[2013] 1 S.C.R. 711 M. MANOHAR REDDY & ANR. A v. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. (Writ Petiton (Civil) No. 174 of 2012) FEBRUARY 4, 2013 B [AFTAB ALAM AND RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, JJ.] Constitution of India, 1950: Art. 32 read with Art. 217 - Petition for a writ of quo c warranto seeking to quash appointment of Judge of High Court - Consultation process leading to appointment alleged to have been vitiated for failure of consideration of a criminal case pending against the incumbent - Held: 'Eligibility' of the incumbent is not in issue - As regards 'lack of effective D consultation', a fact that is unknown to anyone cannot be ·said to be not taken into consideration and the consultative process cannot be faulted as incomplete for that reason - At the time the incumbent was being considered for appointment as a judge of High Court, he was unaware of any case being E pending in which he was named as an accused -It is not a case of suppression of any material fact by the incumbent or at his behest - From the record, it is evident that none of the members of High Court or Supreme Court Co/legia was aware of the fact - State Government and Central Government were equally unaware of the fact - No case is made out for F issuing a writ of quo warranto quashing the appointment of respondent No. 3 as the judge of High Court. Public Interest Litigation: G

Writ petition filed in 2012 seeking to quash appointment of a Judge of High Court made in 2000 - Held: Writ petition is based on incorrect facts - It is not a sincere and honest endeavour to correct something which the petitioners truly 711 H 712 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 1 S.C.R. A perceive to be wrong but the real intent of this petition is to malign respondent No.3 - Writ petition is not only without merit but also wanting in bona fides.

Respondent no. 3 was appointed as Judge of the High Court as per Notification dated 19.6.2000 and he8 took oath on 27.6.2000. Two advocates of the said High Court filed the instant writ petition seeking a writ in the nature of quo warranto quashing the appointment of respondent no. 3 as a Judge of the High Court and a writ of mandamus commanding the State Bar Council to C cancel his enrolment as an advocate. It was stated that the consultation process leading to appointment of respondent no. 3 was vitiated as both the High Court and the Supreme Court Collegia as well as the Central Government failed to consider that at the time of such D appointment a criminal trial was pending in which respondent no. 3 was an accused and a proclaimed offender and even at the time of his enrolment as an advocate he had concealed the factum of criminal proceedings in his application for enrolment. The E Attorney General submitted that the writ petition was not maintainable and the same was only a camouflage as the petitioners aimed at removal of the Judge who had been in office for over 12 years, which would be violative of the Constitutional scheme. F

Dismissing the writ petition, the Court HELD: 1.1. In Mahesh Chandra Gupta, this Court brought out the distinction between "eligibility" and "suitability" and pointed out that eligibility was based on G objective facts and it was, therefore, liable to judicial review. But, suitability pertained to the realm of opinion and was, therefore, not amenable to any judicial review. The Court concluded that judicial review may be called for on two grounds, namely, (i) "lack of eligibility" and (ii) H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 713 "lack of effective consultation". In the case in hand A admittedly, the eligibility of respondent No.3 is not an issue. [para 13 and 15] [724-B, E-F; 726-F] Mahesh Chandra Gupta v. Union of India 2009 (10) SCR 921= 2009 (8) SCC 273 - referred to. B 1.2. As regards the 'lack of effective consultation', owing to pendency of the criminal case against respondent no. 3, the case related to an incident alleged to have taken place at 8.30 P.M. on 13.2;1981 during an agitation by a large number of University students, in C which a State Road Transport bus was damaged.

Respondent no. 3 was a student of the said University at the relevant time. An FIR was lodged against unknown persans and the accused were described as "University Students". Subsequently, five student leaders were D identified and respondent no. 3 figured among them at sl. No. 4. Case of accused-1 resulted in acquittal. Accused 2 to 5 were simply shown as absconders without observing the required procedure. However, it was shown as a long pending case and by order dated E 31.1.2002 permission was granted to withdraw the case and, accordingly, all the accused were discharged. From the record, it cannot be said that respondent no. 3 was even aware that in some record buried in the courts he was named as an accused and he was required to appear F in the court in connection with that case. Apart fr<?m the record of the case, from the resume of respondent no. 3, it may be seen that before his appointment as a judge of the High Court, he was the Additional Advocate General of the State. If the case would have been within his G knowledge it is unimaginable that he would not have attended to it and got it concluded one way or the other. [para 5, 6, 28, 30 and 31] [719-8-D, E-F; 720-A-D-E; 733-A, F-H] 1.3. Besides in 1995, the respondent no. 3 was H 714 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A selected and was issued an appointment letter for the post of the Judicial Member in the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. The appointment letter was undoubtedly issued to him only after police verification and nothing was mentioned even at that stage about any criminal case B pending against him. [para 37] [735-G-H; 736-A] 1.4. It may also be noted that before filing the instant writ petition, the petitioners had made a representation, both before the Chief Justice of India and the Law Minister, asking for removal of respondent No. 3 as a C judge of the High Court on the same allegations. The Chief Justice of India called for a report on the matter from the Chief Justice of the High Court and the latter made a detailed enquiry and came to the same conclusion as this Court has arrived at on an D independent appraisal of the record of the case. [para 32] [734-A-D] 1.5. Therefore, this Court holds that at the time respondent No.3 was being considered for appointment E as a judge of the High Court, he was unaware of any case being pending in which he was named as an accused and it is quite wrong to refer to him as "an absconder and a proclaimed offender" in the case. This finding leads to another and that is, it is not a case of F suppression of any material fact by respondent No.3 or at his behest. [para 33] [734-F-H]

1.6. Further, from the record relating to the appointment of respondent No. 3 as a judge of the High Court, it is evident that none of the members of the High G Court or the Supreme Court Collegia was aware of the fact. The State Government was equally unaware of the fact and so was the Central Government as is evident from the resume prepared by the Law illinistry as also the IB Report. [para 36] [735-E-F] H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA · 715 1.7. A fact that is unknown to anyone cannot be said A to be not taken into consideration and the consultative process cannot be faulted as incomplete for that reason. To fault the consultative process for not taking into account a fact that was not known at that time would put an impossible burden on the Constitutional authorities B engaged in the consultative process and would introduce a dangerous element of uncertainty in the appointments. [para 39] [736-C-D} 1.8. Therefore, this Court is clearly of the view that no case is made out for issuing a writ of quo warranto C quashing the appointment of respondent No. 3 as the judge of High Court. [para 411 [736-H} 1.9. The instant writ petition professed to have been filed in public interest is, but a ruse to malign respondent D No.3. The writ petition owes its origin to a news report published in a Telugu daily newspaper on 27.12.2011.

The report is based on incorrect facts and is full of statements and innuendos that might easily constitute the offence of defamation leave alone contempt of court. E It, therefore, appears that this writ petition is not a sincere and honest endeavour to correct something which the petitioners truly perceive to be wrong but the real intent of this petition is to malign respondent No.3. It is indeed very important to uphold the "institutional integrity" of the F court system as pointed out in the eve judgment* but it is equally important to protect the court from uncalled for attacks and the individual judges from unjust infliction of injuries. The writ petition is not only without merit but also wanting in bona fides. [para 44-46} [737-E-F; 738-A-DJ G *Centre for PIL and Another v. Union of India and ·'Another 2011 (4) SCR 445 = 2011 (4) SCC 1 - referred to. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association vs. H 716 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A Union of India 1993 (2) Suppl. SCR 659 = 1993 (4) SCC 441; Special Reference No. 1 of 1998 1998 (2) Suppl. SCR 400 = 1998 (7) SCC 739; Shri Kumar Padma Prasad v. Union of India 1992 (2) SCR 109 = 1992 (2) SCC 428, Shanti Bhushan v. Union of India 2008 (17) SCR 791 =2009 s (1) sec 657 - cited Case Law Reference: 1993 (2) Suppl. SCR 659 cited para 7 c 1998 (2) Suppl. SCR 400 cited para 7 1992 (2) SCR 109 cited para 9 2008 (17) SCR 791 cited para 9

2009 (10) SCR 921 referred to para 9 D 2011 (4) SCR 445 referred to para 16 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Civil) No. 174 of 2012. E Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. Shanti Bhusan, Gopal Sankaranarayan, Senthil Jagadeesan, Karthik Seth for the Petitioners. G.E. Vahanvati AG, Vipin Kumar Jai for the Respondents. F The Judgment of the Court was delivered by AFTAB ALAM, J. 1. The two petitioners, who are advocates of the High Court.of Andhra Pradesh, have filed this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, purportedly G in public interest. This writ petition seeks a writ in the nature of quo warranto, quashing the appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh and a writ in the nature of mandamus commanding the Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh to cancel his enrolment as an advocate. The quashing H of the appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the High M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 717 [AFTAB ALAM, J.]

Court is sought on the ground that the consultation process A leading to his appointment was vitiated as both the High Court and the Supreme Court Collegia as well as the Central Government failed to consider two essential facts; one, at the time of his appointment, a criminal trial was pending in which respondent No.3 was not only an accused but a proclaimed B offender and the other that even at the time of his enrolment as an advocate he had concealed the criminal proceedings and in the relevant ·column of the application for enrolment with the Bar Council, he falsely stated that there was no pending proceeding against him. c · 2. In order to put the petitioners' challenge to the appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the High Court in the proper perspective, it will be useful to give here a brief outline of the relevant facts. D 3. The name of respondent No.3 was recommended for appointment as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court on November 14, 1998 by the Chief Justice of the High Court with the other two Collegium members agreeing with the recommendation. The recommendation made by the High E Court was received in the Supreme Court on February 15, 1999. At that time the age of respondent No.3 was 41 years and six months and he had completed over 15 years of legal practice. In the resume prepared by the Ministry of Law and Justice that came to be put up before the Supreme Court F Collegium, respondent No.3 was described as under:

"Shri N.V. Ramana, Advocate: BIO-DATA G He was enrolled as an· Advocate on February 10, 1983. He has practiced in the High Court of Andhra' Pradesh, Central and Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunals and the Supreme Court of India in Civil, Criminal, Constitutional, Labour, Service and Election matters. He H 718 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 1 S.C.R. A has specialized in Constitutional, Criminal, Service and Inter-State River laws. He has handled about 800 cases during the last three years. He has functioned as Panel Counsel for Andhra Bank, Vysa Bank, United India Insurance Co. and Food Corporation of India. He has also B functioned as Additional Standing Counsel for Central Government and Standing Counsel for Railways in the Central Administrative Tribunal at Hyderabad. At present he is functioning as Additional Advocate General of Andhra Pradesh. His professional income during the last three c years was as tabulated below: Gross Income Taxable Income 1996-97 7,87,210 2,21,200 1997-98 10,31,465 3,68,950 D 1998-99 38,95,973 16,94,928" And the Intelligence Bureau report about him stated as under: "l.B. REPORT: E He enjoys good personal/professional image. Nothing adverse against his character, reputation and integrity has come to notice, so far. He has also not come to notice for links with any political party/communal F organization.

