[2013] 12 S.C.R. 350 A N. MANJEGOWDA v. THE MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA INSURANCE CO. LTD. (Civil Appeal Nos. 10192-10193 of 2013) B NOVEMBER 12, 2013 [G.S. SINGHVI, SHIVA KIRTI SINGH AND C. NAGAPPAN, JJ.] c MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988:

s.166 - Accident of an advocate aged 36 years -Compensation under head 'loss of future income due to disability' - Multiplier - Annual income of Advocate assessed D by Tribunal on the basis of Income Tax returns - Held: Functional disability of an accident victim requires determination on the basis of nature of disability in the light of the career or profession which the claimant was pursuing -It should not be computed mechanically only on percentage E of physical disability - A young Advocate is bound to suffer huge professional loss on account of injuries as have been sustained by the appellant - He was having partial sensory loss all over his limbs and lacked proper coordination in all four limbs -- It is the medical opinion that appellant requires an assistant for daily routine work - High Court erred in F reducing compensation under head 'loss of future income' -Loss of earning should be treated as 70% and appropriate multiplier should be 16 in place of 13 - On that basis, the loss of income due to disability is enhanced from Rs.6, 17,5001-(as awarded by Tribunal) by Rs.4,00,0001- - Compensation G under other heads calls for interference - Claimant shall no be entitled to 6% interest on total compensation from date of petition till date of payment. The appellant, an Advocate by profession, aged H 350 N. MANJEGOWpA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 351 INSURANCE CO. LTD.

about 36 years, while riding his motor bike, met with an A accident involving motor bike of respondent no.2, and sustained grievous injuries over his hands, legs and spinal cord. He preferred a claim petition u/s 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act before the Tribunal, which on the basis of Income Tax Returns, accepted annual income of B the appellant to be Rs.95,000/-, assessed the whole body disability at 50%, selected 13 as the multiplier and awarded an amount of Rs.6,17,500/- under the head of 'Loss of income due to disability'; and the total compensation as Rs. 8,87,300/-. The High Court reduced c compensation under the head 'Loss of Income due to disability' to Rs.1,50,000/-. The total compensation was thus reduced by a sum of Rs.4,67,500/-. Allowing the appeals, the Court D HELD: 1.1 Functional disability of an accident victim requires determination on the basis of nature of disability in the light of the career or profession which he or she wa·s pursuing in life. It shloi\ild not be computed mechanically only on percentage of physical disability. E [para 11] [358-F-G] Rekha Jain vs. National Insurance Company Limited And Others 2013 (8) SCC 389 - relied on.

1.2 A young Advocate is bound to suffer huge F professional loss on account of injuries as have been sustained by the appellant and the condition in which the doctor found him. The appellant has been found to suffer weakness of four limbs. He has to work slowly and requires help in climbing steps, cannot run, cannot write G sharply and speedily with his right hand. He was having partial sensory loss all over his limbs and lacked proper coordination in all four limbs. It is the medical opinion that the appellant requires an assistant for daily routine work. In view of the medical assessment of appellant's H 352 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 12 S.C.R. A condition after sustaining injuries in the accident and in the light of whole body disability of 50%, it would be certainly very difficult for the appellant to practice as an Advocate and compete with others so as to command confidence and acceptability of general clients. Unlike B many other professions, legal profession requires not only sharp and focused mind but also good health and ability to put in hard work within a limited time frame. The High Court erred in opining that the accident and the injuries, which were proved to have caused 50% C disability of whole body, would have no effect on the earning capacity of the appellant. [para 8 and 12) [356-G-H; 358-G; 359-A-D]

