[2013] 10 S.C.R. 541 M/S. SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. A v. OM PRAKASH JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. (Criminal Appeal No. 1875 of 2013) OCTOBER 28, 2013 B [K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN AND A.K. SIKRI, JJ.] Judgment - Reasoned judgment - Need for - Held: The Court while recording a decision, is supposed to record sufficient reasons for taking the decision or arriving at a C particular conclusion - The reason should be such that they demonstrate that the decision has been arrived at, on an objective consideration - In the instant case, the High Court, set aside the order of subordinate criminal court without assigning any reason as to how it reached the conclusion that D the dispute was of civil nature - Matter remanded to High Court- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s.482 - Penal Code, 1860 - ss.420140614681471, Words and Phrases - 'Reasoning' - Meaning of. E Judicial Magistrate took cognizance of offences· ulss. 420140614681471 IPC against the respondents, on the basis of complaint filed by the appellant-Company. Respondents· filed application uls.482 Cr.P .C. seeking quashing of the criminal proceedings. The High Court F allowed the petition setting 'aside the orders taking cognizance, on the ground that the dispute was of civil nature. Hence the present appeal. Allowing the appeal and remanding the matter.to G High Court, the Court HELD: 1.1. It is to be borne in mind that the principal objective in giving judgment is to make an effective, 541 H

542 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 10 s.c.~. A practical and workable decision. The court resolves conflict by determining the merits of conflicting cases, and by choosing between notions of justice, convenience, public policy, morality, analogy, and takes into account the opinions of other courts or writers B (Precedents). Since the court is to come to a workable decision, its reasoning and conclusion must be practical, suit the facts as found and provide an effective, workable remedy to the winner. While recording the decision with clarity, the court is also supposed to record sufficient c reasons in taking a particular decision or arriving at a particular conclusion. The reasons should be such that they demonstrate that the decision has been arrived at, on an objective consideration. [Paras 12 and 13) [549-G-H; 550-A-C] D 2. In the context of legal decision-mald9g, the focus is to what makes something a legal valid reason. Thus, ''.reason would mean a justifying reason, or more simply a justification for a decision is a consideration, in a non-arbitrary ways in favour of making or accepting that E . decision. If there is no justification in support of a decision, such a decision is without any reason or justifying reason. [Para 14) [550-C-D)

3. In the present case, it was required by the High Court to take note of the arguments of the complainant F on the basis of which compl~inant insist that ingredients of the particular offences alleged are prime facie established justifying the cognizance of the complaint and the arguments· of the respondents, on the basis of which respondents made an endeavour to demonstrate G that it was a pure civil dispute with no elements of criminality attached. Thereafter, the conclusion should have been backed by reasons as to why the arguments of the complainant are merit-less and what is the rationale basis for accepting the case of accused persons. [Para H 16) [550-G-H; 551 ·A] SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 543 JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR.

4. The appellant/complainant sought to make a A complaint that the acts of the accused persons amounted to offence since punishable u/ss. 420/406/468/471 IPC. The Judicial Magistrate, after going through the preliminary evidence recorded by him had chosen to take cognizance of the matter. It was bounden duty of the B High Court to give appropriate and sufficient reasons on the basis of which it arrived at a conclusion that the dispute was merely that of accounts with no elements of criminality. It is correct that ingredients of each of the provisions of IPC, which is sought to be foisted upon the c respondents are to be prima facie established before cognizance of the complaint is taken by the Judicial Magistrate. H~wever, when the summoning order is quashed holding that it is a civil dispute, various allegations and averments made in the complaint and D preliminary evidence led in support thereof has to be appropriately dealt with by the High Court. There is no discussion worth the name, in the impugned judgment, as to how and on what basis the High Court acceptE!d such a plea of the respondents in recording its conclusion that it was a case of rendition of accounts E simplicitor. When the High Court was setting aside the order of the subordinate court by which the subordinate court had taken cognizance in the matter, this could be done after appropriately dealing with the contentions of both the parties, more specially when it was first judicial F review of the orders of the Court below. [Paras 8 to 10] [547-E-H; 548-A-C] ____

