54. It was further submitted that the missing sentence in the arbitration clause can be supplied with the aid of some of the provisions of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. In this context, F learned senior counsel brought to our attention Sections 10 (1) and (2) read with section 11 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. Section 10 (1) and 2 read as:

"10. Number of arbitrators. G (1) The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators, provided that such number shall not be an even number. (2) Failing the determination referred to in sub- section (1). H the arbitral tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator." ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 899 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Section 11 ( 1) & (2) reads as: A Appointment of arbitrators. (1) A person of any nationality may be an arbitrator, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. B (2) Subject to sub- section (6), the parties are free to agree on a procedure for appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators.

55. Learned senior counsel also pointed out that the object underlying Sections 10 and 11 is to avoid failure in appointment C of arbitrators. In fact, the Respondents tried to avoid the failure by making a concession to let the third arbitrator to be the Presiding Arbitrator. The Letter/email dated 13th March, 2008 clearly demonstrates this intention of Respondents. It was also submitted that the Appellant is determined to avoid the arbitration. Dr. Singhvi submitted that there exists a manifest D intention to refer disputes to arbitration and even if there is lacuna it can be cured. Furthermore, according to Dr. Singhvi, the number of arbitrators is only machinery and, therefore, its failure cannot affect the Arbitration Clause. Learned senior counsel relied upon the law laid down in MMTC v. Sterlite E Industries (India) Ltd., 15 Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. v. Jain Studios Ltd., (supra) Visa International Ltd. v. Continental Resources (USA) Ltd., 16 Jagdish Chander v. Ramesh Chander & Ors., 17 Smt. Rukmanibai Gupta v. Collector, Jabalpur & Ors., 18 and Nandan Biometrix Ltd. v. D.I. Oils. 19 F After taking us through the afore cited cases, Dr. Singhvi submitted that the parties in the instant case had expressed an intention to arbitrate and that there i!S no contrary intention. G 15. AIR 1997 SC 605 Para 8-13. 16. (2009) 2 sec 55, Paras 24-25. 17. (2007) 5 sec 719, pp. 7-8. 18. (1980) 4 sec 556, pp. 6-7. 19. (2009) 4 sec 495, pp. 26-30 & 40. H

900 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A 56. The next submission of Dr. Singhvi is that the IPLA is final. It was submitted that IPLA was to succeed the Know How Agreement that contained an Arbitration Clause. Learned Senior counsel brought to our attention following provisions of the Heads of Agreement on a Proposed IPLA dated B 23.05.2006: "1.6 The Parties have discussed intensively the most appropriate structure and arrangements reflected in the draft IPLA dated 22, May 2006 attached as ANNEX 1 c ("Draft IPLA"). This draft IPLA expresses the final views of the parties and provides for detailed terms whereunder Enercon will make available to Ell the benefit of all its technology including patents, design rights, copyrights, trademarks and know how relating to the Products, including but not limited to: D II "3. GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION 3.1 This paragraph is legally binding. E 3.2 This Heads of Agreement is (and all negotiations and any legal agreement prepared in connection with IPLA shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of Germany. F 3.3 The parties irrevocably agree that Clause 18 of the proposed draft IPLA shall apply to settle any dispute or claim that arises out or in connection with this memorandum of understanding and negotiations relating to the proposed IPLA."G

"4.1 This Heads of Agreement represents the good faith intentions of the parties to proceed with the proposed IPLA on the basis of the Draft IPLA but is not legally binding and creates no legal obligations on either party. Its sole H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 901 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] purpose is to set out the principles on which the parties A intend in good faith to negotiate legally definitive agreements." 57. Learned Senior Counsel also pointed out the email sent on 27.06.2006 by Nicole Fritsch on behalf of Respondents to B the Appellant No.2 and also the email sent by Appellant No.2 on 16.09.2006 to Nicole Fritsch in context of the submission that IPLA is final. These emails have already been noticed in the earlier part of this judgment. 58. It was also pointed out that the Appellant by his letter C dated 30th September, 2006 expressly admitted to having signed the IPLA. Thus, it was submitted that the Appellant . cannot get out of the contract unless there is coercion and/or fraud. To argue that there is now a presumption of validity in favour of IPLA being a concluded contract, reliance was sought D to be placed upon Grasim Industries Ltd. & Anr. v. Agarwal Stee/2° and J.K. Jain v. Delhi Development Authority. 21

59. Dr. Singhvi also brought to our notice that the execution and finality of the IPLA is also demonstrated by the fact that E first page of Heads of Agreement dated 23rd May, 2006 reads as "A PROPOSED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LICENSE . AGREEMENT." Whereas, the word proposed or draft is conspicuously absent in the IPLA dated 29th Se'ptember, 2006. This, according to the learned senior counsel, shows that the F IPLA was a concluded contract. Dr. Singhvi further submitted that on 29th September, 2006 three drafts, viz. Successive Technical Transfer Agreement, Name Use License Agreement and amendments to the existing Shareholders Agreement were ready and available to the parties, but at that point of time these agreements were under discussion and being negotiated. G Admittedly, none of these agreements were initialled, let alone signed by the parties. This, according to Dr. Singhvi, is a clear indication that the parties were aware of the documents that 20. c2010) 1 sec 83, p6. 21. (1995) 6 sec 571. H 902 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A were to be finalised between them and also of the documents that were required to be executed. This fact was also relied upon to support the contention that IPLA is a final and concluded agreement that was knowingly and willingly executed by Appellant No.2. To add credibility to this submission, learned B senior counsel pointed out that 'E-82 Model' is expressly excluded from the product description in the IPLA. This according to Dr. Singhvi, is a deviation from the earlier agreement, and it has been acknowledged by the Appellant. Dr. Singhvi also pointed out the difference as to the provision C of royalty between the IPLA and earlier draft to support his contention.

60. The next set of submissions made by Dr. Singhvi relate to the seat of arbitration. Learned senior counsel submitted that the court has to determine where the centre of gravity for D arbitration is situated. The terms that are normally used to denote seat are "venue", "place" or "seat". According to the learned senior counsel, the court cannot adopt a semantic approach. It was also submitted that under sub sections (1), (2) and (3) of Section 20 of Arbitration Act, 1996 the term 'place' E connotes different meanings. Under Section 20(1), place means seat of arbitration, whereas under section 20(3), place would mean venue. Therefore, the expression "the venue of arbitration proceedings" will have reference only to the seat of arbitration. It was submitted that all the surrounding circumstances would F also show that parties intended to designate England as the seat of arbitration. 61. It was also submitted that all the proceedings between the parties would indicate that there is nothing to indicate India as the choice of the seat of arbitration. Learned senior counsel G relied upon Shashoua v. Sharma, 22 Dozco India Pvt. Ltd. V. Doosan lnfracore Company Ltd. 23 Videocon Industries v. Union of India, 24 Yograj Infrastructure Ltd. V. Ssang Yong 22. (2009) 2 LLR 376. 23. (2011) 6 SCC 179 (Paras 4, 15 and 18). H 24. (2011) 6 sec 161 (Paras and Paras 20 to 23). ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 903 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

Engineering and Construction Ltd. 25 National Agricultural A Coop. Marketing Federation India (supra). 62. It was further submitted that three potential laws that govern an arbitration agreement are as follows : B 1. The proper law of the contract ; 2. The law governing the arbitration agreement ; 3. The law governing the conduct of the arbitration also known as curial law or lex arbitri. c 63. Reliance was placed upon the following except of Naviera Amazonica Peruana SA (supra): .,. " ........ in the majority of cases all three will be same but (1) will often be different from (2) and (3). And occasionally, D but rarely, (2) may also differ from (3)." 64. The next submission of Dr. Singhvi is that law of the seat dictates the curial law, and that the proper law of the arbitration agreement does not overwhelm law of the seat. Laying particular emphasis on Naviera,·Dr. Singhvi submitted E that intention of the parties is important to determine the seat. If place is designated then curial law will be that of such place. Dr. Singhvi relied on the ratio of Naviera and submitted that the proper law, law of arbitration and the curial law have all been expressly mentioned in the present case. It was also submitted F that in the present case London as venue has to be interpreted having conferred London the status of seat, unless some contrary intention has been expressed.

65. According to Dr. Singhvi, closest connection test is G completely irrelevant when the parties have specified all the three laws applicable in a contract. Further, close connection test is to be applied only when nothing has been mentioned in the agreement. The effort of the court is always to find the 25. (2011) 9 SCC 735 (Paras 46-52). H 904 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A essential venue. He relied upon Dicey, Morris & Collins26 to submit that in most cases, seat is sufficiently indicated by the country chosen as the place of the arbitration. Dr. Singhvi submitted that the proper law and law of arbitration cannot override curial law. B 66. Dr. Singhvi relied heavily on the ratio of the law laid down in Naviera (supra). Reliance was also placed upon the cases of C vs. D. 27 and Union of India vis McDonnel. 28 He also relied upon the ratio of Balco in support of the submission that C London is the seat of arbitration. Particular reference was made to Paras 75, 76, 96, 100, 104, 113, 116 and 117 of BALCO's judgment to submit that since the seat is outside India, only those provisions of Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 will be applicable, which are not inconsistent with the English Law, i.e., D English Arbitration Act, 1996. Anti-Suit injunction:

67. Dr. Singhvi submitted that the prayer of Appellants for an anti suit injunction is subject to determination by this court E that the seat is India. Dr. Singhvi, however, argued that such an injunction be denied even if this court holds that the seat of arbitration is India since there is no occasion that warrants the grant of such an injunction. The Respondents relied upon the judgment of this court in Modi Entertainment Network v. W S. G. F Cricket Pte. Ltd. (supra) to submit that the present case does not fall within any, let alone all, of the parameters set out in the aforesaid case that determine the grant of an anti-suit injunction. 68. Mr. C.U. Singh, learned senior advocate, appeared for Respondent no.2. Mr. Singh adopts the submissions made G before this court by Dr. Singhvi. Besides, Mr. Singh submitted that after the enactment of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 the distinction between the seat and the venue has blurred. The 26. Dicey, Morris & Collins Fifteenth Edition at 16-035. 27. (2007) 2 Lloyd's Law Reports 367. H 28. (1993) 3 Lloyd's Rep 48. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 905 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

term that has been used by the Parliament is 'place' which A denotes the place of physical sitting of the Arbitral Tribunal. This is the place which governs the curial law. However, Arbitrators have been given the flexibility to hold meetings anywhere. He also relied upon the judgment of this court in Chiaro (supra) (Paras 80-83) to submit that the approach of the court is to B make the arbitration clause workable. Reliance was also placed upon Reva Electric Car Company P. Ltd. v. Green Mobil. 29 Issues : c 69. We have anxiously considered the submissions of the learned counsel for the parties. We have also considered the written submissions. The issues that arise for consideration of this Court are : D (i) Is the IPLA a valid and concluded contract? (ii) Is it for the Court to decide issue No. (i) or should it be left to be considered by the Arbitral Tribunal? E (iii) Linked to (i) and (ii) is the issue whether the Appellants can refuse to join arbitration on the plea that there is no concluded IPLA? (iv) Assuming that the IPLA is a concluded contract; is F the Arbitration Clause 18.1 vague and unworkable, as observed by both the Arbitrators i.e. Mr. V.V. Veeder QC and Mr. Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy? (v) In case the arbitFation clause is held to be workable, is the seat of arbitration in London or in India? G

(vi) In the event it is held that the seat is in India, would the English Courts have the concurrent jurisdiction for taking such measures as required in support of . 29. c2012) 2 sec 93. H 906 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A the arbitration as the venue for the arbitration proceedings is London? (vii) Linked to (v) & (vi) is the issue whether the Appellants are entitled for an anti-suit injunction? B These, of course, are only broad based issues; many other supplementary questions will have to be examined in order to give a definitive determination. Our Conclusions : c Issues (i), (ii) and (iii) 70. Is the IPLA a valid and a concluded contract? Is it for the Court to decide this issue or have the par:ties intended to let the arbitral tribunal decide it? D 71. The Bombay High Court upon consideration of the factual as well as the legal issues has concluded that "there can be no escape for the Appellants from the consequences flowing from the signing of the IPLA; and the signing of the IPLA by E the parties is therefore a strong circumstance in arriving at a prima facie conclusion as enunciated in Shin-Etsu Chemicals Co. Ltd. 's case for referring the parties to arbitration."