1.3 The High Court erred in reducing the loss of income due to disability. A perusal of the impugned D judgment shows that there is no basis for allowing only Rs.1,50,0001- under the head 'Loss of future income.' [para 10 and 13) [357-C; 359-E] Yadava Kumar vs. Divisional Manager, National E Insurance Company Limited And Another2010 (10) SCR 746 =2010(10) sec 341 - referred to. 1.4 The amount of Rs.6,17,5001- under the head 'Loss of future income' did not require any reduction. On the other hand, the facts of the case persuade this Court that F to do complete justice in the matter, the loss of earning should be treated as 70% and the appropriate multiplier should be 16 in place of 13. On that basis, the loss of income due to disability requires to be enhanced from Rs.6, 17,5001- by atleast Rs.4,00,0001-. Accordingly, the G impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside and the award made by the Tribunal is modified by adding Rs.4,00,0001- towards the heading 'Loss of income due to disability' with interest @ 6% p.a. from the date of petition till payment. Rest of the order of the Tribunal is H confirmed. [para 13) [359-E-G; 360-A] N. MANJEGOWDA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 353 INSURANCE CO. LTD. Raj Kumar vs. Ajay Kumar 2010 (13) SCR 179 =(2011) A 1 sec 343 - cited. Case Law Reference: 2010 (13) SCR 179 cited para 8 B 2010 (10) SCR 746 referred to para 11 2013 (8) sec 389 relied on para 11 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 10192-10193 of 2013. c

From the Judgment and Order dated 06.09.2012 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in M.F.A. No. 2386 of 2007 (MN). D.L. Chidananda, Gaurav Dhingra for the Appellant. D A.K. Raina, Binay Kumar Das for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SHIVA KIRTI SINGH, J. 1. Leave granted. E 2. The appellant has preferred these appeals against final judgment and order dated 06.09.2012 whereby the High Court of Karnataka has dismissed appeal preferred by the appellant bearing M.F.A. No. 2386 of 2007 (MV) preferred for F enhancement of compensation allowed in his favour by the judgment and Award dated 11.12.2006 in MVC No. 1322 of 2005 by the Additional Civil Judge (Senior Division) and Additional Member of Motor Vehicles Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT), Hassan, and partly allowed appeal preferred by the G respondent-Insurance Company bearing M.F.A. No. 6612 of 2007. 3. The appellant is an Advocate by profession. On 17.4.2005 while he was riding his motor bike and his wife was H 354 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 12 S.C.R.

A a pillion rider with him, he met with an accident involving motor bike of respondent no.2. As a result, the appellant sustained grievous injuries over his hands, legs and spinal cord. He preferred claim petition on 05.12.2005 under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act before the Tribunal claiming B compensation of Rs.15,00,000/- (rupees fifteen lacs) with interest at the rate of 18% p.a. from the respondent by way of just compensation for injuries, losses, medical expenses, loss of income due to disability, etc. By judgment and Award dated 11.12.2006 the Tribunal considered the relevant facts as well C as evidence and awarded total compensation of Rs.08,87 ,300/, (rupees eight lacs eighty seven thousand and three hundred only). This included an amount of Rs.06, 17,500 (rupees six lacs seventeen thousand and five hundred only) on the head of 'Loss of income due to disability'. The Tribunal also allowed interest at the rate of 6% p.a. from the date of petition till payment. D

4. As noted earlier, the matter was taken in appeal to the High Court of Karnataka through two appeals, one preferred by the appellant complaining against inadequacy of the compensation and the other by the Insurance Company for E reduction of the same. By the impugned judgment, the High Court reduced compensation of Rs.06, 17,500/- (rupees six lacs seventeen thousand and five hundred only) under the head 'Loss of Income due to disability' to Rs.01,50,000/- (rupees one lac and fifty thousand only) and accordingly the total amount of F Rs.08,87,300/- (rupees eight lacs eighty seven thousand and three hundred only) was reduced by a sum of Rs.04,67,500/-(rupees four lacs sixty seven thousand and five hundred only). The appeal of the appellant seeking enhancement of compensation was dismissed without interfering with Award of G compensation on eight other heads. 5. Before noticing the submissions it is useful to indicate that there is no dispute over most of the relevant facts except what should have been accepted as the annual income of the appellant, what would be appropriate multiplier and what should H be taken to be the loss of income due to admitted disability. N. MANJEGOWDA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 355 INSURANCE CO. LTD. [SHIVA KIRTI SINGH, J.] At the time of the a.;ciaent appellant was aged about thirty six A years.