Hindustan Times Ltd. vs. Union of India (1998) 2 SCC 242: 1998 (1) SCR 4 - relied on. G Case Law Reference: 1998 (1) SCR 4 relied on Para 10 CRIMINAL AP PELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1875 of 2013. H 544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 10 S.C.R. A From the Judgment and Order dated 16.01.2012 of the High Court of Orissa at Cuttack in Crl. M.C. No. 2818 of 2010. A.K. Ganguli, Chanchal Kumar Ganguli, B. Basak, George Varghese, Soumi Kundu for the Appellant. B V. Giri, Ashok Panigrahi, Yashpal Mohanty, Santosh Kumar, Surajit Bhaduri, Punit Jain, Christi Jain for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by c A.K. SIKRI, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. The appellant-company has filed a complaint registered as ICC No.62/2008 under Sections 420/406/468/471, Indian Penal Code against the respondent herein and tw6 others. After D recording preliminary evidence, the learned JudicialMagistrate First Class (JMFC), Salipur, Orissa took cognizance of the aforesaid offence and issued summons to the accused persons including the respondents. On receiving the summons, the respondents filed applications under Section 482 of the Code. E 1of Criminal Procedure with a prayer that orders dated 9.6.2008 lby the learned JMFC taking cognizance of the complaint be quashed. It was pleaded that the complaint was with regard to rendition of accounts maintained by the accused persons in respect of business between the complainant and the accused F persons and therefore the dispute was of civil nature. The High Court has allowed the said application thereby setting aside orders taking cognizance of the offence. It is this order which is challenged by the appellant-complainant in these proceedings. G 3 .. The impugned order is two page order. After taking note of facts in one paragraph, the High Court has allowed the application and quashed the order taking cognizance of the offence and the discussion leading to this judgment is contained in the following paragraph: H SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 545 JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. [A.K. SIKRI, J.]

"On perusal of the nature of allegations made in the A complaint petition and \he statements given by the complainant and the witnesses, it is clearly disclosed that the dispute is civil in nature relating to settlement of the accounts between the parties and no offence is made out." B

4. Questioning the rationality of the aforesaid order, Mr. Ganguli, the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, took us through the various paragraphs of the complaint on the basis of which he made an attempt to demonstrate that it was not simply a civil dispute pertaining to settlement of accounts C between the parties. He also argued that the High Court had allowed. petition filed by the respondent under Section 482,Cr.P.C. without giving any reason inasmuch as the impugned judgment hardly contained any discussion for arriving at the conclusion.that the dispute in question was civil in nature. Learned senior counsel, who appeared for the respondent, D though tried to argue that conclusion of the High Court that dispute was· of civil nature, he candidly conceded that the impugned judgment does not disclose as to how this finding was arrived at and that it was a non-speaking order. He, thus, submitted that instead of this Court examining the issue, the E matter be relegated back to the High Court for hearing afresh. Mr. Ganguly also accepted this suggestion of Mr. Giri. Accordingly, we set aside the impugned judgment and remand the case back to the High Court to decide the same with direction to hear afresh the petition filed by the respondent F under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C. and decide it on merits without being influenced by the earlier view taken in the impugned order dated 16.1.2012.

5. Before we part with, we would like to observe that this G case necessitates making certain comments on the importance of rationale legal reasoning in support of judicial orders. From the extracted portion, which is the only discussion on the merits of the matter, it can clearly be discerned that what is stated is the conclusion and no reasons are given by the High Court for H :546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 10 S.C.R.