None of his relatives is either serving or has served earlier as judge in any High Court or Supreme Court." G 4. Following the consultative process between the different constitutional functionaries, a notification was issued on June 19, 2000 appointing respondent No.3 as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court and respondent No.3 took the oath and assumed the office as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 719 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] Court on June 27, 2000. Since then he is continuously working A in that capacity.

5. It now comes to light that all through the period when the recommendation was made for his appointment as a judge and the notification was issued and he assumed the office as 8a judge, a criminal case was pending in which respondent No.3 was an accused. It is, therefore, necessary to look into the criminal case and its proceedings. The criminal case in question dates back to the year 1981 when respondent No.3 was a student of Nagarjuna University. The students of the University, it appears, complained of inadequate public C transport facilities for commuting from their homes to the University as only a few buses plying between Guntur and Vijayawada stopped at the University. They demanded that more buses should stop at the University. As is not uncommon with the youth in this country, some of the students of the D University· took to agitation in connection with the demand and at about 8.30 p.m. on February 13, 1981, a group of about 30 students put road blocks on the GNT road, opposite Nagarjuna University, causing stoppage of all vehicles on the road. At about 9.15 p.m., a bus of the State Transport Corporation, on · E its way from Guntur to Vijayawada, arrived there when there was already a heavy jam and pulled up at the road flank. In such situations, unfortunately a State bus is the softest and the most vulnerable target. In this case also the State bus became the target of the agitating students' ire. The driver of the bus was F pulled down and the door to the driver's seat was damaged. Some miscreants pelted stones on the bus and smashed its windscreen and glass windows with iron rods. One of the passengers also received some injuries. By this time a police party also came to the spot. At this stage, an attempt was made G to set fire to the bus by throwing a burning oil cloth tied to a rod inside the bus. But, a policeman put out the burning cloth and the bus was saved from any further damage. Shortly thereafter the police dispersed the agitating students and restored normalcy. On the same day at 11.00 p.m. the driver H

720 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A of the bus lodged a first information report in connection with the incident at Mangalagiri Police Station where it was registered as Crime No. 55 of 1981 under Sections 147, 342, 427 and 324 of the Penal Code. The FIR was against unknown persons and the accused were described as "Nagarjuna B University students".

6. The police after investigation drew up a charge sheet dated October 10, 1983 and on October 19, 1983 submitted it in the court of the Munsif Magistrate, Mangalagiri where it was registered as C.C. No.229/1983. From the charge sheet it C appears that in their statements recorded under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Driver and the Conductor of the bus (apart from some other witnesses) identified and named five persons as the student- leaders who were leading the agitation on February 13, 1981. The charge D sheet, accordingly, cited five persons as accused and respondent No.3 figured among them at serial No. 4. All the accused were shown as absconders. The charge sheet, however, does not disclose what steps were taken by the investigating officer to secure the presence of the accused. E There is no mention that the investigating officer ever tried to obtain from the court warrants of arrest or processes under Sections 82 and 83 of the Code of Criminal Procedure for apprehending the accused. They were simply shown as absconders without observing the procedure sanctioned by law F before an accused can be called an absconder.

7. The fact of the matter, however, is that this Crime Case No.229/83 (later re-numbered as CC No.75/87 and then CC No.167/91) was undeniably pending at the time of appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the High Court and it is G contended on behalf of the petitioners that the failure to take into account the pendency of the criminal case while his name was recommended by the High Court Collegium and approval and consent was accorded by the Supreme Court Colllegium and the Central Government for his appointment as a judge of H the High Court deeply flawed the participatory consultative M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 721 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] process as envisaged in Article 217(1) of the Constitution and A as developed by the decisions of this Court in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association1 and later on in Special Reference No. 12 of 1998-. It is submitted the appointment of the respondent resulting from a consultation process that failed to take into account an important~ and relevant fact was B completely illegal and was, therefore, liable to be quashed by a writ of quo warranto. The respondent had no right to hold the office of a High Court judge and this Court must step in to correct the grave error committed by his appointment.

8. It needs to be noted here that the learned Attorney C General was requested to address the Court on the question of maintainability of this writ petition that seeks a writ, quashing the appointment of a judge of the High Court. The Attorney General submitted that the writ petition was not maintainable and was liable to be dismissed summarily. He submitted that D the prayer for a writ of quo warranto quashing the appointment of respondent No.3 was only a camouflage and what the petitioners really aimed at was the removal of the judge who had been in office for over twelve years. The removal of a judge in office, the Attorney maintained, was an issue directly related E to the independence of judiciary that is fundamental to the Constitutional scheme. The Attorney pointed out that in order to make the judiciary independent and to make it possible for . the judges to discharge their duties without fear or favour the Constitution firmly secured the tenure of a judge and granted F that a judge of any of the superior courts could only be removed from office on the basis of an impeachment motion passed by the Parliament as provided under Article 124(4) (in the case of a judge of the Supreme Court) and Article 217 read with Article 124(4) (in the case of a judge of the High Court). The G Constitution did not recognize any other mode for the removal , of a judge. Any deviation from the Constitutional process in the garb of quashing the appointment by a writ ol quo warranto

1. (1993) 4 sec 441. 2. (1998) 1 sec 739. H 722 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A would be violative of the scheme of the Constitution and deleterious for the independence of the judiciary. He further submitted that if the petitioners thought that the appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court was wrong and there were grounds for his removal from the B office, they could always bring the matter to the notice of the Parliament which alone was the Constitutional forum competent to remove a judge of the High Court from his office from any misbehaviour committed either before or after his appointment as a judge. He added that in case the Parliament declined to c take any action for the removal of the judge on the petitioner's complaint the Court was powerless in the matter and the removal of the judge could not be brought about by the device of quashing his appointment. He went so far as to say that in entertaining this writ petition on merits the Court would be D overstepping its Constitutional limits.

9. Mr. Shanti Bhushan, learned senior advocate appearing for the petitioners, on the other hand, submitted that writ petition raised the issue of inviolability and credibility of appointment to the high office of the High Court judge. He further submitted E that the Court must not be seen as protecting someone wrongly appointed as a judge of the High Court for, the people's faith and trust and confidence in the courts and the judges presiding over the courts was as much necessary to support the independence of judiciary as the guarantees under the F Constitution and the laws. Mr. Shanti Bhushan further submitted that in the past also similar issues came before the Court and the Court never declined to examine the merits of the case and passed appropriate orders. In support of the submission, he relied upon the decisions of this Court in (i) Shri Kumar Padma G Prasad v. Union of lndia3, (ii) Shanti Bhushan v. Union of lndia4 and (iii) Mahesh Chandra Gupta v. Union of lndia5• 3. (1992) 2 sec 428. 4. c2009) 1 sec 657. H 5.. (2009) a sec 273. M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 723 [AFTAB ALAM, J.]

10. The second case cited by Mr. Shanti Bhushan is one A which he himself had filed as public interest litigation, assailing the extension granted to respondent No.2 in that case as an Additional Judge of the Madras High Court. He relied upon paragraph 25 of the judgment in that case but, we fail to see anything in that decision that may serve as an authority on the B question of maintainability of a writ petition for quashing the appointment of a judge after many years of his assuming the office. · 11. However, the first and the third case relied upon by Mr. C Shanti Bhushan deserve consideration.

12. In Shri Kumar Padma Prasad, the Court dealt with a writ petition that was filed originally before the Gauhati High Court but was later transferred and brought to this Court. The writ petition was filed at the stage where though the warrant had D been issued under the hand and seal of the President of India, appointing one of the respondents in that case, namely, K.N. Srivastava as a judge of the Gauhati High Court, he was still to make and subscribe the oath/affirmation under Article 219 of the Constitution. This means that he had not entered upon E the office of the judge and the writ petition was filed before the matter had reached the stage of Article 217 as the person whose appointment was under challenge was yet to assume the office of the judge. In that case this Court indeed stepped in to interfere and to stop the appointment from materializing. F This Court found and held that on the date of issue of the warrant by the President of India K.N. Srivastava was not qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court. It, accordingly, quashed his appointment as a judge of the Gauhati High Court and directed the Union of India and the G other concerned respondents not to administer the oath or affirmation under Article 219 of the Constitution to K.N. Srivastava. K.N. Srivastava was similarly restrained from making and subscribing the oath or affirmation in terms of Article 219 of the Constitution of India. It is, thus, to be noted H ' . .

724 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A that the Court intervened in the matter before the person concerned had assumed the office of the judge on the ground that he was not qualified to be appointed as a judge or, in other words, was not eligible to be appointed as a judge.

B 1~-1. The concepts of "eligibility" and "suitability" were later examined by this Court in the decision in Mahesh Chandra Gupta (to which one of us Aftab Alam, J. was also a Member). In Mahesh Chandra Gupta, challenge was made to the appointment of a judge of the Allahabad High Court after the incumbent had assumed his office. In the writ petition, as it was C originally filed, the appointment was questioned only on the ground that the incumbent did not possess the basic eligibility for being appointed as a judge of the High Court. Later on, the appointment was also challenged on grounds of suitability and want of effective consultation process by taking additional pleas D in supplementary affidavits. Kapadia, J. (as His Lordship then was), speaking for the Court brought out the distinction between "eligibility" and "suitability" and pointed out that eligibility was based on objective facts and it was, therefore, liable to judicial review. But, suitability pertained to the realm of opinion and E was, therefore, not amenable to any judicial review. The Court also examined the class of cases relating to appointment of High Court judges that might fall under judicial scrutiny and concluded that judicial review may be called for on two grounds namely, (i) "lack of eligibility" and (ii) "lack of effective F consultation". In paragraphs 39, 43 and 44 of the judgment the Court said:

"39. At this stage, we may state that, there is a basic difference between "eligibility" and "suitability". The process of judging the fitness of a person to be appointedG as a High Court Judge falls in the realm of suitability. Similarly, the process of consultation falls in the realm of suitability. On the other hand, eligibility at the threshold stage comes under Article 217(2)(b). This dichotomy between suitability and eligibility finds place in Article H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 725 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] 217(1) in juxtaposition to Article 217(2). The word A "consultation" finds place in Article 217(1) whereas the word "qualify" finds place in Article 217(2). 43. One more aspect needs to be highlighted. "Eligibility" is an objective factor. Who could be elevated 8 is specifically answered by Article 217(2). When "eligibility" is put in question, it could fall within the scope of judicial review. However, the question as to who should be elevated, which essentially involves the aspect of "suitability'', stands excluded from the purview of C judicial review.