6. The accident and the injuries sustained by the appellant are not in dispute. On the basis of the evidence of a treating physician, PW.36 a Neuro Surgeon, at the time of admission 8in the hospital it was found that the appellant had no strength in hands <ind legs, there was full loss of sensation below the neck and the urinary track was blocked. The Tribunal has taken a note of all the releve!"'t details and injuries in paragraph 11 of its judgment and Award wherein it has been accepted on the basis of medical evidence that the appellant has sustained whole body C disability of 50%. That paragraph 11 reads as follows: "11. P.W.3 Dr. Dhananjaya I. Bhat the Neuro Surgeon of Mangala Hospital has deposed the condition of the petitioner on 19.04.2005 at Sanjeevini Hospital, Hassan for D having admitted the history of accident. On examination found that there was no strength in hands and legs, full loss of sensation below the neck, the urinary track was blocked. M.R.I, revealed injury on neck spine, for which he was treated between 1 Y. to two months as inpatient. The E clinical treatment, physiotherapy and medicines were carried out during the course of treatment. The follow up examination of P .W.1 on 01.10.2006 revealed that weakness of all four limbs at grade-4 out of normal 5 to the lower limb grade-3 out of normal 5 for upper limbs. The F petitioner has to walk slowly require help for climbing steps, cannot run, he could not write sharply and speedy in his right hand. From his left hand not in a position to lock the shirt button, slow and difficult holding of spoon for feeding. The petitioner still having partial sensory loss over G his limbs and improper co-ordination in all four limbs. The urinary dysfunction and is prone for urinary track infection and also kidney damage. The petitioner is suffering from pain and burning sensation and there is a disturbance in his sleeping. For these reasons for daily routine work of H

356 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 12 S.C.R. A the petitioner require an assistant. For having evaluated the petitioner P.W.3 has issued certificate as per Ex.P. 166. According to him the above: deformities caused 50% whole body permanent disability. P.W.3 has been cross-examined by the learned counsel for the 2nd respondent. The cross-examination failed to bring out that the petitionerB has not sustained, any disability, deformity and difficulty in doing his job. Except suggesting that the disability was excessively spoken to though that much of disability was not at all sustained, which in fact have been denied by the c expert doctor. The petitioner being an advocate being suffered the above deformities certainly effects his functioning. Thus, the medical evidence is accepted holding that the petitioner has sustained whole body disability of 50%."

D 7. Although the appellant claimed that his earning was Rs.15,000/- p.m. (rupees fifteen thousand only) and also produced copy of his Pan Card as Ex.P.9 but on the basis of Income Tax Returns for the Assessment Year 2005-2006 showing income of Rs.95,000/- p.a. (rupees ninety five E thousand only), the Tribunal accepted annual income of the appellant to be Rs.95,000/- (ninety five thousand) and selected 13 as the multiplier on the basis of the age of the appellant. According to the Tribunal the loss of earning could be 50% and hence it calculated the compensation on that head to be F Rs.06, 17,500/-(rupees six lacs seventeen thousand and five hundred). 8. The High Court was called upon to decide the annual income of the appellant, the correct multiplier and the loss of G income out of the total sum arrived at by multiplying the annual income with the chosen multiplier. On account of the income tax returns, the High Court came to an opinion that the accident and the injuries which were proved to have caused 50% disability of whole body would have no effect on the earning capacity of the appellant. On the basis of decision of this Court H N. MANJEGOWDA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 357 INSURANCE CO. LTD. [SHIVA KIRTI SINGH, J.] in the case of Raj Kumar vs. Ajay Kumar1 the High Court A proceeded to reconsider compensation for the loss of future income and reduced it from Rs.6,17,500 to Rs.1,50,000/-.

9. On behalf of the appellant the aforesaid reduction has been challenged on the ground that the view taken by the High 8 Court ignores the nature of injuries which has been proved by 1 medical evidence and reduction is without any rational basis because the High Court has neither doubted the annual income of the appellant nor the multiplier chosen by the Tribunal and has not addressed the issue raised by the appellant as to what C should be the correct multiplier. 10. A perusal of the impugned judgment, particularly paragraph 22 thereof, shows that there is no basis for allowing only Rs.1,50,000/- under the head 'Loss of future income.' D 11. This Court in the case of Yadava Kumar vs. Divisional Manager, National Insurance Company Limited And Another2 (to which one of us - G.S. Singhvi,J. was a member) held that in determining compensation in non fatal accidents the Court should award "just compensation" by taking a reasonably E compassionate view of things. While disapproving the view of the High Court in not allowing any compensation for loss of future earnings to the appellant this Court allowed Rs.2,00,000/-(rupees two lacs) along with 8% interest. In that case tl'le appellant was a Painter and had incurred disability of 33% in F respect of right upper limb, 21% in left upper limb and 20% in respect of whole body. Paragraphs 15 and 16 of that report indicate the proper approach required of the Tribunal and the High Court in such matters. They are as follows:

"15. It goes without saying that in matters of G determination of compensation both the tribunal and the court are statutorily charged with a responsibility of fixing 1. (2011) 1 sec 343. 2. c201oi 10 sec 341. H 358 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 12 S.C.R. A a "just compensation". It is obviously true that determination of a just compensation cannot be equated to a bonanza. At the same time the concept of "just compensation" obviously suggests application of fair and equitable principles and a reasonable approach on the part of the B tribunals and the courts. This reasonableness on the part of the tribunal and the court must be on a large peripheral field. Both the courts and the tribunals in the matter of this exercise should be guided by principles of good conscience so that the ultimate result becomes just and c equitable (see Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra SRTC- (1999) 1 sec 90. 16. This Court also held that in the determination of the quantum of compensation, the court must be liberal and not niggardly inasmuch as in a free country law must value D life and limb on a generous scale (see Hardeo Kaur v. Rajasthan State Transport Corpn. (1992) 2 SCC 567."

11. In a recent judgment in the case of Rekha Jain vs. National Insurance Company Limited And Others3, this Court E drew a very relevant distinction between permanent disability which was found to be 30% and functional disability which this Court held to be 100% on account of serious disfigurement of the face of the appellant because it was bound to cause loss of career for the appellant who in that case was an actress in F films/T.V. features. Hence, it must be taken as a trite law that functional disability of an accident victim requires determination on the basis of nature of disability in the light of the career or profession which he or she was pursuing in life. It should not be computed mechanically only on percentage of physical G disability. 12. In the present case the appellant has been found to suffer weakness of four limbs. He has to work slowly and requires help in climbing steps, cannot run, cannot write sharply H 3. (2013) a sec 389. N. MANJEGOWDA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 359 INSURANCE CO. LTD. [SHIVA KIRT! SINGH, J.]

and speedily with his right hand. With his left hand he cannot A lock the shirt button and has difficulty in holding of spoon for self-feeding. He was having partial sensory loss all over his limbs and lacked proper coordination in all four limbs. It is the medical opinion that for these reasons the appellant requires an assistant for daily routine work. In view of aforesaid medical B assessment of appellant's condition after sustaining injuries in the accident and in the light of whole body disability of 50%, it would be certainly very difficult for the appellant to practice as an Advocate and compete with others so as to command confidence and acceptability of general clients. Unlike many c other professions, legal profession requires not only sharp and focused mind but also good health and ability to put in hard work within a limited time frame. The requirement of impressing the client at the age of 36 is much more. It is only when a young Advocate has built a good impression and reputation, then in D the evening of his life he may continue to command professional work on the basis of his acquired knowledge and reputation. A young Advocate is bound to suffer huge professional loss on account of injuries as have been sustained by the appellant and the condition in which the Doctor found him. E

13. In the facts of the case we have no hesitation in holding that the High Court erred in reducing the loss of income due to disability. The amount on that head of Rs.6, 17,500/- did not require any reduction. On the other hand, the facts of the case persuade us that to do complete justice in the matter, the loss F of earning should be treated as 70% and the appropriate multiplier should be 16 in place of 13. On that basis, the loss of income due to disability requires to be enhanced from Rs.6, 17,500/- by atleast Rs.4,00,000/- (rupees four lacs) although the exact amount would be a bit more. Accordingly, G the impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside and the Award made by the Tribunal is modified by adding Rs.4,00,000/ - (rupees four lacs) towards the heading 'Loss of income due to disability. As a result, the total compensation payable to the appellant would now be Rs.12,87,300/- (rupees twelve lacs H 360 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 12 S.C.R. A eighty seven thousand and three hundred only) in place of Rs.8,87,300/- (rupees eight lacs eighty seven thousand and three hundred only). Rest of the order of the Tribunal is confirmed. The enhanced amount shall also carry an interest at the rate of 6% p.a. from the date of petition till payment. The B amount of compensation now found due shall be paid to the appellant within two months from the date ofthfs order along with costs quantified at Rs.15,000/-. 14. Accordingly appeals are allowed to the aforesaid c extent.

R.P. Appeals allowed.