72. The Daman Trial Court on the basis of the material on record came to the conclusion that IPLA was not a concluded F contract for the want of free consent, and was executed due to undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation and mistake. It further held that the plaintiffs (the Appellants herein) would suffer heavy economic loss if the arbitration is held at London. These findings were reversed by the Daman Appellate Court. It was G held that since IPLA has been signed by the parties, there was a valid arbitration agreement for reference of the disputes to arbitration. It was also held that assuming that there was some defect in the methodology for appointment of the arbitrators that would not come in the way of enforcement of the arbitration H agreement. The Daman Appellate Court has further held that ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 907 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] since the parties had agreed to London being the seat of A arbitration, the Appellants (plai·ntiffs) could not raise a grievance as regards the jurisdiction of the English Courts.

73. Mr. R.F. Nariman, learned senior counsel, appearing for the Appellants has vehemently argued that there is neither 8 a concluded IPLA between the parties nor is there a legally enforceable arbitration agreement. In any event, the arbitration can not proceed as the arbitration clause itself is unworkable. As noticed earlier, learned senior counsel has submitted that in the absence of a concluded contract, there can be no arbitration agreement. In short, the submission is that there can C be no severability of the arbitration clause from the IPLA. Since the IPLA is not a concluded contract there can be no arbitration agreement. 74. On the other hand, Dr. Singhvi has submitted, as D noticed earlier, that the intention pf the parties to arbitrate is clear. Even if the existence of the mfiin contract is under dispute, the court is concerned only with the arbitration agreement i.e. the arbitration clause. The submission of Dr. Singhvi is that the absence of IPLA will not nullify the l;lrbitration clause. E

75. We find considerable merit in the submissions made by Dr. Singhvi. It cannot be disputed that there is a legal relationship between the parties of a long standing. Section 44 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 applies to arbitral awards of F differences between persons arising out of legal proceedings. . Such a relationship may be contractual or not, so long it is considered as commercial under the laws in force in India. Further, that legal relationship must be in pursuance of an agreement, in writing, for arbitration, to which the New York Convention applies. The court can decline to make a reference G to arbitration in ·case it finds that the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. There are no pleadings to that effect in the plaint. The Daman Trial Court findings that the contract is null and void and not based on free consent were rendered in the absence of relevant H 908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A pleadings. There is a mention in one of the e-mails that Dr. Wobben has taken advantage of his friendship with Mr. Yogesh Mehra. But that seems to be more of a sulk than a genuine grievance. Even if one accepts the truth of such a statement, the same is not reflected in the pleadings. Therefore, no serious B note could be taken of that statement at this stage. The Daman Appellate Court upon reconsideration of the pleadings found that there is no plea to the effect that the agreement is null, void or incapable of being performed. Justice Savant has not examined the pleadings as the issue with regard to the c underlying contract has been left to be examined by the Arbitral Tribunal. Before us also, it is not. the plea of the Appellants that the arbitration agreement is without free consent, or has been procured by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or was signed under a mistake. In other words, it is not claimed D that the agreement is null and void, inoperative and incapable of being performed as it violates any of the provisions under Sections 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19A and 20 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The submission is that the matter cannot be·referred to arbitration as the IPLA, containing the arbitration clause/agreement, is not a concluded contract. This, in our E opinion, would not fall within the parameters of an agreement being "null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed", in terms of Sections 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. These provisions set out the impediments, infirmities or eventualities that would render F a particular provision of a contract or the whole contract void or voidable. Section 14 defines free consent; Section 15 defines coercion in causing any person to enter into a contract. Section 16 deals with undue influence. Fraud in relation to a contract is defined under Section 17; whereas G misrepresentation is defined and explained under Section 18. Section 19 states that "when consent to an agreement is caused by coercion, fraud or misrepresentation, the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused". Section 19A gives the party who was unduly H influenced to enter into a contract an option similar to the one ·· ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 909

& ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] provided by the preceding section. Section 20 makes an A agreement void where both the parties thereto are under a mistake as to a matter of fact. In our opinion, all the aforesaid eventualities refer to fundamental legal impediments. These are the defences to resist a claim for specific performance of a concluded contract; or to resist a claim for damages for breach B of a concluded contract. We agree with Savant, J. that the issue as to whether there is a concluded contract between the parties can be left to the Arbitral Tribunal, though not for the same reasons. 76. In our opinion, all the issues raised by the Appellants C about the non-existence of a concluded contract pale into insignificance in the face of "Heads of Agreement on the proposed IPLA dated 23rd May, 2006". Clause 3 of the Heads of Agreement provides as under:-D "3. Governing Law and Jurisdiction 3.1 This paragraph is legally binding. 3.2 This Heads of Agreement is (and all negotiations and any legal agreements prepared in connection with the IPLA E shall be) governed by and construed in accordance with the law of Germany. 3.3 The parties irrevocably agree that Clause 18 of the proposed draft IPLA shall apply to settle any dispute or F claim that arises out of or in connection with this memorandum of understanding and negotiations relating to the proposed IPLA."

77. A bare perusal of this clause makes it abundantly clear that the parties have irrevocably agreed that clause 18 of the G proposed IPLA shall apply to settle any dispute or claim that arises out of or in connection with this Memorandum of Understanding and negotiations relating to IPLA. It must also be noticed here that the relationship between the parties formally commenced on 12th January, 1994 when the parties H 910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A entered into the first SHA and TKHA. Even under that SHA, Article XVI inter alia provided for resolution of disputes by arbitration. The TKHA also contained an identically worded arbitration clause, under Article XIX. This intention to arbitrate . has continued without waiver. In the face of this, the question B of the concluded contract becomes irrelevant, for the purposes of making the reference to the Arbitral Tribunal. It must be clarified that the doubt raised by the Appellant is that there is no concluded IPLA, i.e. the substantive contract. But this can have no effect on the existence of a binding Arbitration C Agreement in view of Clause 3. The parties have irrevocably agreed to resolve all the disputes through Arbitration. Parties can not be permitted to avoid arbitration, without satisfying the Court that it would be just and in the interest of all the parties not to proceed with arbitration. Furthermore in arbitration proceedings, courts are required to aid and support the arbitral0 process, and not to bring it to a grinding halt. If we were to accept the submissions of Mr. Nariman, we would be playing havoc with the progress of the arbitral process. This would be of no benefit to any of the parties involved in these unnecessarily complicated and convoluted proceedings. E

78. In the facts of this case, we have no hesitation in concluding that the parties must proceed with the Arbitration. All the difficulties pointed out by Mr. Rohinton Nariman can be addressed by the Arbitral Tribunal. F 79. Further, the arbitration agreement contained in clause 18.1 to 18.3 of IPLA is very widely worded and would include all the disputes, controversies or differences concerning the legal relationship between the parties. It would include the G disputes arising in respect of the IPLA with regard to its validity, interpretation, construction, performance, enforcement or its alleged breach. Whilst interpreting the arbitration agreement and/or the arbitration clause, the court must be conscious of the overarching policy of least intervention by courts or judicial authorities in matters covered by the Indian Arbitration Act, H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 911 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 1996. In view of the aforesaid, it is not possible for us to accept A the submission of Mr. Nariman that the arbitration agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised. This is also because the arbitration clause (agreement) is independent of the underlying contract, i.e. the IPLA containing the arbitration clause. Section 16 provides that the Arbitration clause forming B part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of such a contract.

80. The concept of separability of the arbitration clause/ agreement from the underlying contract is a necessity to ensure C, that the intention of the parties to resolve the disputes by arbitration does not evaporate into thin air with every challenge to the legality, validity, finality or breach of the underlying contract. The Indian Arbitration Act, 1996, as noticed above, under Section 16 accepts the concept that the main contract and the arbitration agreement form two independent contracts. D Commercial rights and obligations are contained in the underlying, substantive, or the main contract. It is followed by a second contract, which expresses the agreement and the i~tention of the parties to resolve the disputes relating to the underlying contract through arbitration. A remedy is elected by E parties outside the normal civil court remedy. It is true that support of the National Courts would be required to ensure the success of arbitration, but this wouid not detract from the legitimacy or independence of the collateral arbitration agreement, even if it is contained in a contract, which is claimed F to be void or voidable or unconcluded by one of the parties. 81. The scope and ambit of provision contained in Section 16 of the Indian Contract Act has been clearly explained in Reva Electric Car (supra), wherein it was inter alia observed as G follows:

"54. Under Section 16(1), the legislature makes it clear that while considering any objection with respect to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement, the H 912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A arbitration clause which formed part of the ~ontract, has to be treated as an agreement independent of the other . terms of the contract. To ensure that there is no misunderstanding, Section 16(1 )(b) further provides that even if the Arbitral Tribunal concludes that the contract is B null and void, it should not result, as a matter of law, in an automatic invalidation of the arbitration clause. Section 16(1)(a) presumes the existence of a valid arbitration clause and mandates the same to be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract. c By virtue of Section 16(1)(b), it continues to be enforceable notwithstanding a declaration of the contract being null and void. In view of the provisions contained in Section 16(1) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, it would not be possible to accept the submission of Mr. Ahmadi that with the termination of the MoU on 31-12-2007, theD arbitration clause would also cease to exist." The aforesaid reasoning has also been approved by a two . Judge bench of this Court in Today Homes and Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. vs. Ludhiana Improvement Trust and Anr., 30 wherein E it was inter alia held as under:

"14. The same reasoning was adopted by a member of this Bench (S.S. Niliar, J.), while deciding the case of Reva Electric Car Company Private Limited Vs. Green Mobil [(2012) 2 SCC 93), wherein the provisions of Section 16(1)F in the backdrop of the doctrine of kompetehz kompetenz were considered and it was inter alia held that under Section 16(1), the legislature makes it clear that while considering any objection with regard to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement, the arbitration clause,G which formed part of the contract, had to be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract. Reference was made in the said judgment to the provisions of Section 16(1)(b) of the 1996 Act, which H 30. 2013 (7) SCALE 327. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 913 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] provides that even if the arbitral tribunal concludes that the A contract is null and void, it should not result, as a matter of law, in an automatic invalidation of the arbitration clause. It was also held that Section 16(1)(a) of the 1996 Act presumes the existence of a valid arbitration clause and mandates the same to be treated as an agreement B independent of the other terms of the contract. By virtue of Section 16(1)(b) of the 1996 Act, the arbitration clause continues to be enforceable, notwithstanding a declaration that the contract was null and void."