44. At this stage, we may highlight the fact that there is a vital difference between judicial review and merit review. Consultation, as stated above, forms part of the procedure to test the fitness of a person to be appointed D a. High Court Judge under Article 217(1). Once there is consultation, the content of that consultation is beyond the scope of judicial review, though lack of effective consultation could fall within the scope of judicial review. This is the basic ratio of the judgment of the E Constitutional Bench of this Court in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Assn. and Special Reference No. 1of1998. (emphasis added) F 14. In paragraphs 71 and 74 of the judgment again the Court observed as under: Justiciability of appointments under Article 217(1) 71. In the present case, we are concerned with the G mechanism for giving effect to the constitutional justification for judicial review. As stated above, "eligibility" is a matter of fact whereas "suitability'' is a matter of opinion. In cases involving lack of "eligibility" writ of quo warranto would certainly lie. One reason being that "eligibility" is not a H 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A matter of subjectivity. However, "suitability" or "fitness" of a person to be appointed a High Court Judge: his character, his integrity, his competence and the like are matters of opinion.

74. It is important to note that each constitutionalB functionary involved in the participatory consultative process is given the task of discharging a participatory constitutional function; there is no question of hierarchy between these constitutional functionaries. Ultimately, the c object of reading such participatory consultative process into the constitutional scheme is to limit judicial review restricting it to specified areas by introducing a judicial process in making of appointment(s) to the higher judiciary. These are the norms, apart from modalities, laid down in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Assn. and D also in the judgment in Special Reference No. 1 of 1998, Re. Consequently, judicial review lies only in two cases, namely, "lack of eligibility" and "lack of effective consultation". It will not lie on the content of consultation. E (emphasis added) 1l5. In view of the decision in Mahesh Chandra Gupta, the question arises whether or not the case in hand falls in any of F the two categories that are open to judicial review. Admittedly, the eligibility of respondent No.3 is not an issue. Then, can the case be said to raise the issue of "lack of effective consultation".

16. Mr. Shanti Bhushan strongly argued that the consultation that led to the appointment of respondent No.3 as G the judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court was completely deficient for not taking into consideration that he was accused in a pending criminal case and as a result, the appointment of respondent No.3 was wholly vitiated and it was fit to be quashed by this Court. In support of the submission Mr. Shanti Bhushan H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 727 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] heavily relied upon the decision of this Court in Centre for PIL A and Another v. Union of India and Another (commonly called as the eve case). Mr. Shanti Bhushan submitted that in that case this Court had made institutional integrity as part of eligibility criteria and had, thus, highly raised the standards of qualification for appointment to a public office. B

17. In the CVC case a three judge Bench of this Court held that the recommendation for appointment of Shri P.J. Thomas as the Central Vigilance Commissioner was non-est in law and, consequently, quashed his appointment to that post. The C recommendation for appointment of Shri P.J. Thomas was made, by a majority of 2:1, by a committee consisting of (i) the Prime Minister, (ii) the Minister of Home Affairs and (iii) The Leader of Opposition in the House of the People (referred to in the judgment as the High-Powered Committee or the HPC). The Court held that the recommendation was non-est because D the HPC had failed to take into consideration the pendency of case No. 6 of 2003 (relating to the import of Palmolein oil by the Kerala Government), in which the Government of Kerala had accorded sanction for the prosecution of Shri P.J. Thomas (among others) for committing offences punishable under E Section 120-B of the Penal Code read with Sections 13 (i) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and had based its recommendation entirely on the blanket clearance given to Shri P.J. Thomas by the CVC (then in office) and the fact that during the pendency of the criminal case Shri P.J. Thomas was F appointed as Chief Secretary of Kerala, then as the Secretary of Parliamentary Affairs and subsequently as the Secretary, Telecom.

18. At the first glance the CVC case appears to have G some parallels with the case in hand and in order to apply the decision in the eve case to the present case Mr. Shanti Bhushan extensively cited from the judgment the passages' where this Court identified the CVC as an institution and an s. c2011 > 4 sec 1. H 728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 1 S.C.R. A "integrity institution", stressed the imperative to uphold and preserve the integrity of that institution and observed that the recommendation for appointment as CVC should be not only with reference to the candidate but the overarching consideration should be the institutional integrity of the office. B (See paragraphs 34-37, 42, 43, 47, 59 and 89 of the judgment). 19. We have given the most careful consideration to the CVC decision and the submissions made by Mr. Shanti C Bhushan on the basis of that decision, all the time bearing in mind that the Court must not overlook or condone something that may have the effect of lowering down the people's faith or trust in the judges or in courts. But we find that though there are some superficial similarity between the CVC case and the case in hand, the two cases are quite different in their core issues D and we find it impossible to justly apply the CVC decision to the facts of the case in hand.

20. In the CVC case the HPC was not unaware of Shri P.J. Thomas being an accused in a pending case for offences £ punishable under Sections 120-B of the Penal Code read with Section 13(1 )(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The recommendation that the HPC made in exercise of the statutory power under the proviso to Section 4 of the Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 was in a sense in defiance of the F pending trial before the criminal court. The genesis and the developments taking place in the criminal case are discus~ed in paragraph 8 to 21 of the judgment in the eve case from which it appears that the institution of the case was preceded by the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General, followed G by the report by the Public Undertaking Committee of the Kerala Assembly. On the basis of the reports, at least two writ petitions were filed (unsuccessfully} seeking direction of the High Court for institution of a criminal case. The criminal case was finally filed after the new government came to power in the State following the election on May 20, 1996. Even after the H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 729 [AFTAB ALAM, J.]

institution of the case the matter had repeatedly gone to the A High Court and traveled up to this Court. The Government of Kerala had made repeated requests to the Central Government in the Department of Personnel and Training for grant of sanction for prosecution of Shri P.J. Thomas. The matter had gone to the Central Vigilance Commission and there were its B recommendations on record for initiation of disciplinary proceedings against Shri P.J. Thomas. In paragraph 44 of the judgment, the Court pointed out that between 2000 and 2004 / there were at least six noting of the DoPT suggesting that · penalty proceedings may be initiated against Shri P.J. Thomas. c 21. In short, the fact about the pendency of the criminal case and Shri P.J. Thomas being one of the accused in the case was writ large all over the record before the HPC. The fact was not only within the personal knowledge of each of the three members of the HPC but it was in public domain. Hence, D the recommendation of the HPC was not in ignorance of the criminal case. The recommendation was for appointment of Shri P.J. Thomas as the Central Vigilance Commissioner notwithstanding his being an accused in the criminal case and the HPC appeared not to see the criminal case as any E impediment in the way of his appointment as the Chief Vigilance Commissioner. 22. Let us now examine how far the facts of the present case bear similarity to the eve case. F

23. In the writ petition and in course of hearing of the case respondent No.3 has been repeatedly called, a little loosely and rather uncharitably, an "absconder" and a "proclaimed offender" in a case of robbery and burning down of a bus. It is seen above that the criminal case in question had no element of G robbery or bus burning. We may now examine how far it is · correct to call respondent No.3 as an "l:lbsconder" and a "proclaimed offender''. 24. It is noted above that the charge sheet was filed in the H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A court of the Munsif Magistrate, Mangalagiri on October 19, 1983. On October 25, the Magistrate directed for issuance of · summonses, fixing November 25, 1983 as the date for hearing. The summonses, issued in pursuance of the order, are on file marked as paper nos. 25 to 30, but they bear no endorsement B about service. At the reverse of summonses to accused 3 and 4, it is mentioned that they were studying in B.L., First Year, Nagarjuna University. On November 25, 1983, the accused were not present in court. Their absence was recorded in the order-sheet and fresh summonses were directed to be issued, c fixing December 23, 1983 as the date of hearing. Whether or not summonses were issued in pursuance of the order is not known because those summonses are not on the record. On December 23, 1983, the accused were again not present and summonses were again directed to be issued, fixing January D 25, 1984 for hearing. On January 25, 1984, the accused were once again not present and fresh summonses were issued fixing February 15, 1984 for hearing. The summonses are on the file marked as paper Nos. 31 to 36. The case was then listed on a number of dates but the accused did not appear. Finally on November 27, 1985, accused 1 appeared in court E but accused 2 to 5 were still not present. On January 9, 1987, the court ordered to separate the case of accused 2 to 5 and proceeded with the trial of accused 1. On June 2, 1987, statement of accused 1 was recorded under Section 251 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On March 1, 1988, the statements F of PW1 and PW2, namely, S. Satyanarayanaraju and P. Peda Sivaiah (being the driver and conductor of the bus in question) were recorded. It is significant to note that neither the driver nor the conductor of the bus (PW1 and PW2 respectively), named or identified the accused who had attacked the bus. The driver G said that around 50 or 60 students had charged at them in a group. The conductor said that when the driver stopped the bus, the students came shouting and blocked the bus. He became afraid and ran away with the cash bag. The prosecution did not examine any more witnesses and on May 12, 1988, accused H 1 was examined under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 731

[AFTAB ALAM, J.] Procedure. Finally by judgment and order dated July 4, 1988, A .. the trial court found accused 1 not guilty of the offences alleged against him and acquitted him of the charges. While acquitting him, the trial judge noted that the prosecution witnesses were not able to identify the accused. It was also noted that as per the FIR the incident occurred at night and the bus was attacked B by more than 50 persons and there was no material with regard to the identity of the culprits who attacked the bus and caused damage. It was noted that the FIR does not mention the names of the persons who participated in the offence. It was also noted that in his deposition before the trial court PW2 c (the bus conductor) denied having identified the accused in his statement under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 25. Let us now see the case relating to the other four accused, including accused 4, that is respondent No.3. D

26. It is noted above that on November 27, 1985 accused 1 alone appeared before the court. On March 5, 1986 the court ordered for issuance of non-bailable warrants against accused 2 to accused 5. The warrants are not on record and it is not E known whether any warrants were in fact issued in pursuance of the order. On January 9, 1987 the court ordered to separate the case of accused 2 to accused 5. After the case was separated, the record pertaining to accused 2 to accused 5 was registered as CC No. 75/87 and was later renumbered F as CC No. 167/91. From the order sheet it appears that from May 1987 to August 1991, the court passed orders on about twenty four dates directing for issuance of non-bailable warrants of arrest against the accused but no compliance is noted against any order, excepting the one passed on August .G 30, 1991. However, no warrants, even of that date, are on the file. Mechanical orders continued to be passed in the same fashion till April 2000 and then suddenly on May 8, 2000 the order was passed for issuance of non-bailable warrants and processes under Sections 82 & 83 of Code of Criminal H 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A Procedure against the accused, fixing July 18, 2000 as the next date in the case. The compliance of the order is noted on May 11, 2000 on the order sheet. From the record it, however, appears that process under Secti0ns 82 & 83 was issued on May 11, 2000 only against accused 3, P.R. Muruthy son of P.B. B Subbarao. Thereafter, the case was listed on several dates, awaiting execution of warrants and proclamation. On June 20, 2001 the court took steps for recording evidence in absence of the accused under Section 299 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and then, after the case was listed on three different c dates, on November 5, 2011, the examination-in-chief of the bus driver (PW1) was recorded under Section 299 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On the same date, the examination-in-chief of the bus conductor (PW2) was recorded. In their depositions neither PW1 nor PW2 (the bus driver and the bus conductor) named anyone as accused and both of them said D that they did not know the leaders of the group of students that had attacked the bus. Again on the same day, that is November 5, 2011, the Assistant Public Prosecutor made an application to the effect that the other witnesses mentioned in the charge-sheet were passengers in the bus and their whereabouts are E not known in view of the passage of time. Accordingly, it was prayed that the evidence of the prosecution may be closed.