A holding that dispute between the parties is civil in nature. The complainant in its complaint had made various specific allegations of cheating, siphoning of funds and falsification of accounts etc. In the complaint filed by the appellant, the appellant averred that it is engaged in the business of manufacturing and B sale of low ash phos metallurgical coke. The appellant entered into a tripartite agreement dated 08.04.2003 with Om Prakash Jalan respondent No.1 herein and Mr. Rajeev Maheshwari- _ Respondent No.3 herein. In this agreement Respondenf Nos.1/ and 3 agreed to provide sufficient funds for expansion of the c coke oven plant owned by the appellant and in consideration thereof the respondents were to be allotted 70% of the existing shares of the appellantI company while 30% of its shares were to be retained by the existing shareholders. It was also agreect-)hat the Board of Directors of the appellant Company would be D · reconstituted with three directors consisting of one nominee of the appellant company, and one nominee each from the respondent companies. Respondent No.1 was to become the Managing Director of the Company. It was further agreed between the parties that while the respondent would bring in the additional' working capital for operation and expansion of E the plant but one of the contracting parties shall be entitled to withdraw any profits till such time there is enough working capital in the company.

6. It was further agreed that the profit and loss as earned F for the new expansion would be shared in the same ratio till 31st March 2004 and thereafter on the total plant would also be shared in the same ratio. Pursuant to the said agreement the control and management of the appellant company and its Coke Oven Plant was virtually taken over by the respondents G while they remained responsible to both the Company and its existing shareholders who have been running the business since the inception of the company till the execution of the tripartite agreement. 7. As per the allegation in the complaint, no sooner the H SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 547 JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. [A.K. SIKRI, J.]

respondents assumed control over the business of the A _ appellant company, the respondents started indulging in large scale fraudulent transactions for and on behalf of the company, subjecting the appellant company to great loss and consequences and also foisted civil and criminal liabilities on the company as well as its Directors and shareholders. Large B amount of money from the appellant company's account was allegedly siphoned out in favour of third parties without the appellant company having any transaction with them. Large amounts were also allegedly deposited in the appellant company's account in cash purportedly received by them from c third parties, thus making the appellant company, its directors and shareholders liable for violation of laws and commission of crime.· It was also alleged that large sums of money was also siphoned out from bank accounts of the appellant company and paid to third parties without the company entering into any 0 transaction with them. 8. In the complaint instances of siphoning of the funds by the accused persons to its own company have been given. On this basis, the appellant/complainant sought to make a complaint that the aforesaid acts of the accused persons E amounted to offence since punishable under Sections 419,420,406,486,471 of the IPC.

9. The JMFC after going through the preliminary evidence recorded by him had chosen to take cognizance of the matter. F Challenge a.gainst this order has been accepted by the High Court it becomes the bounden duty of the High Gou.rt to give appropriate and sufficient reasons on the basis of which it arrived at a conclusion, the dispute was merely that of accounts with no elements of criminality. We are conscious of the legal G position that Ingredients of each of the provisions of IPC, which is sought to be foisted upon the respondents are to be prima facie established before cognizance of the complaint is taken by the Judicial Magistrate. However, when the summoning order is quashe~ holding tF.iat it is a civil dispute, various H 548 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 10 S.C.R. A allegations and averments made in· the complaint and preliminary evidence led in support thereof has to be appropriately dealt with by the High Court. We are not commenting upon the merits of these allegations. However, there is no discussion worth the name, in the impugned B jl!dgment, as to how and on what basis the High Court accepted such a plea of the respondents herein, in recording its conclusion that it was a case of rendition of accounts simplicitor.

10. After all the High Court was setting aside the order of C the Subordinate Court by which Subordinate Court had taken cognizance in the matter. This could be done after appropriately dealing with the contentions of both the parties, more specially when it was first judicial review of the orders of the Court below. In Hindustan Times Ltd. Vs. Union of India; (1998) 2 SCC 242, D this Court made pertinent observation in the context: "In an article on Writing Judgments, Justice Michael Kirby (1990) 64 Austr L.J p.691) of Australia, has approached the problem from the point of the litigant, the legal E profession, the subordinate Courts/tribunals, the brother Judges and the Judge's own conscience. To the litigant, the duty of the Judge is to uphold his own integrity and let the losing party know why he lost the case. The legal profession is entitled to have it demonstrated that the Judge had the correct principles in mind, had properlyF applied them and is entitled to examine the body of the judgment for the learning and precedent that they provide and for the reassurance of the quality of the judiciary which is still the centre-piece of our administration of justice. It does not take long for the profession to come to know,G including through the written pages of published judgments, the lazy Judge, the Judge prone to errors of fact, etc. The reputational considerations are important for the exercise of appellate rights, for the Judge's own self discipline, for attempts at improvement and the maintenance of the H

SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 549 JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] integrity and quality of our judiciary. From the point of view A of other Judges, the benefit that accrues to the lower hierarchy of Judges and tribunals is of utmost importance. Justice Asprey of Australia has even said in Petit v. Dankley (1971) (1) NSWLR 376 (CA) that the failure of a Court to give reasons is an encroachment upon the right B of appeal given to a litigant. It was finally ~tated: "In our view. the satisfaction which a reasoned judgment gives to the losing party or his lawver is the test C of a good judgment. Disposal of cases is no doubt important but quality of the judgment is equally, if not more, important. There is no point in shifting the burden to the higher Court either to support the judgment by reasons or to' consider the evidence or law for the first time to see if D the judgment needs a reversal. In that case, the order of dismissal of the writ petition by the High Court was affirmed by us but the task fell on the Supreme Court, to inform the appellant why it had lost E the case in the High Court." 11. In the present case, we have avoided to do this exercise and have not gone into the merits of the case to find out whether the conclusion of the High Court is correct or not, as the counsel for both the parties have agreed for remand of F the matter.

12. It is no where suggested by us that the judgment should be too lengthy or prolix and disproportionate to the issue involved. However, it is to be borne in mind that the principal G objective in giving judgment is to make an effective, practical and workable decision. The court resolves conflict by determining the merits of conflicting cases, and by choosing between notions of justice, convenience, public policy, morality, analogy, and takes into account the opinions of other courts or H 550- SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 10 S.C.R. A writers (Precedents). Since the Court is to come to a workable decision, its reasoning an conclusion must be practical, suit the facts as found and. provide and effective, workable remedy to the winner. 13. We are of the opinion that while recording the decision8 with clarity, the Court is also supposed to record sufficient reasons in taking a particular decision or arriving at a particular conclusion. The reasons should be such that they demonstrate that the decision has been arrived at on a objective c consideration. \

14. When we talk of giving "reasons" in support of a judgment, what is meant by "reasons"? In the context of legal decision making, the focus is to what makes something a legal valid reason. Thus, "reason would mean a justifying reason, or D more simply a justification for a decision is a consideration, in a non-arbitrary ways in favour of making or accepting that decision. If there is no justification in support of a decision, such a decision is without any reason or justifying reason. E 15. We are not entering into a jurisprudential debate on the appropriate theory of legal reasoning. It is not even a discourse on how to write judgments. Our intention is to simply demonstrate the importance of legal reasoning in support of a particular decision. What we have highlighted is that instant is a case or arriving at a conclusion, in complete absence of F reasons, what to talk of adequate or good reasons that justifying that conclusion. 16. In the given case, it was required by the High Court to take note of the arguments of the complainant on the basis of G which complainant insist that ingredients of the particular offences alleged are prime facie established justifying the cognizance of the complaint and the arguments of the respondents herein on the basis of which respondents made an-endeavour to demonstrate that it was a pure civil dispute H with no elements of criminality attached. Thereafter, the SHREE MAHA\llR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 551

JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] ' conclusion should have been backed by reasons as to why the A arguments of the complainant are merit less and what is the rationale basis for accepting the case of accused persons. We hope that this aspect would be kept in mind by the High Court while deciding the case afresh. B 17. Accordingly, this appeal is allowed and the impugned order is set aside with direction as aforesaid. No costs. K.K.T. Appeal allowed.