In view of the aforesaid, we are not inclined to accept the C submission of Mr. Nariman that Arbitration Agreement will perish as the IPLA has not been finalised. Issue (iv) D 82. We now come to the next issue that even if there is a valid arbitration agreement/clause, can the parties be denied the benefit of the same on the ground that it is unworkable? Both the Arbitrators, as noticed above, are of the opinion that the parties cannot proceed to arbitration as the arbitration clause E is unworkable. The Bombay High Court has taken the view that the arbitration clause is workable as two Arbitrators are to be appointed by the licensors and one by the licensee. We are not inclined to agree with the aforesaid finding/conclusion recorded by the High Court. Respondent No.1 is the licensor F and Respondent No.2 is undoubtedly 100% shareholder of Respondent No.1, but that is not the same as being an independent licensor. It would also be relevant to point out here that before this Court the Respondent has not even tried to support the aforesaid conclusion of the High Court. G 83. In our opinion, the Courts have to adopt a pragmatic approach and not a pedantic or technical approach while interpreting or construing an arbitration agreement or arbitration clause. Therefore, when faced with a seemingly unworkable arbitration clause, it would be the duty of the Court to make the H 914 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A same workable within the permissible limits of the law, without stretching it beyond the boundaries of recognition. In other words, a common sense approach has to be adopted to give effect to the intention of the parties to arbitrate. In such a case, the court ought to adopt the attitude of a reasonable business s person, having business common sense as well as being equipped with the knowledge that may be peculiar to the business venture. The arbitration clause cannot be construed with a purely legalistic mindset, as if one is construing a provision in a statute. We may just add here the words of Lord c Diplock in The Antaios Compania Neviera SA v Salen Rederiema AB, 31 which are as follows: "If detailed semantic and syntactical analysis of words in a commercial contract is going to lead to a conclusion that flouts business common sense, it must be made to yield D to business common sense." We entirely agree with the aforesaid observation. This view of ours is also supported by the following E judgments which were relied upon by Dr. Singhvi: In Visa lntemational Limited (supra), it was inter alia held that: "25 .... No party can be allowed to take advantage of inartistic drafting of arbitration clause in any agreement asF long as clear intention of parties to go for arbitration in case of any future disputes is evident from the agreement and material on record including surrounding circumstances.

G 26. What is required to be gathered is the intention of the parties from the surrounding circumstances including the conduct of the parties and the evidence such as exchange of correspondence between the parties .... " H 31. [1985]1AC191. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 915 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] Similar position of law was reiterated in Nandan Biomatrix A Ltd. (supra), wherein this court observed inter alia as under: 28. This Court in Rukmanibai Gupta v. Collector, Jabalpur has held (at sec p. 560, para 6) that what is required to be ascertained while construing a clause is "whether the 8 parties have agreed that if disputes arise between them in respect of the subject-matter of contract such dispute shall be referred to arbitration, then such an arrangement would spell out an arbitration agreement". 29. In M. Dayanand Reddy v. A.P. Industrial Infrastructure C Corpn. Ltd., this Court has held that: (SCC p. 142, para 8) "8 .... an arbitration clause is not required to be stated in any particular form. If the intention of the parties to refer D the dispute to arbitration can be clearly ascertained from the terms of the agreement, it is immaterial whether or not the expression arbitration or 'arbitrator' or 'arbitrators' has been used in the agreement." E (original emphasis supplied)

30. The Court is required, therefore, to decide whether the existence of an agreement to refer the dispute to arbitration can be clearly ascertained in the facts and circumstances of the case. This, in turn, may depend upon the intention F of the parties to be gathered from the correspondence exchanged between the parties, the agreement in question and the surrounding circumstances. What is required is to gather the intention of the parties as to whether they have agreed for resolution of the disputes through arbitration. G What is required to be decided in an application under Section 11 of the 1996 Act is: whether there is an arbitration agreement as defined in the said Act." 84. It is a well recognized principle of arbitration jurisprudence in almost all the jurisdictions, especially those H 91 S SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A following the UNCITRAL Model Law, that the Courts play a supportive role in encouraging the arbitration to proceed rather than letting it come to a grinding halt. Another equally important principle recognized in almost all jurisdictions is the least intervention by the Courts. Under the Indian Arbitration Act, B 1996, Section 5 specifically lays down that : "Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, in matters governed by this Part, no judicial authority shall intervene except where so provided in this Part". Keeping in view the aforesaid, we find force in the submission of Dr. c Singhvi that the arbitration clause as it stands cannot be frustrated on the ground that it is unworkable. 85. Dr. Singhvi has rightly submitted that the un-workability in this case is attributed only to the machinery provision. And the arbitration agreement, otherwise, fulfils the criteria laid down D under Section 44 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. Given that two Arbitrators have been appointed, the missing line that "the two Arbitrators appointed by the parties shall appoint the third Arbitrator'' can be read into the arbitration clause. The omission is so obvious that the court can legitimately supply the missing E line. In these circumstances, the Court would apply the officious bystander principle, as explained by MacKinnonn, LJ in Shirlaw v. Southern Foundries, 32 to interpret the clause. In Shirlaw, it was held that:

"prima facie that which in any contract is left to be impliedF and need not be expressed is something so obvious that it goes without saying; so that, if, while the parties were making their bargain, an officious bystander were to suggest some express provision for it in their agreement, they would testily suppress him with a common 'Oh, ofG course!" In construing an arbitration clause, it is not necessary to employ the strict rules of interpretation which may be necessary to construe a statutory provision. The court would be well within H 32. [1937 s. 1835]. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 917 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] its rights to set right an obvious omission without necessarily A leaving itself open to the criticism of having reconstructed the clause. Further, we find support in this context from the following extract of Halsbury's Laws of England (Vol. 13, Fourth Edition, 8 2007 Reissue): ·

"The words of a written instrument must in general be taken in their ordinary or natural sense notwithstanding the fact that such a construction may appear not to carry out the purpose which it might otherwise be supposed the parties C intended to carry out; but if the provisions and expressions are contradictory, and there are grounds, appearing on the face of the instrument, affording proof of the real intention of the parties, that intention will prevail against the obvious and ordinary meaning of the words; and where the literal D {in the sense of ordinary, natural or primary) construction would lead to an absurd result, and the words used are capable of being interpreted so as to avoid this result, the literal construction will be abandoned."

E 86. Mr. Rohinton Nariman had very fairly submitted that it is permissible for the Court to construe the arbitration clause in a particular manner to make the same workable when there is a defect or an omission in it. His only caveat was that such an exercise would not permit the Court to re-write the contract. In our opinion, in the present case, the crucial line which seems F to be an omission or an error can be inserted by the Court. In this context, we find support from judgment of this court in Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. (supra), wherein the 'offending part' in the arbitration clause made determination by the arbitrator ,, final and binding between the parties and declared that the G ,.parties have waived the rights to appeal or an objection against i such award in any jurisdiction. The Court, inter-alia, held that such an objectionable part is clearly severable being independent of the dispute that has to be referred to be resolved through arbitration. By giving effect to the arbitration clause, the H 918 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A court specifically noted that the "it cannot be said that the Court is doing something which is not contemplated by the parties or by 'interpretative process', the Court is rewriting the contract which is in the nature of 'novatio' (sic). The intention ·of the parties is explicit and clear; they have agreed that the dispute, B if any, would be referred to an arbitrator. To that extent, therefore, the agreement is legal, lawful and the offending part as to the finality and restraint in approaching a Court of law can be separated and severed by using a 'blue pencil'."

87. There is another reason which permits us to take the C aforesaid view and accept the submission made by Dr. Singhvi that while construing the arbitration agreement/clause the same can be construed to make it workable, as such an approach is statutorily provided for. For this submission, Dr. Singhvi has rightly relied upon the provision contained in Sections 10 and D 11 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. The object of these two provisions is to avoid failure of the arbitration agreement or the arbitration clause if contained in contract. Under Section 10(1), there is freedom given to the parties to determine the number of Arbitrators, provided that such number shall not be an even E number. The arbitration clause in this case provides that the arbitral tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators. Further, it must also be noticed that the Respondents have been trying to seek adjudication of disputes by arbitration. As noted earlier, the Respondent No.2 in its email dated 13th March, 2008 clearly F offered that the third and the presiding arbitrator be appointed by the respective arbitrators of the Appellants and the Respondents. On the other hand, the attitude of the Appellants is to avoid arbitration at any cost.

· 88. In this context, reliance placed by Dr. Singhvi upon G MMTC Limited .(supra) is justified. In MMTC, the provisions contained in Sections 10(1) and (2) of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 have been held to be machinery provisions by this Court. It was further held that the validity of an arbitration agreement does not depend on the number of arbitrators specified therein. H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 919 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] The Court declined to render the arbitration agreement invalid A on the ground that it provided an even number of arbitrators. In the present case, Mr. Rohinton Nariman. had rightly not even emphasised that the arbitration agreement itself is illegal. The learned sr. counsel only emphasised that the arbitrators having expressed the view that the arbitration clause is unworkable, B the parties ought not to be sent to the arbitration.

Similarly, other provisions contained in Sections 8, 11 and 45 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 are machinery provisions to ensure that parties can proceed to arbitration provided they C have expressed the intention to Arbitrate. This intention can be expressed by the parties, as specifically provided under Section 7 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 by an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommunication which provide a record of the agreement. Such intention can 0even be expressed in the pleadings of the parties such as statements of claim and defence, in which the existence of the agreement is alleged by one party and not denied by the other. In view of the above, we are of the opinion that the parties can be permitted to proceed to arbitration. E Issue No. V/Re: Seat 89. This now clears the decks for the crucial question, i.e., is the 'seat' of arbitration in London or in India. This is necessarily so as the location of the seat will determine the F Courts that will have exclusive jurisdiction to oversee the arbitration proceedings. Therefore, understandably, much debate has been generated before us on the question whether the use of the phrase "venue shall be in London" actually refers to designation of the seat of arbitration in London. G 90. We find much substance in the submissions of Mr.