27. Thereafter, the Magistrate submitted the record to the Sessions Judge, Guntur with the request to issue proceedings F to treat the case as long pending case. The Sessions Judge on December 26, 2011 gave permission to the trial judge to declare the case being CC No. 167/1991 as a long pending case. 28. However, soon thereafter on January 31, 2002, the G Assistant Public Prosecutor moved an application under Section 321 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, seeking permission to withdraw the case in the interest of justice. A reference was made in the application to GO Rt No. 1961, dated December 11, 2001 whereby the Government had H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 733 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] · decided to withd_raw the prosecution against the accused A · .·persons. On a consideration of the materials on record, by an order dated January 31, 2002, the trial judge granted permission to the prosecution to withdraw the case and, accordingly, all the accused were discharged. B

29. A perusal of the court record shows that during the entire period, service of summonses in the ordinary course were not effected on the four accused persons. Although a proclamation under Section 82 and 83 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was ordered to be issued, the record does not show C any publication having been made. However, the record does show that service was sought to be effected by beat of drum only on accused 3. There is nothing on the record to show that any attempt, let alone any serious attempt, was made to serve the summons or the non-bailable warrants on any of the accused persons. D 30. The purpose in adverting to the proceedings of the criminal case in detail is not to point out the irregularities in the proceeding. Anyone even with a passing acquaintance with the Code of Criminal Procedure can see that gross irregularities E were committed practically at every step in the proceeding. We have referred to the proceedings to judge whether respondent No. 3 could be said to have any knowledge of the case in which he was cited as accused 4. From the record of the case which we have discussed in detail above, we find it very difficult to F hold that respondent No. 3 was even aware that in some record buried in the courts at Mangalagiri he was named as an accused and he was required to appear in the court in connection with that case.

31. Apart from the record of the case, there are external G circumstances that strengthen this view. From the resume of respondent No. 3, as noted at the beginning of the judgment, it may be seen that before his appointment as a judge of the High Court, he was the Additional Advocate General of Andhra Pradesh. If the case would have been within his knowledge it H ~. 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A is unimaginable that he would not have attended to it and got it concluded one way or the other. 32. Here it may also be noted that before filing this writ petition before this Court the petitioners had made a representation, both before the Chief Justice of India and the8 Law Minister, asking for the removal of respondent No. 3 as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court on the same allegations. The representation that came to the office of the Chief Justice of India received full consideration and the Chief C Justice of India called for a report on the matter from the Chief Justice of the Andhra Pradesh High Court vide his letter dated January 18, 2012. The Chief Justice, Andhra Pradesh High Court made a detailed enquiry and submitted his report dated February 7, 2012. In his report the Chief Justice, Andhra Pradesh High Court came to the same conclusion as we have D arrh1ed at on an independent appraisal of the record of the case. In paragraphs 29 and 32 of the report, the Chief Justice stated as under:

"29. It does appear that Justice XXX was unaware of the E pendency of the criminal case. I say this from the record of the case, which speaks for itself, and the contents of which need not be repeated. I also say this for another reason. 32. In my opinion Justice XXX was truly unaware of the F criminal case against him and he deserves to be believed when he says so." 33. In light of the discussion made above, we have no hesitation in holding that at the time respondent No.3 was being G considered for appointment as a judge of the High Court, he was unaware of any case being pending in which he was named as an accused and it is quite wrong to refer to him as "an absconder and a proclaimed offender" in the case. This finding leads to another and that is, it is not a case of suppression of H any material fact by respondent No.3 or at his behest. Here we M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 735 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] . wish to make it clear that had it been a case of deliberate and A conscious suppression of material fact by respondent No.3 the position would have been entirely different. But that is not the case here. 34. Now we propose to examine whether apart from 8 respondent No. 3, anyone else, who could be in the position to bring the fact to the knowledge of the High Court Collegium or the State Government or the Supreme Court Collegium or the Central Government, was aware of the pendency of the case.

35. Mr. Shanti Bhushan submitted that the State Police C had submitted the charge-sheet against respondent No. 3 and hence, the State Government must be deemed to be aware of 'he fact. The submission plainly overlooks that the State Government is not a monolith and it does not function as a single person. The State Government functions in different D departments manned by different people and simply because a charge-sheet was submitted by the State Police no conscious knowledge of the fact can be attributed to the State Government. E 36. We have carefully gone through the record relating to the appointment of respondent No. 3 as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court. From the record it is evident that none of the members of the High Court or the Supreme Court Collegia was aware of the fact. The State Government was equally unaware of the fact and so was the Central Government as is F evident from the resume prepared by the Law Ministry as also the 18 Report. 37. This is not all. In 1993, respondent No. 3 was a candidate for the post of the Member of the Income Tax G Appellate Tribunal and in that connection he was interviewed by a Selection Committee headed by a sitting judge of the Supreme Court. He was selected for appointment and was issued an appointment letter dated September 8, 1995 as judicial member in the ITAT. The appointment letter was H 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A undoubtedly issued to him only after police verification and· nothing was mentioned even at that stage about any criminal case pending against him. He did not accept the appointment is another matter altogether. 38. From all the attending circumstances, it is clear beyond8 doubt that not only respondent No. 3 himself but practically no one was aware of the pendency of the case in which he was named as an accused. 39. The question, therefore, arises can a fact that is C unknown to anyone be said to be not taken into consideration and can the consultative process faulted as incomplete for that reason. To our mind, the answer can only be in the negative. To fault the consultative process for not taking into account a fact that was not known at that time would put an impossible D burden on the Constitutional Authorities engaged in the con1:1ultative process and would introduce a dangerous element of uncertainty in the appointments.

40. In case it comes to light that some material facts were E withheld by the person under consideration or suppressed at his behest then that may be a case of fraud that would vitiate the consultative process and consequently the appointment resulting from it. Bu.t in case there was no suppression and the fact comes to light a long time after the person appointed has assumed the office of a judge and if the Members of the two F Houses of the Parliament consider the discovered fact sufficiently serious to constitute misbehaviour and to warrant his removal, then he may still be removed from office by taking recourse to the provisions of Article 124(4) or Article 217 read with Article 124(4) as the case may be. In case, however, the G fact was unknown and there was no suppression of that fact, a writ of quo warranto would certainly not lie on the plea that the consultative process was faulty. 41. In light of the discussion made above, we are clearly H of the view that no case is made out for issuing a writ of quo M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 737 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] warranto quashing the appointment of respondent No. 3 as the A · judge of Andhra Pradesh High Court. 42. The legal issue raised by Mr. Shanti Bhushan is answered but this matter cannot be given a proper closure unless we also say that this writ petition professed to have been 8 filed in public interest is, in our view, but a ruse to malign respondent No.3.

43. In his report to the Chief Justice of India the Chief Justice, Andhra Pradesh High Court has made the following comment: C "27. The incident occurred almost 30 years ago. The case against Justice Ramana was withdrawn almost 10 years ago. That it should be raked up now is a little inexplicable. The case does not seem to have been sensational in any D manner whatsoever so that someone would be following it up. Therefore, it is a little odd that it should have suddenly · surfaced now. It is possible that there is some reason behind digging up this case, but I am unable to fathom the motive." E

44. What the Chief Justice said, in a highly restrained manner, about the representation addressed to the Chief Justice of India, applies more to this writ petition. The writ petition owes its origin to a news report published in a Telugu daily newspaper called 'Sakshi' on December 27, 2011. A F translated copy of the report is enclosed as Annexure P-11 to the writ petition. The report is based on incorrect facts and is full of statements and innuendos that might easily constitute the offence of defamation leave alone contempt of court. After the news broke out, the petitioners seem to have collected the G record of the criminal case and filed this writ petition on that basis. The writ petition is drafted with some skill and it presents the facts of the criminal case in a rather twisted way in an attempt to portray respondent No.3 in bad light. The way the writ petition is drafted shows that the petitioners are competent H 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 1 S.C.R. A and experienced counsel. Had they examined the records of the criminal case objectively and honestly, there was no reason for them not to come to the same conclusion as arrived at in this judgment or as appearing from the report of the Chief Justice, Andhra Pradesh High Court. It, therefore, appears to B us that this writ petition is not a sincere and honest endeavour to correct something which the petitioners truly perceive to be wrong but the real intent of this petition is to malign respondent No.3.

45. It is indeed very important to uphold the "institutional C integrity'' of the court system as pointed out in the eve judgment and as strongly advocated by Mr. Shanti Bhushan, but it is equally important to protect the court from uncalled for attacks and the individual judges from unjust infliction of injuries. D 46. In light of the discussions made above, we find this writ petition not only without merit but also wanting in bona tides. It is, accordingly, dismissed with costs of Rs.50,000/- payable by each of the two petitioners. The cost amount must be deposited in a fund for the welfare of the employees of the Andhra E Pradesh High Court within four weeks from today. R.P. Writ Petition Dismissed.