[2013] 12 S.C.R. 350 A N. MANJEGOWDA v. THE MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA INSURANCE CO. LTD. (Civil Appeal Nos. 10192-10193 of 2013) B NOVEMBER 12, 2013 [G.S. SINGHVI, SHIVA KIRTI SINGH AND C. NAGAPPAN, JJ.] c MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988:

s.166 - Accident of an advocate aged 36 years -Compensation under head 'loss of future income due to disability' - Multiplier - Annual income of Advocate assessed D by Tribunal on the basis of Income Tax returns - Held: Functional disability of an accident victim requires determination on the basis of nature of disability in the light of the career or profession which the claimant was pursuing -It should not be computed mechanically only on percentage E of physical disability - A young Advocate is bound to suffer huge professional loss on account of injuries as have been sustained by the appellant - He was having partial sensory loss all over his limbs and lacked proper coordination in all four limbs -- It is the medical opinion that appellant requires an assistant for daily routine work - High Court erred in F reducing compensation under head 'loss of future income' -Loss of earning should be treated as 70% and appropriate multiplier should be 16 in place of 13 - On that basis, the loss of income due to disability is enhanced from Rs.6, 17,5001-(as awarded by Tribunal) by Rs.4,00,0001- - Compensation G under other heads calls for interference - Claimant shall no be entitled to 6% interest on total compensation from date of petition till date of payment. The appellant, an Advocate by profession, aged H 350 N. MANJEGOWpA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 351 INSURANCE CO. LTD.

about 36 years, while riding his motor bike, met with an A accident involving motor bike of respondent no.2, and sustained grievous injuries over his hands, legs and spinal cord. He preferred a claim petition u/s 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act before the Tribunal, which on the basis of Income Tax Returns, accepted annual income of B the appellant to be Rs.95,000/-, assessed the whole body disability at 50%, selected 13 as the multiplier and awarded an amount of Rs.6,17,500/- under the head of 'Loss of income due to disability'; and the total compensation as Rs. 8,87,300/-. The High Court reduced c compensation under the head 'Loss of Income due to disability' to Rs.1,50,000/-. The total compensation was thus reduced by a sum of Rs.4,67,500/-. Allowing the appeals, the Court D HELD: 1.1 Functional disability of an accident victim requires determination on the basis of nature of disability in the light of the career or profession which he or she wa·s pursuing in life. It shloi\ild not be computed mechanically only on percentage of physical disability. E [para 11] [358-F-G] Rekha Jain vs. National Insurance Company Limited And Others 2013 (8) SCC 389 - relied on.

1.2 A young Advocate is bound to suffer huge F professional loss on account of injuries as have been sustained by the appellant and the condition in which the doctor found him. The appellant has been found to suffer weakness of four limbs. He has to work slowly and requires help in climbing steps, cannot run, cannot write G sharply and speedily with his right hand. He was having partial sensory loss all over his limbs and lacked proper coordination in all four limbs. It is the medical opinion that the appellant requires an assistant for daily routine work. In view of the medical assessment of appellant's H 352 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 12 S.C.R. A condition after sustaining injuries in the accident and in the light of whole body disability of 50%, it would be certainly very difficult for the appellant to practice as an Advocate and compete with others so as to command confidence and acceptability of general clients. Unlike B many other professions, legal profession requires not only sharp and focused mind but also good health and ability to put in hard work within a limited time frame. The High Court erred in opining that the accident and the injuries, which were proved to have caused 50% C disability of whole body, would have no effect on the earning capacity of the appellant. [para 8 and 12) [356-G-H; 358-G; 359-A-D]

1.3 The High Court erred in reducing the loss of income due to disability. A perusal of the impugned D judgment shows that there is no basis for allowing only Rs.1,50,0001- under the head 'Loss of future income.' [para 10 and 13) [357-C; 359-E] Yadava Kumar vs. Divisional Manager, National E Insurance Company Limited And Another2010 (10) SCR 746 =2010(10) sec 341 - referred to. 1.4 The amount of Rs.6,17,5001- under the head 'Loss of future income' did not require any reduction. On the other hand, the facts of the case persuade this Court that F to do complete justice in the matter, the loss of earning should be treated as 70% and the appropriate multiplier should be 16 in place of 13. On that basis, the loss of income due to disability requires to be enhanced from Rs.6, 17,5001- by atleast Rs.4,00,0001-. Accordingly, the G impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside and the award made by the Tribunal is modified by adding Rs.4,00,0001- towards the heading 'Loss of income due to disability' with interest @ 6% p.a. from the date of petition till payment. Rest of the order of the Tribunal is H confirmed. [para 13) [359-E-G; 360-A] N. MANJEGOWDA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 353 INSURANCE CO. LTD. Raj Kumar vs. Ajay Kumar 2010 (13) SCR 179 =(2011) A 1 sec 343 - cited. Case Law Reference: 2010 (13) SCR 179 cited para 8 B 2010 (10) SCR 746 referred to para 11 2013 (8) sec 389 relied on para 11 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 10192-10193 of 2013. c