Nariman that there are very strong indicators to suggest that the parties always understood that the seat of arbitration would be in India and London would only be the "venue" to hold the proceedings of arbitration. We find force in the submission H 920 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A made by learned senior counsel for the Appellants that the facts of the present case would make the ratio of law laid down in Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. (supra) applicable in the present case. Applying the closest and the intimate connection to arbitration, it would be seen that the parties had agreed that B the provisions of Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 would apply to the arbitration proceedings. By making such a choice, the parties have made the curial law provisions contained in Chapters Ill, IV, V and VI of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 applicable. Even Dr. Singhvi had submitted that Chapters 111, IV, V and VI would c apply if the seat of arbitration is in India. By choosing that .Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 would apply, the parties have made a choice that the seat of arbitration would be in India. Section 2 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 provides that Part I "shall apply where the place of arbitration is in India". In Balco, it has been categorically held that Part I of the Indian0 Arbitration Act, 1996, will have no application, if the seat of arbitration is not in India. In the present case, London is mentioned only as a "venue" of arbitration which, in our opinion, in the facts of this case can not be read as the "seat" of arbitration. E

91. We are fortified in taking the aforesaid view since all the three laws applicable in arbitration proceedings are Indian laws. The law governing the Contract, the law governing the arbitration agreement and the law of arbitration/Curial law are F all stated to be Indian. In such circumstances, the·observation in Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. (supra) would become fully applicable. In this case, the Court of Appeal in England considered the agreement which contained a clause providing for the jurisdiction of the courts in Lima, Peru in the event of G judicial dispute; and at the same time contained a clause providing that the arbitration would be governed by the English law and the procedural law of arbitration shall be the English law. The Court of Appeal summarised the state of the jurisprudence on this topic. Thereafter, the conclusions which H arose from the material were summarised as follows: ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 921 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] "All contracts which provide for arbitration and contain a A foreign element may involve three potentially relevant systems of law: (1) the law governing the substantive contract; (2) the law governing the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of that agreement; (3) the law governing the conduct of the arbitration. In the majority of B cases all three will be the same. But (1) will often be different from (2) and (3). And occasionally, but rarely, (2) may also differ from (3)."

It was observed that the problem about all these formulations, including the third, is that they elide the distinction C between the legal localisation of arbitration on the one hand and the appropriate or convenient geographical locality for 'iearings of the arbitration on the other hand. 92. On the facts of the case, it was observed in Naviera D Amazonica case (supra) that since there was no contest on Law 1 and Law 2, the entire issue turned on Law 3, "the law governing the conduct of the arbitration". This is usually referred to as the curial or procedural law, or the lex fori. Thereafter, the Court approvingly quoted the following observation from Dicey E & Morris on the Conflict of Laws (11th Edn.): "English Law does not recognise the concept of a delocalised arbitration or of arbitral procedures floating in the transnational firmament, unconnected with any municipal system of law". It is further held that "accordingly every arbitration must have a 'seat' or 'locus F arbitri' or 'forum' which subjects its procedural rules to the municipal law which is there in force". The Court thereafter culls. out the following principle: · 'Where the parties have failed to choose the law governing the arbitration proceedings, those proceedings must be G considered, at any rate prima facie, as being governed by the law of the country in which the arbitration is held, on the ground that it is the country most closely connected with the proceedings." H

922 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R. A The aforesaid classic statement of the conflict of law rules as quoted in Dicey & Morris on the Conflict of Laws (1'1th Edn.), Vol. 1, was approved by the House of Lords in James Miller & Partners Ltd. v. Whitworth Street Estates (Manchester) Ltd. 33 Mustill, J. in Black Clawson International B Ltd. v.' Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg A.G. 34, a little later characterised the same proposition as "the law of the place where the reference is conducted, the lex fori". The position of law in India is the same. 93. The Court in Naviera Amazonica, also, recognised the C proposition that "there is equally no reason in theory which precludes parties to agree that an arbitration shall be held at a place or in country X but subject to the procedural laws of Y'' But it points out that in reality parties would hardly make such a decision as it would create enormous unnecessary D co.rnplexities. Finally it is pointed out that it is necessary not to confuse the legal seat of arbitration with the geographically convenient place or places for holding hearings. In the present case, Dr.Singhvi, it seems to us, is confusing the geographically convenient place, which is London, with the legal seat which, E in our opinion, is undoubtedly India.

94. Further, on examination of the facts in Naviera Amazonica case, the Court of Appeal observed that there is nothing surprising in concluding that these parties intended that F any dispute under this policy should be arbitrated in London. But it would always be open to the Arbitral Tribunal to hold hearings in Lima if this was thought to be convenient, even though the seat or forum of the arbitration would remain in London. In· the present case, with_ the utmost ease, "London" can be replaced by India, and "Lima" with London. G 95. Having chosen all the three applicable laws to be Indian laws, in our considered opinion, the parties wc:iuld not have intended to have created an exceptionally difficult 33. [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep. 269; [1970] A.C. 583. H 34. [1981] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 446 at P. 453. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 923 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] situation, of extreme complexities, by fixing the seat of A arbitration in London. In view of the above, we are unable to.accept the submissions made by Dr. Singhvi that in this case, the term "venue" ought to be read as seat. 8

96. We are also unable to accept the submission made by Dr. Singhvi that in this case the venue should be understood as reference to place in the manner it finds mention in Section 20(1 ), as opposed to the manner it appears in Section 20(3), of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. Such a submission cannot C be accepted since the parties have agreed that Curial law would be the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. 97. In Ba/co, it has been clearly held that concurrent jurisdiction is vested in the Courts of seat and venue, only when D the seat of arbitrations is in India (Para 96). Reason for the aforesaid conclusion is that there is no risk of conflict of judgments of different jurisdictions, as all courts in India would follow the Indian Law. Thus, the reliance placed by D. Singhvi on Balco in this context is misplaced. E

98. It is correct that, in virtually all jurisdictions, it is an accepted proposition of law that the seat normally carries with it the choice of that country's arbitration/Curial law. But this would arise only if the Curial law is not specifically chosen by . the parties. Reference can be made to Ba/co (supra), wherein F this Court considered a number of judgments having a bearing on the issue of whether the venue is to be treated as seat. However, the court was not required to decide any controversy akin to the one this court is considering in the present case. The cases were examined only to demonstrate the difficulties G that the court will face in a situation similar to the one which was considered in Na11iera Amazonica (supra). 99. We also do not agree with Dr. Singhvi that parties have not indicated they had chosen India to be the seat of arbitration. H 924 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R.

A The judgments relied upon by Dr. Singhvi do not support the proposition canvassed: In fact, the judgment in the case Braes of Doune Wind Farm (Scotland) Limited Vs. Alfred McAlpine Business Services Limited35, has considered a situation very similar to the factual situation in the present case. B 100. In Braes of Doune, the English & Wales High Court considered two Applications relating to the first award of an arbitrator. The award related to an EPC (engineering, procurement and construction) contract dated 4th November, C 2005 (the EPC contract) between the claimant (the employer) and the defendant (the contractor), whereby the contractor undertook to carry out works in connection with the provision of 36 WTGs at a site some 18 km from Stirling in Scotland. This award dealt with enforceability of the clauses of the EPC contract which provided for liquidated damages for delay. The D claimant applied for leave to appeal against this award upon a question of law whilst the defendant sought, in effect, a declaration that the court had no jurisdiction to entertain such an Application and for leave to enforce the award. The Court considered the issue of jurisdiction which arose out of E application of Section 2 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 which provides that: "2. Scope of application of provisions.-(1) The provisions of this Part apply where the seat of the F arbitration is in England and Wales or Northern Ireland."

101. The Court notices the singular importance of · determining the location of juridical seat in terms of Section 3, for the purposes of Section 2, in the following words of Akenhead, J.: G "15. I must determine what the parties agreed was the 'seat' of the arbitration for the purposes of Section 2 of the Arbitration Act, 1996. This means by Section 3 what the parties agreed was the 'juridical' seat. The word 'juridical' H 35. [2008) EWHC 426 (TCC). ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 925 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] is not an irrelevant word or a word to be ignored in A ascertaining what the 'seat' is. It means and connotes the administration of justice so far as the arbitration is concerned. It implies that there must be a country whose job it is to administer, control or decide what control there is to be over an arbitration." B (emphasis supplied}

102. Thus, it would be evident that if the "juridical seat" of the arbitration was in Scotland, the English courts would have no jurisdiction to entertain an Application for leave to appeal. C The contractor argued that the seat of the arbitration was Scotland whilst the employer argued that it was England. There were to be.two contractors involved with the project. The material clauses of the EPC contract were: D "1.4.1. The contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales and, subject to Clause 20.2 (Dispute Resolution), the parties agree that the courts of England and Wales have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute arising out of or in E connection with the contract. (a) ... any dispute or difference between the parties to this agreement arising out of or in connection with this agreement shall be referred to arbitration. F (b) Any reference to arbitration shall be to a single arbitrator ... and conducted in accordance with the Construction Industry Model Arbitration Rules, February 1998 Edn., subject to this clause {Arbitration Procedure) .... G {c) This arbitration agreement is subject to English law and the seat of the arbitration shall be Glasgow, Scotland. Any such reference to arbitration shall be deemed to be a reference to arbitration within the meaning of the Arbitration Act, 1996 or any statutory re-enactment." H 926 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A 103. The arbitration was to be conducted under the arbitration rules known colloquially as the "GIMAR Rules". Rule 1 of the aforesaid Rules provided that: "1.1. These Rules are to be read consistently with the Arbitration Act, 1996 (the Act), with common expressionsB having the same meaning." "1.6. (a) a single arbitrator is to be appointed, and (b) the seat of the arbitration is in England and Wales or c Northern Ireland." The Court was informed by the parties in arguments that the Scottish Court's powers of control or intervention would be, at the very least, seriously circumscribed by the parties' agreement in terms as set out in para 6 of the judgment. It was D further indicated by the counsel that the Scottish Court's powers of intervention might well be limited to cases involving such extreme circumstances as the dishonest procurement of an award. In construing the EPC, the Court relied upon the principles stated by the Court of Appeal in Naviera Amazonica E Peruana S.A. 104. Upon consideration of the entire material, the Court formed the view that it does have jurisdiction to entertain an Application by either party to the contract in question under F Section 69 of the English Arbitration Act. 1996. The Court gave the following reasons for the decision: "(a) One needs to consider what, in substance, the parties agreed was the law of the country which would juridically control the arbitration. G