[2013] 1 S.C.R. 711 M. MANOHAR REDDY & ANR. A v. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. (Writ Petiton (Civil) No. 174 of 2012) FEBRUARY 4, 2013 B [AFTAB ALAM AND RANJANA PRAKASH DESAI, JJ.] Constitution of India, 1950: Art. 32 read with Art. 217 - Petition for a writ of quo c warranto seeking to quash appointment of Judge of High Court - Consultation process leading to appointment alleged to have been vitiated for failure of consideration of a criminal case pending against the incumbent - Held: 'Eligibility' of the incumbent is not in issue - As regards 'lack of effective D consultation', a fact that is unknown to anyone cannot be ·said to be not taken into consideration and the consultative process cannot be faulted as incomplete for that reason - At the time the incumbent was being considered for appointment as a judge of High Court, he was unaware of any case being E pending in which he was named as an accused -It is not a case of suppression of any material fact by the incumbent or at his behest - From the record, it is evident that none of the members of High Court or Supreme Court Co/legia was aware of the fact - State Government and Central Government were equally unaware of the fact - No case is made out for F issuing a writ of quo warranto quashing the appointment of respondent No. 3 as the judge of High Court. Public Interest Litigation: G

Writ petition filed in 2012 seeking to quash appointment of a Judge of High Court made in 2000 - Held: Writ petition is based on incorrect facts - It is not a sincere and honest endeavour to correct something which the petitioners truly 711 H 712 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 1 S.C.R. A perceive to be wrong but the real intent of this petition is to malign respondent No.3 - Writ petition is not only without merit but also wanting in bona fides.

Respondent no. 3 was appointed as Judge of the High Court as per Notification dated 19.6.2000 and he8 took oath on 27.6.2000. Two advocates of the said High Court filed the instant writ petition seeking a writ in the nature of quo warranto quashing the appointment of respondent no. 3 as a Judge of the High Court and a writ of mandamus commanding the State Bar Council to C cancel his enrolment as an advocate. It was stated that the consultation process leading to appointment of respondent no. 3 was vitiated as both the High Court and the Supreme Court Collegia as well as the Central Government failed to consider that at the time of such D appointment a criminal trial was pending in which respondent no. 3 was an accused and a proclaimed offender and even at the time of his enrolment as an advocate he had concealed the factum of criminal proceedings in his application for enrolment. The E Attorney General submitted that the writ petition was not maintainable and the same was only a camouflage as the petitioners aimed at removal of the Judge who had been in office for over 12 years, which would be violative of the Constitutional scheme. F

Dismissing the writ petition, the Court HELD: 1.1. In Mahesh Chandra Gupta, this Court brought out the distinction between "eligibility" and "suitability" and pointed out that eligibility was based on G objective facts and it was, therefore, liable to judicial review. But, suitability pertained to the realm of opinion and was, therefore, not amenable to any judicial review. The Court concluded that judicial review may be called for on two grounds, namely, (i) "lack of eligibility" and (ii) H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 713 "lack of effective consultation". In the case in hand A admittedly, the eligibility of respondent No.3 is not an issue. [para 13 and 15] [724-B, E-F; 726-F] Mahesh Chandra Gupta v. Union of India 2009 (10) SCR 921= 2009 (8) SCC 273 - referred to. B 1.2. As regards the 'lack of effective consultation', owing to pendency of the criminal case against respondent no. 3, the case related to an incident alleged to have taken place at 8.30 P.M. on 13.2;1981 during an agitation by a large number of University students, in C which a State Road Transport bus was damaged.

Respondent no. 3 was a student of the said University at the relevant time. An FIR was lodged against unknown persans and the accused were described as "University Students". Subsequently, five student leaders were D identified and respondent no. 3 figured among them at sl. No. 4. Case of accused-1 resulted in acquittal. Accused 2 to 5 were simply shown as absconders without observing the required procedure. However, it was shown as a long pending case and by order dated E 31.1.2002 permission was granted to withdraw the case and, accordingly, all the accused were discharged. From the record, it cannot be said that respondent no. 3 was even aware that in some record buried in the courts he was named as an accused and he was required to appear F in the court in connection with that case. Apart fr<?m the record of the case, from the resume of respondent no. 3, it may be seen that before his appointment as a judge of the High Court, he was the Additional Advocate General of the State. If the case would have been within his G knowledge it is unimaginable that he would not have attended to it and got it concluded one way or the other. [para 5, 6, 28, 30 and 31] [719-8-D, E-F; 720-A-D-E; 733-A, F-H] 1.3. Besides in 1995, the respondent no. 3 was H 714 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A selected and was issued an appointment letter for the post of the Judicial Member in the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. The appointment letter was undoubtedly issued to him only after police verification and nothing was mentioned even at that stage about any criminal case B pending against him. [para 37] [735-G-H; 736-A] 1.4. It may also be noted that before filing the instant writ petition, the petitioners had made a representation, both before the Chief Justice of India and the Law Minister, asking for removal of respondent No. 3 as a C judge of the High Court on the same allegations. The Chief Justice of India called for a report on the matter from the Chief Justice of the High Court and the latter made a detailed enquiry and came to the same conclusion as this Court has arrived at on an D independent appraisal of the record of the case. [para 32] [734-A-D] 1.5. Therefore, this Court holds that at the time respondent No.3 was being considered for appointment E as a judge of the High Court, he was unaware of any case being pending in which he was named as an accused and it is quite wrong to refer to him as "an absconder and a proclaimed offender" in the case. This finding leads to another and that is, it is not a case of F suppression of any material fact by respondent No.3 or at his behest. [para 33] [734-F-H]

1.6. Further, from the record relating to the appointment of respondent No. 3 as a judge of the High Court, it is evident that none of the members of the High G Court or the Supreme Court Collegia was aware of the fact. The State Government was equally unaware of the fact and so was the Central Government as is evident from the resume prepared by the Law illinistry as also the IB Report. [para 36] [735-E-F] H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA · 715 1.7. A fact that is unknown to anyone cannot be said A to be not taken into consideration and the consultative process cannot be faulted as incomplete for that reason. To fault the consultative process for not taking into account a fact that was not known at that time would put an impossible burden on the Constitutional authorities B engaged in the consultative process and would introduce a dangerous element of uncertainty in the appointments. [para 39] [736-C-D} 1.8. Therefore, this Court is clearly of the view that no case is made out for issuing a writ of quo warranto C quashing the appointment of respondent No. 3 as the judge of High Court. [para 411 [736-H} 1.9. The instant writ petition professed to have been filed in public interest is, but a ruse to malign respondent D No.3. The writ petition owes its origin to a news report published in a Telugu daily newspaper on 27.12.2011.

The report is based on incorrect facts and is full of statements and innuendos that might easily constitute the offence of defamation leave alone contempt of court. E It, therefore, appears that this writ petition is not a sincere and honest endeavour to correct something which the petitioners truly perceive to be wrong but the real intent of this petition is to malign respondent No.3. It is indeed very important to uphold the "institutional integrity" of the F court system as pointed out in the eve judgment* but it is equally important to protect the court from uncalled for attacks and the individual judges from unjust infliction of injuries. The writ petition is not only without merit but also wanting in bona fides. [para 44-46} [737-E-F; 738-A-DJ G *Centre for PIL and Another v. Union of India and ·'Another 2011 (4) SCR 445 = 2011 (4) SCC 1 - referred to. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association vs. H 716 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A Union of India 1993 (2) Suppl. SCR 659 = 1993 (4) SCC 441; Special Reference No. 1 of 1998 1998 (2) Suppl. SCR 400 = 1998 (7) SCC 739; Shri Kumar Padma Prasad v. Union of India 1992 (2) SCR 109 = 1992 (2) SCC 428, Shanti Bhushan v. Union of India 2008 (17) SCR 791 =2009 s (1) sec 657 - cited Case Law Reference: 1993 (2) Suppl. SCR 659 cited para 7 c 1998 (2) Suppl. SCR 400 cited para 7 1992 (2) SCR 109 cited para 9 2008 (17) SCR 791 cited para 9

2009 (10) SCR 921 referred to para 9 D 2011 (4) SCR 445 referred to para 16 CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (Civil) No. 174 of 2012. E Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. Shanti Bhusan, Gopal Sankaranarayan, Senthil Jagadeesan, Karthik Seth for the Petitioners. G.E. Vahanvati AG, Vipin Kumar Jai for the Respondents. F The Judgment of the Court was delivered by AFTAB ALAM, J. 1. The two petitioners, who are advocates of the High Court.of Andhra Pradesh, have filed this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, purportedly G in public interest. This writ petition seeks a writ in the nature of quo warranto, quashing the appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh and a writ in the nature of mandamus commanding the Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh to cancel his enrolment as an advocate. The quashing H of the appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the High M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 717 [AFTAB ALAM, J.]

Court is sought on the ground that the consultation process A leading to his appointment was vitiated as both the High Court and the Supreme Court Collegia as well as the Central Government failed to consider two essential facts; one, at the time of his appointment, a criminal trial was pending in which respondent No.3 was not only an accused but a proclaimed B offender and the other that even at the time of his enrolment as an advocate he had concealed the criminal proceedings and in the relevant ·column of the application for enrolment with the Bar Council, he falsely stated that there was no pending proceeding against him. c · 2. In order to put the petitioners' challenge to the appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the High Court in the proper perspective, it will be useful to give here a brief outline of the relevant facts. D 3. The name of respondent No.3 was recommended for appointment as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court on November 14, 1998 by the Chief Justice of the High Court with the other two Collegium members agreeing with the recommendation. The recommendation made by the High E Court was received in the Supreme Court on February 15, 1999. At that time the age of respondent No.3 was 41 years and six months and he had completed over 15 years of legal practice. In the resume prepared by the Ministry of Law and Justice that came to be put up before the Supreme Court F Collegium, respondent No.3 was described as under:

"Shri N.V. Ramana, Advocate: BIO-DATA G He was enrolled as an· Advocate on February 10, 1983. He has practiced in the High Court of Andhra' Pradesh, Central and Andhra Pradesh Administrative Tribunals and the Supreme Court of India in Civil, Criminal, Constitutional, Labour, Service and Election matters. He H 718 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2013] 1 S.C.R. A has specialized in Constitutional, Criminal, Service and Inter-State River laws. He has handled about 800 cases during the last three years. He has functioned as Panel Counsel for Andhra Bank, Vysa Bank, United India Insurance Co. and Food Corporation of India. He has also B functioned as Additional Standing Counsel for Central Government and Standing Counsel for Railways in the Central Administrative Tribunal at Hyderabad. At present he is functioning as Additional Advocate General of Andhra Pradesh. His professional income during the last three c years was as tabulated below: Gross Income Taxable Income 1996-97 7,87,210 2,21,200 1997-98 10,31,465 3,68,950 D 1998-99 38,95,973 16,94,928" And the Intelligence Bureau report about him stated as under: "l.B. REPORT: E He enjoys good personal/professional image. Nothing adverse against his character, reputation and integrity has come to notice, so far. He has also not come to notice for links with any political party/communal F organization.