[2013] 10 S.C.R. 541 M/S. SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. A v. OM PRAKASH JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. (Criminal Appeal No. 1875 of 2013) OCTOBER 28, 2013 B [K.S. RADHAKRISHNAN AND A.K. SIKRI, JJ.] Judgment - Reasoned judgment - Need for - Held: The Court while recording a decision, is supposed to record sufficient reasons for taking the decision or arriving at a C particular conclusion - The reason should be such that they demonstrate that the decision has been arrived at, on an objective consideration - In the instant case, the High Court, set aside the order of subordinate criminal court without assigning any reason as to how it reached the conclusion that D the dispute was of civil nature - Matter remanded to High Court- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - s.482 - Penal Code, 1860 - ss.420140614681471, Words and Phrases - 'Reasoning' - Meaning of. E Judicial Magistrate took cognizance of offences· ulss. 420140614681471 IPC against the respondents, on the basis of complaint filed by the appellant-Company. Respondents· filed application uls.482 Cr.P .C. seeking quashing of the criminal proceedings. The High Court F allowed the petition setting 'aside the orders taking cognizance, on the ground that the dispute was of civil nature. Hence the present appeal. Allowing the appeal and remanding the matter.to G High Court, the Court HELD: 1.1. It is to be borne in mind that the principal objective in giving judgment is to make an effective, 541 H

542 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 10 s.c.~. A practical and workable decision. The court resolves conflict by determining the merits of conflicting cases, and by choosing between notions of justice, convenience, public policy, morality, analogy, and takes into account the opinions of other courts or writers B (Precedents). Since the court is to come to a workable decision, its reasoning and conclusion must be practical, suit the facts as found and provide an effective, workable remedy to the winner. While recording the decision with clarity, the court is also supposed to record sufficient c reasons in taking a particular decision or arriving at a particular conclusion. The reasons should be such that they demonstrate that the decision has been arrived at, on an objective consideration. [Paras 12 and 13) [549-G-H; 550-A-C] D 2. In the context of legal decision-mald9g, the focus is to what makes something a legal valid reason. Thus, ''.reason would mean a justifying reason, or more simply a justification for a decision is a consideration, in a non-arbitrary ways in favour of making or accepting that E . decision. If there is no justification in support of a decision, such a decision is without any reason or justifying reason. [Para 14) [550-C-D)

3. In the present case, it was required by the High Court to take note of the arguments of the complainant F on the basis of which compl~inant insist that ingredients of the particular offences alleged are prime facie established justifying the cognizance of the complaint and the arguments· of the respondents, on the basis of which respondents made an endeavour to demonstrate G that it was a pure civil dispute with no elements of criminality attached. Thereafter, the conclusion should have been backed by reasons as to why the arguments of the complainant are merit-less and what is the rationale basis for accepting the case of accused persons. [Para H 16) [550-G-H; 551 ·A] SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 543 JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR.

4. The appellant/complainant sought to make a A complaint that the acts of the accused persons amounted to offence since punishable u/ss. 420/406/468/471 IPC. The Judicial Magistrate, after going through the preliminary evidence recorded by him had chosen to take cognizance of the matter. It was bounden duty of the B High Court to give appropriate and sufficient reasons on the basis of which it arrived at a conclusion that the dispute was merely that of accounts with no elements of criminality. It is correct that ingredients of each of the provisions of IPC, which is sought to be foisted upon the c respondents are to be prima facie established before cognizance of the complaint is taken by the Judicial Magistrate. H~wever, when the summoning order is quashed holding that it is a civil dispute, various allegations and averments made in the complaint and D preliminary evidence led in support thereof has to be appropriately dealt with by the High Court. There is no discussion worth the name, in the impugned judgment, as to how and on what basis the High Court acceptE!d such a plea of the respondents in recording its conclusion that it was a case of rendition of accounts E simplicitor. When the High Court was setting aside the order of the subordinate court by which the subordinate court had taken cognizance in the matter, this could be done after appropriately dealing with the contentions of both the parties, more specially when it was first judicial F review of the orders of the Court below. [Paras 8 to 10] [547-E-H; 548-A-C] ____