(b) I attach particular importance to Clause 1.4.1. The parties agreed that essentially the English (and Welsh) courts have 'exclusive jurisdiction' to settle disputes. Although this is 'subject to' arbitration, it must and does H mean something other than being mere verbiage. lfis a ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 927 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] jurisdiction over disputes and not simply a court in which A a foreign award may be enforced. If it is in arbitration alone that disputes are to be settled and the English courts have no residual involvement in that process, this part of Clause 1.4.1 is meaningless in practice. The use of the word 'jurisdiction' suggests some form of control. B

(c) The second part of Clause 1.4.1 has some real meaning if the parties were agreeing by it that, although the agreed'disputes resolution process is arbitration, the parties agree that the English court retains such jurisdiction C to address those disputes as the law of England and Wales permits. The Arbitration Act, 1996 permits and requires the court to entertain applications under Section 69 for leave to appeal against awards which address disputes which have been referred to arbitration. By allowing such applications and then addressing the relevant D questions of law, the court will settle such disputes; even if the application is refused, the court will be applying its jurisdiction under the Arbitration Act, 1996 and providing resolution in relation to such disputes. E

(d) This reading of Clause 1.4.1 is consistent with Clause 20.2.2(c) which confirms that the arbitration agreement is subject to English law and that the 'reference; is 'deemed to be a reference to arbitration within the me~ning of the Arbitration Act, 1996'. This latter expression is extremely F odd unless the parties were agreeing that any reference to arbitration was to be treated as a reference to which the Arbitration Act, 1996 was to apply. There is no definition in the Arbitration Act, 1996 of a 'reference to arbitration', which is not a statutory term of art. The parties G presumably meant something in using the expression and the most obvious meaning is that the parties were agreeing that the Arbitration Act, 1996 should apply to the reference without qualification. (e) Looked at in this light, the parties' express agreement H 928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A that the 'seat' of arbitration _was to be Glasgow, Scotland must relate to the place in which the parties agreed that the hearings should take place. However, by all the other references the parties were agreeing that the curial law or law which governed the arbitral proceedings ... establish B that, prima facie and in the absence of agreement otherwise, the selection of a place or seat for an arbitration will determine what the curial law or 'lex fori' or 'lex arbitri' will be, [we] consider that, where in substance the parties agree that the laws of one country will govern and control c a given arbitration, the place where the arbitration is to be heard will not dictate what the governing or controlling law will be. (f) In the context of this particular case, the fact that, as both parties seemed to accept in front of me, the Scottish courts D would have no real control or interest in the arbitral proceedings other than in a criminal context, suggests that they can not have intended that the arbitral proceedings were to be conducted as an effectively 'delocalised' arbitration or in a 'transnational firmament', to borrow Kerr, E L.J.'s words in Naviera Amazonica.

(g) The CIMAR Rules are not inconsistent with my view. Their constant references to the Arbitration Act, 1996 suggest that the parties at least envisaged the possibility F that the courts of England and Wales might play some part in policing any arbitration. For instance, Rule 11.5 envisages something called 'the court' becoming involved in securing compliance with a peremptory order of the arbitrator. That would have to be the English court, in practice."G 105. In our opinion, Mr. Nariman has rightly relied upon the ratio in Braes of Doune case (supra). Learned senior counsel has rightly pointed out that unlike the situation in Naviera . Amazonica (supra), in the present case all the three laws: (i) H the law governing the substantive contract; (ii) the law governing ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 929 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of that A agreement (iii) the law governing the conduct of the arbitration are Indian. '!!..earned senior counsel has rightly submitted that the curial law of England would become applicable only if there was clear designation of the seat in London. Since the parties have deliberately chosen London as a venue, as a neutral place B to hold the meetings of arbitratioo only, it cannot be accepted that London is the seat of arbitration. We find merit in the submission of Mr. Nariman that businessmen do not intend absurd results. If seat is in London, then challenge to the award would also be in London. But the parties having chosen Indian c Arbitration Act, 1996 - Chapter Ill, IV, V and VI; Section 11 would be applicable for appointment of arbitrator in case the machinery for appointment of arbitrators agreed between the parties breaks down. This would be so since the ratio laid down in Bhatia will apply, i.e., Part I of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 0would apply even though seat of arbitration is not in India. This position has been reversed in Ba/co, but only prospectively. Ba/co would apply to the agreements on or after 6th September, 2012. Therefore, to interpret that London has been designated as the seat would lead to absurd results. E

106. Learned senior counsel has rightly submitted that in fixing the seat in India, the court would not be faced with the complications which were faced by the English High Court in the Braes of Doune (supra). In that case, the court understood the designation of the seat to be in Glasgow as venue, on the F strength of the other factors intimately connecting the arbitration to England. If one has regard to the factors connecting the dispute to India and the absence of any factors connecting it to England, the only reasonable conclusion is that the parties have chosen London, only as the venue of the arbitration. All G the other connectJn_g factors would place the seat firmly in India. 107. The submission made by Dr. Singhvi would only be worthy of acceptance on the assumption that London is the seat. That would be to put the cart before the horse. Surely, H 930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . (2014] 2 S.C.R.

A jurisdiction of the courts can not be rested upon unsure or insecure foundations. If so, it will flounder with every gust of the wind from different directions. Given the connection to India of the entire dispute between the parties, it is difficult to accept that parties have agreed that the seat would be London and B that venue is only a misnomer. The parties having chosen the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 as the law governing the substantive contract, the agreement to arbitrate and the performance of the agreement and the law governing the conduct of the arbitration; it would, therefore, in our opinion, be vexatious and oppressive c if Enercon GMBH is permitted to compel Ell to litigate in England. This would unnecessarily give rise to the undesirable consequences so pithily pointed by Lord Brandon and Lord Dip lock in Abidin Vs. Daver. 36 It was to avoid such a situation that the High Court of England & Wales, in Braes of Doune, construed a provision designating Glasgow in Scotland as the0 seat of the arbitration as providing only for the venue of the arbitration.

108. At this stage, it would be appropriate to analyse the reasoning of the Court in Braes of Doune in support of E construing the designated seat by the parties as making a reference only to the venue of arbitration. In that case, the Court held that t~ere was no supplanting of the Scottish law by the English law, as both the seat under Section 2 and the "juridical seat" under Section 3, were held to be in England. It was further F concluded, as observed earlier, that where in substance the parties agreed that the laws of one country will govern and control a given arbitration, the place where the arbitration is to be heard will not dictate what the governing law will be. 109. In Braes of Doune, detailed examination was G undertaken by the court to discern the intention of the parties as to whether the place mentioned refers to venue or the seat of the arbitration. The factual situation in the present case is not as difficult or complex as the parties herein have only H 36." (1984] AC 398. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 931 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

designated London as a venue. Therefore, if one has to apply A the reasoning and logic of Akenhead, J., the conclusion would be irresistible that the parties have designated India as the seat. This is even more so as the parties have not,agreed that the courts in London will have exclusive jurisdiction to resolve any dispute arising out of or in connection with the contract, B which was specifically provided in Clause 1.4.1 of the EPC Contract examined by Akenhead, J. in Braes of Doune. In the present case, except for London being chosen as a convenient place/venue for holding the meetings of the arbitration, there is no other factor connecting the arbitration proceedings to c London. 110. We also do not find much substance in the submission of Dr. Singhvi that the agreement of the parties that the arbitration proceedings will be governed by the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 would not be indicative of the intention of D the parties that the seat of arbitration is India. An argument similar to the argument put forward before us by Dr. Singhvi was rejected in C vs. D by the Court of Appeal in England as well as by Akenhead, J. in Braes of Doune. Underlying reason -- for the conclusion in both the cases was that it would be rare E for the law of the arbitration agreement to be different from the law of the seat of arbitration.

111. C v. 0 37 the Court of Appeal in England was examining an appeal by the defendant insurer from the F judgment of Cooke, J. granting an anti-suit injunction preventing it from challenging an arbitration award in the US courts. The insurance policy provided that "any dispute arising under this policy shall be finally and fully determined in London, England under the provisions of the English Arbitration Act, 1950 as G amended". However, it was further provided that "this policy shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York .... " A partial award was rmi.de in favour of the claimants. It was agreed that this partial 37. [2007] EWCA Civ 1282. H 932 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R.

A award is, in English law terms, final as to what it decides. The defendant sought the tribunal's withdrawal of its findings. The defendant also intimated its intention to apply to a Federal Court applying the US Federal Arbitration Law governing the enforcement of arbitral award, which was said to permit vacatur B of an award where arbitrators have manifestly disregarded the law. It was in consequence of such an intimation that the claimant sought and obtained an interim anti-suit injunction. The Judge held that parties had agreed that any proceedings seeking to attack or set aside the partial award would only be c tho$e· permitted by the English law. It was not, therefore, permissible for the defendant to bring any proceedings in New York or elsewhere to attack the partial award. The Judge rejected the arguments to the effect that the choice of the law of New York as the proper law of the contract amounted to an agreement that the law of England should not apply to0 proceedings post award. The Judge also rejected a further argument that the separate agreement to arbitrate contained in Condition V(o) of the policy was itself governed by New York Law so that proceedings could be instituted in New York. The E Judge granted the claimant a final injunction. 112. The Court of Appeal noticed the submission on behalf of the defendant as follows:

"14. The main submission of Mr Hirst for the defendant insurer was that the Judge had been wrong to hold that theF arbitration agreement itself was governed by English law merely because the seat of the arbitration was London. He argued that the arbitration agreement itself was silent as to its proper law but that its proper law should follow the proper law of the contract as a whole, namely, New YorkG law, rather than follow from the law of the seat of the arbitration, namely, England. The fact that the arbitration itself was governed by English procedural law did not mean that it followed that the arbitration agreement itself had to be governed by English law. The proper law of the H ENERCON (!NOIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 933 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] arbitration agreement was that law with which the A agreement had the most close and real connection; if the insurance policy was governed by New York law, the law with which the arbitration agreement had its closest and most real connection was the law of New York. It would then follow that, if New York law permitted a challenge for B manifest disregard of the law, the court in England should not enjoin such a challenge." 113. Justice Longmore of Court of Appeal observed:

"16. I shall deal with Mr Hirst's arguments in due course C but, in my judgment, they fail to grapple with the central point at issue which is whether or not, by choosing London as the seat of the arbitration, the parties must be taken to have agreed that proceedings on the award should be only those permitted by English law. In my view they must be D taken to have so agreed for the reasons given by the Judge. The whole purpose of the balance achieved by the Bermuda Form (English arbitration but applying New York law to issues arising under the policy) is that judicial remedies in respect of the award should be those E permitted by English law and only those so permitted. Mr Hirst could not say (and did not say) that English judicial remedies for lack of jurisdiction on procedural irregularities under Sections 67 and 68 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 were not permitted; he was reduced to saying that New York F judicial remedies were also permitted. That, however, would be a recipe for litigation and (whatis worse) confusion which cannot have been intended by the parties. No doubt New York law has its own judicial remedies for want of jurisdiction and serious irregularity but it could G scarcely be supposed that a party aggrieved by one part of an award could proceed in one jurisdiction and a party aggrieved by another part of an award could proceed in another jurisdiction. Similarly, in the case of a single complaint about an award, it could not be supposed that H

934 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A the aggrieved party could complain in one jurisdiction and the satisfied party be entitled to ask the other jurisdiction to declare its satisfaction with the award. There would be a serious risk of parties rushing to get the first judgment or of conflicting decisions which the parties cannot have B contemplated. 17. It follows from this that a choice of seat for the arbitration must be a choice of forum for remedies seeking to attack the award." c (emphasis supplied) On the facts of the case, the Court held that the seat of the arbitration was in England and accordingly entertained the challenge to the award. ·

D 114. The cases relied upon by Dr. Singhvi relate to the phrase "arbitration in London" or expressions similar thereto. The same cannot be equated with the term "venue of arbitration proceEtdings shall be in London." Arbitration in London can be understood to include venue as well as seat; but it would be E rather stretching the imagination if "venue of arbitration shall be in London" could be understood as "seat of arbitratioo shall be London," in the absence of any other factor connecting the arbitration to London. In spite of Dr. Singhvi's seemingly attractive submission to convince us, we decline to entertain F the notion that India would not be the natural forum for all remedies in relation to the disputes, having such a close and intimate connection with India. In contrast, London is described only as a venue which Dr. Singhvi says would be the natural forum. G 115. In Shashoua, such an expression was understood as seat instead of venue, as the parties had agreed that the ICC Rules would apply to the arbitration proceedings. In Shashoua, the ratio in Naviera and Braes Daune has been followed. In H this case, the Court was concerned with the construction of the ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 935 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

shareholders' agreement between the parties, which provided A that "the venue of the arbitration shall be London, United Kingdom". It provided that the arbitration proceedings should be conducted in English in accordance with the ICC Rules and that the governing law of the shareholders' agreement itself would be the law of India. The claimants made an Application B to the High Court in New Delhi seeking interim measures of protection under Section 9 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996, prior to the institution of arbitration proceedings. Following the commencement of the arbitration, the defendant and the joint venture company raised a challenge to the jurisdiction of the c Arbitral Tribunal, which the panel heard as a preliminary issue. The Tribunal rejected the jurisdictional objection.

116. The Tribunal then made a costs award ordering the defendant to pay $140,000 and £172,373.47. The English Court gave leave to the claimant .to enforce the costs award D as a judgment. The defendant applied to the High Court of Delhi under Section 34(2)(a)(iv) of the Arbitration Act, 1996 to set aside the costs award. The claimant had obtained a charging order, which had been made final, over the defendant's property in UK. The defendant applied to the Delhi High Court for an E order .directing the claimants not to take any action to execute the charging order, pending the final disposal of the Section 34 petition in Delhi. seeking to set aside the costs award. The defendant had sought unsuccessfully to challenge the costs award in the Commercial Court under Section 68 and Section F 69 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 and to set aside the order giving leave to enforce the award. 117. Examining the fact situation in the case, the Court observed as follows: G "The basis for the court's grant of an anti-suit injunction of the kind sought depended upon the seat of the arbitration. An agreement as to the seat of an arbitration brought in the law of that country as the curial law and was analogous to an exclusive jurisdiction clause. Not only H 936 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A was there agreement to the curial law of the seat, but also to the courts of the seat having supervisory jurisdiction over the arbitration, so that, by agreeing to the seat, the parties agreed that any challenge to an interim or final award was to be made only in the courts of the place designated as B the seat of the arbitration. Although, 'venue' was not synonymous with 'seat', in an arbitration clause which provided for arbitration to be conducted in accordance with the Rules of the ICC in Paris c (a supranational body of rules), a provision that 'the venue of arbitration shall be London, United.Kingdom' did amount to the designation of a juridical seat .... " In para 54, it is further observed as follows: D "There was a ,little debate about the possibility of the issues relating to the alleged submission by the claimants to the jurisdiction of the High Court of Delhi being heard by that Court, because it was best fitted to determine such issues under the Indian law. Whilst I found this idea attractive initially, we are persuaded that it would be wrongE in principle to allow this and that it would create undue practical problems in any event. On the basis of what I have already decided, England is the seat of the arbitration and since this carries with it something akin to an exclusive jurisdiction clause, as a matter of principle the foreign court F should not decide matters which are for this Court to decide in the context of an anti-suit injunction."

(emphasis supplied) G If the aforesaid observations are applied to the facts of the present case, it would be apparent that the Indian Courts would have jurisdiction in the nature of exclusive jurisdiction over the disputes between the parties. 118. In Shashoua case (supra), Cooke, J. concluded that H London is the seat, since the phrase "venue of arbitration shall ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 937 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] be London, U.K." was accompanied by the provision in the A arbitration clause for arbitration to be conducted in accordance with the Rules of ICC in Paris (a supranational body of rules). It was also noted by Cooke, J. that "the parties have not simply provided for the location of hearings to be in London ...... " In the present case, parties have not chosen a supranational body B of rules to govern the arbitration; Indian Arbitration Act, 1996 is the law applicable to the arbitration proceedings.

119. Also, in Union of India v. McDonnell Douglas Corpn., the proposition laid down in Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. C was reiterated. In this case, the agreement provided that: "The arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the procedure provided in the Indian Arbitration Act of 1940 or any re-enactment or modification thereof. The arbitration shall be conducted in the English language. The award of D the arbitrators shall be made by majoi ity decision and shall be final and binding on the parties hereto. The seat of the arbitration proceedings shall be London, United Kingdom." 120. Construing the aforesaid clause, the Court held as E follows: "On the contrary, for the reasons given, it seems to me that by their agreement the parties have chosen English law as the law to govern their arbitration proceedings, while contractually importing from the Indian Act those provisions F of that Act which are concerned with the internal conduct of their arbitration and which are not inconsistent with the choice of English arbitral procedural law." 121. The same question was again considered by the High G Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, Commercial Court (England) in SulameRica CIA Nacional De Seguros SA v. Enesa Engenharia SA - Enesa. The Court noticed that the issue in this case depends upon the weight to be given to the ·provision in Condition 12 of the insurance policy that "the seat H 938 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A of the arbitration shall be London, England." It was observed that this necessarily carried with it the English Court's supervisory jurisdiction over the arbitration process. It was observed that "this follows from the express terms of the Arbitration Act, 1996 and, in particular, the provisions of Section B 2 which provide that Part I of the Arbitration Act, 1996 applies where the seat of the arbitration is in England and Wales or Northern Ireland. This immediately establishes a strong connection between the arbitration agreement itself and the law of England. It is for this reason that recent authorities have laid c stress upon the locations of the seat of the arbitration as an important factor in determining the proper law of the arbitration agreement." The Court thereafter makes a reference to the observations made in C v. D by the High Court as well as the Court of Appeal. The observations made in paragraph 12 have particular relevance which are as under:0 "In the Court of Appeal, Longmore, L.J., with whom the other two Lord Justices agreed, decided (again obiter) that, where there was no express choice of law for the arbitration agreement, the law with which that agreement E had its closest and most real connection was more likely to be the law of the seat of arbitration than the law of the underlying contract. He referred to Mustill, J. (as he then was) in Black Clawson International Ltd. v. Papierwerke Waldhof-Aschaffenburg A.G. as saying that it would be a F rare case in which the law of the arbitration agreement was not the same as the law of the place or seat of the arbitration. Longmore, L.J. also referred to the speech of Lord Mustilf (as he had then become) in Channel Tunnel Group ltd. v. Balfour Beatty Construction ltd. and G concluded that the Law Lord was saying that, although it was exceptional for the proper law of the underlying contract to be different from the proper law of the arbitration agreement, it was less exceptional (or more common) for the proper law of that underlying contract to be different H from the curial law, the law of the seat of the arbitration. ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 939

& ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] He was not expressing any view on the frequency or A otherwise of the law ofthe arbitration agreement differing from the law of the seat of the arbitration. Longmore, L.J. agreed with Mustill, J.'s earlier dictum that it would be rare for the law of the separable arbitration agreement to be different from the law of the seat of the arbitration. The B reason was 'that an agreement to arbitrate will normally have a closer and more real connection with the place where the parties have chosen to arbitrate, than C with the place of the law of the underlying contract, in cases where the parties have deliberately chosen to arbitrate, in one place, disputes which have arisen under a contract governed by the law of another place'. (C case, Bus LR p. 854, para 26)" D 122. Upon consideration of the entire matter, it was observed in SulameRica supra that "In these circumstances it is clear to me that the law with which the agreement to arbitrate has its closest and most real connection is the law of the seat of arbitration, namely, the law of England". It was thereafter E concluded by the High Court that the English law is the proper law of the agreement to arbitrate. The aforesaid observations make it abundantly clear that the submissions made by Dr. Singhvi cannot be supported F either in law or in facts. In the present case, all the chosen laws are of India, therefore, it cannot be said the laws of England would have any application.

123. We also do not find any merit in the submission of Dr. Singhvi that the close and the most intimate connection test G is wholly irrelevant in this case. It is true that the parties have specified all the three laws. But the Court in these proceedings is required to determine the seat of the arbitration, as the Respondents have taken the plea that the term "venue" in the arbitration clause actually makes a reference to the "seat" of H · 940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A the arbitration. 124. It is accepted by most of the experts in the law relating to international arbitration that in almost all the national laws, arbitrations are anchored to the seaUplace/situs of arbitration. Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration (5th8 Edn., Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York 2009), in para 3.54 concludes that "the seat of the arbitration is thus intended to be its centre of gravity." In Balco, it is further noticed that this does not mean that all proceedings of the arbitration are to be held at the seat of arbitration. The Arbitrators are at liberty to C hold meetings at a place which is of convenience to all concerned. This may become necessary as Arbitrators often come from different countries. Therefore, it may be convenient to hold all or some of the meetings of the arbitration in a location other than where the seat of arbitration is located. In D Balco, the relevant passage from Redfern and Hunter, has been quoted which is as under:

"The preceding discussion has been on the basis that there is only one 'place' of arbitration. This will be the place chosen by or on behalf of the parties; and it will beE designated in the arbitration agreement or the terms of reference or the minutes of proceedings or in some other way as the place or 'seat' of the arbitration. This does not mean, however, that the Arbitral Tribunal must hold all its meetings or hearings at the place of arbitration.F International commercial arbitration often involves people of many different nationalities, from many different countries. In these circumstances, it is by no means unusual for an Arbitral Tribunal to hold meetings-or even hearings-in a place other than the designated place ofG arbitration, either for its own convenience or for the convenience of the parties or their witnesses ... It may be more convenient for an Arbitral Tribunal sitting in one country to conduct a hearing in another country - for instance, for the purpose of taking evidence.... In such H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 941 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] circumstances each move of the Arbitral Tribunal does A not of itself mean that the seat of arbitration changes. The seat of arbitration remains the place initially agreed by or on behalf of the parties. " These observations have also been noticed in Union of B India Vs. McDonald Dug/as Corporation (supra).