None of his relatives is either serving or has served earlier as judge in any High Court or Supreme Court." G 4. Following the consultative process between the different constitutional functionaries, a notification was issued on June 19, 2000 appointing respondent No.3 as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court and respondent No.3 took the oath and assumed the office as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 719 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] Court on June 27, 2000. Since then he is continuously working A in that capacity.

5. It now comes to light that all through the period when the recommendation was made for his appointment as a judge and the notification was issued and he assumed the office as 8a judge, a criminal case was pending in which respondent No.3 was an accused. It is, therefore, necessary to look into the criminal case and its proceedings. The criminal case in question dates back to the year 1981 when respondent No.3 was a student of Nagarjuna University. The students of the University, it appears, complained of inadequate public C transport facilities for commuting from their homes to the University as only a few buses plying between Guntur and Vijayawada stopped at the University. They demanded that more buses should stop at the University. As is not uncommon with the youth in this country, some of the students of the D University· took to agitation in connection with the demand and at about 8.30 p.m. on February 13, 1981, a group of about 30 students put road blocks on the GNT road, opposite Nagarjuna University, causing stoppage of all vehicles on the road. At about 9.15 p.m., a bus of the State Transport Corporation, on · E its way from Guntur to Vijayawada, arrived there when there was already a heavy jam and pulled up at the road flank. In such situations, unfortunately a State bus is the softest and the most vulnerable target. In this case also the State bus became the target of the agitating students' ire. The driver of the bus was F pulled down and the door to the driver's seat was damaged. Some miscreants pelted stones on the bus and smashed its windscreen and glass windows with iron rods. One of the passengers also received some injuries. By this time a police party also came to the spot. At this stage, an attempt was made G to set fire to the bus by throwing a burning oil cloth tied to a rod inside the bus. But, a policeman put out the burning cloth and the bus was saved from any further damage. Shortly thereafter the police dispersed the agitating students and restored normalcy. On the same day at 11.00 p.m. the driver H

720 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A of the bus lodged a first information report in connection with the incident at Mangalagiri Police Station where it was registered as Crime No. 55 of 1981 under Sections 147, 342, 427 and 324 of the Penal Code. The FIR was against unknown persons and the accused were described as "Nagarjuna B University students".

6. The police after investigation drew up a charge sheet dated October 10, 1983 and on October 19, 1983 submitted it in the court of the Munsif Magistrate, Mangalagiri where it was registered as C.C. No.229/1983. From the charge sheet it C appears that in their statements recorded under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Driver and the Conductor of the bus (apart from some other witnesses) identified and named five persons as the student- leaders who were leading the agitation on February 13, 1981. The charge D sheet, accordingly, cited five persons as accused and respondent No.3 figured among them at serial No. 4. All the accused were shown as absconders. The charge sheet, however, does not disclose what steps were taken by the investigating officer to secure the presence of the accused. E There is no mention that the investigating officer ever tried to obtain from the court warrants of arrest or processes under Sections 82 and 83 of the Code of Criminal Procedure for apprehending the accused. They were simply shown as absconders without observing the procedure sanctioned by law F before an accused can be called an absconder.

7. The fact of the matter, however, is that this Crime Case No.229/83 (later re-numbered as CC No.75/87 and then CC No.167/91) was undeniably pending at the time of appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the High Court and it is G contended on behalf of the petitioners that the failure to take into account the pendency of the criminal case while his name was recommended by the High Court Collegium and approval and consent was accorded by the Supreme Court Colllegium and the Central Government for his appointment as a judge of H the High Court deeply flawed the participatory consultative M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 721 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] process as envisaged in Article 217(1) of the Constitution and A as developed by the decisions of this Court in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association1 and later on in Special Reference No. 12 of 1998-. It is submitted the appointment of the respondent resulting from a consultation process that failed to take into account an important~ and relevant fact was B completely illegal and was, therefore, liable to be quashed by a writ of quo warranto. The respondent had no right to hold the office of a High Court judge and this Court must step in to correct the grave error committed by his appointment.

8. It needs to be noted here that the learned Attorney C General was requested to address the Court on the question of maintainability of this writ petition that seeks a writ, quashing the appointment of a judge of the High Court. The Attorney General submitted that the writ petition was not maintainable and was liable to be dismissed summarily. He submitted that D the prayer for a writ of quo warranto quashing the appointment of respondent No.3 was only a camouflage and what the petitioners really aimed at was the removal of the judge who had been in office for over twelve years. The removal of a judge in office, the Attorney maintained, was an issue directly related E to the independence of judiciary that is fundamental to the Constitutional scheme. The Attorney pointed out that in order to make the judiciary independent and to make it possible for . the judges to discharge their duties without fear or favour the Constitution firmly secured the tenure of a judge and granted F that a judge of any of the superior courts could only be removed from office on the basis of an impeachment motion passed by the Parliament as provided under Article 124(4) (in the case of a judge of the Supreme Court) and Article 217 read with Article 124(4) (in the case of a judge of the High Court). The G Constitution did not recognize any other mode for the removal , of a judge. Any deviation from the Constitutional process in the garb of quashing the appointment by a writ ol quo warranto

1. (1993) 4 sec 441. 2. (1998) 1 sec 739. H 722 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A would be violative of the scheme of the Constitution and deleterious for the independence of the judiciary. He further submitted that if the petitioners thought that the appointment of respondent No.3 as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court was wrong and there were grounds for his removal from the B office, they could always bring the matter to the notice of the Parliament which alone was the Constitutional forum competent to remove a judge of the High Court from his office from any misbehaviour committed either before or after his appointment as a judge. He added that in case the Parliament declined to c take any action for the removal of the judge on the petitioner's complaint the Court was powerless in the matter and the removal of the judge could not be brought about by the device of quashing his appointment. He went so far as to say that in entertaining this writ petition on merits the Court would be D overstepping its Constitutional limits.

9. Mr. Shanti Bhushan, learned senior advocate appearing for the petitioners, on the other hand, submitted that writ petition raised the issue of inviolability and credibility of appointment to the high office of the High Court judge. He further submitted E that the Court must not be seen as protecting someone wrongly appointed as a judge of the High Court for, the people's faith and trust and confidence in the courts and the judges presiding over the courts was as much necessary to support the independence of judiciary as the guarantees under the F Constitution and the laws. Mr. Shanti Bhushan further submitted that in the past also similar issues came before the Court and the Court never declined to examine the merits of the case and passed appropriate orders. In support of the submission, he relied upon the decisions of this Court in (i) Shri Kumar Padma G Prasad v. Union of lndia3, (ii) Shanti Bhushan v. Union of lndia4 and (iii) Mahesh Chandra Gupta v. Union of lndia5• 3. (1992) 2 sec 428. 4. c2009) 1 sec 657. H 5.. (2009) a sec 273. M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 723 [AFTAB ALAM, J.]

10. The second case cited by Mr. Shanti Bhushan is one A which he himself had filed as public interest litigation, assailing the extension granted to respondent No.2 in that case as an Additional Judge of the Madras High Court. He relied upon paragraph 25 of the judgment in that case but, we fail to see anything in that decision that may serve as an authority on the B question of maintainability of a writ petition for quashing the appointment of a judge after many years of his assuming the office. · 11. However, the first and the third case relied upon by Mr. C Shanti Bhushan deserve consideration.

12. In Shri Kumar Padma Prasad, the Court dealt with a writ petition that was filed originally before the Gauhati High Court but was later transferred and brought to this Court. The writ petition was filed at the stage where though the warrant had D been issued under the hand and seal of the President of India, appointing one of the respondents in that case, namely, K.N. Srivastava as a judge of the Gauhati High Court, he was still to make and subscribe the oath/affirmation under Article 219 of the Constitution. This means that he had not entered upon E the office of the judge and the writ petition was filed before the matter had reached the stage of Article 217 as the person whose appointment was under challenge was yet to assume the office of the judge. In that case this Court indeed stepped in to interfere and to stop the appointment from materializing. F This Court found and held that on the date of issue of the warrant by the President of India K.N. Srivastava was not qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court. It, accordingly, quashed his appointment as a judge of the Gauhati High Court and directed the Union of India and the G other concerned respondents not to administer the oath or affirmation under Article 219 of the Constitution to K.N. Srivastava. K.N. Srivastava was similarly restrained from making and subscribing the oath or affirmation in terms of Article 219 of the Constitution of India. It is, thus, to be noted H ' . .

724 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A that the Court intervened in the matter before the person concerned had assumed the office of the judge on the ground that he was not qualified to be appointed as a judge or, in other words, was not eligible to be appointed as a judge.

B 1~-1. The concepts of "eligibility" and "suitability" were later examined by this Court in the decision in Mahesh Chandra Gupta (to which one of us Aftab Alam, J. was also a Member). In Mahesh Chandra Gupta, challenge was made to the appointment of a judge of the Allahabad High Court after the incumbent had assumed his office. In the writ petition, as it was C originally filed, the appointment was questioned only on the ground that the incumbent did not possess the basic eligibility for being appointed as a judge of the High Court. Later on, the appointment was also challenged on grounds of suitability and want of effective consultation process by taking additional pleas D in supplementary affidavits. Kapadia, J. (as His Lordship then was), speaking for the Court brought out the distinction between "eligibility" and "suitability" and pointed out that eligibility was based on objective facts and it was, therefore, liable to judicial review. But, suitability pertained to the realm of opinion and E was, therefore, not amenable to any judicial review. The Court also examined the class of cases relating to appointment of High Court judges that might fall under judicial scrutiny and concluded that judicial review may be called for on two grounds namely, (i) "lack of eligibility" and (ii) "lack of effective F consultation". In paragraphs 39, 43 and 44 of the judgment the Court said:

"39. At this stage, we may state that, there is a basic difference between "eligibility" and "suitability". The process of judging the fitness of a person to be appointedG as a High Court Judge falls in the realm of suitability. Similarly, the process of consultation falls in the realm of suitability. On the other hand, eligibility at the threshold stage comes under Article 217(2)(b). This dichotomy between suitability and eligibility finds place in Article H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 725 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] 217(1) in juxtaposition to Article 217(2). The word A "consultation" finds place in Article 217(1) whereas the word "qualify" finds place in Article 217(2). 43. One more aspect needs to be highlighted. "Eligibility" is an objective factor. Who could be elevated 8 is specifically answered by Article 217(2). When "eligibility" is put in question, it could fall within the scope of judicial review. However, the question as to who should be elevated, which essentially involves the aspect of "suitability'', stands excluded from the purview of C judicial review.