Hindustan Times Ltd. vs. Union of India (1998) 2 SCC 242: 1998 (1) SCR 4 - relied on. G Case Law Reference: 1998 (1) SCR 4 relied on Para 10 CRIMINAL AP PELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1875 of 2013. H 544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 10 S.C.R. A From the Judgment and Order dated 16.01.2012 of the High Court of Orissa at Cuttack in Crl. M.C. No. 2818 of 2010. A.K. Ganguli, Chanchal Kumar Ganguli, B. Basak, George Varghese, Soumi Kundu for the Appellant. B V. Giri, Ashok Panigrahi, Yashpal Mohanty, Santosh Kumar, Surajit Bhaduri, Punit Jain, Christi Jain for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by c A.K. SIKRI, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. The appellant-company has filed a complaint registered as ICC No.62/2008 under Sections 420/406/468/471, Indian Penal Code against the respondent herein and tw6 others. After D recording preliminary evidence, the learned JudicialMagistrate First Class (JMFC), Salipur, Orissa took cognizance of the aforesaid offence and issued summons to the accused persons including the respondents. On receiving the summons, the respondents filed applications under Section 482 of the Code. E 1of Criminal Procedure with a prayer that orders dated 9.6.2008 lby the learned JMFC taking cognizance of the complaint be quashed. It was pleaded that the complaint was with regard to rendition of accounts maintained by the accused persons in respect of business between the complainant and the accused F persons and therefore the dispute was of civil nature. The High Court has allowed the said application thereby setting aside orders taking cognizance of the offence. It is this order which is challenged by the appellant-complainant in these proceedings. G 3 .. The impugned order is two page order. After taking note of facts in one paragraph, the High Court has allowed the application and quashed the order taking cognizance of the offence and the discussion leading to this judgment is contained in the following paragraph: H SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 545 JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. [A.K. SIKRI, J.]

"On perusal of the nature of allegations made in the A complaint petition and \he statements given by the complainant and the witnesses, it is clearly disclosed that the dispute is civil in nature relating to settlement of the accounts between the parties and no offence is made out." B

4. Questioning the rationality of the aforesaid order, Mr. Ganguli, the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant, took us through the various paragraphs of the complaint on the basis of which he made an attempt to demonstrate that it was not simply a civil dispute pertaining to settlement of accounts C between the parties. He also argued that the High Court had allowed. petition filed by the respondent under Section 482,Cr.P.C. without giving any reason inasmuch as the impugned judgment hardly contained any discussion for arriving at the conclusion.that the dispute in question was civil in nature. Learned senior counsel, who appeared for the respondent, D though tried to argue that conclusion of the High Court that dispute was· of civil nature, he candidly conceded that the impugned judgment does not disclose as to how this finding was arrived at and that it was a non-speaking order. He, thus, submitted that instead of this Court examining the issue, the E matter be relegated back to the High Court for hearing afresh. Mr. Ganguly also accepted this suggestion of Mr. Giri. Accordingly, we set aside the impugned judgment and remand the case back to the High Court to decide the same with direction to hear afresh the petition filed by the respondent F under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C. and decide it on merits without being influenced by the earlier view taken in the impugned order dated 16.1.2012.

5. Before we part with, we would like to observe that this G case necessitates making certain comments on the importance of rationale legal reasoning in support of judicial orders. From the extracted portion, which is the only discussion on the merits of the matter, it can clearly be discerned that what is stated is the conclusion and no reasons are given by the High Court for H :546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 10 S.C.R.