125. In the present case, even though the venue of arbitration proceedings has been fixed in London, it cannot be presumed that the parties have intended the seat to be also in London. In an International Commercial Arbitration, venue can C often be different from the seat of arbitration. In such circumstances, the hearing of the arbitration will be conducted at the venue fixed by the parties, but this would not bring about a change in the seat of the arbitration. This is precisely the ratio in Braes of Dounne. Therefore, in the present case, the seat D would remain in India. 126. In Naviera Amazonica Peruana S.A. (supra), the Court of Appeal observed that it would always be open to the Arbitral Tribunal to hold the hearings in Lima if this were thought E to be convenient, even though the seat or forum of the arbitration would remain in London. Issue No. VI/ Re: Concurrent Jurisdicion:

127. Having held that the seat of arbitration is in India, in F our opinion, the Bombay High Court committed an error in concluding that the Courts in England would have concurrent jurisdiction. Holding that the Courts in England and India will have concurrent jurisdiction, as observed on different occasions by Courts in different jurisdictions, would lead to unnecessary G complications and inconvenience. This, in turn, would be contrary to underlying principle of the policy of dispute resolution through arbitration. The whole aim and objective of arbitration is to enable the parties to resolve the disputes speedily, economically and finally. The kind of difficulties that can be H 942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R. A caused by Courts. in two countries exercising concurrent jurisdiction over the same subject matter have been very succinctly set down by Lord Brandon in Abdin Vs. Daveu (su'pra)- as follows:- "ln this connection it is right to point out that, if concurrentB actions in respect of the same subject matter proceed together in two different countries, as seems likely if a stay is refused in the present case, one or other of the two undesirable consequences may follow: first, there may be c two conflicting judgments of the two courts concerned; or secondly, there may be an ugly rush to get one action decided ahead of the other in order to create a situation of res judicata or issue estoppel in the latter." Lord Diplock said in the same case:

D "comity demands that such ~ituation should not be permitted to occur as between courts of two civilised and friendly states"; it would be, he said, "a recipe for confusion and injustice". As Bingham LJ said in Dupont No 1 the policy of the law must be to favour the litigation of issues ·E only once in the most appropriate forum. The interests of justice require that one should take into account as a factor the risks of injustice and oppression that arise from concurrent proceedings in different jurisdictions in relation to the same subject matter." F 128. Once the seat of arbitration has been fixed in India, it would be in the nature of exclusive jurisdiction to exercise the supervisory powers over the arbitration. This view of ours will find support from the judgment of the Court of Appeal in G England in recognizing the difficulties that the parties will face in case the Courts in India and England have concurrent jurisdiction. Cooke J. in his judgment in (1) Enercon GMBH (2) Wobben Properties GMBH Vs. Enercon (India) Ltd., dated 30th November, 2012, (2012) EWHC 3711(Comm), observed H as under: ' ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 943 . & ANR: [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.]

"14. A lifting of the stay in this country and an appoint of A a third arbitrator under s. 18 of the English Act would, if the Indian proceedings continue and the Supreme Court decides the matter differently from the Bombay High Court and this court, give rise to the possibility of conflicting judgments with all the chaos that might entail. B In practice, therefore, the question of lifting the stay here and the grant of the anti-suit injunction against EIL are closely interconnected. 15. It cannot, in my judgment, be right that both English C and Indian courts should be free to reach inconsistent judgments on the same subject matter, whether or not the current ultimate result in India, which allows for an English court to appoint an arbitrator by virtue of s.2(4) of the English Act, will or will not involve any inconsistent judgment, and whether there is or is not a current issue D estoppels which would debar Enercon from contending that London is the seat of the arbitration, which is its primary case, giving rise, as it says, to the court's power to appoint an arbitrator under s. 18 of the English Act by virtue of s.2(1) of that Act and by reference to s.3 of that E Act. xx xxx xx xxx xx

56. Comity and the avoidance of inconsistent judgments F require that I should refrain from deciding matters which · are possibly going to be decided further in India. It would be a recipe for confusion and injustice if I were not to do so. Issue estoppels is already said to arise on the question of the seat of arbitration and curial law, and that raises very difficult questions for the court to decide. If the G stay was lifted, then I could decide the matter differently from Savant J. or from a later final decision on appeal in the Supreme Court of India, if that matter went ahead. The Indian courts are seised and should reach, in my H 944 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A judgment, a concluded decision, albeit on an expedited basis. xx xxx xx xxx xx

60. If the Supreme Court in India were, in due course, to B consider that the Bombay High Court was wrong in its conclusion as to the seat of the arbitration or that there was a prima facie valid arbitration or that the English court had concurrent supervisory jurisdiction, it would be a recipe for confusion and injustice if, in the meantime, the c English court were to conclude that England was the seat of the putative arbitration, and to assume jurisdiction over EIL and the putative arbitration, and to conclude that there was a valid arbitration agreement, whether on the basis of a good arguable case or the balance of D probabilities. Further, for it to exercise its powers, whether under s. 2(1) or 2(4) or s. 18 of the Arbitration Act in appointing a third arbitrator, would create real problems, should the Supreme Court decide differently. 61. These are the very circumstances which courts mustE strive to avoid in line with a multitude of decisions of high authority, from the Abidin Daver [1984} AC 398 onwards, including E. I. Dupont de Nemours v. Agnew [1987]2 Lloyd's Rep 585. The underlying rationale of Eder J. 's judgment leads inexorably, in my view, to the conclusion F that the issues to be determined in India, which could otherwise fall to be determined here in England, must be decided first by the Indian courts and that, despite the delay and difficulties involved, the decision of the Indian Supreme Court should be awaited. G

62. It is also fair to point out in this context that, even if I were to decide the seat issue here on the basis of full argument (which I have not heard) whether in the way that Eder J. did or otherwise, the possibility or likelihood of H one side or another wishing to appeal with subsequent ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 945 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] delay might then arise in the context of the English A proceedings. But, if I did make such a decision, in line with Eder J., I would be making a determination which is directly contrary to that of Savant J. and it seems to me that that is inappropriate as a matter of comity, whether or not there is any issue estoppels. B 63. Moreover, it would be a recipe for confusion and injustice, and to back it up with an anti-suit injunction would merely fan the flames for a continued battle, which is contrary to the principles of comity when the position C is unclear and the agreement itself is governed by Indian law." 129. In our opinion, these observations of Justice Cooke foresee the kind of intricate complexities that may arise in case the Courts of India and England were to exercise the concurrent D jurisdiction in these matters.

130. We are unable to agree with the conclusion reached by Justice Savant that the Courts in England would exercise .concurrent jurisdiction in the matter. Having concluded that the E seat of arbitration is in India, the conclusions reached by the Bombay High Court seem to be contrary in nature. In Paragraph 45, it is concluded that the law relating to arbitration agreement is the Indian Arbitration Act. Interpreting Clause 18.3, it is observed as follows:- F "45 .................... The said clause provides that the provisions of the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 shall apply. If the said clause is read in the ordinary and natural sense, the placement of the words that "the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act shall apply" .in the G last clause 18.3 indicates the specific intention of the parties to the application of the Indian Arbitration Act, not only to the Arbitration Agreement but also that the curial law or the Lex Arbitri would be the Indian Arbitration Act. The application of the Indian Arbitration Act therefore can H 946 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R.

A be said to permeate clause-18 so that in the instant case laws (2) and (3) are same if the classification as made by the learned authors is to be applied. The reference to the Indian Arbitration Act is therefore not merely a clarification . as to the proper law of the arbitration agreement as is B sought to be contended on behalf of the Respondents. It has to be borne in mind that the parties are businessmen and would therefore not. include words without any intent or object behind them. It is in the said context, probably that the parties have also used the word "venue" rather than c the word "see?t" which is usually the phrase which is used in the clauses encompassing an Arbitration Agreement. There is therefore a clear and unequivocal indication that the parties have agreed to abide by the Indian Arbitration Act at all the stages, and therefore, the logical consequence of the same would be that in choosingD London as the venue the parties have chosen it only as a place of arbitration and not the seat of arbitration which is a juristic concept." · 131. This conclusion is reiterated in Paragraph 46 in the E following words:-

"46. The proposition that when a choice of a particular law is made, the said choice cannot be restricted to only a part of the Act or the substantive provision of that Act only. The choice is in respect of all the substantive and curial lawF provisions of the Act. The said proposition has been settled by judicial pronouncements in the recent past. ...... " 132. Having said so, learned Judge further observes as follows:- G "49. Though in terms of interpretation of Clause 18.3, this Court has reached a conclusion that the lex arbitri would be the Indian Arbitration Act. The question would be, whether the Indian Courts would have exclusive jurisdiction. H The nexus between the "seat" or the "place" of arbitration ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 947 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] vis-a-vis the procedural law i.e. the lex arbitri is well settled A by the judicial pronouncements which have been referred to in the earlier part of this judgment. A useful reference could also be made to the learned authors Redfern and Hunter who have stated thus :- 8 "the place or seat of the arbitration is not merely a matter of geography. It is the territorial link between the arbitration itself and the law of·the place in which that arbitration is legally situated .... " The choice of seat also has the effect of conferring C exclusive jurisdiction to the Courts wherein the seat is situated."