44. At this stage, we may highlight the fact that there is a vital difference between judicial review and merit review. Consultation, as stated above, forms part of the procedure to test the fitness of a person to be appointed D a. High Court Judge under Article 217(1). Once there is consultation, the content of that consultation is beyond the scope of judicial review, though lack of effective consultation could fall within the scope of judicial review. This is the basic ratio of the judgment of the E Constitutional Bench of this Court in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Assn. and Special Reference No. 1of1998. (emphasis added) F 14. In paragraphs 71 and 74 of the judgment again the Court observed as under: Justiciability of appointments under Article 217(1) 71. In the present case, we are concerned with the G mechanism for giving effect to the constitutional justification for judicial review. As stated above, "eligibility" is a matter of fact whereas "suitability'' is a matter of opinion. In cases involving lack of "eligibility" writ of quo warranto would certainly lie. One reason being that "eligibility" is not a H 726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A matter of subjectivity. However, "suitability" or "fitness" of a person to be appointed a High Court Judge: his character, his integrity, his competence and the like are matters of opinion.

74. It is important to note that each constitutionalB functionary involved in the participatory consultative process is given the task of discharging a participatory constitutional function; there is no question of hierarchy between these constitutional functionaries. Ultimately, the c object of reading such participatory consultative process into the constitutional scheme is to limit judicial review restricting it to specified areas by introducing a judicial process in making of appointment(s) to the higher judiciary. These are the norms, apart from modalities, laid down in Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Assn. and D also in the judgment in Special Reference No. 1 of 1998, Re. Consequently, judicial review lies only in two cases, namely, "lack of eligibility" and "lack of effective consultation". It will not lie on the content of consultation. E (emphasis added) 1l5. In view of the decision in Mahesh Chandra Gupta, the question arises whether or not the case in hand falls in any of F the two categories that are open to judicial review. Admittedly, the eligibility of respondent No.3 is not an issue. Then, can the case be said to raise the issue of "lack of effective consultation".

16. Mr. Shanti Bhushan strongly argued that the consultation that led to the appointment of respondent No.3 as G the judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court was completely deficient for not taking into consideration that he was accused in a pending criminal case and as a result, the appointment of respondent No.3 was wholly vitiated and it was fit to be quashed by this Court. In support of the submission Mr. Shanti Bhushan H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 727 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] heavily relied upon the decision of this Court in Centre for PIL A and Another v. Union of India and Another (commonly called as the eve case). Mr. Shanti Bhushan submitted that in that case this Court had made institutional integrity as part of eligibility criteria and had, thus, highly raised the standards of qualification for appointment to a public office. B

17. In the CVC case a three judge Bench of this Court held that the recommendation for appointment of Shri P.J. Thomas as the Central Vigilance Commissioner was non-est in law and, consequently, quashed his appointment to that post. The C recommendation for appointment of Shri P.J. Thomas was made, by a majority of 2:1, by a committee consisting of (i) the Prime Minister, (ii) the Minister of Home Affairs and (iii) The Leader of Opposition in the House of the People (referred to in the judgment as the High-Powered Committee or the HPC). The Court held that the recommendation was non-est because D the HPC had failed to take into consideration the pendency of case No. 6 of 2003 (relating to the import of Palmolein oil by the Kerala Government), in which the Government of Kerala had accorded sanction for the prosecution of Shri P.J. Thomas (among others) for committing offences punishable under E Section 120-B of the Penal Code read with Sections 13 (i) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and had based its recommendation entirely on the blanket clearance given to Shri P.J. Thomas by the CVC (then in office) and the fact that during the pendency of the criminal case Shri P.J. Thomas was F appointed as Chief Secretary of Kerala, then as the Secretary of Parliamentary Affairs and subsequently as the Secretary, Telecom.

18. At the first glance the CVC case appears to have G some parallels with the case in hand and in order to apply the decision in the eve case to the present case Mr. Shanti Bhushan extensively cited from the judgment the passages' where this Court identified the CVC as an institution and an s. c2011 > 4 sec 1. H 728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 1 S.C.R. A "integrity institution", stressed the imperative to uphold and preserve the integrity of that institution and observed that the recommendation for appointment as CVC should be not only with reference to the candidate but the overarching consideration should be the institutional integrity of the office. B (See paragraphs 34-37, 42, 43, 47, 59 and 89 of the judgment). 19. We have given the most careful consideration to the CVC decision and the submissions made by Mr. Shanti C Bhushan on the basis of that decision, all the time bearing in mind that the Court must not overlook or condone something that may have the effect of lowering down the people's faith or trust in the judges or in courts. But we find that though there are some superficial similarity between the CVC case and the case in hand, the two cases are quite different in their core issues D and we find it impossible to justly apply the CVC decision to the facts of the case in hand.

20. In the CVC case the HPC was not unaware of Shri P.J. Thomas being an accused in a pending case for offences £ punishable under Sections 120-B of the Penal Code read with Section 13(1 )(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The recommendation that the HPC made in exercise of the statutory power under the proviso to Section 4 of the Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 was in a sense in defiance of the F pending trial before the criminal court. The genesis and the developments taking place in the criminal case are discus~ed in paragraph 8 to 21 of the judgment in the eve case from which it appears that the institution of the case was preceded by the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General, followed G by the report by the Public Undertaking Committee of the Kerala Assembly. On the basis of the reports, at least two writ petitions were filed (unsuccessfully} seeking direction of the High Court for institution of a criminal case. The criminal case was finally filed after the new government came to power in the State following the election on May 20, 1996. Even after the H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 729 [AFTAB ALAM, J.]

institution of the case the matter had repeatedly gone to the A High Court and traveled up to this Court. The Government of Kerala had made repeated requests to the Central Government in the Department of Personnel and Training for grant of sanction for prosecution of Shri P.J. Thomas. The matter had gone to the Central Vigilance Commission and there were its B recommendations on record for initiation of disciplinary proceedings against Shri P.J. Thomas. In paragraph 44 of the judgment, the Court pointed out that between 2000 and 2004 / there were at least six noting of the DoPT suggesting that · penalty proceedings may be initiated against Shri P.J. Thomas. c 21. In short, the fact about the pendency of the criminal case and Shri P.J. Thomas being one of the accused in the case was writ large all over the record before the HPC. The fact was not only within the personal knowledge of each of the three members of the HPC but it was in public domain. Hence, D the recommendation of the HPC was not in ignorance of the criminal case. The recommendation was for appointment of Shri P.J. Thomas as the Central Vigilance Commissioner notwithstanding his being an accused in the criminal case and the HPC appeared not to see the criminal case as any E impediment in the way of his appointment as the Chief Vigilance Commissioner. 22. Let us now examine how far the facts of the present case bear similarity to the eve case. F

23. In the writ petition and in course of hearing of the case respondent No.3 has been repeatedly called, a little loosely and rather uncharitably, an "absconder" and a "proclaimed offender" in a case of robbery and burning down of a bus. It is seen above that the criminal case in question had no element of G robbery or bus burning. We may now examine how far it is · correct to call respondent No.3 as an "l:lbsconder" and a "proclaimed offender''. 24. It is noted above that the charge sheet was filed in the H 730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A court of the Munsif Magistrate, Mangalagiri on October 19, 1983. On October 25, the Magistrate directed for issuance of · summonses, fixing November 25, 1983 as the date for hearing. The summonses, issued in pursuance of the order, are on file marked as paper nos. 25 to 30, but they bear no endorsement B about service. At the reverse of summonses to accused 3 and 4, it is mentioned that they were studying in B.L., First Year, Nagarjuna University. On November 25, 1983, the accused were not present in court. Their absence was recorded in the order-sheet and fresh summonses were directed to be issued, c fixing December 23, 1983 as the date of hearing. Whether or not summonses were issued in pursuance of the order is not known because those summonses are not on the record. On December 23, 1983, the accused were again not present and summonses were again directed to be issued, fixing January D 25, 1984 for hearing. On January 25, 1984, the accused were once again not present and fresh summonses were issued fixing February 15, 1984 for hearing. The summonses are on the file marked as paper Nos. 31 to 36. The case was then listed on a number of dates but the accused did not appear. Finally on November 27, 1985, accused 1 appeared in court E but accused 2 to 5 were still not present. On January 9, 1987, the court ordered to separate the case of accused 2 to 5 and proceeded with the trial of accused 1. On June 2, 1987, statement of accused 1 was recorded under Section 251 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On March 1, 1988, the statements F of PW1 and PW2, namely, S. Satyanarayanaraju and P. Peda Sivaiah (being the driver and conductor of the bus in question) were recorded. It is significant to note that neither the driver nor the conductor of the bus (PW1 and PW2 respectively), named or identified the accused who had attacked the bus. The driver G said that around 50 or 60 students had charged at them in a group. The conductor said that when the driver stopped the bus, the students came shouting and blocked the bus. He became afraid and ran away with the cash bag. The prosecution did not examine any more witnesses and on May 12, 1988, accused H 1 was examined under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 731

[AFTAB ALAM, J.] Procedure. Finally by judgment and order dated July 4, 1988, A .. the trial court found accused 1 not guilty of the offences alleged against him and acquitted him of the charges. While acquitting him, the trial judge noted that the prosecution witnesses were not able to identify the accused. It was also noted that as per the FIR the incident occurred at night and the bus was attacked B by more than 50 persons and there was no material with regard to the identity of the culprits who attacked the bus and caused damage. It was noted that the FIR does not mention the names of the persons who participated in the offence. It was also noted that in his deposition before the trial court PW2 c (the bus conductor) denied having identified the accused in his statement under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 25. Let us now see the case relating to the other four accused, including accused 4, that is respondent No.3. D

26. It is noted above that on November 27, 1985 accused 1 alone appeared before the court. On March 5, 1986 the court ordered for issuance of non-bailable warrants against accused 2 to accused 5. The warrants are not on record and it is not E known whether any warrants were in fact issued in pursuance of the order. On January 9, 1987 the court ordered to separate the case of accused 2 to accused 5. After the case was separated, the record pertaining to accused 2 to accused 5 was registered as CC No. 75/87 and was later renumbered F as CC No. 167/91. From the order sheet it appears that from May 1987 to August 1991, the court passed orders on about twenty four dates directing for issuance of non-bailable warrants of arrest against the accused but no compliance is noted against any order, excepting the one passed on August .G 30, 1991. However, no warrants, even of that date, are on the file. Mechanical orders continued to be passed in the same fashion till April 2000 and then suddenly on May 8, 2000 the order was passed for issuance of non-bailable warrants and processes under Sections 82 & 83 of Code of Criminal H 732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A Procedure against the accused, fixing July 18, 2000 as the next date in the case. The compliance of the order is noted on May 11, 2000 on the order sheet. From the record it, however, appears that process under Secti0ns 82 & 83 was issued on May 11, 2000 only against accused 3, P.R. Muruthy son of P.B. B Subbarao. Thereafter, the case was listed on several dates, awaiting execution of warrants and proclamation. On June 20, 2001 the court took steps for recording evidence in absence of the accused under Section 299 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and then, after the case was listed on three different c dates, on November 5, 2011, the examination-in-chief of the bus driver (PW1) was recorded under Section 299 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On the same date, the examination-in-chief of the bus conductor (PW2) was recorded. In their depositions neither PW1 nor PW2 (the bus driver and the bus conductor) named anyone as accused and both of them said D that they did not know the leaders of the group of students that had attacked the bus. Again on the same day, that is November 5, 2011, the Assistant Public Prosecutor made an application to the effect that the other witnesses mentioned in the charge-sheet were passengers in the bus and their whereabouts are E not known in view of the passage of time. Accordingly, it was prayed that the evidence of the prosecution may be closed.