A holding that dispute between the parties is civil in nature. The complainant in its complaint had made various specific allegations of cheating, siphoning of funds and falsification of accounts etc. In the complaint filed by the appellant, the appellant averred that it is engaged in the business of manufacturing and B sale of low ash phos metallurgical coke. The appellant entered into a tripartite agreement dated 08.04.2003 with Om Prakash Jalan respondent No.1 herein and Mr. Rajeev Maheshwari- _ Respondent No.3 herein. In this agreement Respondenf Nos.1/ and 3 agreed to provide sufficient funds for expansion of the c coke oven plant owned by the appellant and in consideration thereof the respondents were to be allotted 70% of the existing shares of the appellantI company while 30% of its shares were to be retained by the existing shareholders. It was also agreect-)hat the Board of Directors of the appellant Company would be D · reconstituted with three directors consisting of one nominee of the appellant company, and one nominee each from the respondent companies. Respondent No.1 was to become the Managing Director of the Company. It was further agreed between the parties that while the respondent would bring in the additional' working capital for operation and expansion of E the plant but one of the contracting parties shall be entitled to withdraw any profits till such time there is enough working capital in the company.

6. It was further agreed that the profit and loss as earned F for the new expansion would be shared in the same ratio till 31st March 2004 and thereafter on the total plant would also be shared in the same ratio. Pursuant to the said agreement the control and management of the appellant company and its Coke Oven Plant was virtually taken over by the respondents G while they remained responsible to both the Company and its existing shareholders who have been running the business since the inception of the company till the execution of the tripartite agreement. 7. As per the allegation in the complaint, no sooner the H SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 547 JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. [A.K. SIKRI, J.]

respondents assumed control over the business of the A _ appellant company, the respondents started indulging in large scale fraudulent transactions for and on behalf of the company, subjecting the appellant company to great loss and consequences and also foisted civil and criminal liabilities on the company as well as its Directors and shareholders. Large B amount of money from the appellant company's account was allegedly siphoned out in favour of third parties without the appellant company having any transaction with them. Large amounts were also allegedly deposited in the appellant company's account in cash purportedly received by them from c third parties, thus making the appellant company, its directors and shareholders liable for violation of laws and commission of crime.· It was also alleged that large sums of money was also siphoned out from bank accounts of the appellant company and paid to third parties without the company entering into any 0 transaction with them. 8. In the complaint instances of siphoning of the funds by the accused persons to its own company have been given. On this basis, the appellant/complainant sought to make a complaint that the aforesaid acts of the accused persons E amounted to offence since punishable under Sections 419,420,406,486,471 of the IPC.

9. The JMFC after going through the preliminary evidence recorded by him had chosen to take cognizance of the matter. F Challenge a.gainst this order has been accepted by the High Court it becomes the bounden duty of the High Gou.rt to give appropriate and sufficient reasons on the basis of which it arrived at a conclusion, the dispute was merely that of accounts with no elements of criminality. We are conscious of the legal G position that Ingredients of each of the provisions of IPC, which is sought to be foisted upon the respondents are to be prima facie established before cognizance of the complaint is taken by the Judicial Magistrate. However, when the summoning order is quashe~ holding tF.iat it is a civil dispute, various H 548 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013] 10 S.C.R. A allegations and averments made in· the complaint and preliminary evidence led in support thereof has to be appropriately dealt with by the High Court. We are not commenting upon the merits of these allegations. However, there is no discussion worth the name, in the impugned B jl!dgment, as to how and on what basis the High Court accepted such a plea of the respondents herein, in recording its conclusion that it was a case of rendition of accounts simplicitor.

10. After all the High Court was setting aside the order of C the Subordinate Court by which Subordinate Court had taken cognizance in the matter. This could be done after appropriately dealing with the contentions of both the parties, more specially when it was first judicial review of the orders of the Court below. In Hindustan Times Ltd. Vs. Union of India; (1998) 2 SCC 242, D this Court made pertinent observation in the context: "In an article on Writing Judgments, Justice Michael Kirby (1990) 64 Austr L.J p.691) of Australia, has approached the problem from the point of the litigant, the legal E profession, the subordinate Courts/tribunals, the brother Judges and the Judge's own conscience. To the litigant, the duty of the Judge is to uphold his own integrity and let the losing party know why he lost the case. The legal profession is entitled to have it demonstrated that the Judge had the correct principles in mind, had properlyF applied them and is entitled to examine the body of the judgment for the learning and precedent that they provide and for the reassurance of the quality of the judiciary which is still the centre-piece of our administration of justice. It does not take long for the profession to come to know,G including through the written pages of published judgments, the lazy Judge, the Judge prone to errors of fact, etc. The reputational considerations are important for the exercise of appellate rights, for the Judge's own self discipline, for attempts at improvement and the maintenance of the H