Here the Bombay High Court accepts that the seat carries with it, usually, the notion of exercising jurisdiction of the Courts 0where the seat is located. 133. Having said so, the High Court examines the question whether the English Courts can exercise jurisdictions in support of arbitration between the parties, in view of London being the venue for the arbitration meetings. In answering the aforesaid E question, the High Court proceeds on the basis that there is no agreement between the parties as regards the seat of the arbitration, having concluded in the earlier part of the judgment that the parties have intended the seat to be in India. This conclusion of the High Court is contrary to the observations F made in Shashoua (supra) which have been approvingly quoted by this Court in Balco in (Paragraph 110). On the facts of the case, the Court held that the seat of the arbitration was in England and accordingly entertained the challenge to the award. G 134. In A Vs. 8 38 again the Court of Appeal in England observed that:- 38. [2007] 1 Lloyds Report 237. H 948 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 2 S.C.R. A " ..... an agreement as to the seat of an arbitration is analogous to an exclusive jurisdiction clause. Any claim for a remedy ...... as to the validity of an existing interim or final award is agreed to be made only in the courts of the place designated as the seat of arbitration." B (emphasis suppl.ied}

135. In our opinion, the conclusion reached by Justice Savant that the Courts in England would have concurrent jurisdiction runs counter to the settled position of law in India C as well as in England and is, therefore, not sustainable. The Courts in England have time and again reiterated that an agreement as to the seat is analogous to an exclusive jurisdiction clause. This agreement of the parties would include the determination by the court as to the intention of the parties. o In the present case, Savant, J. having fixed the seat in India erred in holding that the courts in India and England would exercise concurrent jurisdiction. The natural forum for all remedies, in the facts of the present case, is only India. Issue Cviil/Re: Anti-Suit Injunction: E - 136. Having held that the Courts in England would have concurrent jurisdiction, the Bombay High Court on the basis thereof concludes as follows:-

"ln view of the conclusion that this Court has reached,F namely that the English Courts would have concurrent jurisdiction to act in support of arbitration, the case of the Appellants for an anti suit injunction does not stand to scrutiny. However, in so far as the aspect of forum non-conveniens is concerned, in my view, since the Appellants G have agreed to London as the venue for arbitration, they cannot be heard to complain that the Courts at London are forum non-conveniens for them. The Appellants have appeared before the said Courts, and therefore, the case . of forum non- conveniens is bereft of any merit." H ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 949 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] 137. The aforesaid conclusion again ignores the principle A laid down by this Court in Oil & Natural Gas Commission Vs. Western Company of North America (supra), wherein it is held as follows:-

"As per the contract, while the parties are governed by the 8 Indian Arbitration Act and the Indian Courts have the exclusive jurisdiction to affirm or set aside the award under the said Act, the Respondent is seeking to violate the very arbitration clause on the basis of which the award have been obtained by seeking confirmation of the award in the C New York Court under the American Law. This amounts to an improper use of the forum in American (sic) in violation of the stipulation to be governed by the Indian law, which by necessary implication means a stipulation to exclude the USA Court to seek an affirmation and to seek it only under the Indian Arbitration Act from an Indian Court. D If the restraint order is not granted, serious prejudice would be occasioned and a party violating the very arbitration clause on the basis of which the award has come into existence will have secured an order enforcing the order from a foreign court in violation of that very clause .. " E

138. Again in the case of Modi Entertainment Network & Anr. (supra), it was held that :-"24(1 ). In exercising discretion to grant an anti-suit F injunction the court must be satisfied of the following aspects: (a) the defendant, against whom injunction is sought, is amenable to the personal jurisdiction of the court; (b) if the injunction is declined, the ends of justice will be defeated and injustice will be perpetuated; and (c) G the principle of comity - respect for the court in which the . commencement or continuance of action/proceeding is sought to be restrained - must be borne in mind." 139. In Paragraph 24(2) of the same decision, this Court further observed that :- H 950 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 2 S.C.R. A "24(2). In a case where more forums than one are available, the court in exercise of its discretion to grant anti-suit injunction will examine as to which is the appropriate forum {forum conveniens) having regard to the convenience of the parties and may grant anti-suit B injunction in regard to proceedings which are oppressive or vexatious or in a forum non-conveniens."

140. Examining these aspects, Eder, J. in fact also came to the conclusion that the anti-suit injunction granted by the C English Court needed at-least to be stayed during the pendency of proceedings in India. The reasons given by Eder, J. in support of the conclusions are as under:-"48. Bearing these general principles in mind and recognising the permissive nature of CPR Part 62.5, the D important point, in my view, is that the claimants did not pursue their applications in the original proceedings that they issued in this court in _March 2008. On the contrary, they engaged fully (albeit perhaps reluctantly) in the Indian proceedings before the Daman court. When they lost at E first instance before Judge Shinde, they appealed to the DCC with the result indicated above. That is the choice they made. Having made that choice and now some years down the line, it seems to me that lhe English court should at least be extremely cautious to intervene at this stage -and, in Mr Edey QC's words, to "wrest" back theF proceedings to England. To do so at this stage when those proceedings are, in effect, still pending would give rise to -the "recipe for confusion and injustice" which Lord Diplock specifically warned against in The Abidin Daver as referred to in the passage of the judgment of Hobhouse JG . which I have quoted above. For that reason alone, I have decided somewhat reluctantly that I should follow the course suggested by Mr Edey QC ie that these proceedings should be stayed at least for the time being pending resolution of the Writ Petitions currently before the H

ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 951 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] BHC ...... " A 141. It must be noticed that Respondent No. 1 was initially having 51 per cent shareholding of the Appellant No.1 company, which was subsequently.increased to 56 per cent. This would be an indicator that the .Respondent No: 1 ·is actively carrying 8 on business at Daman. This Court considered the expression "carries on. business" as·it occurs in Section 20•of the Civil Procedure Code in :the case Dhodha Hqtise Vs. S. K. o( Maingi?g and observed as. follows:-"46. The expression "carries on business" and the C expression "personally works for gain" connote two different meanings. For the purpose of carrying on business only presence of a man at a place is not necessary. Such business may be carried on at a place through an agent or a manager or through a servant. The D owner may not even visit that place. The phrase "carries on business" at a certain place would, therefore, mean having an interest in a business at that place, a voice in what is done, a share in the gain or loss and some control thereover. The expression is much wid~r than what the . E expression in normal parlance connotes, because of the ambit of a civil action within the meaning of Section 9 of the Code ..... "

142. The fact that Daman trial court has jurisdiction over Fthe matter is supported by the judgment of this Court in Harshad Chiman Lal Modi {supra), which was relied upon by Mr. Nariman. The following excerpt makes it very clear:-"16 ........... The proviso to Section 16, no doubt, states that though the court cannot, in case of immovable property G situate beyond jurisdiction, grant a relief in rem still it can entertain a suit where relief ·sought can be obtained through the personal obedience of the defendant. ..... The principle on which the maxim was based was that the 39. (2006) e sec 41. H 952 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014} 2 S.C.R. A courts could grant relief in suits respecting immovabl~ property situate abroad by enforcing their judgm~nts ·by process in personam i.e. by arrest of the defendant or by attachment of his property."

B 143. This apart, we have earlier noticed that the main contract, the IPLA is to be performed in India. The governing law of the contract is the law of India. Neither party is English. One party is Indian, the other is German. The enforcement of the award will be in India. Any interim measures which are to C be sought against the assets of Appellant No. 1 ought to be in India as the assets are situated in India. We have also earlier noticed that Respondent No.1 has not only participated in the proceedings in the Daman courts and the Bombay High Court, but also filed independent proceedings under the Companies D ~t at Madras and Delhi. All these factors would indicate that Respondent No.1 does not even consider the Indian Courts as forum-non-conveniens. In view of the above, we are of the considered opinion that the objection raised by the Appellants to the continuance of the parallel proceedings in England is not wholly without justification. The only single factor which prompted E Responddnt No.1 to pursue the action in England was that the venue of the arbitration has been fixed in London: The considerations for designating a convenient venue for arbitration can not be understood as conferring concurrent jurisdiction on the English Courts over the arbitration proceedings or disputes F in general. Keeping in view the aforesaid, we are incHned to restore the anti-suit injunction granted by the Daman Trial Court.

144. For the reasons recorded above, Civil Appeal No.2087 of 2014@ SLP (C) No.10906 of 2013 is dismissed. G The fin~ings recorded by the Appellate Court that the parties can proceed to arbitration are affirmed. The findings recorded . by the Trial Court dismissing the Applica~ion under Section 45 _are set aside. In other words, the Application filed by the Respondents for reference of the dispute to arbitration under H Section 45 has been correctly allowed by the Appellate Court ENERCON (INDIA) LTD. & ORS. v. ENERCON GMBH 953 & ANR. [SURINDER SINGH NIJJAR, J.] as well as by the High Court. The findings of the High c·ourt A · are affirmed to that extent. All the disputes arising between the parties in relation to the following agreements viz. SHA, TKHA, SSHAs and STKHA, Agreed Principles and IPLA, including the controversy as to whether IPLA is a concluded contract are referred to the Arbitral Tribunal for adjudication. B

145. In the normal circumstances, we would have directed the parties to approach the two learned arbitrators, namely Mr. V.V. Veeder, QC and Mr. Justice 8.P. Jeevan Reddy to appoint the third arbitrator who shall also act as the presiding arbitrator. C However, keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case and the inordinate delay which has been caused due to the extremely convoluted and complicated proceedings indulged in by the parties, we deem it appropriate to take it upon ourselves to name the third arbitrator. A perusal of the judgment of Eder, J. gives an indication that a list of three names was D provided from which the third arbitrator could possibly be appointed. The three names are Lord Hoffmann, Sir Simon Tuckey and Sir Gordon Langley. We hereby appoint Lord ·· Hoffmann as the third arbitrator who shall act as the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal. E

146. In view of the above, Regular Civil Suit No. 9 of 2008, pending before the Court of Civil Judge, Senior Dhtision, Daman; and the Application under Section 45 of the Arbitration Act, 1996 flied in the Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007 and Contempt F Petition in relation to Civil Suit No.2667 of 2007 pending before the Bombay High Court at the instance of the Appellants are stayed. Parties are at liberty to approach the Court for the appropriate orders, upon the final award being rendered by the Arbitral Tribunal. This will not preclude the parties from seeking G interim measures under Section 9 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1996. 147. Civil Appeal No.2086 of 2014@ SLP (C) No.10924 ·of 2013 is partly allowed as follows: H 954 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 2 S.C.R. . A a. The conclusion of the Bombay High Court that the seat of the arbitration is in India is upheld; b. The conclusion that the English Courts would have concurrent jurisdiction is overruled and consequently set aside; B c. The conclusion of the Bombay High Court that the anti-suit injunction granted by the Daman Trial Court has been correctly vacated by Daman Appellate Court is overruled and hence set aside. c d. Consequently, the Respondents are restrained from proceeding with any of the actions the details of which have been given in the judgment of Eder, J.

dated 23rd March, 2012 and the order dated 27th March, 2012 as well as the judgment of Justice D Cooke dated 30th November, 2012. These matters include: All or any of the. proceedings/ applications/ reliefs claimed by the Respondents in the Arbitration Claim 2011 Folio 1399, including but not limited to: E (1) Application under Section 18 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996; (2) Injunctions pursuant to Se.ction 44 of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 and /or Section 37 of the Senior F Courts Act, 1981 . The Respondents are also restrained from approaching the English Courts for seeking any declaration/relief/clarification and/or to institute any proceedings that may result in delaying G or otherwise affect the constitution of the arbitral tribunal and its proceedings thereafter. 148. In view of the above, the parties are directed to proceed to arbitration in accordance with law. H R.P. Appeals disposed of.