27. Thereafter, the Magistrate submitted the record to the Sessions Judge, Guntur with the request to issue proceedings F to treat the case as long pending case. The Sessions Judge on December 26, 2011 gave permission to the trial judge to declare the case being CC No. 167/1991 as a long pending case. 28. However, soon thereafter on January 31, 2002, the G Assistant Public Prosecutor moved an application under Section 321 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, seeking permission to withdraw the case in the interest of justice. A reference was made in the application to GO Rt No. 1961, dated December 11, 2001 whereby the Government had H M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 733 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] · decided to withd_raw the prosecution against the accused A · .·persons. On a consideration of the materials on record, by an order dated January 31, 2002, the trial judge granted permission to the prosecution to withdraw the case and, accordingly, all the accused were discharged. B

29. A perusal of the court record shows that during the entire period, service of summonses in the ordinary course were not effected on the four accused persons. Although a proclamation under Section 82 and 83 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was ordered to be issued, the record does not show C any publication having been made. However, the record does show that service was sought to be effected by beat of drum only on accused 3. There is nothing on the record to show that any attempt, let alone any serious attempt, was made to serve the summons or the non-bailable warrants on any of the accused persons. D 30. The purpose in adverting to the proceedings of the criminal case in detail is not to point out the irregularities in the proceeding. Anyone even with a passing acquaintance with the Code of Criminal Procedure can see that gross irregularities E were committed practically at every step in the proceeding. We have referred to the proceedings to judge whether respondent No. 3 could be said to have any knowledge of the case in which he was cited as accused 4. From the record of the case which we have discussed in detail above, we find it very difficult to F hold that respondent No. 3 was even aware that in some record buried in the courts at Mangalagiri he was named as an accused and he was required to appear in the court in connection with that case.

31. Apart from the record of the case, there are external G circumstances that strengthen this view. From the resume of respondent No. 3, as noted at the beginning of the judgment, it may be seen that before his appointment as a judge of the High Court, he was the Additional Advocate General of Andhra Pradesh. If the case would have been within his knowledge it H ~. 734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R. A is unimaginable that he would not have attended to it and got it concluded one way or the other. 32. Here it may also be noted that before filing this writ petition before this Court the petitioners had made a representation, both before the Chief Justice of India and the8 Law Minister, asking for the removal of respondent No. 3 as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court on the same allegations. The representation that came to the office of the Chief Justice of India received full consideration and the Chief C Justice of India called for a report on the matter from the Chief Justice of the Andhra Pradesh High Court vide his letter dated January 18, 2012. The Chief Justice, Andhra Pradesh High Court made a detailed enquiry and submitted his report dated February 7, 2012. In his report the Chief Justice, Andhra Pradesh High Court came to the same conclusion as we have D arrh1ed at on an independent appraisal of the record of the case. In paragraphs 29 and 32 of the report, the Chief Justice stated as under:

"29. It does appear that Justice XXX was unaware of the E pendency of the criminal case. I say this from the record of the case, which speaks for itself, and the contents of which need not be repeated. I also say this for another reason. 32. In my opinion Justice XXX was truly unaware of the F criminal case against him and he deserves to be believed when he says so." 33. In light of the discussion made above, we have no hesitation in holding that at the time respondent No.3 was being G considered for appointment as a judge of the High Court, he was unaware of any case being pending in which he was named as an accused and it is quite wrong to refer to him as "an absconder and a proclaimed offender" in the case. This finding leads to another and that is, it is not a case of suppression of H any material fact by respondent No.3 or at his behest. Here we M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 735 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] . wish to make it clear that had it been a case of deliberate and A conscious suppression of material fact by respondent No.3 the position would have been entirely different. But that is not the case here. 34. Now we propose to examine whether apart from 8 respondent No. 3, anyone else, who could be in the position to bring the fact to the knowledge of the High Court Collegium or the State Government or the Supreme Court Collegium or the Central Government, was aware of the pendency of the case.

35. Mr. Shanti Bhushan submitted that the State Police C had submitted the charge-sheet against respondent No. 3 and hence, the State Government must be deemed to be aware of 'he fact. The submission plainly overlooks that the State Government is not a monolith and it does not function as a single person. The State Government functions in different D departments manned by different people and simply because a charge-sheet was submitted by the State Police no conscious knowledge of the fact can be attributed to the State Government. E 36. We have carefully gone through the record relating to the appointment of respondent No. 3 as a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court. From the record it is evident that none of the members of the High Court or the Supreme Court Collegia was aware of the fact. The State Government was equally unaware of the fact and so was the Central Government as is F evident from the resume prepared by the Law Ministry as also the 18 Report. 37. This is not all. In 1993, respondent No. 3 was a candidate for the post of the Member of the Income Tax G Appellate Tribunal and in that connection he was interviewed by a Selection Committee headed by a sitting judge of the Supreme Court. He was selected for appointment and was issued an appointment letter dated September 8, 1995 as judicial member in the ITAT. The appointment letter was H 736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 1 S.C.R.

A undoubtedly issued to him only after police verification and· nothing was mentioned even at that stage about any criminal case pending against him. He did not accept the appointment is another matter altogether. 38. From all the attending circumstances, it is clear beyond8 doubt that not only respondent No. 3 himself but practically no one was aware of the pendency of the case in which he was named as an accused. 39. The question, therefore, arises can a fact that is C unknown to anyone be said to be not taken into consideration and can the consultative process faulted as incomplete for that reason. To our mind, the answer can only be in the negative. To fault the consultative process for not taking into account a fact that was not known at that time would put an impossible D burden on the Constitutional Authorities engaged in the con1:1ultative process and would introduce a dangerous element of uncertainty in the appointments.

40. In case it comes to light that some material facts were E withheld by the person under consideration or suppressed at his behest then that may be a case of fraud that would vitiate the consultative process and consequently the appointment resulting from it. Bu.t in case there was no suppression and the fact comes to light a long time after the person appointed has assumed the office of a judge and if the Members of the two F Houses of the Parliament consider the discovered fact sufficiently serious to constitute misbehaviour and to warrant his removal, then he may still be removed from office by taking recourse to the provisions of Article 124(4) or Article 217 read with Article 124(4) as the case may be. In case, however, the G fact was unknown and there was no suppression of that fact, a writ of quo warranto would certainly not lie on the plea that the consultative process was faulty. 41. In light of the discussion made above, we are clearly H of the view that no case is made out for issuing a writ of quo M. MANOHAR REDDY v. UNION OF INDIA 737 [AFTAB ALAM, J.] warranto quashing the appointment of respondent No. 3 as the A · judge of Andhra Pradesh High Court. 42. The legal issue raised by Mr. Shanti Bhushan is answered but this matter cannot be given a proper closure unless we also say that this writ petition professed to have been 8 filed in public interest is, in our view, but a ruse to malign respondent No.3.

43. In his report to the Chief Justice of India the Chief Justice, Andhra Pradesh High Court has made the following comment: C "27. The incident occurred almost 30 years ago. The case against Justice Ramana was withdrawn almost 10 years ago. That it should be raked up now is a little inexplicable. The case does not seem to have been sensational in any D manner whatsoever so that someone would be following it up. Therefore, it is a little odd that it should have suddenly · surfaced now. It is possible that there is some reason behind digging up this case, but I am unable to fathom the motive." E

44. What the Chief Justice said, in a highly restrained manner, about the representation addressed to the Chief Justice of India, applies more to this writ petition. The writ petition owes its origin to a news report published in a Telugu daily newspaper called 'Sakshi' on December 27, 2011. A F translated copy of the report is enclosed as Annexure P-11 to the writ petition. The report is based on incorrect facts and is full of statements and innuendos that might easily constitute the offence of defamation leave alone contempt of court. After the news broke out, the petitioners seem to have collected the G record of the criminal case and filed this writ petition on that basis. The writ petition is drafted with some skill and it presents the facts of the criminal case in a rather twisted way in an attempt to portray respondent No.3 in bad light. The way the writ petition is drafted shows that the petitioners are competent H 738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 1 S.C.R. A and experienced counsel. Had they examined the records of the criminal case objectively and honestly, there was no reason for them not to come to the same conclusion as arrived at in this judgment or as appearing from the report of the Chief Justice, Andhra Pradesh High Court. It, therefore, appears to B us that this writ petition is not a sincere and honest endeavour to correct something which the petitioners truly perceive to be wrong but the real intent of this petition is to malign respondent No.3.

45. It is indeed very important to uphold the "institutional C integrity'' of the court system as pointed out in the eve judgment and as strongly advocated by Mr. Shanti Bhushan, but it is equally important to protect the court from uncalled for attacks and the individual judges from unjust infliction of injuries. D 46. In light of the discussions made above, we find this writ petition not only without merit but also wanting in bona tides. It is, accordingly, dismissed with costs of Rs.50,000/- payable by each of the two petitioners. The cost amount must be deposited in a fund for the welfare of the employees of the Andhra E Pradesh High Court within four weeks from today. R.P. Writ Petition Dismissed.