From the Judgment and Order dated 06.09.2012 of the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore in M.F.A. No. 2386 of 2007 (MN). D.L. Chidananda, Gaurav Dhingra for the Appellant. D A.K. Raina, Binay Kumar Das for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SHIVA KIRTI SINGH, J. 1. Leave granted. E 2. The appellant has preferred these appeals against final judgment and order dated 06.09.2012 whereby the High Court of Karnataka has dismissed appeal preferred by the appellant bearing M.F.A. No. 2386 of 2007 (MV) preferred for F enhancement of compensation allowed in his favour by the judgment and Award dated 11.12.2006 in MVC No. 1322 of 2005 by the Additional Civil Judge (Senior Division) and Additional Member of Motor Vehicles Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT), Hassan, and partly allowed appeal preferred by the G respondent-Insurance Company bearing M.F.A. No. 6612 of 2007. 3. The appellant is an Advocate by profession. On 17.4.2005 while he was riding his motor bike and his wife was H 354 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 12 S.C.R.

A a pillion rider with him, he met with an accident involving motor bike of respondent no.2. As a result, the appellant sustained grievous injuries over his hands, legs and spinal cord. He preferred claim petition on 05.12.2005 under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act before the Tribunal claiming B compensation of Rs.15,00,000/- (rupees fifteen lacs) with interest at the rate of 18% p.a. from the respondent by way of just compensation for injuries, losses, medical expenses, loss of income due to disability, etc. By judgment and Award dated 11.12.2006 the Tribunal considered the relevant facts as well C as evidence and awarded total compensation of Rs.08,87 ,300/, (rupees eight lacs eighty seven thousand and three hundred only). This included an amount of Rs.06, 17,500 (rupees six lacs seventeen thousand and five hundred only) on the head of 'Loss of income due to disability'. The Tribunal also allowed interest at the rate of 6% p.a. from the date of petition till payment. D

4. As noted earlier, the matter was taken in appeal to the High Court of Karnataka through two appeals, one preferred by the appellant complaining against inadequacy of the compensation and the other by the Insurance Company for E reduction of the same. By the impugned judgment, the High Court reduced compensation of Rs.06, 17,500/- (rupees six lacs seventeen thousand and five hundred only) under the head 'Loss of Income due to disability' to Rs.01,50,000/- (rupees one lac and fifty thousand only) and accordingly the total amount of F Rs.08,87,300/- (rupees eight lacs eighty seven thousand and three hundred only) was reduced by a sum of Rs.04,67,500/-(rupees four lacs sixty seven thousand and five hundred only). The appeal of the appellant seeking enhancement of compensation was dismissed without interfering with Award of G compensation on eight other heads. 5. Before noticing the submissions it is useful to indicate that there is no dispute over most of the relevant facts except what should have been accepted as the annual income of the appellant, what would be appropriate multiplier and what should H be taken to be the loss of income due to admitted disability. N. MANJEGOWDA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 355 INSURANCE CO. LTD. [SHIVA KIRTI SINGH, J.] At the time of the a.;ciaent appellant was aged about thirty six A years.