SHREE MAHAVIR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 549 JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] integrity and quality of our judiciary. From the point of view A of other Judges, the benefit that accrues to the lower hierarchy of Judges and tribunals is of utmost importance. Justice Asprey of Australia has even said in Petit v. Dankley (1971) (1) NSWLR 376 (CA) that the failure of a Court to give reasons is an encroachment upon the right B of appeal given to a litigant. It was finally ~tated: "In our view. the satisfaction which a reasoned judgment gives to the losing party or his lawver is the test C of a good judgment. Disposal of cases is no doubt important but quality of the judgment is equally, if not more, important. There is no point in shifting the burden to the higher Court either to support the judgment by reasons or to' consider the evidence or law for the first time to see if D the judgment needs a reversal. In that case, the order of dismissal of the writ petition by the High Court was affirmed by us but the task fell on the Supreme Court, to inform the appellant why it had lost E the case in the High Court." 11. In the present case, we have avoided to do this exercise and have not gone into the merits of the case to find out whether the conclusion of the High Court is correct or not, as the counsel for both the parties have agreed for remand of F the matter.

12. It is no where suggested by us that the judgment should be too lengthy or prolix and disproportionate to the issue involved. However, it is to be borne in mind that the principal G objective in giving judgment is to make an effective, practical and workable decision. The court resolves conflict by determining the merits of conflicting cases, and by choosing between notions of justice, convenience, public policy, morality, analogy, and takes into account the opinions of other courts or H 550- SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2013) 10 S.C.R. A writers (Precedents). Since the Court is to come to a workable decision, its reasoning an conclusion must be practical, suit the facts as found and. provide and effective, workable remedy to the winner. 13. We are of the opinion that while recording the decision8 with clarity, the Court is also supposed to record sufficient reasons in taking a particular decision or arriving at a particular conclusion. The reasons should be such that they demonstrate that the decision has been arrived at on a objective c consideration. \

14. When we talk of giving "reasons" in support of a judgment, what is meant by "reasons"? In the context of legal decision making, the focus is to what makes something a legal valid reason. Thus, "reason would mean a justifying reason, or D more simply a justification for a decision is a consideration, in a non-arbitrary ways in favour of making or accepting that decision. If there is no justification in support of a decision, such a decision is without any reason or justifying reason. E 15. We are not entering into a jurisprudential debate on the appropriate theory of legal reasoning. It is not even a discourse on how to write judgments. Our intention is to simply demonstrate the importance of legal reasoning in support of a particular decision. What we have highlighted is that instant is a case or arriving at a conclusion, in complete absence of F reasons, what to talk of adequate or good reasons that justifying that conclusion. 16. In the given case, it was required by the High Court to take note of the arguments of the complainant on the basis of G which complainant insist that ingredients of the particular offences alleged are prime facie established justifying the cognizance of the complaint and the arguments of the respondents herein on the basis of which respondents made an-endeavour to demonstrate that it was a pure civil dispute H with no elements of criminality attached. Thereafter, the SHREE MAHA\llR CARBON LTD. v. OM PRAKASH 551

JALAN (FINANCER) & ANR. [A.K. SIKRI, J.] ' conclusion should have been backed by reasons as to why the A arguments of the complainant are merit less and what is the rationale basis for accepting the case of accused persons. We hope that this aspect would be kept in mind by the High Court while deciding the case afresh. B 17. Accordingly, this appeal is allowed and the impugned order is set aside with direction as aforesaid. No costs. K.K.T. Appeal allowed.