6. The accident and the injuries sustained by the appellant are not in dispute. On the basis of the evidence of a treating physician, PW.36 a Neuro Surgeon, at the time of admission 8in the hospital it was found that the appellant had no strength in hands <ind legs, there was full loss of sensation below the neck and the urinary track was blocked. The Tribunal has taken a note of all the releve!"'t details and injuries in paragraph 11 of its judgment and Award wherein it has been accepted on the basis of medical evidence that the appellant has sustained whole body C disability of 50%. That paragraph 11 reads as follows: "11. P.W.3 Dr. Dhananjaya I. Bhat the Neuro Surgeon of Mangala Hospital has deposed the condition of the petitioner on 19.04.2005 at Sanjeevini Hospital, Hassan for D having admitted the history of accident. On examination found that there was no strength in hands and legs, full loss of sensation below the neck, the urinary track was blocked. M.R.I, revealed injury on neck spine, for which he was treated between 1 Y. to two months as inpatient. The E clinical treatment, physiotherapy and medicines were carried out during the course of treatment. The follow up examination of P .W.1 on 01.10.2006 revealed that weakness of all four limbs at grade-4 out of normal 5 to the lower limb grade-3 out of normal 5 for upper limbs. The F petitioner has to walk slowly require help for climbing steps, cannot run, he could not write sharply and speedy in his right hand. From his left hand not in a position to lock the shirt button, slow and difficult holding of spoon for feeding. The petitioner still having partial sensory loss over G his limbs and improper co-ordination in all four limbs. The urinary dysfunction and is prone for urinary track infection and also kidney damage. The petitioner is suffering from pain and burning sensation and there is a disturbance in his sleeping. For these reasons for daily routine work of H

356 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 12 S.C.R. A the petitioner require an assistant. For having evaluated the petitioner P.W.3 has issued certificate as per Ex.P. 166. According to him the above: deformities caused 50% whole body permanent disability. P.W.3 has been cross-examined by the learned counsel for the 2nd respondent. The cross-examination failed to bring out that the petitionerB has not sustained, any disability, deformity and difficulty in doing his job. Except suggesting that the disability was excessively spoken to though that much of disability was not at all sustained, which in fact have been denied by the c expert doctor. The petitioner being an advocate being suffered the above deformities certainly effects his functioning. Thus, the medical evidence is accepted holding that the petitioner has sustained whole body disability of 50%."

D 7. Although the appellant claimed that his earning was Rs.15,000/- p.m. (rupees fifteen thousand only) and also produced copy of his Pan Card as Ex.P.9 but on the basis of Income Tax Returns for the Assessment Year 2005-2006 showing income of Rs.95,000/- p.a. (rupees ninety five E thousand only), the Tribunal accepted annual income of the appellant to be Rs.95,000/- (ninety five thousand) and selected 13 as the multiplier on the basis of the age of the appellant. According to the Tribunal the loss of earning could be 50% and hence it calculated the compensation on that head to be F Rs.06, 17,500/-(rupees six lacs seventeen thousand and five hundred). 8. The High Court was called upon to decide the annual income of the appellant, the correct multiplier and the loss of G income out of the total sum arrived at by multiplying the annual income with the chosen multiplier. On account of the income tax returns, the High Court came to an opinion that the accident and the injuries which were proved to have caused 50% disability of whole body would have no effect on the earning capacity of the appellant. On the basis of decision of this Court H N. MANJEGOWDA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 357 INSURANCE CO. LTD. [SHIVA KIRTI SINGH, J.] in the case of Raj Kumar vs. Ajay Kumar1 the High Court A proceeded to reconsider compensation for the loss of future income and reduced it from Rs.6,17,500 to Rs.1,50,000/-.

9. On behalf of the appellant the aforesaid reduction has been challenged on the ground that the view taken by the High 8 Court ignores the nature of injuries which has been proved by 1 medical evidence and reduction is without any rational basis because the High Court has neither doubted the annual income of the appellant nor the multiplier chosen by the Tribunal and has not addressed the issue raised by the appellant as to what C should be the correct multiplier. 10. A perusal of the impugned judgment, particularly paragraph 22 thereof, shows that there is no basis for allowing only Rs.1,50,000/- under the head 'Loss of future income.' D 11. This Court in the case of Yadava Kumar vs. Divisional Manager, National Insurance Company Limited And Another2 (to which one of us - G.S. Singhvi,J. was a member) held that in determining compensation in non fatal accidents the Court should award "just compensation" by taking a reasonably E compassionate view of things. While disapproving the view of the High Court in not allowing any compensation for loss of future earnings to the appellant this Court allowed Rs.2,00,000/-(rupees two lacs) along with 8% interest. In that case tl'le appellant was a Painter and had incurred disability of 33% in F respect of right upper limb, 21% in left upper limb and 20% in respect of whole body. Paragraphs 15 and 16 of that report indicate the proper approach required of the Tribunal and the High Court in such matters. They are as follows:

"15. It goes without saying that in matters of G determination of compensation both the tribunal and the court are statutorily charged with a responsibility of fixing 1. (2011) 1 sec 343. 2. c201oi 10 sec 341. H 358 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 12 S.C.R. A a "just compensation". It is obviously true that determination of a just compensation cannot be equated to a bonanza. At the same time the concept of "just compensation" obviously suggests application of fair and equitable principles and a reasonable approach on the part of the B tribunals and the courts. This reasonableness on the part of the tribunal and the court must be on a large peripheral field. Both the courts and the tribunals in the matter of this exercise should be guided by principles of good conscience so that the ultimate result becomes just and c equitable (see Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra SRTC- (1999) 1 sec 90. 16. This Court also held that in the determination of the quantum of compensation, the court must be liberal and not niggardly inasmuch as in a free country law must value D life and limb on a generous scale (see Hardeo Kaur v. Rajasthan State Transport Corpn. (1992) 2 SCC 567."

11. In a recent judgment in the case of Rekha Jain vs. National Insurance Company Limited And Others3, this Court E drew a very relevant distinction between permanent disability which was found to be 30% and functional disability which this Court held to be 100% on account of serious disfigurement of the face of the appellant because it was bound to cause loss of career for the appellant who in that case was an actress in F films/T.V. features. Hence, it must be taken as a trite law that functional disability of an accident victim requires determination on the basis of nature of disability in the light of the career or profession which he or she was pursuing in life. It should not be computed mechanically only on percentage of physical G disability. 12. In the present case the appellant has been found to suffer weakness of four limbs. He has to work slowly and requires help in climbing steps, cannot run, cannot write sharply H 3. (2013) a sec 389. N. MANJEGOWDA v. MANAGER, THE UNITED INDIA 359 INSURANCE CO. LTD. [SHIVA KIRT! SINGH, J.]

and speedily with his right hand. With his left hand he cannot A lock the shirt button and has difficulty in holding of spoon for self-feeding. He was having partial sensory loss all over his limbs and lacked proper coordination in all four limbs. It is the medical opinion that for these reasons the appellant requires an assistant for daily routine work. In view of aforesaid medical B assessment of appellant's condition after sustaining injuries in the accident and in the light of whole body disability of 50%, it would be certainly very difficult for the appellant to practice as an Advocate and compete with others so as to command confidence and acceptability of general clients. Unlike many c other professions, legal profession requires not only sharp and focused mind but also good health and ability to put in hard work within a limited time frame. The requirement of impressing the client at the age of 36 is much more. It is only when a young Advocate has built a good impression and reputation, then in D the evening of his life he may continue to command professional work on the basis of his acquired knowledge and reputation. A young Advocate is bound to suffer huge professional loss on account of injuries as have been sustained by the appellant and the condition in which the Doctor found him. E

13. In the facts of the case we have no hesitation in holding that the High Court erred in reducing the loss of income due to disability. The amount on that head of Rs.6, 17,500/- did not require any reduction. On the other hand, the facts of the case persuade us that to do complete justice in the matter, the loss F of earning should be treated as 70% and the appropriate multiplier should be 16 in place of 13. On that basis, the loss of income due to disability requires to be enhanced from Rs.6, 17,500/- by atleast Rs.4,00,000/- (rupees four lacs) although the exact amount would be a bit more. Accordingly, G the impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside and the Award made by the Tribunal is modified by adding Rs.4,00,000/ - (rupees four lacs) towards the heading 'Loss of income due to disability. As a result, the total compensation payable to the appellant would now be Rs.12,87,300/- (rupees twelve lacs H 360 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 12 S.C.R. A eighty seven thousand and three hundred only) in place of Rs.8,87,300/- (rupees eight lacs eighty seven thousand and three hundred only). Rest of the order of the Tribunal is confirmed. The enhanced amount shall also carry an interest at the rate of 6% p.a. from the date of petition till payment. The B amount of compensation now found due shall be paid to the appellant within two months from the date ofthfs order along with costs quantified at Rs.15,000/-. 14. Accordingly appeals are allowed to the aforesaid c extent.

R.P. Appeals allowed.